Ulrich  Middeldorf 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


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FAMILIAR  ALLUSIONS 


A HAND-BOOK  OF 

MISCELLANEOUS  INFORMATION 


INCLUDING 


THE  NAMES  OF  CELEBRATED  STATUES,  PAINTINGS, 
PALACES,  COUNTRY-SEATS,  RUINS,  CHURCHES, 
SHIPS,  STREETS,  CLUBS,  NATURAL 
CURIOSITIES,  AND  THE  LIKE 


BEGUN  (BUT  LEFT  UNFINISHED) 

By  WILLIAM  A.  WHEELER 

COMPLETED  AND  EDITED 

By  CHARLES  G.  WHEELER 


“ He  that  undertakes  to  compile  a Dictionary  undertakes  that  which, 
if  it  comprehends  the  full  extent  of  his  design,  he  knows  himself  unable 
to  perform.  Yet  his  labors,  though  deficient,  may  be  useful.” — 
Johnson 

“ Les  monuments  sont  les  crampons  qui  unissent  une  generation  a 
une  autre.”  — Joubert 


FIFTH  EDITION 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 
(€&e  UiluT^itJe  press,  Cambridge 
1890 


Copyright,  1881, 

By  JAMES  R.  OSGOOD  AND  COMPANY, 


All  rights  reserved. 


The  Riverside  Press , Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 
Printed  by  H,  0.  Houghton  & Company, 


PREFACE 


This  Handbook  of  Miscellaneous  Information  was  first 
announced  by  Mr.  William  A.  Wheeler  in  the  preface  to  his 
“Dictionary  of  the  Noted  Names  of  Fiction,”  to  which  it 
was  designed  to  be  a companion  volume.  Its  design  and 
scope  are  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  title  it  bears  and  by  the 
words  of  the  original  announcement  referred  to  above  : viz., 
“the  author  has  been  urged  to  extend  his  plan  so  as  to 
include  . . . the  names  of  celebrated  statues,  paintings, 
palaces,  country-seats,  churches,  ships,  streets,  clubs,  and 
the  like ; inasmuch  as  such  names  are  of  very  common  oc- 
currence in  books  and  newspapers,  and,  for  the  most  part, 
are  not  alphabetically  entered  and  explained  in  encyclopae- 
dias, dictionaries,  or  gazetteers.” 

A large  amount  of  notes  and  memoranda  in  a considerably 
advanced  state  (as  well  as  completed  MS.)  was  left  by  Mr. 
Wheeler  at  his  death  ; and  the  present  editor  has  endeavored 
to  carry  out  the  work  m strict  accordance  with  the  original 
plan. 

One  only  needs  to  glance  at  the  pages  of  any  prominent 
writer,  or  at  the  citations  here  given,  to  see  how  full  they 
are  of  allusions  to  buildings,  pictures,  statues,  streets,  and 
the  like,  for  which  the  ordinary  reader  has  no  explanation 
at  hand,  and  which  this  book  aims  so  far  as  possible  to  ex- 
plain. The  same  holds  true  of  the  columns  of  the  magazines 
and  daily  newspapers,  where  there  are  repeated  allusions  to 

iii 


1Y 


PREFACE. 


objects  of  interest  — and  unaccompanied  by  any  explanation 
— of  which  a very  well-informed  person  might  excusably  be 
ignorant,  and  concerning  which  he  has  no  ready  means  of 
obtaining  information,  unless  through  the  medium  of  a book 
like  this.  The  rapid  increase  of  travel,  bringing  with  it 
acquaintance  with  foreign  treasures  of  art,  together  with  the 
growing  taste  for  photographic  and  heliotype  reproductions 
of  works  of  art,  have  made  many  persons  familiar  with  the 
names  of  pictures,  statues,  and  buildings,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  they  may  be  ignorant  of  the  artists,  or  the  situations 
of  the  objects. 

As  the  number  of  objects,  in  the  classes  above  mentioned, 
to  which  reference  is  made  in  books,  newspapers,  and  con- 
versation, is  almost  innumerable,  the  task  of  selection  has 
been  very  difficult.  As  a rule,  institutions,  buildings,  and 
other  objects  which  bear  names  closely  identified  with  those 
of  the  places  where  they  are  situated,  have  been  excluded, 
for  the  reason  that  information  in  regard  to  such  can  be 
found  with  comparative  ease  by  any  ordinary  reader.  Geo- 
graphical names  have  also  been,  for  the  most  part,  excluded ; 
it  not  being  the  intention  to  encroach  to  any  considerable 
extent  upon  the  province  of  the  gazetteer  or  geography. 
Some  purely  geographical  objects,  however,  which  are  the 
subject  of  frequent  allusion  in  literature,  have  been  included. 
Names  in  foreign  languages  have  been  frequently  omitted, 
and  the  objects  entered  under  the  English  equivalents,  as  the 
latter  are  more  generally  known  to  the  ordinary  reader. 
This  is  the  case  particularly  with  the  names  of  works  of  art. 

As  regards  the  insertion  of  names  which  may  possibly  be 
considered  by  some  of  minor  importance,  the  words  of  the 
preface  to  the  companion  volume  (the  “Noted  Names  of 
Fiction’ ’)  are  precisely  applicable  here,  and  will  explain  the 
principle  which  has  governed  the  compilers’  action:  “To 
what  extent  names  of  secondary  importance  should  be  in- 
cluded, was  a question  difficult  to  determine.  ...  Some 


PREFACE. 


V 


favored  a selected  list  of  the  more  important  names  only  ; 
others,  and  the  greater  number,  recommended  a much  wider 
scope.  A middle  course  is  the  one  that  has  been  actually 
followed.  It  is  evident  that  many  articles  which  may  seem 
to  one  person  of  very  questionable  importance,  if  not  wholly 
unworthy  of  insertion,  will  be  held  by  another  to  be  of  special 
value,  as  throwing  light  upon  passages  which  to  him  would 
otherwise  be  perplexing  or  obscure. M 

The  sources  of  the  information  used  in  the  preparation  of 
this  Dictionary  are  far  too  numerous  to  be  here  specified. 
Whenever  a statement  has  been  taken  in  great  part  from  any 
one  author,  it  has  been  carefully  collated  and  verified  with 
information  obtained  from  independent  sources,  and  has  been 
changed  and  abridged  according  to  circumstances.  No  hesi- 
tation has  been  felt,  however,  in  the  occasional  use  of  an 
author's  exact  language  when  the  desired  information  has 
been  found  already  stated  in  what  seemed  the  form  best 
suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  case. 

It  is  evident  that  a work  of  this  kind,  which,  like  its 
predecessor,  is  believed  to  be  unique,  and  which,  like  that 
volume,  must  be  compiled  without  having  the  advantage  of 
any  similar  work  upon  which  it  might  be  based,  and  from 
which  materials  might  be  drawn,  must  of  necessity  be  more 
or  less  imperfect.  No  pretence  is  made  to  completeness,  for 
the  field  of  survey  is  indefinitely  large,  while  the  size  of  the 
book  is  definitely  limited ; but  it  is  hoped  and  confidently 
believed  that  there  will  be  found  comparatively  few  omissions 
of  the  most  noteworthy  objects  of  interest  in  the  several 
classes  which  are  treated. 

Charles  G.  Wheeler. 

Boston,  June,  1881. 


FAMILIAR  ALLUSIONS 


A. 


Aaron’s  Tomb.  The  time-hon- 
ored tomb  of  the  Hebrew  high- 
priest  is  situated  upon  Mount 
Hor,  in  Arabia  Petrfea.  The 
present  tomb  is  of  comparatively 
modern  date,  but  is  composed  of 
the  ruins  of  an  older  structure. 
The  place  has  been  held  sacred 
for  many  centuries,  and  unbroken 
tradition  tends  to  substantiate 
the  belief  that  this  is  really  the 
place  where  Aaron  died  and  was 
buried. 

Abbaye.  [Fr.  Prison  de  1*  Abbaye.] 
A military  prison,  near  St.  Ger- 
main des  Pres,  in  Paris,  built  in 
1522,  and  demolished  in  1854. 
Here  the  French  Guards  who 
had  refused  to  fire  on  the  people 
were  imprisoned  in  1789,  but  soon 
released  by  the  mob.  One  of  the 
well-known  revolutionary  cries 
was  “A  1’  Abbaye!  ” Here  164 
prisoners  were  murdered  in  Sep- 
tember, 1792,  by  infuriated  repub- 
licans under  Maillard. 

Abbey.  For  names  beginning 
with  the  word  Abbey,  see  the 
next  prominent  word  of  the  title. 

Abbotsford.  The  residence  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771-1832),  near 
Melrose  in  Scotland.  It  is  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tweed,  but  does  not 
command  a fine  view.  It  is  in- 
teresting chiefly  from  its  connec- 
tion with  the  great  novelist,  and 
because  it  contains  some  valuable 
relics.  The  expense  of  the  pur- 
chase and  building  of  Abbotsford, 
and  the  extended  hospitality 
which  Scott  practised  there,  was 
the  chief  source  of  his  subsequent 
pecuniary  difficulties.  It  was 


Scott’s  ambition  to  attempt  to 
revive  old  times  in  this  mansion 
on  the  Tweed,  and  to  play  the 
part  of  one  of  those  feudal  lords 
whom  he  has  so  well  portrayed 
in  his  works. 

“ Viewed  as  a mere  speculation, 
or,  for  aught  I know,  as  an  architectu- 
ral effort,  this  building  may  perhaps 
be  counted  as  a mistake  and  a failure. 
I observe  that  it  is  quite  customary  to 
speak  of  it,  among  some,  as  a pity  that 
he  ever  undertook  it.  But  viewed  as 
a development  of  his  inner  life,  as  a 
working  out  in  wood  and  stone  of 
favorite  fancies  and  cherished  ideas, 
the  building  has  to  me  a deep  interest. 
The  gentle-hearted  poet  delighted  him- 
self in  it;  this  house  was  his  stone  and 
wood  poem,  as  irregular  perhaps,  and 
as  contrary  to  any  established  rule,  as 
his  ‘ Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,’  but 
still  wild  and  poetic.  The  building 
has  this  interest,  that  it  was  through- 
out his  own  conception,  thought,  and 
choice;  that  he  expressed  himself  in. 
every  stone  that  was  laid,  and  made  it 
a kind  of  shrine,  into  which  he  wove 
all  his  treasures  of  antiquity,  and  where 
he  imitated,  from  the  beautiful  old 
mouldering  ruins  of  Scotland,  the  parts 
that  had  touched  him  most  deeply. 
The  walls  of  one  room  were  of  carved 
oak  from  the  Dunfermline  Abbey;  the 
ceiling  of  another  imitated  from  Roslin 
Castle ; here  a fireplace  was  wrought 
in  the  image  of  a favorite  niche  in  Mel- 
rose; and  there  the  ancient  pulpit  of 
Erskine  was  wrought  into  a wall.  To 
him,  doubtless,  every  object  in  the 
house  was  suggestive  of  poetic  fancies.” 
Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Abelard  and  Eloise.  See  Tomb 
of  Abelard  and  Eloise. 

Aberbrothock.  See  Arbroath 
Abbey. 

Abooseer.  See  Rock  of  Aboo- 
seer. 


1 


ABO 


2 


ACE 


Aboo-Simbel.  See  Temple  of 

Aboo-Simbel. 

Aboshek,  Lady  of.  See  Lady  of 
Aboshek. 

Abraham,  Heights  ( or  Plains)  of. 
An  eminence  in  the  vicinity  of 
Quebec,  Canada,  where  on  the 
loth  of  September,  1759,  was 
fought  a battle  between  the  Eng- 
lish (who  were  victorious),  under 
Gen.  Wolfe,  and  the  French, 
under  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm. 
Both  commanders  were  killed, 
and  a monument  10  feet  in  height, 
to  the  memory  of  Wolfe,  marks 
the  spot  where  he  fell. 

To  many  the  rock  over  which  Wolfe 
climbed  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  and  on 
the  summit  of  which  he  tell  in  the  hour 
of  victory,  gives  to  Quebec  its  chiefest 
charm.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Abraham’s  House.  The  name 
given  by  the  Jews  to  a ruined 
structure  at  Ramet-el-Khulil, 
Syria,  which  they  identify  as  the 
spot  where  the  patriarch  pitched 
his  tent  beneath  the  oak  of 
Mamre. 

Abraham’s  Oak.  An  ancient  oak 
or  terebinth  which  long  stood  on 
the  plain  of  Mamre,  near  Hebron 
in  Syria,  and  was  believed  to  be 
that  under  which  the  patriarch 
pitched  his  tent.  It  was  for  cen- 
turies an  object  of  worship,  to 
put  an  end  to  which  the  Emperor 
Constantine  is  said  to  have  or- 
dered a basilica  to  be  erected, 
A writer  of  the  seventh  century 
speaks  of  the  church,  and  of  the 
oak  which  stood  by  it. 

Absalom’s  Tomb.  A sepulchral 
monument  near  Jerusalem,  popu- 
larly called  by  this  name.  It  has 
a structural  spire  in  place  of  the 
usual  pyramidal  roof. 

4®=  “The  capitals  and  frieze  are  so 
distinctly  late  Roman,  that  we  can  feel 
no  hesitation  as  to  the  date  being  either 
of  the  age  of  Herod,  or  subsequent  to 
that  time.”  Fergusson. 

Abydos,  Tablet  of.  See  Tablet 
of  Abydos. 

Academia.  [Academy.]  A sub- 
urban and  rural  gymnasium  in 
ancient  Athens,  said  to  have  been 
named  from  one  Hecademus.  It 
was  here  that  Plato  established 


his  famous  school,  B.C.  388.  The 
place  retained  something  of  its 
old  repute  as  late  as  to  the  sec- 
ond or  third  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian era,  and  has  bequeathed  its 
name  to  the  modern  institutes  of 
learning  and  art. 

See  there  the  olive  grove  of  Academe , 
Plato’s  retirement,  where  the  Attick  bird 
Trills  her  thick-warbled  notes  the  sum- 
mer long.  Milton. 

No  round-robin  signed  by  the  whole 
main-deck  of  the  Academy  or  the  Porch. 

De  Quincey. 

Nearer  and  dearer  to  the  poet’s  heart, 
Than  the  blue  ripple  belting  Salamis, 

Or  long  grass  waving  over  Marathon, 

Fair  Academe , most  holy  Academe , 

Thou  art,  and  hast  been,  and  shalt  ever 
be.  Edwin  Arnold. 

Academy,  Academie,  or  Accade- 
mia.  For  names  beginning  with 
either  of  these  words,  see  the 
next  prominent  word  of  the  title. 
See  also  infra . 

Academy  of  Design.  See  Nation- 
al Academy  of  Design. 

Academie  Francaise.  [French 
Academy.]  One  of  the  five  acad- 
emies embraced  in  the  Institute 
the  most  important  learned  so- 
ciety of  France.  It  is  devoted 
to  matters  relative  to  the  French 
language,  and  particularly  to  the 
composition  of  its  Dictionary. 
This  celebrated  society  owes  its 
origin  to  the  Cardinal  Richelieu. 
The  first  edition  of  the  Dictionary 
appeared  in  1094,  the  last  in  1835. 
The  Academy  is  composed  of 
forty  members,  called  the  forty 
Immortels.  In  consequence  of 
often  having  recruited  its  num- 
bers from  the  ranks  of  those  lit- 
erary men  whose  careers  were 
ended,  the  Academy  has  been 
sometimes  called  the  Hotel  des 
Invalides  of  literature. 

Acadia.  The  original  name  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  that  by  which 
it  is  often  poetically  designated. 
The  forced  removal  of  the  French 
inhabitants  of  Acadia,  in  1755, 
has  been  made  by  Longfellow 
the  subject  of  his  poem  of  “ Evan- 
geline.” 

Aceldama.  [Field  of  Blood.] 
The  reputed  site  of  the  “field  of 
blood,”  bought  with  the  “ thirty 
pieces  of  silver,”  the  price  of  the 


ACH 


3 


ADA 


betrayal  of  the  Saviour  (Matt, 
xxviii),  is  on  the  side  of  the  hill 
opposite  the  Pool  of  Siloam,  near 
Jerusalem.  There  is  here  a long- 
vaulted  structure,  of  heavy  ma- 
sonry, in  front  of  a precipice  of 
rock.  The  interior  is  dug  out  to 
a depth  of  perhaps  20  feet,  form- 
ing a huge  charnel-house  into 
which  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
were  thrown.  It  is  traditionally 
of  the  time  of  Jerome.  The  soil 
was  thought  to  consume  the 
bodies  within  twenty-four  hours. 
The  place  is  no  longer  used  for 
burial. 

And  it  was  known  unto  all  the  dwellers 
at  Jerusalem;  insomuch  as  that  field  is 
called,  in  their  proper  tongue,  Aceldama , 
that  is  to  say,  The  field  of  blood. 

Acts  i.  19. 

Achilles.  A noted  colossal  statue 
in  the  corner  of  Hyde  Park, 
London,  nearly  opposite  Apsley 
House.  It  was  cast  from  cannon 
taken  at  Salamanca  and  Vittoria. 

Achilles,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Dec.  24,  1863. 

Achilles  and  Briseis.  A celebrat- 
ed picture  painted  in  distemper, 
found  at  Pompeii,  Italy,  of  which 
there  is  a well-known  engraving. 
Now  in  the  Museum  at  Naples. 

Aerocorinthus.  A hill  nearly 
1,900  feet  in  height,  near  Corinth, 
Greece,  which  for  3,000  years  has 
served  as  the  citadel  of  that  place. 
Hieron  writes  of  the  Corinth  of 
ancient  times,  “ There  was  hardly 
a stronger  fortress  in  all  Greece, 
and  perhaps  no  spot  afforded 
a more  splendid  view  than  the 
Aerocorinthus.  Beneath  it  might 
be  seen  the  busy  city  and  its  ter- 
ritory, with  its  temples,  its  thea- 
tres, and  its  aqueducts;  its  two 
harbors,  Lechseum  on  the  west- 
ern bay,  Cenchrese  on  the  eastern, 
filled  with  ships,  and  the  two 
bays  themselves,  with  the  isth- 
mus between  them,  all  in  sight.” 

Stranger,  wilt  thou  follow  now. 

And  sit  with  me  on  Aero- Corinth's  brow  ? 

Byron. 

I stood  upon  that  great  Acropolis , 

The  turret-gate  of  Nature’s  citadel, 


Where  once  again,  from  slavery's  thick 
abyss 

Strangely  delivered,  Grecian  warriors 
dwell.  Lord  Houghton 

Acropolis.  [The  upper  or  higher 
city.]  1.  The  ancient  citadel  of 
Athens,  Greece,  said  to  have  been 
built  by  the  mythical  Cecrops. 
It  was  at  the  same  time  the  fort- 
ress, sanctuary,  and  museum  of 
the  city.  Here  are  the  remains, 
in  a ruined  state,  of  three  tem- 
ples,— the  Temple  of  Victory, 
the  Parthenon,  and  theErecthe- 
um.  Fragments  of  the  Propylsea 
are  still  standing. 

“ Imagine  a rocky  height,  rising 
precipitously  from  the  plain,  so  as  to 
be  inaccessible  on  all  sides  but  the  west, 
where  it  is  approached  by  a gentle 
slope;  give  it  an  elevation  of  350  feet 
above  the  vale  of  Athens,  and  569  above 
the  sea,  a length  of  about  950  feet  from 
east  to  west,  and  a breadth  of  430  from 
north  to  south.  This  is  the  Acropolis.” 
T.  Chase . 

“ From  the  gates  of  its  Acropolis, 
as  from  a mother-city,  issued  intel- 
lectual colonies  into  every  region  of 
the  world.  These  buildings  now  be- 
fore us,  ruined  as  they  are  at  present, 
have  served  for  2,000  years  as  models 
for  the  most  admired  fabrics  in  every 
civilized  country  of  the  world.” 

C.  Wordsworth . 

Or  could  the  bones  of  all  the  slain, 

Who  perished  there,  be  piled  again. 

That  rival  pyramid  would  rise 
More  mountain-like,  through  those  clear 
skies, 

Than  yon  tower-capped  Acropolis , 

Which  seems  the  very  clouds  to  kiss. 

Byron. 

He  said  to  the  young  lady,  however, 
that  the  State  House  was  the  Parthenon 
of  our  Acropolis , which  seemed  to  please 
her,  for  she  smiled,  and  he  reddened  a lit- 
tle,—so  I thought.  Holmes . 

2.  [Of  Argos.]  A conical  hill  in 
Greece,  nearly  1,000  feet  in  height. 
It  was  called  Larissa  in  ancient 
times.  A ruined  castle  on  the 
summit  preserves  some  fragments 
of  the  noted  Acropolis  of  Argos. 

3.  [Of  Corinth.]  See  Acro- 

CORINTHUS. 

Actaeon.  See  Diana  and  Action. 

Adam  and  Eve.  An  engraving  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528).  In  the 
gallery  of  Vienna,  Austria. 
There  is  also  a painting  on  the 
same  subject  by  the  same  artist 


ADA 


4 


ADM 


in  the  Madrid  gallery.  Still  an- 
other example,  of  great  beauty, 
is  in  the  Pitti  Palace  in  Florence. 
An  early  copy  or  replica,  which 
has  sometimes  passed  for  an 
original,  is  in  the  gallery  of  May- 
ence. 

Adam  and  Eve.  Celebrated  fres- 
coes by  Michael  Angelo  Buona- 
rotti  (1475-1564),  representing  the 
creation  of  Adam  and  Eve.  In 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Adam  and  Eve.  A picture  by 
Jacopo  Palma,  called  Palma  Vec- 
chio  (1480-1528),  which  has  been 
attributed  to  Giorgione.  It  is  in 
the  Brunswick  gallery. 

Adam  and  Eve.  A fresco  in  the 
Loggie  of  the  Vatican,  Rome, 
executed  by  Giulio  Romano 
(1492-1546),  after  a design  by 
Raphael. 

Adam  and  Eve.  A picture  by 
Jacopo  Robusti,  called  Tintoret- 
to (1512-1594).  In  the  Academy 
at  Venice,  Italy. 

Adam  and  Eve.  See  Fall  of 
Adam  and  Eve. 

Adams,  Port.  See  Fort  Adams. 

Adelphi,  The.  The  name  given 
to  a series  of  streets  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Strand,  London.  See 
Adelphi  Terrace. 

He  [Martin  Cliuzzlewit]  found  himself, 
about  an  hour  before  dawn,  in  the  hum- 
bler regions  of  the  Adelphi;  and,  address- 
ing himself  to  a man  in  a fur  cap,  who 
was  taking  down  the  shutters  of  an  ob- 
scure public-house,  inquired  if  he  could 
have  a bed  there.  Dickens. 

Adelphi  Terrace.  This  terrace  in 
London  occupies  part  of  what 
was  formerly  the  site  of  Durham 
House  and  its  gardens,  and  is  so 
called  from  the  Greek  dSeA^ot 
(brothers)  in  commemoration 
of  its  founders,  John,  Robert, 
James,  and  William  Adam  (1768). 
It  is  approached  by  four  streets, 
known  as  John,  Robert,  James, 
and  William  streets,  after  the 
Christian  names  of  the  brothers. 
David  Garrick  and  Topham 
Beauclerk  died  in  the  terrace. 

“There  is  always,  to  this  day, 
a sudden  pause  in  that  place  to  the  roar 
of  the  great  thoroughfare.  The  many 
sounds  become  so  deadened  that  the 


change  is  like  putting  cotton  in  the  ears, 
or  having  the  head  thickly  muffled.” 

Dickens . 

Adelphi  Theatre.  A well-known 
place  of  dramatic  entertainment 
in  the  Strand,  London,  first 
opened  in  1806,  rebuilt  and  en- 
larged in  1858. 

Bless  me  ! when  I was  a lad,  the  stage 
was  covered  with  angels  who  sang,  acted, 
and  danced.  When  I remember  the  Adel- 
phi, and  the  actresses  there! 

Thackeray. 

Adelsberg  Grotto.  See  Grotto 
of  Adelsberg. 

Adersbach  Rocks.  A remarkable 
natural  curiosity,  perhaps  un- 
equalled in  its  kind  in  Europe, 
near  the  village  of  the  same  name 
in  Bohemia.  It  consists  of  mass- 
es of  sandstone  extending  over  a 
tract  five  or  six  miles  in  length 
by  three  in  breadth,  and  divided 
by  all  manner  of  openings  and 
clefts.  “ You  walk,  as  it  were, 
in  a narrow  street,  with  immense 
smooth  walls  on  each  side  of  you, 
opening  here  and  there  into 
squares,  whence  is  obtained  a 
view  of  the  countless  number  of 
giant  rocks  which  surround  you 
on  all  sides.”  Such  is  the  intri- 
cacy of  the  passages,  that  the 
region  is  a perfect  labyrinth,  from 
which  extrication  is  very  difficult, 
unless  one  is  attended  by  a guide. 

Admiralty,  The.  The  building 
in  which  is  conducted  the  busi- 
ness of  the  Admiralty,  in  White- 
hall, London.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  Wallingford  House.  The 
street  front  was  built  about  1726 
by  Thomas  Ripley,  and  the  stone 
screen  towards  the  street  was  de- 
signed in  1776  by  the  brothers 
Adam. 

See  under  Ripley  rise  a new  Whitehall, 
While  Jones’  and  Boyle’s  united  labors 
fall.  Pope . 

Admiralty  Pier.  A magnificent 
breakwater  of  granite  at  Dover, 
England,  one  of  the  greatest 
works  of  the  kind  in  the  world. 
It  extends  nearly  half  a mile  into 
the  sea.  The  work  was  begun  in 
1844,  and  is  not  yet  finished. 

Admiralty  Square.  A famous 
square  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
around  which  are  grouped  the 


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5 


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most  important  buildings  and 
monuments  of  the  city.  It  is 
about  one  mile  in  length  by  a 
quarter  of  a mile  in  breadth. 

Adonis.  An  admired  statue  by 
Thorwaldsen  <1770-1844).  In  the 
Glypfcothek  at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Adoration  of  the  Kings-  See 
Adoration  of  the  Magi. 

Adoration  of  the  Lamb.  A re- 
markable altar-piece  begun  by 
Hubert  van  Eyck  (1366-1426),  the 
Flemish  painter,  but  left  unfin- 
ished by  him.  It  was  painted  for 
Jodocus  Vydts,  burgomaster  of 
Ghent,  and  his  wife  Elizabeth, 
for  their  mortuary  chapel  in  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Bavon  at  Ghent, 
Belgium.  It  consisted  of  two 
rows  of  separate  panels,  the  sub* 
ject  of  the  upper  picture  being 
the  Triune  God  with  the  Holy 
Virgin  and  the  Baptist  at  his  side, 
and  the  lower  central  picture 
showing  the  Lamb  of  the  Reve- 
lation, “ whose  blood  flows  into  a 
cup;  over  it  is  the  dove  of  the 
Holy  Spirit;  angels  who  hold  the 
instruments  of  the  Passion  wor- 
ship the  Lamb,  and  four  groups, 
each  consisting  of  many  persons, 
advance  from  the  sides.  ...  In 
the  foreground  is  the  fountain  of 
life;  in  the  distance  the  towers 
of  the  heavenly  Jerusalem.’ ’ 
This  work  no  longer  exists  as  a 
whole,  the  separate  parts  having 
been  dispersed,  and  some  of  them 
lost.  The  centre  pictures  and 
two  of  the  panels  are  still  at 
Ghent,  while  others  of  the  pic- 
tures are  among  the  chief  attrac- 
tions of  the  Museum  of  Berlin. 
After  the  death  of  Hubert  van 
Eyck,  the  pictures  which  were 
unfinished  were  completed  by  his 
younger  brother  Jan  van  Eyck. 
An  excellent  copy  of  this  altar- 
piece  was  made,  about  a century 
after  its  completion,  for  Philip 
II.  of  Spain;  but  the  panels  of 
this  work,  like  those  of  the  origi- 
nal, have  been  dispersed,  some 
being  in  the  Berlin  Museum, 
others  being  in  the  possession  of 
the  King  of  Bavaria,  and  others 
still  at  the  Hague.  There  is  also 
a copy  in  the  Antwerp  Museum. 


44  This  {Van  Eyck’s  Adoration 
of  the  Lamb]  . . . may  be  considered 
as  in  some  respects  the  highest  exposi- 
tion of  all  representations  of  this  class, 
however  marked  by  the  then  growing 
corruptions  and  inconsistencies  of  re- 
ligious art.  The  merit  of  this  picture, 
which  is  exquisite  in  execution  and  ex- 
pression, is  the  earnest  reality  of  cer- 
tain portions:  its  fault  is  the  incon- 
gruous symbolism  and  convention  of 
others.”  Lady  Eastlake. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
(Ital.  L'  Adorazione  de’  Magi , 
L’Epifania;  Ger.  Die  Anbetung 
dev  Weisen  ans  dem  Morgenland , 
Die  heilige  drei  Konigen ; Fr. 
L' Adoration  des  Hois  Mages.]  A 
very  common  subject  of  represen- 
tation by  the  great  mediaeval 
painters,  who  portrayed  the  visit 
of  the  three  wise  men  from  the 
East  to  Bethlehem,  with  their 
gifts  of  gold  and  frankincense 
and  myrrh,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Matt.  ii.  1-12. 

“ In  the  first  place,  who  were 
these  Magi,  or  these  kings  as  they  are 
sometimes  styled?  4 To  suppose,’  says 
the  antique  legend,  * that  they  were 
called  Magi  because  they  were  addict- 
ed to  magic,  or  exercised  uuholy  or 
forbidden  acts,  would  be,  heaven  save 
us l a rank  heresy.’  No!  Magi,  in  the 
Persian  tongue,  signifies  4 wise  men.* 
They  were  in  their  own  country  kings 
or  princes,  as  it  is  averred  by  all  the 
ancient  fathers.  ...  In  the  legends  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  the  kings  had 
become  distinct  personages,  under  the 
names  of  Caspar  (or  Jasper),  Melchior, 
and  Balthasar.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Of  numerous  compositions  on 
this  subject,  the  following  may 
he  named  as  among  the  more 
noted. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Gentile  da  Fabriano 
(1370-1450  ?).  In  the  Academy  at 
Florence,  Italy. 

J06gr=  “The  first  real  picture  in  the 
series  is  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi 
by  Gentile  da  Fabriano,  a really  splen- 
did work  in  all  senses,  with  noble  and 
beautiful  figures  in  it.”  Hawthorne. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A remarkable  altar-picture  by 
Jan  van  Eyck  (1390-1440).  In  the 
gallery  of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 


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6 


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An  altar-piece,  with  wings,  by 
Stephan  Lochner,  called  Meister 
Stephan  (d.  1451),  a German 

painter,  and  regarded  as  his  prin- 
cipal work.  It  was  originally 
painted  for  a chapel  of  the  Hotel 
de  Ville,  but  has  been  for  many 
years  in  a chapel  of  the  choir  of 
Cologne  Cathedral. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Giovanni  da  Fiesble, 
called  Fra  Angelico  (1387-1455). 
In  the  Museum  of  St  Mark,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings) 
1.  A celebrated  picture  by  Roger 
van  der  Weyden  (d.  1464),  the 
Flemish  painter,  and  one  of  the 
largest  and  finest  works  of  that 
master.  The  Annunciation  and 
the  Presentation  in  the  Temple 
are  represented  in  the  wings  of 
the  picture.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  painted  for  the  church  of 
St.  Columba  in  Cologne,  and  was 
afterwards  in  the  Boisseree  col- 
lection, but  is  now  in  the  gallery 
of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

2.  A picture  by  the  Flemish 
painter,  Roger  van  der  Weyden 
(d.  1464).  For  centuries  it  adorn- 
ed the  altar  of  a church  at  Middel- 
burg,  but  lias  been  transferred  to 
the  Museum  of  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
The  travelling  altar-piece  of 
Charles  V.,  with  wings  repre- 
senting the  Nativity  and  the 
Presentation  in  the  Temple.  It 
was  executed  by  Hans  Mending 
(d.  1495),  the  Flemish  painter, 
and  is  now  in  Madrid,  Spain. 
There  is  a smaller  altar-piece  by 
this  painter,  bearing  the  title  of 
the  “Adoration,”  now  in  St. 
John’s  Hospital  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Domenico  Ghirlan- 
dajo  (1449-1498?).  In  Florence, 
Italy. 

Adoratioyi  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A noted  picture  by  Pietro  Peru- 
gino  (1446-1524),  and  one  of  his 
best  works.  In  the  church  of  S. 
Francesco  del  Monte,  at  Perugia, 
Italy. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
An  admired  picture  by  Francesco 


Francia  (1450-1518),  in  which  the 
landscape  is  very  beautiful.  In 
the  gallery  at  Dresden.  There 
is  an  excellent  engraving  of  this 
fine  picture. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A large  altar-piece  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520).  It  has  been 
much  injured  by  dampness.  It 
was  formerly  in  "the  possession  of 
the  Ancajini  family  at  Spoleto, 
Italy,  but  is  now  in  the  Museum 
of  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Jg£ip“ln  a composition  upon  the 
same  subject  by  Raphael,  in  the  Vati- 
can, the  worshippers  wear  the  classi- 
cal, not  the  oriental  costume;  but  an 
elephant  with  a monkey  on  his  back 
is  seen  in  the  distance,  which  at  once 
reminds  us  of  the  far  East.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
( 1483-1520).  Now  at  Copenhagen, 
Denmark. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Albert  Diirer  (1471- 
1528),  the  German  painter,  origi- 
nally executed  for  the  Elector  of 
Saxony,  and  now  in  the  Tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
An  admired  picture  by  Paolo 
Cagliari,  called  Paul  Veronese 
(1528-1588).  In  the  gallery  at 
Dresden,  Saxony. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Jan  (or  Jannyn) 
Gossart(d.  1532),  a Flemish  paint- 
er, and  considered  to  be  his  prin- 
cipal work.  It  is  now  at  Castle 
Howard,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  England. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi  (Kings). 
A picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640),  one  of  fifteen  by  him 
upon  this  subject,  and  the  finest 
of  all.  Now  in  the  gallery  at 
Madrid,  Spain. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  A 
common  subject  of  representa- 
tion by  the  religious  painters  of 
the  Middle  Ages.  Of  composi- 
tions upon  this  subject  those 
mentioned  below  are  among  the 
better  known. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  A 
picture  by  Albert  Altdorfer  (d. 
1538),  a German  painter.  In  the 


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7 


AGO 


collection  of  the  Historical  Socie- 
ty at  Regensburg,  Bavaria. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  A 
picture  by  Alessandro  Bonvici- 
no,  called"  II  Moretto  di  Brescia 
(1500-1547).  In  the  Museum  of 
Berlin,  Prussia. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  A 
picture  by  Diego  Rodriguez  de 
Silva  y Velasquez  (1599-1660),  the 
Spanish  painter.  Now  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  A 
well-known  'picture  by  Anton 
Rafael  Mengs  (1728-1779).  It  was 
brought  to  the  United  States  by 
Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  is  now  in 
the  Corcoran  Gallery,  Washing- 
ton. 

Adoration  of  the  Shepherds.  See 

Notte,  La. 

Adoration  of  the  Trinity.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Albert  Durer 
(1471-1528),  the  German  painter 
and  engraver,  regarded  as  one 
of  his  masterpieces.  It  was  paint- 
ed for  the  chapel  of  the  Landauer 
Briiderhaus  in  Nuremberg,  was 
afterwards  removed  to  Prague, 
and  is  now  in  the  Belvedere  at 
Vienna,  Austria. 

Adorno  Palace.  [ Palazzo  Adorno .] 
A noted  palace  in  Genoa,  Italy. 

Adrian  VI.  1.  A portrait  of  this 
pope  by  Sebastian  del  Piombo 
(1485-1547),  the  “realization,” 
according  to  Sir  C.  L.  Eastlake, 
“ of  what  is  usually  attributed  to 
Michael  Angelo.”  It  has  been 
wrongly  named  Alexander  VI. 
Now  in  the  Museum  of  Naples, 
Italy. 

2.  There  is  another  picture  of 
this  pope  by  Sebastian  (often 
miscalled  Amerigo  Vespucci)  in 
the  collection  of  the  late  Lord 
Taunton. 

Adrian’s  Mole.  See  St.  Angelo. 

Adrian’s  Wall.  See  Hadrian’s 
Wall. 

A dull  am,  Cave  of.  See  Cave  of 
Adullam. 

Advance,  The.  A noted  vessel 
in  which  Elisha  Kent  Kane  (1820- 
1857)  set  sail  from  New  York,  in 
May,  1853,  on  a voyage  of  Arctic 
discovery,  and  in  search  of  Sir 


John  Franklin.  The  Advance 
was  beset  with  ice,  and  aban- 
doned in  higher  latitude  than  any 
vessel  had  ever  before  reached. 

Adventure,  The.  The  ship  in 
which  the  notorious  pirate  Capt. 
William  Kidd  ( 1701)  cruised. 

JEgina  Marbles.  A collection  of 
casts  from  groups  of  figures  on 
the  Temple  of  Jupiter  in  the 
island  of  iEgina,  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum,  London. 
The  originals  are  now  in  Munich, 
Bavaria.  They  have  been  skil- 
fully restored  by  Thorwaldsen, 
and  arranged  as  far  as  possible 
in  the  order  in  which  they  origi- 
nally stood. 

“ These  sculptures  may  be 
classed  among  the  most  valuable  re- 
mains of  ancient  art  that  have  reached 
us.”  R.  Westmacott. 

JEneas,  Shipwreck  of.  See  Ship- 
wreck of  Aeneas. 

JEschines.  A famous  statue  dis- 
covered at  Herculaneum,  and 
now  in  the  Museum  at  Naples, 
Italy.  By  some  it  is  considered 
to  be  a statue  of  Aristides. 

Age  of  Innocence.  A picture  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1723-17S2). 
Now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Ages.  See  Three  Ages. 

Agger  of  Servius  Tullius-  A 
celebrated  rampart  of  ancient 
Rome,  a few  remains  of  which 
still  exist  in  the  rear  of  the  Baths 
of  Diocletian. 

Agincourt,  The.  An  armor-plat- 
ed ship  of  the  British  navy, 
launched  March  27,  1865. 

Agnes,  St.  See  St.  Agnes. 

Agora,  The.  [The  Market-place 
or  Forum.]  The  public  place  of 
Athens,  Greece,  situated  in  aval- 
ley  partially  enclosed  by  the  hills 
known  as  the  Acropolis,  Areopa- 
gus, Pnyx,  and  Museum.  It  is 
an  elliptical  area  about  one-tliird 
of  a mile  in  length.  The  Gate  of 
the  so-called  New  Agora,  also 
known  as  Hadrian’s  Arch,  is  of 
comparatively  recent  date. 

“All  the  buildings  connected 
with  the  civil  processes  employed  in 


AHM 


8 


ALA 


the  enactment  of  laws  at  Athens  are, 
from  its  neighborhood  to  the  Pnyx, 
fitly  grouped  together  in  this  place. 
Here  is  the  Bouleuterion , or  Council 
Chamber,  in  which  the  Senate  of  Five 
Hundred  meet  to  discuss  measures 
before  they  are  submitted  to  the  assem- 
bly of  the  people  in  the  Pnyx.  Here 
are  the  statues  of  the  ten  Heroes  of 
Athens,  — Cecrops,  Ereetbeus,  Pandi- 
on,  HSgeus,  Hippothoon,  Acamas,  Le- 
on, (Eneus,  Ajax,  Antiochus,  — the 
Eponymi,  as  they  are  called,  because 
they  give  their  names  to  the  ten  tribes 
of  Athens.  Here  is  the  refectory  of 
the  Prytanes,  or  Presidents  of  the  As- 
sembly,— a building  which  may  be 
distinguished  from  the  crowd  of  other 
fabrics  in  the  same  place  by  its  hemi- 
spherical dome,  and  in  wrhich  the  most 
distinguished  citizens  of  Athens  are 
entertained  at  the  public  charge.  In 
the  centre  of  the  area  which  we  are 
describing  stands  the  altar  of  the 
Twelve  Hods,  being  the  point  to  which 
all  the  roads  of  Attica  converge,  and 
from  which  distances  are  measured. 
. . . Such  are  the  most  remarkable 
objects  contained  in  the  Agora  of 
Athens.  We  speak  of  the  early  times 
of  its  glory.”  G.  Wordsworth. 

Ahmed  ebn  Tooloon.  See 

Mosque  of  Ahmed  ebn  Tooloon. 

Aignan.  See  Hotel  St.  Aignan. 

Ain  Moosa.  See  Fountains  of 
Moses. 

Aird’s  Moss.  A tract  of  moorland 
in  the  county  of  Ayr,  Scotland, 
famous  in  the  history  of  the 
Scottish  Covenanters  as  being 
the  scene  of  numerous  gather- 
ings, or  “ conventicles,  ” where 
men  came  armed  to  the  teeth  to 
hear  the  Bible  read.” 

Airlie  Castle.  A residence  of  the 
Earl  of  Airlie,  near  Meigle,  Scot- 
land. It  forms  the  subject  of  the 
ballad  of  “ The  Bonnie  House  of 
Airlie.” 

Akbar’s  Palace.  A famous  palace, 
built  by  the  renowned  emperor 
of  that  name,  in  the  city  of  Ak- 
bar,  or  Agra,  in  Hindostan. 

jgGsf  “ It  would  be  difficult  to  de- 
scribe in  detail  its  many  courts,  its 
separate  masses  of  buildings,  and  its 
detached  pavilions.  . . . Akbar’s  pal- 
ace is  far  more  complete  than  the  Al- 
hambra. No  part  has  been  utterly  de- 
stroyed, and  the  marks  of  injury  by 
time  and  battle  are  comparatively  slight. 
The  substructions  of  the  palace  are  of 


red  sandstone,  but  nearly  the  whole  of 
its  corridors,  chambers,  and  pavilions 
are  of  white  marble,  wrought  with  the 
most  exquisite  elaboration  of  ornament. 
There  are  precious  caskets  of  marble, 
glittering  all  over  with  jasper,  agate, 
cornelian,  blood-stone,  and  lapis-lazuli, 
and  topped  with  golden  domes.  Bal- 
ustrades of  marble,  wrought  in  open 
patterns  of  such  rich  design  that  they 
resemble  fringes  of  lace  when  seen 
from  below,  extend  along  the  edge  of 
the  battlements.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Alabama,  The.  A Confederate 
privateer,  built  by  Laird  of  Liver- 
pool, and  commanded  by  Bapha- 
el  Semmes,  who  set  out  on  a 
cruise  with  her  in  1862.  This 
ship,  during  lier  career,  inflicted 
immense  damage  on  the  Ameri- 
can mercantile  marine.  She  is 
reported  to  have  captured  over 
60  vessels,  destroyed  45  others, 
and  taken  millions  of  property. 
She  was  sunk  on  the  19th  of 
June,  1864,  off  the  harbor  of  Cher- 
bourg, France,  in  a battle  with 
the  Union  vessel  Kearscirge,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Winslow.  For 
the  complicity  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment in  the  ravages  of  this 
English-Confederate  privateer,  a 
tribunal  of  arbitration,  chosen  by 
the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain jointly,  adjudged  that  the 
latter  should  pay  to  the  former, 
for  damages,  the  sum  of  $15,- 
500,000  in  gold,  and  this  sum  was 
paid.  [Also  known  as  the  “ 290.”] 

“The  most  famous  of  the  Eng- 
lisk-American  cruisers  during  the  civil 
war  was  the  Alabama , Capt.  Raphael 
Semmes.  She  was  built  by  Laird  near 
Liverpool,  was  armed,  provisioned,  and 
chiefly  manned  in  a British  port,  and 
sailed  under  British  colors.  She  was 
watched  while  in  port  by  the  national 
ship  Tuscarora;  but,  favored  by  the 
British  government  in  keeping  the  lat- 
ter vessel  back  until  the  Alabama  had 
got  well  to  sea,  she  was  allowed  to  go 
on  her  destructive  errand  without  mo- 
lestation. For  a year  and  a half  after- 
ward, while  carefully  avoiding  contact 
with  armed  vessels  of  the  United  States, 
the  Alabama  illuminated  the  sea  with 
blazing  American  merchantmen  which 
she  had  captured  and  set  on  fire. 
During  the  last  90  days  of  1862  she 
captured  and  destroyed  28  helpless 
vessels.  After  a prosperous  voyage 
in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Indian  oceans, 
during  which  she  captured  67  vessels, 


ALA 


9 


ALB 


and  destroyed  a greater  portion  of  them, 
the  Alabama  took  shelter  in  the  French 
harbor  of  Cherbourg,  in  the  early  sum- 
mer, 1864.  There  the  United  States 
steamship  Kearsarge  found  her  at  or 
near  the  middle  of  June.”  Lossing. 

Alabaster  Cave.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  California,  on  Kidd’s 
Ravine  near  its  junction  with 
American  River.  This  remark- 
able cave  was  discovered  Aug.  19, 
1860. 

J&5P  “ On  our  first  entrance  we  de- 
scended about  15  feet  gradually  to  the 
centre  of  the  room,  which  is  100x30 
feet.  At  the  north  end  there  is  a most 
magnificent  pulpit.  ...  It  is  complet- 
ed with  the  most  beautiful  drapery  of 
alabaster  sterites  of  all  colors,  varying 
from  white  to  pink-red,  overhanging 
the  beholder.  Immediately  under  the 
pulpit  is  a beautiful  lake  of  water  ex- 
tending to  an  unknown  distance.  . . . 
On  arriving  at  the  centre  of  the  first 
room  we  saw  an  entrance  to  an  inner 
chamber  still  more  splendid,  200x100 
feet,  with  most  beautiful  alabaster  over- 
hangings, in  every  possible  shape  of 
drapery.”  Gwinn. 

Alameda.  In  Spanish  towns  the 
usual  name  for  the  public  walk, 
or  promenade.  The  word  is  de- 
rived from  alamo , poplar. 

A walk  in  Broadway  or  Fifth  Avenue 
will  show  you  damsels  and  dames  who 
will  remind  you  of  those  you  have  met 
in  the  Cascine  or  Corso,  in  the  Prado  or 
Alameda.  Galaxy. 

Alaric’s  Grave.  According  to 
tradition  the  grave  of  the  Visi- 
gothic  chief  (d.  410)  was  dug  in 
the  bed  of  the  river  Busento,  in 
Italy,  the  stream  being  diverted 
from  its  course  for  the  purpose  ; 
and  after  the  burial  the  waters 
were  let  back  into  their  former 
channel. 

Alba  Madonna.  See  Madonna 
della  Casa  d’Alba. 

Albani.  See  Villa  Albani. 

Albany  Chambers.  A well- 
known  row  of  buildings  in  Picca- 
dilly, London,  named  after  the 
Duke  of  York. 

In  the  quiet  avenue  of  the  Albany , 
memories  of  the  illustrious  dead  crowd 
upon  you.  Jerrold. 

Albany,  Fort.  See  Fort  Albany. 

Albero  d’Oro.  [Golden  Tree.] 
The  name  given  to  one  of  the 


most  beautiful  palaces  in  Venice, 
Italy,  from  a tradition  that  one 
of  its  owners  staked  and  lost  all 
his  fortunes  except  a single  tree 
in  the  garden  of  this  palace.  The 
tree  finally  being  staked  also, 
fortune  turned,  and  the  owner 
recovered  all  that  he  had  lost, 
including  the  palace. 

Albert  Diirer.  A well-known  au- 
tograph portrait  of  the  painter, 
in  the  collection  of  artists’  por- 
traits painted  by  themselves,  in 
the  Uffizi  Gallery  at  Florence, 
Italy.  He  is  represented  as 
standing  at  a window,  with  his 
hands  resting  on  the  window-sill, 
dressed  in  a holiday  suit.  There 
is  also  another  portrait  of  him  in 
the  gallery  of  Munich,  Bavaria, 
which  represents  him  as  much 
more  mature  in  features  and  char- 
acter, although  he  was  but  two 
years  older  when  it  was  taken. 
This  picture  gives  a front  view 
of  him,  with  his  hand  laid  upon 
the  fur  lining  of  his  robe. 

Albert  Embankment.  See 
Thames  Embankments. 

Albert  Memorial.  This  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  the  Prince 
Consort,  Albert  of  Saxe  Gotha 
(d.  1861),  was  built  from  designs 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott.  It  is  situ- 
ated opposite  the  Albert  Hall  in 
London,  and  on  the  site  of  the 
Crystal  Palace  of  1851.  Monu- 
ments in  memory  of  the  Prince 
have  also  been  erected  in  other 
places  in  Great  Britain. 

jgQjp-  “ If  the  Prince  had  united  the 
genius  of  Napoleon  to  the  virtues  of 
Washington,  there  might,  with  more 
show  of  reason,  have  been  such  a lit- 
erary and  such  a sculptured  monument 
raised  to  him  so  soon  after  the  close  of 
his  blameless  and  useful  life.  But  even 
then  something  more  simple  and  sober 
would  have  been  more  effective  than 
this  gilded,  enthroned,  enshrined,  and 
canopied  effigy  of  the  demi-god  of  com- 
monplace. In  fact,  this  is  the  most 
obtrusively  offensive  monument  in  Lon- 
don.” Richard  Grant  White. 

Albert  Park.  See  Finsbury 
Park. 

Albertina  Bronze.  See  Caligula. 

Albion,  The.  1.  A noted  London 
tavern  famous  for  its  Corporation 


ALL 


10 


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banquets,  and  other  public  din- 
ners, and  for  the  annual  trade- 
sales  of  the  principal  London 
publishers. 

2.  A London  club  founded  in 
the  first  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  dissolved  in  1841. 

Alcala,,  Gate  of.  See  Puerta  de 
Alcala. 

Alcantara,  Bridge  of.  See  Pu- 
ente de  Alcantara. 

Alderney  Bull,  Cow,  and  Calf. 
An  admired  picture  by  James 
Ward  (1769-1859),  often  compared 
with  Paul  Potter’s  Young  Bull 
{q.  v .).  It  is  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Aldersgate.  One  of  the  gates  in 
the  old  city  walls  of  London.  It 
was  restored  after  the  Great  Fire 
of  1666,  and  somewhat  resembled 
Temple  Bar. 

He  [Clennam]  turned  slowly  down  Al- 
dersgate Street , and  was  pondering  his 
way' along  towards  St.  Paul’s,  . . . when 
a crowd  of  people  flocked  towards  him. 

Dickens . 

Aldgate.  One  of  the  old  Roman 
gates  of  London,  so  called  from 
its  antiquity  (Aeld  or  Old  gate). 
From  the  time  of  the  Romans  to 
1760  (when  it  was  demolished), 
it  formed  the  main  outlet  to  the 
eastern  counties.  The  barons, 
using  money  from  the  monks’ 
coffers,  and  building  material 
from  the  Jews’  houses,  rebuilt  the 
structure  during  the  time  of  J olm. 
This  gate  was  torn  down  in  1606, 
and  again  built  up  in  1609.  The 
poet  Chaucer  (1328-1400)  held  a 
life  lease  of  the  dwelling-house 
above  the  gate. 

If  the  brutalizing  effect  of  such  scenes 
as  the  storming  of  St.  Sebastian  may  be 
counteracted,  we  may  hope,  that,  in  a 
Christian  Utopia,  some  minds  might  be 
proof  against  the  kennels  and  dresses  of 
Aldgate.  Macaulay . 

Old  Father  Baldpate, 

Say  the  slow  bells  at  Aldgate. 

Mother  Goose. 

Aldine  Press.  The  name  given  to 
the  press  established  about  1490, 
at  Venice,  by  Aldo  Manuzio  (Al- 
dus Manutius),  an  Italian  printer 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies, and  the  inventor  of  Italic 
type.  The  highly-esteemed  Al- 
dine editions  of  the  classics 


issued  by  Manutius  and  his  de- 
scendants led  to  the  publication 
of  counterfeit  Aldine  editions  in 
Florence  and  Lyons  as  early  as 
1502.  The  name  Aldine  has  also 
been  used  by  the  English  pub- 
lisher Pickering. 

As  for  the  foundlings  like  my  Hederi- 
cus,  they  go  among  their  peers:  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  take  them  from  the  dusty 
stall  where  they  were  elbowed  by  plebeian 
school-books  and  battered  odd  volumes, 
and  give  them  Alduses  and  Elzevirs  for 
companions.  Holmes. 

Aldobrandini  Madonna.  See 
Madonna  Aldobrandini. 

Aldobrandini  Marriage.  [Nozze 
Aldobrandini.]  A celebrated  fres- 
co painting,  and  one  of  the  most 
valuable  relics  of  ancient  art.  It 
was  found  in  1606  among  the 
ruins  of  the  Baths  of  Titus  in 
Borne,  and  is  now  in  the  Vatican. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  Al- 
dobrandini family,  by  whom  it 
was  purchased.  It  represents  a 
marriage-scene,  as  the  name  im- 
plies. Winckelmann  thinks  that 
it  represents  the  nuptials  of  Pele- 
us  and  Thetis.  In  the  Palazzo 
Doria,  there  is  a copy  by  Nicho- 
las Poussin. 

Aldobrandini,  Villa.  See  Villa 
Aldobrandini. 

Aletsch  Glacier.  A celebrated 
glacier  in  Switzerland  surround- 
ed by  the  Aletschhorn,  Jungfrau, 
and  other  peaks.  It  is  about  six- 
teen miles  in  length. 

Alexander.  See  Triumphal 
March  of  Alexander  and  Vic- 
tory of  Alexander  the  Great 
over  Darius. 

Alexander  and  Diogenes.  A 
noted  picture  by  Sir  Edwin  Land- 
seer (1803-1873),  the  celebrated 
painter  of  animals.  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London. 

Alexander  and  Roxana.  See 
Marriage  of  Alexander  and 
Boxana. 

Alexander  Column.  A red  gran- 
ite monolith  and  memorial  pillar, 
160  feet  in  height,  situated  in  the 
Admiralty  Square,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Bussia.  It  was  erected  to 
the  Emperor  Alexander,  a*nd 
was  the  work  of  Montferrand. 


ALE 


11 


ALH 


It  is  one  of  the  greatest  memo- 
rial monoliths  of  modern  times. 

Taller  than  Luxor’*  shafts,  and  grander, 
Looms  the  pillar  of  Alexander, 

G uarding  the  palace  that  fronts  the  square. 

E.  D.  Proctor. 

Alexander  in  the  Tent  of  Darius. 

A fresco-painting  by  Gianantonio 
Razzi,  or  Bazzi,  called  II  Sod- 
doina  (1474-1519).  In  the  Farne- 
sina,  Rome. 

Alexander’s  Tomb.  A small 
structure  at  Alexandria,  Egypt, 
traditionally  identified  with  the 
tomb  of  Alexander.  The  exist- 
ence of  Alexander’s  tomb  has 
long  been  recorded  by  Arab  tra- 
dition. Leo  Afrieanus  speaks  of 
it  as  being  highly  honored  by  the 
Moslems,"  and  as  being  visited 
with  religious  veneration  by 
great  numbers  of  strangers  from 
foreign  lands. 

Alexandrian  Library.  This  cele- 
brated library  at  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  was  founded,  like  the 
Museum,  by  Ptolemy  Soter. 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  his  suc- 
cessor, made  great  additions  to 
it,  and  at  his  death  there  were 
100,000  volumes  in  the  library. 
A great  deal  of  trouble  was 
taken  and  expense  incurred  in 
forming  and  adding  to  this  col- 
lection, in  which  it  was  said  that 
a copy  of  every  known  work 
was  included.  Here  was  depos- 
ited the  Septuagint  translation  of 
the  Bible.  The  Alexandrian 
Library  consisted  of  about  700,000 
volumes,  of  which  400,000  were  in 
the  Museum  and  500,000  in  the 
Serapeum.  The  former  collec- 
tion was  destroyed  by  fire  during 
the  war  between  Julius  Csesar 
and  the  Alexandrians,  and  the 
latter  by  order  of  Caliph  Omar 
in  610.  By  this  act  the  Caliph 
Omar  is  said  to  have  provided 
the  4,000  baths  of  the  city  with 
fuel  for  six  months. 

Alfred  Club.  A club  in  London, 
established  in  Albemarle  Street 
in  1808,  and  dissolved  about  the 
middle  of  the  century. 

4QT  Lord  Byron,  who  was  a mem- 
her,  characterized  it  as  “ pleasant,  a lit- 
tle too  sober  and  literary,”  and  “in  the 


whole,  a decent  resource  in  a rainy 
day,  in  a dearth  of  parties,  or  Parlia- 
ment, or  in  ati  empty  season.” 

j&gr  “The  Alfred  received  its  coup - 
de-grace  from  a well-known  story  to 
the  effect  that  Mr.  Canning,  whilst  in 
the  zenith  of  his  fame,  dropped  in 
accidentally  at  a house  dinner  of  twelve 
or  fourteen,  staid  out  the  evening, 
and  made  himself  remarkably  agree- 
able, without  any  one  of  the  party  sus- 
pecting who  he  was.” 

Quarterly  Review. 

Alfred  dividing  his  Loaf  with 
the  Pilgrim.  A picture  by  Ben- 
jamin West  (1738-1820),  well 
known  by  engravings.  In  the 
Hall  of  the  Stationers’  Company, 
London. 

Alfred  J ewel.  A remarkable 
jewel  found  near  Ethelney  Ab- 
bey in  Somersetshire,  England, 
and  a rare  specimen  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  art.  It  bears  this  inscrip- 
tion in  Saxon  characters:  “Al- 
fred had  me  wrought.” 

Alhambra.  [The  Red  Castle.] 
The  palace-fortress  of  the  Moor- 
ish kings  in  Granada,  Spain.  It 
was  begun  in  1248,  and  finished  in 
1314.  The  exterior  is  plain,  and 
affords  little  indication  of  the 
unrivalled  splendor  which  once 
characterized  the  interior  apart- 
ments. The  building  has  suf- 
fered greatly  from  decay,  neg- 
lect, and  wanton  injury,  but  is 
still  an  object  of  attraction  to 
travellers,  as  one  of  the  finest 
existing  specimens  of  Moorish 
architecture,  abounding  in  colon- 
nades, pavilions,  baths,  foun- 
tains, gilded  ceilings,  and  every 
kind  of  Oriental  ornamentation. 
Around  the  palace  and  gardens 
were  scattered  the  establish- 
ments of  the  court  and  nobility, 
so  that  the  whole  population  of 
the  Alhambra  consisted  of  some 
40,000  souls.  The  preservation 
from  absolute  ruin  of  this,  the 
most  interesting  and  beautiful 
of  the  historical  monuments  of 
Spain,  is  due  to  the  French,  who, 
when  Granada  was  in  their 
hands,  did  much  to  repair  and 
restore  the  Alhambra. 

“ To  the  traveller  imbued  with  a 
feeling  for  the  historical  and  poetical, 
so  inseparably  intertwined  in  the  annals 


ALH 


12 


ALM 


of  romantic  Spain,  the  Alhambra  is  as 
much  an  object  of  devotion  as  is  the 
Caaba  to  all  true  Moslems.  How  many 
legends  and  traditions,  true  and  fabu- 
lous,— how  many  songs  and  ballads, 
Arabian  and  Spanish,  of  love  and  war 
and  chivalry,  — are  associated  with  this 
Oriental  pile ! It  was  the  royal  abode 
of  the  Moorish  kings,  where,  surround- 
ed with  the  splendors  and  refinements 
of  Asiatic  luxury,  they  held  dominion 
over  what  they  vaunted  as  a terrestrial 
paradise,  and  made  their  last  stand  for 
empire  in  Spain.  The  royal  palace 
forms  but  a part  of  a fortress,  the  walls 
of  which,  studded  with  towers,  stretch 
irregularly  round  the  whole  crest  of  a 
hill,  a spur  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  or 
Snowy  Mountains,  and  overlook  the 
city:  externally  it  is  a rude  congrega- 
tion of  towers  and  battlements,  with 
no  regularity  of  plan  nor  grace  of  archi- 
tecture, and  giving  little  promise  of  the 
grace  and  beauty  which  prevail  within. 
. . . After  the  kingdom  had  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Christians,  the  Alham- 
bra continued  to  be  a royal  demesne, 
and  was  occasionally  inhabited  by  the 
Castilian  monarchs.  The  Emperor 
Charles  V.  commenced  a sumptuous 
palace  within  its  walls,  but  was  de- 
terred from  completing  it  by  repeated 
shocks  of  earthquakes.  The  last  royal 
residents  were  Philip  V.  and  his  beau- 
tiful queen,  Elizabetta  of  Parma,  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  . . . The 
desertion  of  the  court,  however,  was  a 
fatal  blow  to  the  Alhambra.  Its  beau- 
tiful halls  became  desolate,  and  some 
of  them  fell  to  ruin  ; the  gardens  were 
destroyed,  and  the  fountains  ceased  to 
play.”  Irving. 

j&g*  “ The  Alhambra , a name  which 
will  make  my  blood  thrill  if  I live  to 
the  frosts  of  a century,  not  that  the 
pleasure  I received,  on  wandering  over 
the  immense  extent  of  these  most 
graceful  and  most  picturesque  of  all 
ruins,  was  like  the  quiet,  hallowed 
delight  of  a solitary  visit  to  the  Coli- 
seum or  the  Forum,  . . . but  it  was  a 
riotous,  tumultuous  pleasure,  which 
will  remain  in  my  memory  like  a kind 
of  sensual  enjoyment.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Lonely  and  still  are  now  thy  marble  halls. 
Thou  fair  Alhambra!  there  the  feast  is 
o’er; 

And  with  the  murmur  of  tliy  fountain 
falls 

Blend  the  wrild  tones  of  minstrelsy  no 
more.  Felicia  Hemans. 

And  there  the  Alhambra  still  recalls 
A!ad<1in’s  palace  of  delight : 

Allah  il  Allah  ! through  its  halls 
Whispers  the  fountain  as  it  falls. 

The  Darro  darts  beneath  \t<  walls, 

The  hills  with  snow  are  white. 

Longfdlow. 


On  to  Alhambra , strong  and  ruddy  heart 
Of  glorious  Morisma,  gasping  now, 

A maimed  giant  in  his  agony. 

George  Eliot. 

All  Hallows  Church.  A celebrat- 
ed old  London  church,  destroyed 
in  1877.  In  this  church  Milton 
was  baptized. 

All  Saints.  A modern  church  in 
London,  the  interior  of  which  is 
said  to  be  the  most  gorgeous  of 
any  in  the  kingdom.  Finished 
in  1859. 

4®=-  “ Though  I have  a rather  large 
acquaintance  with  English  and  foreign 
works  executed  since  the  revival  of 
Pointed  art,  I cannot  hesitate  for  an 
instant  in  allowing  that  this  chur  :h  is 
not  only  the  most  beautiful,  but  the 
most  vigorous,  thoughtful,  and  original, 
of  them  all.”  G.  A.  Street. 

Allee  Verte.  [The  Green  Walk  ] 
A fine  promenade  in  Brussels, 
Belgium,  extending  along  the 
canal  from  Brussels  to  the 
Scheldt. 

Alloway  Kirk.  A ruined  church 
near  Ayr,  Scotland,  immortalized 
in  Burns’s  poem  of  “ Tam  O’Shan- 
ter  ” The  old  bell  of  the  kirk  is 
still  hanging  in  it,  though  hardly 
more  than  the  four  walls  of  the 
structure  are  now  standing. 

She  prophesy’d  that  late  or  soon. 

Thou  would  be  found  deep  drown’d  in 
Boon ; 

Or  cateh’d  wi’  warlocks  in  the  mirk, 

By  Alloway' 8 auld  haunted  kirk.  Burns. 

Almack’s.  Noted  assembly-rooms 
in  King  Street,  St.  James’s,  Lon- 
don, so  called  after  the  proprie- 
tor, Almack,  a Scotchman.  They 
were  opened  Feb.  12,  1765,  with 
an  assembly  at  which  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  the  hero  of  Cul- 
loden,  was  present.  The  house 
continued  to  be  the  fashionable 
place  of  entertainment  during 
the  early  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, but  has  now  lost  its  former 
importance,  — “a  clear  proof  that 
the  palmy  days  of  exclusive- 
ness are  gone  by  in  England” 
(Quarterly  Review).  The  rooms 
are  let  for  public  meetings,  dra- 
matic readings,  lectures,  con- 
certs, balls,  and  dinners.  Al- 
mack’s  is  now  called  “ Willis’s,” 
from  the  name  of  the  present 
proprietor.  A novel  entitled 


ALM 


13 


ALT 


“ Almack’s”  was  issued  in  1831, 
and  followed  by  “A  Key  to  Al- 
mack’s,” by  Benjamin  Disraeli. 

4®**“  We  could,  however,  stuy  there 
but  a short  time;  for  we  were  to  go 
to  Almack’s,  where,  with  some  exer- 
tion, we  arrived  just  before  the  doors 
were  closed  at  midnight.  It  was  very 
brilliant,  as  it  always  is;  and  the  ar- 
rangements for  ease  and  comfort  were 
perfect,  — no  ceremony,  no  supper,  no 
regulation  or  managing,  brilliantly 
lighted  large  halls,  very  fine  music, 
plenty  of  dancing.  ...  It  struck  me, 
however,  that  there  were  fewer  of  the 
leading  nobility  and  fashion  there 
than  formerly,  and  that  the  general 
cast  of  the  company  was  younger.” 

George  Ticknor  {in  1835). 

The  Fraction  asked  himself : How 
will  this  look  in  Almack’s,  and  before 
Lord  Mahogany?  The  Winklemann 
asked  himself:  How  will  this  look  in 
the  Universe,  and  before  the  Creator  of 
Man  ? Carlyle . 

Almack’s  Club.  This  club  in 
Pall  Mall,  London,  was  founded 
in  1761,  and  was  celebrated  for 
the  gambling  which  took  place 
there.  Walpole  writes,  in  1770, 
that  the  gaming  at  Almack’s  is 
“worthy  the  decline  of  our  em- 
pire, or  commonwealth,  which 
you  please.”  He  adds:  “The 
young  men  of  the  age  lose  ten, 
fifteen,  twenty  thousand  pounds, 
in  an  evening  there  ” Charles 
Fox  was  a member,  and  also  Gib- 
bon. The  latter  wrote,  that,  not- 
withstanding the  rage  of  play, 
he  found  there  more  entertain- 
ment and  rational  society  than  in 
any  other  club  to  which  he  be- 
longed. Almack’s  afterwards  be- 
came Goosetree’s  Club,  of  which, 
in  1780,  Pitt  and  Wilberforce 
were  members.  See  Brookes ’s 
Club. 

Almeidan.  The  largest  and  hand- 
somest square  in  Constantino- 
ple, Turkey. 

Almond  Glen.  See  Glen  Al- 
mond. 

Alnwick  Castle.  The  ancient  seat 
of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland, 
in  the  town  of  the  same  name, 
and  historically  one  of  the  most 
interesting  baronial  mansions  in 
England.  It  dates  from  before 
the  Conquest,  but  has  undergone 
several  restorations. 


4®= u As  no  pains  or  expense  was 
spared  to  make  the  new  part  harmo- 
nize with  the  old,  so  far  as  it  was  pos- 
sible to  combine  ancient  architecture 
with  modern  requirements,  the  struc- 
ture, as  a whole,  presents  the  most 
magnificent  specimen  in  Great  Britain 
— perhaps  in  the  world  — of  the  feudal 
castle  of  mediaeval  days.” 

The  Times,  1869. 

Home  of  the  Percy’s  high-born  race, 
Home  of  their  beautiful  and  brave, 

Alike  their  birth  and  burial  place, 

Tlieir  cradle  and  their  grave  ! 

Still  sternly  o’er  the  castle’s  gate 
Their  house’s  Lion  stands  in  state, 

As  in  liis  proud  departed  hours; 

And  warriors  frown  in  stone  on  high. 
And  feudal  banners”  flout  the  sky,” 
Above  his  princely  towers. 

Fitz-  Greene  Halleck . 

Alphonsine  Tables.  A series  of 
astronomical  tables  intended  to 
correct  those  contained  in  Ptol- 
emy’s  “ Almagest,”  composed  by 
order  of  Alphonso  of  Castile  in 
1252. 

Alsatia.  See  Whitefriars. 

Alster,  The.  A basin  or  lake  in 
the  city  of  Hamburg,  Germany, 
surrounded  with  fine  buildings. 
It  is  a favorite  pleasure-resort  of 
the  inhabitants. 

Alte  Markt.  [Old  Market.]  A 
public  square  in  Dresden,  Ger- 
many. 

Altenahr  Castle.  An  ancient 
feudal  fortress,  now  in  ruins,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Ahr,  in  Ger- 
many. 

Altenberg  Abbey.  A very  inter- 
esting monastic  establishment  of 
the  Cistercian  order  in  a seques- 
tered valley  near  Cologne,  Ger- 
many. The  church  is  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Altenburg.  An  ancient  and  noted 
castle  near  Bamberg,  in  Franco- 
nia, Germany.  It  is  now  in 
ruins. 

Althorp.  A noble  manor  near 
Weedon  in  England,  the  seat  of 
Earl  Spencer. 

Alton  Towers.  A noble  mansion, 
the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, in  the  parish  of  Alton. 
England. 

Altotting.  See  Shrine  of  the 
Black  Virgin. 


ALT 


14 


ANC 


Altoviti,  Bindo.  A portrait  of 
this  youth,  which  has  been 
wrongly  taken  to  be  that  of  the 
painter  himself,  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520).  It  was  formerly 
in  the  Casa  Altoviti,  Rome,  but 
is  now  in  the  gallery  at  Munich, 
Bavaria. 

Amalienborg.  A royal  palace  in 
Copenhagen,  Denmark.  It  is 
the  ordinary  residence  of  the 
royal  family. 

Amazon,  The.  1.  A celebrated 
work  of  ancient  sculpture  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome.  Also  another  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Capitol. 

2.  A celebrated  relic  of  an- 
cient sculpture  in  the  Museum 
of  Berlin,  Prussia.  It  has  been 
by  some  ascribed  to  Polycleites 
the  Elder  (452?-412?  B.  C.),  the 
Greek  statuary. 

Amazons,  Battle  of  the.  See 
Battle  of  the  Amazons. 

Ambassadors,  The.  See  Two 
Ambassadors. 

Ambassadors’  Club.  See  Coven- 
try Club. 

Ambras  Armoury.  [Ger.  Am- 
brose?' Sammlunc/.]  A famous 
collection  of  ancient  armor,  jew- 
els, and  curiosities,  in  the  Belve- 
dere, Vienna,  Austria.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  Castle  of 
Ambras  in  the  Tyrol,  from  which 
place  it  was  brought  to  Vienna 
in  the  early  part  of  this  century. 

Ambrosian  Library.  [Ital.  Bi- 
bliotecci  Ambrosiana. ] A noted 
library  in  Milan,  Italy,  contain- 
ing some  celebrated  manuscripts. 
It  was  founded  in  1602,  and  was 
named  after  St.  Ambrose,  the 
patron  saint  of  the  city. 

Ambush,  The.  A picture  by 
George  H.  Boughton,  a contem- 
porary painter  of  landscapes  and 
genre. 

Amer,  Mosque  of.  See  Mosque 
of  Amer. 

America,  The.  1.  A war-vessel  of 
the  old  American  navy,  built  be- 
tween 1775  and  1783.  She  carried 
74  guns,  and  was  pronounced  by 
Commodore  Jones  “ the  largest 
of  seventy-fours  in  the  world.” 


She  was  presented  to  the  French 
government  before  she  went  to 
sea,  and  was  finally  captured 
from  the  French  by  the  British. 

2.  A noted  schooner-rigged 
yacht,  celebrated  for  her  speed 
and  the  excellence  of  her  model. 
The  victory  of  this  yacht  over  R. 
Stephenson’s  iron  yacht  Titania 
in  a race,  August,  1851,  demon- 
strated the  superiority  of  the 
model  upon  which  the  America 
was  built.  She  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  Gen.  Benjamin  F. 
Butler. 

Amiens  Cathedral,  See  Notre 
Dame  [d’Amiens], 

Amphion,  The.  A British  frigate 
destroyed  by  an  explosion  in  the 
harbor  of  Plymouth,  England, 
Sept.  22,  1796.  Nearly  all  on 
board  perished. 

Amphitrite,  The.  A ship  which 
was  wrecked  off  Boulogne, 
France,  in  1833,  with  a loss  of 
over  100  passengers. 

Amrita  Saras.  [Fount  of  Immor- 
tality.] A famous  temple  in  Am- 
ritsar, India,  one  of  the  sacred 
places  of  the  Hindus.  The  tem- 
ple is  situated  on  an  island  in  the 
centre  of  a reservoir  or  tank 
about  150  paces  square.  It  was 
constructed  in  1581. 

Amsterdam  Vegetable  Market. 
A picture  by  Gabriel  Metzu  (b. 
1630),  a Dutch  (/en?’e-painter.  In 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Ananias,  Death  of.  See  Death 
of  Ananias. 

Anatomical  Lecture.  A celebrat- 
ed picture  by  Rembrandt  van 
Ryn  (1607-1669),  the  Dutch  paint- 
er. It  bears  date  1632,  and  is 
now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Hague, 
Holland. 

4) 

Ancajani  Madonna.  See  Madon- 
na Ancajani. 

Ancaster  House.  See  Lindsey 

House. 

Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery 
Company.  The  oldest  regular 
military  company  in  the  United 
States,  organized  in  1638.  Its  ar- 
mory and  interesting  collection 
of  military  and  other  relics  are 


ANC 


15 


ANN 


in  Fanenil  Hall,  Boston.  An 
Artillery  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated in  England  under  Henry 
VIII. 

And  the  old  books  in  uniforms  as  va- 
ried ns  those  of  the  Ancient  and  Honorable 
Artillery  Company  used  to  be,  if  m.v 
memory  serves  me  right  Holmes. 

Ancient  Italy.  A picture  by  Jo- 
seph Mallord  William  Turner 
(1775-1857),  the  eminent  English 
painter. 

Andersonville  Prison.  A noted 
military  prison  in  Sumter  Co., 
Georgia,  in  which,  during  the 
civil  war  in  the  United  States, 
many  Union  soldiers  were  con- 
fined, and  subjected  to  great 
cruelty. 

Andes,  Heart  of  the.  See  Heart 
of  the  Andes. 

Andrea  del  Sarto.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1488- 
1530).  In  the  collection  of  auto- 
graph portraits  in  the  Uffizi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Andromeda.  A picture  by  Guido 
Reni  (1575-1642),  in  the  casino, 
or  summer-house,  of  the  Rospigli- 
osi  palace,  in  Rome. 

Angel,  The.  An  old  and  famous 
inn  in  the  parish  of  Islington, 
London,  rebuilt  in  1819. 

4QP  This  name  has  been  a common 
designation  of  inns  and  public-houses 
in  England,  which  were  formerly 
known  by  the  various  devices  upon 
their  signs. 

Angel  appearing  to  the  Shep- 
herds. A picture  by  Thomas 
Cole  (1801-1848).  In  the  Boston 
Athenaeum. 

Angelo.  See  Bridge  of  St.  An- 
gelo, Michael  Angelo,  Mi- 
chael Angelo’s  House,  and 
St.  Angelo. 

Angels,  Fall  of  the.  See  Fall  of 
the  Angels. 

Angels’ Heads.  1.  A well-known 
picture,  called  by  this  name,  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1723-1792). 
“ The  head  of  Miss  Gordon,  the 
niece  of  * No-Popery  ’ Lord  Gor- 
don, appears  in  five  different  po- 
sitions, with  cherubs’  wings.” 
This  picture  is  in  the  National 


Gallery,  London,  and  has  been 
often  reproduced. 

2.  Picture-groups  bearing  this 
name,  by  Correggio,  and  by 
others,  are  very  familiar  through 
photographic  reproductions. 

Angerstein  Gallery.  The  collec- 
tion of  pictures  which  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  present  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  See 
National  Gallery. 

Animali,  Sala  degli.  See  SalA 
degli  Animali. 

Anna,  St.  See  St.  Anna. 

Anne  Hathaway’s  Cottage.  A 
house  in  the  village  of  Shottery, 
near  Stratford-on-Avon,  Eng- 
land, which  is  pointed  out  as  the 
cottage  in  which  Anne  Hatha- 
way lived  prior  to  her  becoming 
the  wife  of  Shakespeare. 

4S§P  “ It  is  a timber  and  plaster 
house,  like  John  Shakespeare’s,  stand- 
ing on  a bank,  with  a roughly  paved 
terrace  in  front.  The  parlor  is  wain- 
scoted high  in  oak,  and  in  the  princi- 
pal chamber  is  an  enormous  and  heav- 
ily carved  bedstead.  Though  a rustic 
and  even  rude  habitation  when  meas- 
ured by  our  standard,  it  was  evidently 
a comfortable  home  for  a substantial 
yeoman  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  is  picturesque  enough  for 
the  cradle  of  a poet’s  love.” 

Richard  Grant  White . 

Anne’s,  St.  See  St.  Anne’s. 

Annitshkoff  Palace.  A noted  pal- 
ace in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  a 
favorite  residence  of  the  impe- 
rial family.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Nevskoi  Prospekt,  the  main  ave- 
nue of  the  city. 

Annunciation,  The.  [Ital.  V An- 

nunciazione,  Fr.  L’ Annonciation, 
Ger.  Die  Verkiindigung .]  A very 
common  subject  of  representa- 
tion by  the  mediaeval  painters, 
exhibiting  the  interview  between 
the  angel  and  the  Virgin  Mary, 
according  to  the  account  in  Luke 
i.  26-29.  Of  numerous  composi- 
tions treating  of  this  subject,  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  as 
among  the  more  celebrated. 

Annunciation,  The.  A picture 
regarded  as  miraculous,  and  for- 
merly held  in  the  highest  venera- 
tion by  all  Christendom.  It  is 


ANN 


16 


ANT 


in  a chapel  of  the  church  styled 
della  Santis sima  Nunziata  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy.  It  is  concealed  from 
the  public,  and  only  exhibited  to 
the  devout  on  great  occasions. 
There  is  a copy  of  this  picture  in 
the  Pitti  Palace,  by  Carlo  Dolce. 

4£g=*“The  name  of  the  painter  is 
disputed;  but,  according  to  tradition, 
it  is  the  work  of  a certain  Bartolomeo, 
who,  while  he  sat  meditating  upon  the 
various  excellencies  and  perfections  of 
Our  Lady,  and  most  especially  on  her 
divine  beauty,  and  thinking  with  humil- 
ity how  inadequate  were  his  own  pow- 
ers to  represent  her  worthily,  fell 
asleep;  and,  on  awaking,  found  the 
head  of  the  Virgin  had  been  wondrous- 
ly  completed,  either  by  the  hand  of  an 
angel,  or  by  that  of  St.  Luke,  who  had 
descended  from  heaven  on  purpose. 
Though  this  curious  relic  has  been  fre- 
quently restored,  no  one  has  presumed 
to  touch  the  features  of  the  Virgin, 
which  are,  I am  told, — for  I have 
never  been  blessed  with  a sight  of  the 
original  picture,  — marvellously  sweet 
and  beautiful.  It  is  concealed  by  a 
veil,  on  which  is  painted  a tine  head  of 
the  Redeemer,  by  Andrea  del  Sarto ; 
and  forty-two  lamps  of  silver  burn  con- 
tinually round  it.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Annunciation , The.  A picture 
by  Giovanni  da  Fiesole,  called 
Fra  Angelico  (1387-1455).  In  the 
Museum  of  St.  Mark,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Annunciation,  The.  A picture 
by  Hans  Mending  (d.  1495),  the 
Flemish  painter,  bearing  date 
1482,  and  described  as  a work  of 
very  original  conception  and  mar- 
vellous delicacy.  It  is  in  posses- 
sion of  Prince  Radzivil  at  Berlin, 
Germany. 

Annunciation , The.  A remark- 
able picture  by  Baccio  della  Porta, 
called  Fra  Bartolommeo  (1469- 
1517),  representing  the  Virgin  on  a 
throne,  the  angel  descending  with 
a lily,  and  around  the  throne 
various  saints.  In  the  gallery  at 
Bologna,  Italy. 

Annunciation , The.  A picture 
by  Francesco  Francia  (1450-1517). 
In  the  Brera,  Milan,  Italy. 

Annunciation , The.  A small 
picture  by  Fra  Bartolommeo 
(1469-1517),  the  Italian  painter. 
Now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Annunciation , The.  A picture 
by  Francesco  Albani  (1578-1660). 


In  the  church  of  S.  Bartolomeo, 
Bologna,  Italy. 

Anthony’s  Nose.  A well-known 
promontory  on  the  Hudson  River, 
at  the  entrance  to  the  Highlands, 
said  to  have  been  so  called  from 
Anthony  Van  Corlear,  a trum- 
peter of  Gov.  Stuyvesant. 

4®=-  “ It  must  be  known,  then,  that 
the  nose  of  Anthony,  the  trumpeter, 
was  of  a very  lusty  size.  . . . Now 
thus  it  happened,  that,  bright  and  early 
in  the  morning,  the  good  Anthony, 
having  washed  his  burly  visage,  was 
leaning  over  the  quarter-railing  of  the 
galley,  contemplating  it  in  the  glassy 
wave  below.  Just  at  this  moment  the 
illustrious  sun,  breaking  in  all  his 
splendor  from  behind  a high  bluff  of 
the  Highlands,  did  dart  one  of  his 
most  potent  beams  full  upon  the  reful- 
gent nose  of  the  sounder  of  brass, 
the  reflection  of  which  shot  straightway 
down  hissing  hot  into  the  water,  and 
killed  a mighty  sturgeon  that  was  dis- 
porting near  the  vessel.  The  huge 
monster,  being  with  infinite  labor  hoist- 
ed on  board,  furnished  a luxurious 
repast  to  the  crew.  . . . When  this 
astonishing  miracle  became  known  to 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  and  that  he  tasted 
of  the  unknown  fish,  he,  as  may  be 
supposed,  marvelled  exceedingly,  and 
as  a monument  thereof  he  gave  the 
name  of  Anthony’s  Nose  to  a stout 
promontory  in  the  neighborhood,  and 
it  has  continued  to  be  called  Anthony’s 
Nose  ever  since  that  time.”  Irving. 

flSF"  There  is  also  an  Anthony’s  Nose 
on  the  shore  of  Lake  George,  and  an- 
other on  the  Mohawk  in  Montgomery 
Co.,  N.Y. 

Antinous,  The.  A name  given  to 
several  statues  supposed  to  repre- 
sent a young  Bitliynian  of  dis- 
tinguished beauty,  and  a friend 
of  the  Emperor  Hadrian.  Ac- 
cording to  some  historians  he 
drowned  himself  in  the  Nile. 
Hadrian  wept  for  him,  and 
caused  the  most  famous  artists 
to  reproduce  his  image.  Among 
the  statues  which  represent  him, 
there  are  two  chefs  d’ oeuvre.  One 
(Belvedere  Antinous)  is  now  in 
the  Belvidere  of  the  Vatican, 
Rome,  the  other  in  the  Capitol, 
(See  infra,  2.)  The  former,  which 
is  now  called  Mercury,  was  found 
near  S.  Martino  ai  Monti,  a 
church  on  the  Esquiline,  and  is 
a statue  of  great  beauty.  Its  just 


ANT 


17 


ANT 


proportions  and  graceful  posture 
have  received  unqualified  praise. 

jgGgr*  “ The  Belvedere  Anti  nous  is  an 
exquisite  image  of  blooming  youth. 
For  soft  and  delicate  beauty,  — beauty 
which,  like  that  of  the  vernal  rose,  the 
sunset  cloud,  and  the  breaking  wave,  is 
suggestive  of  brief  continuance  and 
early  decay,  — this  statue  has  no  supe- 
rior," hardly  an  equal.”  Hillard. 

4QT  “Poussin  declared  the  Mercury, 
which  at  that  time  was  called  without 
reason  the  Antinous , the  most  perfect 
model  of  the  proportions  of  the  human 
body.”  Ampere,  Trans. 

J “ The  Belvedere  * Mercury,’  a 
young  man  standing  like  the  Meleager, 
but  still  more  beautiful.  The  torso  is 
more  vigorous,  and  the  head  more  re- 
fined. A smiling  expression  flickers 
lightly  over  the  countenance,  the  grace 
and  modesty  of  a well-born  youth 
capable  of  expressing  himself  prop- 
erly, because  he  is  of  an  intelligent 
and  select  race,  but  who  hesitates  to 
speak  because  his  soul  is  still  fresh. 
Setting  aside  the  Venus  of  Milo  and 
the  statues  of  the  Parthenon,  I know 
of  nothing  comparable  to  it.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Look  long  enough 

On  any  peasant’s  face  here,  coarse  and 
lined, 

You'll  catch  Antinous  somewhere  in  that 
clay, 

As  perfect- featured  as  he  yearns  at 
Rome 

From  marble  pale  with  beauty. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

2.  An  admired  statue  of  An- 
tinous, found  in  Hadrian’s  villa, 
and  now  in  the  Capitol,  Rome. 

the  Antinous  the  anato- 
mist would  look  in  vain  to  detect  even 
the  slightest  mistake  or  misconcep- 
tion ; yet  such  is  the  simplicity  of  the 
whole  composition,  so  fine  and  undu- 
lating the  forms,  that  a trifling  error 
would  appear  a gross  fault.” 

John  Bell. 

HSiT  “ The  identity  of  the  Capitoline 
Antinous  has  only  once,  I think,  been 
seriously  questioned ; and  yet  it  may 
be  reckoned  more  than  doubtful.  The 
head  is  almost  certainly  not  his.  How 
it  came  to  be  placed  upon  a body  pre- 
senting so  much  resemblance  to  the 
type  of  Antinous,  I do  not  know. 
Careful  comparison  of  the  torso  and 
the  arms  with  an  indubitable  portrait 
will  raise  the  question  whether  this 
fine  statue  is  not  a Hermes  or  a hero 
of  an  earlier  age.”  J.  A.  Symonds. 


3.  A famous  bas-relief  of  An- 
tinous, from  the  Villa  Adriana, 
now  in  the  Villa  Albani  at  Rome, 
representing  the  youth  crowned 
with  lotus.  AVinckelmann  pro- 
nounces it,  after  the  Apollo  and 
the  Laocoon,  the  most  beautiful 
monument  of  antiquity  which 
time  has  transmitted  to  us,  “as 
fresh  and  as  highly  finished  as  if 
it  had  just  left  the  studio  of  the 
sculptor.” 

4®=  “ The  bas-relief  of  the  Villa 
Albani,  restored  to  suit  the  conception 
of  a Vertumnus,  has  even  more  of 
florid  beauty,  but  whether  the  restora- 
tion was  wisely  made  may  be 
doubted.”  J.  A.  Symonds. 

4.  A bust  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

^“Among  the  simple  busts,  by 

far  the  finest,  to  my  thinking,  are  the 
colossal  head  of  the  Louvre  and  the 
ivy-crowned  bronze  at  Naples.  The 
latter  is  not  only  flawless  in  its  execu- 
tion, but  is  animated  with  a pensive 
beauty  of  expression.  The  former, 
though  praised  by  Winckelmann  as 
among  the  two  or  three  most  precious 
masterpieces  of  antique  art,  must  be 
criticised  for  a certain  vacancy  and  life- 
lessness.” J.  A.  Symonds. 

5.  A bronze  bust  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Naples,  Italy.  (See 
supra , 4.) 

6.  Among  other  statues  of  An- 
tinous, is  that  called  the  Braschi 
Antinous,  from  having  belonged 
to  Duke  Braschi.  This  colossal 
statue,  found  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Gabii,  is  now  in  the  Ro- 
tunda of  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Antiope.  See  Jupiter  a nd  Anti- 
op e. 

Antiparos,  Grotto  of.  See  Grot- 
to oe  Antiparos. 

Antoine,  Faubourg  St.  See  Fau- 
bourg St.  Antoine. 

Antonia,  Fortress  of.  The  site 
of  this  structure  at  Jerusalem 
has  been  a subject  for  controver- 
sy, but  it  is  thought  to  have  oc- 
cupied the  whole  northern  section 
of  the  Haram.  Josephus  de- 
scribes it  as  being  the  fortress  of 
the  Temple,  as  the  Temple  was 
that  of  the  city,  and  as  having  the 
apartments  and  conveniences  of 
a palace.  He  says  that  the  “ gen- 
eral appearance  was  that  of  a 


ANT 


18 


APO 


tower,  with  other  towers  at  each 
of  the  four  corners,  three  of  which 
were  50  cubits  high,  while  that 
at  the  south-east  angle  rose  to  an 
elevation  of  70  cubits,  so  that 
from  thence  there  was  a complete 
view  of  the  Temple.” 

Antonine  Column.  A celebrated 
relic  of  ancient  Rome,  now  stand- 
ing in  the  Piazza  Colonna,  to 
which  it  gives  its  name.  It  was 
erected  to  the  Emperor  Marcus 
Aurelius  Antoninus  by  the  Sen- 
ate and  Roman  people,  A.D.  174. 
The  column  is  surmounted  by  a 
statue  of  St.  Paul,  placed  there 
by  Sixtus  V.,  and  the  shaft  is 
surrounded  by  bas-reliefs  ar- 
ranged in  a spiral  form.  One  of 
these  bas-reliefs,  a figure  of  J upi- 
ter  Pluvius,  representing  him 
sending  down  rain  which  falls 
from  his  outstretched  arms,  is 
celebrated  from  its  supposed  con- 
nection with  an  old  legend  that 
a Christian  legion  from  Mitylene 
caused  rain  to  fall  as  the  result 
of  their  prayers.  This  story  is 
told  by  Eusebius,  and  corroborat- 
ed by  Justin  Martyr. 

Antoninus  and  Faustina.  See 
Temple  of  Antoninus  and 
Faustina. 

Antoninus,  Wall  of.  See  Wall 
of  Antoninus. 

Antony,  St.  See  St.  Antony. 

Antwerp  Citadel.  A famous  fort- 
ress in  Antwerp,  Belgium,  erect- 
ed for  the  Duke  of  Alva.  It  has 
undergone  several  sieges,  and  at 
different  times  has  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  and  the 
French. 

Apis  Mausoleum.  A large  sub- 
terranean tomb  at  Sakkarah, 
Egypt,  also  known  as  the  Sera- 
peurn,  although  the  latter  title  is 
more  properly  applied  to  the  tem- 
ple (no  longer  in  existence)  which 
was  built  over  the  excavated 
tomb.  M.  Mairette  discovered 
the  site  of  the  Serapeum  and  the 
Apis  Mausoleum  in  1860-61.  He 
found  them  buried  in  the  sand; 
and  the  remains  of  the  Serapeum, 
which  he  excavated  with  great 
difficulty,  are  now  re-buried. 


The  discovery  of  the  Apis  Mauso- 
leum was,  historically,  of  much 
importance.  In  it  were  found 
many  inscribed  tablets,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  now  in 
the  Louvre  at  Paris.  See  Sera- 
peum. 

4G§=>  “ An  avenue  of  sphinxes  led  up 
to  it  [the  Serapeum],  and  two  pylons 
stood  before  it;  round  it  was  the  usual 
enclosure.  But  it  was  distinguished 
from  all  other  temples  by  having  in 
one  of  its  chambers  an  opening,  from 
which  descended  an  inclined  passage 
into  the  rock  below,  giving  access  to 
the  vaults  in  which  reposed  the  mum- 
mied representatives  of  the  god  Apis. 
Living,  the  sacred  bull  was  worshipped 
in  a magnificent  temple  at  Memphis, 
and  lodged  in  a palace  adjoining,  — the 
Apieum : dead,  he  was  buried  in  ex- 
cavated vaults  at  Sakkarah,  and  wor- 
shipped in  a temple  built  over  them  — 
the  Serapeum.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

Apoliinare  in  Classe.  See  Sant’ 
Apollinare  in  Classe. 

Apollinarisberg.  A hill  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine,  well  known 
to  travellers,  and  crowned  with  a 
beautiful  modern  Gothic  church. 

Apollino,  The.  [The  little  Apol- 
lo.] An  ancient  and  admired 
statue,  now  in  the  Tribune  of  the 
Uffizi  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

4®=*  “After  the  vivid  truth  of  these 
two  remarkable  works  [the  Wrestlers, 
and  the  Knife-Grinder],  we  are  hardly 
prepared  to  do  full  justice  to  the  soft, 
ideal  beauty  of  the  Apollino.  It  is  like 
taking  up  the  Phedre  of  Racine,  after 
laying  down  the  first  part  of  King 
Henry  IV.”  Hillard. 

Apollo.  An  ancient  statue  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris,  supposed  to  be  a 
copy  of  a work  by  Praxiteles,  the 
Greek  sculptor  (b.  B.C.  392  ?). 
There  is  another  in  the  Tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Apollo  and  Daphne.  A work  of 
sculpture  by  Giovanni  Lorenzo 
Bernini  (1598-1680).  In  the 
Villa  Borghese,  Rome. 

Apollo  and  Python.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Mallord  William 
Turner  (1775- 1851),  the  English 
landscape-painter,  regarded  one 
of  his  best  works. 

Apollo  and  the  Muses.  See  Par- 
nassus. 


APO 


19 


APO 


Apollo  Relvidere.  A celebrated 
statue  of  Apollo  found  about  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  centu- 
ry at  Porto  d’Anzio,  the  ancient 
Antium.  It  was  purchased  by 
Julius  II.,  when  Cardinal,  and 
was  placed  in  the  Belvidere  of 
the  Vatican,  Rome,  whence  it  de- 
rives its  present  name.  Connois- 
seurs now  think  that  this  statue 
is  not  the  original  work  of  a 
Greek  sculptor,  but  a copy. 

jggp-  “ Ardently  excited,  and  filled 
with  divine  anger,  with  which  is  min- 
gled a touch  of  triumphant  scorn,  the 
intellectual  head  is  turned  sideways, 
while  the  figure  with  elastic  step  is 
hastening  forward.  The  eye  seems  to 
shoot  forth  lightning;  there  is  an  ex- 
pression of  contempt  in  the  corners  of 
the  mouth;  and  the  distended  nostrils 
seem  to  breathe  forth  divine  anger.” 

Lubke>  Trans. 
jgQp-  “ The  Apollo  Belvidere  belongs 
to  a more  recent  and  a less  simple  age. 
Whatever  its  merit  may  be,  it  has  the 
defect  of  being  a little  too  elegant:  it 
might  well  please  Winckelmann  and 
the  critics  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
His  plaited  locks  fall  behind  the  ear 
in  the  most  charming  manner,  and  are 
gathered  above  the  brow  in  a kind  of 
diadem,  as  if  arranged  by  a woman. 
This  Apollo  certainly  displays  savoir- 
vivre , also  consciousness  of  his  rank  — I 
am  sure  he  has  a crowd  of  domestics.” 
Taine , Trans. 

Or  view  the  Lord  of  the  unerring  bow, 
The  God  of  life,  and  poesy,  and  light,  — 
The  sun  in  human  limbs  arrayed,  and 
brow 

All  radiant  from  his  triumph  in  the  fight; 
The  shaft  has  just  been  shot  — the  arrow 
bright 

With  an  immortal’s  vengeance ; in  his  eye 
And  nostril  beautiful  disdain,  and  might 
And  majesty,  flash  their  full  lightnings  by, 
Developing  in  that  one  glance  the  Deity. 

Byron. 

Apollo  Club.  Ben  Jonson  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  founder 
of  this  club,  which  met  at  the 
noted  Devil  Tavern,  between 
Temple  Bar  and  the  Middle 
Temple  gate,  in  London.  The 
principal  room  at  the  tavern  was 
known  as  the  “ Oracle  of  Apol- 
lo.” The  Welcome  in  gilded  let- 
ters upon  a black-board,  and  the 
rules  of  the  Club  inscribed  in 
the  same  manner,  were  placed 
over  the  door  and  fireplace  of  the 
Apollo.  The  Welcome  and  the 
Leges  Conviviales  are  to  be  found 


in  Jonson’s  works.  See  Devil 
Tavern. 

46jjp‘‘Tbe  Club  at  the  Devil  does 
not  appear  to  have  resembled  the 
higher  one  at  the  Mermaid,  where 
Shakespeare  and  Beaumont  used  to 
meet  him  [Jonson] . He  most  probably 
had  it  all  to  himself.”  Leigh  Hunt. 

Apollo  Gallery.  See  Galerie 
d’  Apollon. 

Apollo  Room.  An  apartment  in 
the  Raleigh  Tavern,  an  ancient 
building  in  Williamsburg,  Va., 
in  which  the  House  of  Burgesses 
met  to  take  into  consideration 
the  insurrectionary  proceedings 
then  occurring  in  Massachusetts. 

Apollo  Sauroetonos.  [Lizard-kill- 
er.] A bronze  statue  of  Apollo 
in  the  Villa  Albani  at  Rome, 
which  in  the  judgment  of  Winck- 
elmann is  the  original  statue  by 
Praxiteles,  described  by  Pliny, 
and  the  most  beautiful  bronze 
statue  left  in  the  world.  It  was 
found  upon  the  Aventine  Mount. 
There  is  another  statue  of  the 
same  name  in  the  Vatican. 

Apollo,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Apollo. 

Apollonicon.  An  immense  organ 
first  exhibited  in  1817  at  the  man- 
ufactory of  the  builders,  Messrs. 
Flight  and  Robson,  St.  Martin’s 
Lane,  London.  The  instrument 
was  self-acting,  and  could  also  be 
played  in  the  ordinary  manner 
by  one  or  by  several  performers. 
The  Apollonicon  was  five  years 
in  course  of  construction,  and 
cost  about  £10,000. 

Apostles,  The.  See  Calling  of 
the  Apostles,  Communion  of 
the  Apostles,  and  Twelve 
Apostles. 

Apotheosis  of  Hercules.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Francois  Le- 
moine  (1688-1737),  the  French  his- 
torical painter.  It  is  64  feet  by  54 
feet  in  size,  and  is  said  to  be  the 
largest  in  Europe.  “ There  are 
142  figures  in  it,  and  it  is  proba- 
bly the  most  magnificent  pittvra 
di  machina  of  the  decorative 
period  in  which  it  was  executed.” 
It  is  painted  on  the  ceiling  of  a 
room  in  the  palace  at  Versailles. 


APO 


20 


ARB 


Apotheosis  of  Trajan.  See  Tri- 
umph of  Trajan. 

Apotheosis  of  Washington.  An 
immense  fresco  on  the  interior  of 
the  dome  of  the  Capitol  in  Wash- 
ington, painted  by  Brumidi.  It 
covers  some  5,000  feet,  and  cost 
$40,000. 

Apoxyomenes.  A celebrated  stat- 
ue of  an  athlete  by  Lysippus 
(flourished  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great),  the  Greek  sculptor;  a 
marble  copy  of  which,  found  at 
Trastevere  in  1846,  is  now  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome. 

The  legs  and  arms  [of  the  Antinous]  are 
modelled  with  exquisite  grace  of  outline; 
yet  they  do  not  show  that  readiness  for 
active  service  which  is  noticeable  in  the 
statues  of  the  Meleager,  the  Apooryomenos, 
or  the  Belvedere  Hermes.  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Appian  Way.  See  Via  Appia. 

Apprentices.  See  Idle  and  In- 
dustrious Apprentices. 

Approach  to  Venice.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Mallord  William 
Turner  (1775-1851),  the  eminent 
English  painter. 

Apsley  House.  The  former  well- 
known  residence  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  Piccadilly,  London. 
It  immediately  adjoins  Hyde 
Park.  It  was  built  about  1785 
for  Charles  Bathurst,  Lord  Aps- 
ley, and  was  purchased  by  Mar- 
quis Wellesley,  elder  brother  of 
the  great  Duke,  in  1828.  It  con- 
tains a collection  of  pictures. 

Ara  Cceli.  [Altar  of  Heaven.]  A 
very  interesting  church  in  Rome, 
of  high  antiquity,  occupying  the 
site  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capi- 
tolinus.  It  was  in  this  church 
that  Gibbon,  as  he  himself  in- 
forms us,  on  the  15tli  of  October, 
1764,  as  he  sat  musing  amidst  the 
ruins  of  the  Capitol,  while  the 
barefooted  friars  were  singing 
vespers,  first  meditated  writing 
the  history  of  the  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  city.  The  name  Ara 
Cceli  is  traditionally  derived  from 
the  altar  consecrated  by  Augus- 
tus in  consequence  of  the  sibyl’s 
prophecy  about  the  coming  of  the 
Redeemer,  a monkish  invention 
wholly  unsupported  by  historical 
evidence.  Some  say,  however, 


that  in  the  middle  ages  the  church 
was  called  “ S.  Maria  in  Aurocce- 
lio.”  The  church  of  Ara  Cceli  is 
held  in  great  reverence  by  the 
people,  on  account  of  the  famous 
wooden  image  called  the  Santis- 
simo  Bambino , supposed  to  be  of 
great  efficacy  in  curing  the  sick. 
The  steps  of  this  church  are  the 
identical  ones  which  formed  the 
ascent  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinas.  See  Bambino. 

jgQr*  “ On  the  steps  of  Ara-Coeli,  nine- 
teen centuries  ago,  the  first  great  Cae- 
sar climbed  on  his  knees  after  his  first 
triumph.  At  their  base  Rienzi,  the 
last  of  the  Roman  tribunes,  fell.  . . . 
Standing  on  a spot  so  thronged  with 
memories,  the  dullest  imagination  takes 
fire.”  W.  W.  Story. 

4®=*  “ A flight  of  124  steps  of  marble 
leads  to  the  church  of  Ara-Coeli,  one 
of  the  oldest  and  ugliest  in  Rome.  But 
no  one  is  held  in  greater  reverence  by 
the  people,  and  none  is  more  frequent- 
ed by  throngs  of  worshippers.” 

G.  S.  Ilillard . 

/Kip  “A  staircase  of  extraordinary 
width  and  length  stretches  upward  to 
the  red  facade  of  the  church  of  Ara- 
Coeli.  On  these  steps  hundreds  of  beg- 
gars, as  ragged  as  those  of  Callot,  clad 
in  tattered  hats  and  rusty  brown  blank- 
ets, are  warming  themselves  majesti- 
cally in  the  sunshine.  You  embrace 
all  this  in  a glance,  the  convent  and  the 
palace,  the  colossi  and  the  canaille ; 
the  hill,  loaded  with  architecture,  sud- 
denly rises  at  the  end  of  a street,  its 
stone  masses  spotted  with  crawling 
human  insects.  This  is  peculiar  to 
Rome.”  Taine , Trans. 

Returning  home  by  Ara  Cceli , we 
mounted  to  it  by  more  than  100  marble 
steps,  not  in  devotion, — as  I observed 
some  to  do  on  their  bare  kt.ees,—  but  to 
see  those  two  famous  statues  of  Constan- 
tine in  white  marble,  placed  the  e out  of 
his  Baths.  John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Arbroath  Abbey.  This  ruin  of  the 
most  spacious  abbey  in  Scotland 
is  in  Aberbrotliwick.  it  was 
built  in  1178,  and  dedicated  to  St. 
Thomas  a Becket.  There  is  a 
tradition  that  the  Abbots  of  Ab- 
erbrothwick  placed  a bell  on  a 
dangerous  reef  in  the  German 
Ocean,  and  this  story  gave  rise 
to  a ballad  of  Southey’s. 

The  Abbot  of  Aberbrotliock 
Had  placed  that  bell  on  the  Inchcape  rock. 

Southey . 

See  Inchcape  Rock. 


ARC 


21 


ARC 


Arc  de  TEtoile,  or  Arc  de  Tri- 
omphe.  A very  large  and  fine 
triumphal  arch  at  the  west  end 
of  the  Champs-Elyse'es,  Paris.  It 
is  one  of  the  chief  ornaments  of 
the  city,  and,  from  its  high  situa- 
tion, commands  an  extensive 
view  over  Paris.  In  1806  Napo- 
leon resolved  to  build  this  arch, 
and  its  construction  was  begun; 
but  the  work  as  now  seen  was 
not  finished  until  1836,  after  the 
accession  of  Louis  Philippe.  It 
is  of  a classical  design ; and  the 
whole  structure  is  161  feet  high, 
145  feet  wide,  and  110  feet  deep. 

J ggp  “ It  was  not,  however,  till  we 
stood  almost  beneath  it  that  we  really 
felt  the  grandeur  of  this  great  arch,  in- 
cluding so  large  a space  of  the  blue  sky 
in  its  airy  sweep.  At  a distance  it  im- 
presses the  spectator  with  its  solidity ; 
nearer,  with  the  lofty  vacancy  beneath 
it.”  Hawthorne. 

She  [Mine,  de  B ] is  not  a cabinet 

minister,  she  is  not  a marshal  of  France, 
she  has  no  appointments  in  her  gift,  she 
lives  beyond  the  Arc  de  I'Etoile;  but,  for 
all  that,  people  go  to  visit  her  from  the 
four  corners  of  Paris.  Taine , Trans. 

With  every  respect  for  Kensington 
turnpike,  I own  that  the  Arc  de  VEtoile 
at  l aris  is  a much  finer  entrance  to  an 
imperial  capital.  Thackeray. 

You  find  here  [in  Rome]  less  space  and 
stone  work,  less  material  grandeur  than 
in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  and  in  the 
Arc  de  Triomphe , but  more  invention  and 
more  to  interest  you.  Taine , Trans. 

Arc  ,de  Triomphe.  See  Arc  de 
l’Etoijle. 

Arc  du  Carrousel.  A triumphal 
arch  in  the  centre  of  the  Place  du 
Carrousel,  Paris,  48  feet  high,  65 
feet  wide,  begun  in  1806.  It  is  a 
copy,  with  alterations,  of  the 
Arch  of  Severus  at  Rome.  For- 
merly the  Arc  du  Carrousel  was 
surmounted  by  four  horses  of 
bronze  from  St.  Mark’s,  Venice; 
but  these  were  returned  to  Ven- 
ice in  1814. 

Arcade,  The.  A well-known 
building  in  Providence,  R.I  , be- 
ing an  immense  granite  bazaar 
225  feet  in  length  by  80  feet  in 
depth  (in  parts  130  feet  deep),  con- 
taining under  one  glass  roof  78 
stores.  The  building  was  erected 
in  1828. 

Arcadian  Academy.  [Ital.  Acca- 
demia  decjli  Arcadi.]  A literary 


institute  at  Rome,  founded  in 
1690,  which  still  holds  its  meet- 
ings in  the  Capitol.  Its  aim, 
which  it  failed  to  reach,  was  to 
improve  the  literary  taste  of  the 
time,  and  at  one  period  it  num- 
bered some  2,000  members.  Its 
laws  were  drawn  out  in  ten  tables, 
its  constitution  was  republican, 
its  first  magistrate  was  called 
cnstos,  and  its  members  shep- 
herds. Goethe  was  enrolled  as 
an  Arcadian  in  1788. 

“ Each  person  on  his  admission 
took  a pastoral  name,  and  had  an  Ar- 
cadian name  assigned  to  him : the 
business  of  the  meetings  was  to  be 
conducted  wholly  in  the  allegorical  lan- 
guage, and  the  speeches  and  verses  as 
much  so  as  possible.  . . . The  Arcadia 
has  survived  all  the  changes  of  Italy; 
it  still  holds  its  meetings  in  Rome,  lis- 
tens to  pastoral  sonnets,  and  christens 
Italian  clergymen,  English  squires,  and 
German  counsellors  of  state,  by  the 
names  of  the  heathens.  It  publishes 
moreover  a regular  journal,  the  Gior- 
nale  Arcadico , which,  although  it  was 
a favorite  object  of  ridicule  with  the 
men  of  letters  in  other  provinces,  con- 
descends to  follow  slowly  the  progress 
of  knowledge,  and  often  furnishes  for- 
eigners with  interesting  information, 
not  only  literary  but  scientific.” 

Spalding. 

Arch  of  Augustus.  An  old  Roman 
memorial  arch  in  Rimini,  Italy. 

Arch  of  Constantine.  One  of  the 
most  imposing  monuments  of  an- 
cient Rome,  standing  over  the 
Via  Triumphalis.  It  is  orna- 
mented with  bas-reliefs  and  me- 
dallions illustrating  the  history  of 
Trajan.  These  were  taken  from 
an  arch  of  Trajan  to  decorate  that 
of  Constantine,  though  some 
writers  have  regarded  the  whole 
structure  of  Constantine  as  a 
transformed  arch  of  Trajan. 
The  frieze  and  sculptures  upon 
the  arch,  which  are  of  the  time 
of  Constantine,  show  plainly  the 
decay  which  the  art  of  sculpture 
had  suffered  since  the  age  of  Tra- 
jan. 

“ The  Arch  of  Constantine  . . . 
is,  I think,  by  far  the  most  noble  of  the 
triumphal  arches  of  Rome.  Its  superi- 
ority arises  partly,  no  doubt,  from  its 
fine  preservation.  Its  ancient  magnifi- 
cence still  stands  unimpaired.” 

C.  A.  Eaton. 


ARC 


22 


ARC 


Arch  of  Drusus.  A triumphal 

arch  near  the  gate  of  San  Sebas- 
tiano  in  Rome,  the  oldest  monu- 
ment of  this  kind  now  in  exist- 
ence in  the  city. 

Arch  of  Hadrian.  This  gate,  on 
the  outskirts  of  the  modern  city 
of  Athens,  Greece,  is  inscribed  on 
the  side  toward  the  Acropolis, 
“ This  is  Athens,  the  ancient  city 
of  Theseus;  ” on  the  other  side, 
“ This  is  the  city  of  Hadrian,  and 
not  of  Theseus.” 

Arch  of  Janus.  (Quadrifrons. ) 
This  structure,  which  is  rather 
inaccurately  called  an  arch,  since 
it  consists  of  four  arches,  is  now 
standing  in  what  was  once  the 
Forum  Boarium,  Rome.  It  is  a 
large  square  mass,  each  of  its  four 
fronts  being  pierced  with  an  arch, 
which  gives  rise  to  the  belief  that 
it  was  a Compitum , a kind  of 
structure  which  was  generally 
erected  at  the  meeting  of  four 
roads.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  used  as  a shelter  from  the 
sun  and  rain,  and  as  an  exchange 
or  place  of  business  for  those  trad- 
ing in  the  Forum.  The  date  of 
its  construction  is  unknown, 
though  it  has  been  usually  as- 
signed to  the  time  of  Septimius 
Severus  (146-211),  and  by  some  to 
as  late  an  age  as  that  of  Constan- 
tine. 

4SP  “ I know  few  ruins  more  pic- 
turesque and  venerable  than  this.  That 
this  arch  is  a work  of  imperial  Rome, 
there  can  be  no  doubt.,  but  the  date  of 
its  erection  is  purely  conjectural.” 

Eaton. 

Arch  of  Septimius  Severus.  1. 
A noted  monument  of  ancient 
Rome,  standing  at  the  north-west 
angle  of  the  Forum  It  was  built 
of  marble,  A.D.  205,  in  honor  of 
the  emperor  Septimius  Severus 
and  his  sons  Caracal  la  and  Geta, 
and  consists  of  one  large  and  two 
smaller  arches.  It  is  ornament- 
ed with  bas-reliefs  relating  to  the 
Eastern  wars  of  the  emperor,  and 
was  formerly  surmounted  by  a 
car  drawn  by  six  horses  abreast, 
and  containing  statues  of  Sep- 
timius Severus  and  his  two  sons. 
The  part  of  the  inscription  of  the 


arch  relating  to  Geta  was  oblit* 
erated  after  his  murder  by  his 
brother. 

$3^  “ The  heavy  and  clumsy  style 
of  its  architecture  is  sufficiently  strik, 
ing  when  viewed  beside  the  noble 
buildings  of  the  Forum,  in  which  it 
stands.  Indeed,  I know  few  ancient 
edifices  in  which  the  arts  have  been  so 
completely  tortured  out  of  their  na- 
tive graces.  The  whole  building  is 
covered  with  a profusion  of  bas-reliefs, 
and  their  deformity  of  design  and  exe- 
cution is  sufficiently  evident  through 
all  the  injuries  of  time  and  accident. 
. . . Though  this  arch  is  entire,  the 
sculpture  has  evidently  suffered  from 
fire.”  Eaton. 

“In  the  later  days  of  the  Empire 
two  side  arches  were  added  for  foot- 
passengers,  in  addition  to  the  carriage- 
way in  the  centre.  This  added  much 
to  the  splendor  of  the  edifice,  and 
gave  a greater  opportunity  for  sculp- 
tural decoration  than  the  single  arch 
afforded.  The  Arch  of  Septimius  Sev- 
erus is  perhaps  the  best  specimen  of 
the  class.”  Fergusson. 

2.  There  is  also  a smaller  Arch 
of  Septimius  Severus  in  the  Vela- 
brum,  Rome,  near  the  church  of 
S.  Giorgio  in  Yelabro.  It  was 
erected  to  the  emperor  Severus, 
his  wife  Julia,  and  his  sons  Cara- 
calla  and  Geta,  by  the  silver- 
smiths (Argentarii;  hence  it  is 
also  called  Arcus  Argentarius ) 
and  tradespeople  of  the  Forum 
Boarium.  The  dedication  of  this 
arch  was  changed  after  the  death 
of  Geta,  as  in  the  case  of  the  lar- 
ger arch  described  above. 

Arch  of  Titus.  The  most  elegant 
triumphal  arch  in  Rome.  It 
stands  upon  the  summit  of  the 
Via  Sacra,  and  was  erected  by 
the  Roman  Senate  and  people  in 
honor  of  Titus  to  commemorate 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem. 
As  a record  of  Bible  history  it 
is  the  most  interesting  ruin  in 
Rome,  containing  as  it  does  a 
representation  in  bas-relief  of 
the  spoils  brought  from  the  Tem- 
ple; among  which  may  be  recog- 
nized the  table  of  shew-bread, 
the  silver  trumpets,  and  the  gold- 
en seven-branched  candlestick 
which  is  said  to  have  fallen  into 
the  Tiber  during  the  flight  of 
Maxentius  from  the  onslaught  of 


ARC 


23 


ARD 


Constantine.  There  is  a close 
resemblance  between  the  bas- 
reliefs  on  this  arch  representing 
the  trophies  brought  from  Jeru- 
salem, and  the  account  of  them 
given  by  the  Jewish  historian  Jo- 
sephus. 

“ The  Arch  of  Titus  — the  most 
ancient  and  perhaps  the  most  faultless 
of  the  Triumphal  Arches  — was  the 
work  of  an  age  when  the  arts,  which 
in  the  age  of  Domitian  had  degener- 
ated from  their  ancient  simplicity  into 
a style  of  false  and  meretricious  orna- 
ment, had  revived  in  their  fullest  pur- 
ity and  vigor,  beneath  the  patronage 
of  Trajan.  But  we  now  see  it  to  great 
disadvantage.  The  hand  of  Time  has 
robbed  it  of  much  of  its  ancient 
beauty,  his  ‘effacing  fingers’  have  ob- 
literated much  of  the  expression  and 
grace  and  even  outline  of  the  bas-re- 
liefs, the  design  and  composition  of 
which  we  can  yet  admire.”  Eaton. 

“ Over  the  half-worn  pavement, 
and  beneath  this  arch,  the  Roman 
armies  had  trodden  in  their  outward 
march  to  light  battles,  a world’s  width 
away.  Returning  victorious,  with 
royal  captives  and  inestimable  spoil,  a 
Roman  triumph,  that  most  gorgeous 
pageant  of  earthly  pride,  has  streamed 
and  flaunted  in  hundred-fold  succession 
over  these  same  flagstones  and  through 
this  yet  stalwart  archway.” 

Hawthorne. 

“ The  Arch  of  Titus  is  the  most 
graceful  in  its  form  of  all  the  Roman 
arches.  . . . The  Jews  to  this  day,  it 
is  said,  never  pass  under  this  arch; 
avoiding  the  sight  of  this  mournful  rec- 
ord of  the  downfall  of  their  country 
and  the  desecration  of  their  religion.” 
Hillard. 

I stood  beneath  the  Arch  of  Titus  long; 
On  Hebrew  forms  there  sculptured  long  I 
pored ; 

Titus!  a loftier  arch  than  thine  hath 
spanned 

Rome  and  the  world  with  empery  and  laAv ; 
Thereof  each  stone  was  hewn  from  Israel ! 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Arch  of  Trajan.  1.  A fine  relic 
of  Roman  times  at  Benevento, 
Italy.  The  arch,  wTiich  is  nearly 
perfect,  is  now  called  the  Porta 
Aurea. 

2.  An  old  Roman  triumphal 
arch  in  Ancona,  Italy. 

Archery  Guild.  [Dutch,  het  Doc - 
lensliick.]  A celebrated  picture 
by  Bartholomew  van  der  Heist 
(1613-1670),  the  Dutch  painter) 


It  is  now  in  the  Amsterdam  Gal- 
lery. There  is  a replica  of  the 
same  now  in  the  Louvre  in  Paris. 

Archimedes,  The.  The  first  ves- 
sel propelled  by  a screw.  She 
was  built  by  the  English  Admi- 
ralty in  1838,  and  made  her  first 
trip  in  1839. 

Arctic,  The.  A vessel  of  the  Col- 
lins line  of  transatlantic  steam- 
ers which  sank  in  1854,  with  a 
loss  of  many  lives,  in  conse- 
quence of  a collision  with  the 
Vesta. 

J fKIT*  “ In  that  mysterious  shroud,  that 
vast  atmosphere  of  mist,  both  steam- 
ers were  holding  their  way  with  rush- 
ing prow  and  roaring  wheels,  but  in- 
visible. At  a league’s  distance,  uncon- 
scious, and  at  nearer  approach,  un- 
warned; within  hail,  and  bearing  right 
towards  each  other,  unseen,  unfelt,  till 
in  a moment  more,  emerging  from  the 
gray  mists,  the  ill-omened  Vesta  dealt 
her  deadly  stroke  to  the  Arctic.  . . . 
In  a wild  scramble  that  ignoble  mob  of 
firemen,  engineers,  waiters,  and  crew, 
rushed  for  the  boats,  and  abandoned 
the  helpless  women,  children,  and  men, 
to  the  mercy  of  the  deep ! Four  hours 
there  were  from  the  catastrophe  of  col- 
lision to  the  catastrophe  of  sinking!  ” 
II.  W.  Beecher. 

Ardennes.  [Written  also  poetic- 
al Arden.]  An  ancient  forest 
of  vast  extent  in  Belgium  and  the 
North  of  France,  of  which  but 
little  remains  at  the  present  time. 
The  Forest  of  Arden  is  familiar 
to  readers  of  “ As  You  Like  It.” 
There  was  an  ancient  forest 
named  Arden  in  the  central  part 
of  England,  which  has  now 
entirely  disappeared.  Shake- 
speare’s “Arden”  is  by  some 
identified  with  the  English  for- 
est. 

4Qy=*“The  wood  of  Soignies  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a remnant  of  the  forest  of 
Ardennes,  famous  in  Boiardo’s  Orlan- 
do, and  immortal  in  Shakespeare’s  ‘ As 
You  Like  It.’  It  is  also  celebrated  in 
Tacitus  as  being  the  spot  of  successful 
defence  by  the  Germans  against  the 
Roman  encroachments.”  Byron. 

Oh.  Where  will  the  old  Duke  live  ? 

Cha.  They  say  he  is  already  in  the 
Forest  of  Arden,  and  a many  merry  men 
with  him;  and  there  they  live  like  the  old 
Robin  Hood  of  England.  Shakespeare. 


ABD 


24 


ABE 


And  Ardennes  waves  above  them  her 
green  leaves, 

Dewy  with  nature’s  tear-drops  as  they 
pass.  Byron. 

That  motley  clown  in  Arden  wood, 

W hom  h timorous  J aques  with  envy  viewed, 
Not  even  that  clown  could  amplify 
On  this  trite  text  so  long  as  I.  Scott. 
The  forest-walks  of  Arden's  fair  domain, 
Where  Jaques  fed  his  solitary  vein, 

No  pencil’s  aid  as  yet  had  dared  supply, 
Seen  only  by  the  intellectual  eye. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Ardfert  Abbey.  An  interesting 
and  picturesque  monastic  ruin  in 
the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland, 
near  Tralee,  of  high  antiquity. 

Ardtornish  Castle.  An  ancient 
ruined  castle  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  in  the  island  of  Mull, 
formerly  a place  of  great  conse- 
quence as  a stronghold,  and  as 
the  headquarters  of  the  “ Lords 
of  the  Isles.”  Its  situation,  on  a 
low  basaltic  promontory  over- 
looking the  sea,  is  very  pictur- 
esque. [Written  also  Artornish 
and  Ardtonish.] 

Ardtornish  on  her  frowning  steep, 

’i  wixt  cloud  and  ocean  hung.  Scott. 
Wake,  Maid  of  Lorn  ! the  minstrels  sung. 
Thy  rugged  halls,  Artornish,  rung; 

And  the  dark  seas  tliy  towers  that  lave, 
Heaved  on  the  beach  a softer  wave.  Ibid. 

Arena,  The  [of  Arles].  A Ro- 
man ruin  in  the  city  of  Arles, 
France.  This  amphitheatre  is 
thought  to  have  surpassed  in  the 
days  of  its  splendor  that  at 
Nimes. 

There,  the  huge  Coliseum's  tawny  brick. 
The  twin  arcs  hand  in  hand.  Hut  there  is 
one 

In  mine  own  country  I saw  clearer  yet. 
Thou  art  the  Arlts  arena  in  my  eyes. 
Great  ruin  ! Aubantl , Trans. 

Arena,  The  [of  Nimes].  A re- 
markable Roman  ruin  at  Nimes, 
in  Southern  France.  The  amphi- 
theatre is  437  feet  long,  332  feet 
broad,  and  72  feet  high,  and  is 
one  of  the  finest  remains  of  the 
kind  in  existence. 

jgggp  “ Rousseau,  in  the  last  century, 
complained  of  the  neglected  state  in 
which  the  arenas  of  Nimes  were  allowed 
to  lie.  . . . Not  till  the  year  1810  was  an 
act  passed  for  the  clearing  of  this  great 
amphitheatre,  and  now  there  is  no  ob- 
struction to  the  view.  Situated  in  the 
middle  of  the  town,  and  not  far  from 
the  ancient  wall,  the  arenas  [Fr.  Les 
Arenes ] of  Nimes  have  long  been  fa- 


mous for  their  size  and  preservation. 
They  are  supposed  to  be  contempora- 
neous with  the  Coliseum.  . . . The  inte- 
rior presents  only  a picturesque  mass  of 
ruins,  but  the  principal  parts  may  even 
yet  be  easily  distinguished.” 

Le  Fcvre , Trans.  Donald. 

J&mt*  “ If  the  arena  of  Arles  is  better 
preserved  in  the  interior,  the  wall  of  that 
of  Nimes  is  more  intact,  and  its  crown 
has  not  suffered  so  much.  . . . Taken  to- 
gether these  two  amphitheatres  furnish 
almost  complete  details  of  the  construc- 
tion of  these  buildings,  the  purpose  of 
which,  and  their  gigantic  proportions, 
argue  a state  of  things  so  different  from 
our  own.”  Merimee. 

Arena,  The  [of  Verona].  A cel- 
ebrated Roman  ruin  in  Verona, 
Italy,  being  an  amphitheatre  of 
the  age  probably  of  Diocletian, 
and  in  a remarkable  state  of  pres- 
ervation. It  is  still  used  for  the- 
atrical purposes. 

“In  the  midst  of  Verona  is  the 
great  Roman  amphitheatre.  So  well 
preserved,  and  carefully  maintained, 
that  every  row  of  seats  is  there,  unbrok- 
en. Over  certain  of  the  arches  the  old 
Roman  numerals  may  yet  be  seen;  and 
there  are  corridors,  and  staircases,  and 
subterranean  passages  for  beasts,  and 
winding  ways  above  ground  and  below, 
as  when  the  fierce  thousands  hurried  in 
and  out,  intent  upon  the  bloody  shows 
of  the  arena.”  Dickens. 

“ The  amphitheatre  is  interesting 
from  the  excellent  preservation  in  which 
the  interior  still  continues.  . . . We  see 
here  that  root  of  utility  out  of  which 
the  flower  architecture  springs.  The 
idea  of  an  amphitheatre  is  simply  that  of 
a building  in  which  he  who  is  the  most 
distant,  in  a horizontal  line,  shall  have 
the  highest  place.  This  is  the  way  in 
which  a crowd,  on  any  occasion  of  in- 
terest, dispose  themselves.  The  amphi- 
theatre is  still  used  for  public  exhibi- 
tions. I could  not  help  thinking  what 
a capital  place  it  would  be  for  a politi- 
cal caucus  or  a mass-meeting.  It  will 
hold  twenty-two  thousand  spectators.” 
Hillard. 

jggp*  “ The  arena  of  this  amphitheatre 
[at  Verona]  is  very  nearly  perfect,  ow- 
ing to  the  care  taken  of  it  during  the 
Middle  Ages,  when  it  was  often  used 
for  tournaments  and  other  spectacles. 
Its  dimensions  are  502  feet  by  401,  and 
98  feet  high,  in  three  stories,  beautifully 
proportioned.”  Fergus  son. 

4GtP  “ This  edifice  seen  from  above 
looks  like  an  extinct  crater.  If  one  de- 
sires to  build  for  eternity  it  must  be  in 
this  fashion.”  Tame,  Tran *. 


ARE 


25 


ARL 


Arena  Chapel.  A celebrated  chap- 
el in  Padua,  Italy,  noted  for  the 
line  fresco  decorations  of  Giotto 
(1276-1336),  with  which  its  walls 
are  covered. 

Areopagus.  [Hill  *of  Mars.]  A 
hill  in  Athens,  Greece,  on  the 
north-east  side  of  the  Agora,  and 
between  the  Pnyx  and  the  Acrop- 
olis. 

j “ Above  the  steps  [by  which 
the  hill  is  ascended],  oil  the  rocky  pave- 
ment of  the  hill,  are  the  stone  seats  on 
which  the  court  of  the  Areopagus  sits. 
In  this  spot,  distinguished  by  rude  sim- 
plicity, is  assembled  the  council  by 
whose  predecessors  heroes  and  deities 
are  said  to  have  been  judged,  and  whose 
authority  commands  respect  and  en- 
forces obedience  when  other  means 
fail,  and  whose  wisdom  has  saved  their 
country  in  times  of  difficulty  and  dan- 
ger, when  there  appeared  to  be  no  long- 
er any  opportunity  for  deliberation.” 

C.  Wordsworth. 

Then  Paul  stood  in  the  midst  of  Mars' 
Hill . and  said.  Ye  men  of  Athens,  1 per- 
ceive that  in  all  things  ye  are  too  supersti- 
tious. Acts  xv it.  22. 

Pallas  in  figures  wrought  the  heavenly 
powers, 

And  Mars's  Hill  among  the  Athenian 
towers.  Ovid , Trans. 

Arethusa,  Fountain  of.  See  Foun- 
tain of  Arethusa. 

Argus,  The.  A noted  vessel  of 
the  United  States  Navy,  built  at 
Washington,  and  in  service  in  the 
war  of  1812.  She  was  captured 
by  the  English  Pelican,  Aug.  14, 
1813. 

Argyll  House.  A mansion  in  Ar- 
gyll Street,  London,  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll, 
taken  down  in  1862. 

Or  hail  at  once  the  patron  and  the  pile 
Of  vice  and  folly,  Greville  and  Argyle  ! 
Where  von  proud  palace,  Fashion’s  hal- 
low’d fane. 

Spreads  wide  her  portals  for  the  motley 
train, 

Behold  the  new  Pctronius  of  the  day, 
our  arbiter  of  pleasure  and  of  play !. 

Byron . 

Argyll  Rooms.  Formerly  a fash- 
ionable place  of  entertainment  in 
London,  where  balls,  concerts, 
etc.,  were  held.  The  buildings 
were  burnt  down  in  1830. 

While  walking  through  the  niuhfly 
procession  of  the  Haymarket,  I thought 
about  the  Argyll  Rooms , a sort  of  pleas- 
ure casino  which  1 had  visited  the  night 
before.  Taine , Trans. 


Ariadne.  A famous  Greek  statue, 
representing  Ariadne  sleeping. 
It  was  at  one  time  thought  to  be 
a figure  of  Cleopatra.  In  the 
Gallery  of  Statues  in  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

“ The  effect  of  sleep,  so  remark- 
able in  this  statue,  and  which  could 
not  have  been  rendered  by  merely  clos- 
ing the  lids  over  the  eyes,  is  produced 
by  giving  positive  form  to  the  eyelashes, 
a distinct  ridge  being  raised  at  right 
angles  to  the  surface  of  the  lids.” 

Shakspere  Wood. 

4Sg=*  “ One  of  the  Anest  works  of 
antiquity  . . . especiady  admirable  for 
the  drapery,  which  hangs  in  the  most 
natural  folds,  revealing  the  fine  outline 
of  the  limbs  which  it  veils,  but  man- 
aged with  great  refinement.” 

G.  S.  Hillard. 

Ariadne.  A well-known  and  much 
admired  group  of  statuary,  repre- 
senting Ariadne  on  a panther,  by 
Johann  Heinrich  Dannecker 
(1758-1841).  In  the  Ariadneum, 
or  Museum  of  Bethmann,  in 
Frankfort-on-tlie-Main. 

Ariadne.  See  Bacchus  and  Ari- 
adne. 

Ariosto’s  House.  The  house  of 
the  poet  (1474-1533)  is  still  stand- 
ing in  the  Via  dei  Ariostei,  Fer- 
rara, Italy. 

Arkansas,  The.  A monster  armor- 
plated  “ ram  ” of  the  Confederate 
Navy,  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 
Her  mission  was  to  “ drive  the 
Yankees  from  New  Orleans.” 
For  that  purpose  she  went  down 
the  river;  but  encountering  the 
three  Union  gunboats,  the  Essex, 
Cayuga,  and  Sumter,  she  was 
driven  ashore  and  set  on  fire. 

Arkhangelsk!  Sabor.  See  St 

Michael’s. 

Arles  Amphitheatre  [or  Arena]. 

See  Arena. 

Arlington  House.  A noted  man- 
sion on  the  heights  opposite 
Washington,  D.C.,  overlooking 
the  Potomac.  It  was  once  the 
property  of  Gen.  Washington, 
who  left,  it  to  his  adopted  son, 
George  Washington  Parke  Custis, 
from  whom  it  descended  to  Rob- 
ert E.  Lee,  the  General  of  the 


ARM 


26 


ARR 


Confederate  Army.  During  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion  the  estate 
was  a camp-ground  for  the  Fed- 
eral troops,  and  the  house  was 
occupied  as  a headquarters.  In 
18G3  the  place  was  sold,  and  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  United 
States. 

Armada,  The  Spanish.  This 
famous  naval  armament,  or  expe- 
dition, known  as  the  Invincible 
Armada , was  collected  by  Philip 
II.  of  Spain,  and  by  him  sent 
against  England  in  1588.  The 
Armada,  consisting  of  130  ships, 
about  2,500  great  guns,  nearly 

5.000  quintals  of  powder,  about 

20.000  soldiers,  besides  volunteers, 
and  more  than  8,000  sailors, 
arrived  in  the  Channel  on  the 
19th  of  July,  and  in  the  first  en- 
gagement was  defeated  by  the 
English  fleet,  which  was  com- 
manded by  Howard,  Drake, 
Frobisher,  and  others.  Several 
of  the  Spanish  vessels  were  cap- 
tured, and  others  destroyed. 
Afterwards  fire-ships  were  sent 
into  the  Spanish  fleet,  which 
caused  so  much  alarm  that  the 
Armada  put  to  sea  in  disorder, 
closely  pursued  by  the  English 
fleet,  which  attacked  it  so  vigor- 
ously and  kept  up  so  persistent 
an  engagement  that  the  immense 
armament  was  fairly  routed.  A 
number  of  the  Spanish  ships  were 
destroyed,  many  were  injured,  a 
large  number  of  men  were  killed; 
and  the  Spanish  commanders 
received  such  a fright  that  they 
did  not  dare  return  home  the  way 
they  had  come,  but  resolved  to 
sail  through  the  North  Sea  and 
round  Scotland  to  avoid  risking 
another  engagement.  In  this 
passage  they  suffered  from  storms 
and  disasters,  many  of  the  vessels 
were  wrecked,  and  of  the  whole 
fleet  but  53  shattered  vessels  and 
a little  more  than  one-third  of  the 
army  reached  Spain.  The  attack 
of  the  Armada  cost  the  English 
only  one  ship* 

4®"  “ There  was  never  any  thing 
that  pleased  me  better  than  seeing  the 
enemy  flying  with  a southerly  wind  to 
the  northward.”  Drake . 


Armadale  Castle.  The  seat  of 
Lord  Macdonald  in  the  island  of 
Sk}Te,  one  of  the  Hebrides. 

Armenian  Convent  [in  Jerusa- 
lem]. This  conventual  establish- 
ment, which  is  the  most  aristo- 
cratic in  Syria,  was  formerly  the 
property  of  the  Georgians,  by 
whom  it  was  founded  in  the  elev- 
enth century.  The  convent  has 
accommodations  for  three  thou- 
sand pilgrims.  Here  are  reputed 
to  be  the  tomb  of  St.  James,  the 
stone  which  closed  the  Holy  Sep- 
ulchre, the  spot  where  Peter  de- 
nied the  Saviour,  and  the  court 
where  the  cock  crew.  It  con- 
tains a very  gorgeous  chapel. 
The  Armenian  Patriarchs  of  Jeru- 
salem are  buried  here. 

Armourers’  Hall.  The  building 
of  the  Armourers’  Company,  one 
of  the  old  city  companies  of  Lon- 
don. In  Coleman  Street. 

Armoury.  See  Horse  Armoury. 

Army  and  Navy  Club.  A house 
opposite  the  War  Office,  in  Pall 
Mall,  London,  opened  in  1851,  is 
occupied  bythis  well-known  club. 
It  is  a superb  edifice,  and,  includ- 
ing the  land,  cost  not  far  from 
£i00,000.  In  1837,  Sir  Edward 
Barnes  and  others  originated  the 
idea  of  founding  a military  club; 
and  the  Duke  of  Wellington  be- 
came a patron,  under  the  stipula- 
tion that  the  navy  and  marines 
should  be  included  in  the  scheme 
of  the  club. 

Arnolfini,  Jean.  See  Jean  Arn- 

OLFINT. 

Arnstein  Abbey.  An  ancient 
ruined  monastery  with  a church 
still  preserved  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  near  Dietz,  in  Germany. 

Arques  Castle.  A ruined  fortress 
a few  miles  from  Dieppe,  France. 
It  was  an  important  stronghold 
in  the  Middle  Ages.  Under  its 
walls  Henri  IV.  gained  a great 
victory  over  the  army  of  the 
League. 

Arrotino,  L’.  [The  Slave  sharp- 
ening his  Knife.]  An  ancient 
statue,  now  in  the  Uffizi  Palace, 
Florence.  The  figure  is  repre- 


ARS 


27 


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sented  as  suspending  his  employ- 
ment, and  looking  up  as  if  to 
listen  to  something  that  is  said  to 
him.  [Often  called  the  Knife- 
Grinder.'] 

“ I found  in  the  figure  of  the 
Knife-Grinder  quite  a new  revelation 
of  the  power  of  art.  As  is  well  known, 
this  statue  is  an  enigma,  to  which  no 
satisfactory  solution  has  ever  been  of- 
fered. Indeed,  whether  he  is  whetting 
his  knife  seems  somewhat  doubtful. 
But  as  to  its  power  there  can  be  no 
doubt.  The  figure  is  unideal,  and  the 
face  and  head  coarse;  but  every  line 
glows  with  the  fire  of  truth.  ...  It 
seemed  to  me  that  a single  look  at  this 
figure  had  given  me  a new  insight  into 
Roman  life  and  manners,  as  if  one  of 
Terence’s  characters  had  been  turned 
into  marble  for  my  benefit.”  Hillard. 

To  be  made  a living  statue  of, — noth- 
ing to  do  but  strike  an  attitude.  Arm  up 
— so  — like  the  one  in  the  Garden.  John  of 
Bologna's  Mercury  — thus  — on  one  foot. 
Needy  knife-grinder  in  the  Tribune  at 
Florence.  No,  not  “needy,”  come  to 
think  of  it.  Holmes. 

Arsenal  of  Venice.  This  interest- 
ing structure  is  a work  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  of  great  ex- 
tent, and  containing  many  memo- 
rials of  the  early  power  and  naval 
supremacy  of  Venice. 

4®=*“  No  reader  of  Dante  will  fail 
to  pay  a visit  to  the  Arsenal,  from 
which,  in  order  to  illustrate  the  terrors 
of  his  ‘ Inferno,’  the  great  poet  drew 
one  of  those  striking  and  picturesque 
images,  characteristic  alike  of  the  bold- 
ness and  the  power  of  his  genius. 
Besides,  it  is  the  most  characteristic 
and  impressive  spot  in  Venice.  The 
Ducal  Palace  and  St.  Mark’s  are  sym- 
bols of  pride  and  pomp,  but  the 
strength  of  Venice  resided  here.  . . '. 
Here  was  the  index-hand  which  marked 
the  culmination  and  decline  of  her 
greatness.”  Hillard. 

As  in  the  Arsenal  of  the  Venetians 
Boils  in  the  winter  the  tenacious  pitch 
To  smear  their  unsound  vessels  o’er  again. 

Dante , Longfellow's  Trans. 

Arsenal.  See  Bibliotheque  de 
l’Arsenal. 

Arthur’s  Club.  This  club  in  Lon- 
don, referred  to  by  Lady  Hervey 
as  “ the  resort  of  old  and  young  ” 
in  1756,  is  so  called  from  Mr.  Ar- 
thur, the  proprietor  of  White’s 
Chocolate  House,  who  died  in 
1761.  The  club-house  in  St. 
James’s  Street  was  built  in  1811, 
and  reconstructed  in  1825. 


Arthur’s  Palace.  See  King  Ar*. 
thur’s  Palace. 

Arthur’s  Round  Table.  See 
Round  Table  and  King  Ar- 
thur’s Round  Table. 

Arthur’s  Seat.  An  eminence  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  820  feet  in 
height,  the  most  conspicuous  fea- 
ture in  the  view  of  the  city.  It 
derives  its  name  from  Prince 
Arthur. 

4®*“  Arthur’s  Seat,  a huge  double- 
headed hill,  presenting,  from  some  di- 
rections, peculiar  resemblance  to  a 
recumbent  lion.”  J.  F.  Ifunnewell. 

Whose  muse,  whose  cornemuse  sounds 
with  such  plaintive  music  from  Arthur's 
Seat , while  . - . the  mermaids  come  flap- 
ping up  to  Leith  shore  to  hear  the  exqui- 
site music?  Thackeray. 

Why  do  the  injured  unresisting  yield 
The  calm  possession  of  their  native  field? 
Why  tamely  thus  before  their  fangs  re- 
treat, 

Nor  hunt  the  bloodhounds  back  to  Ar- 
thur's Seat  ? Byron. 

Traced  like  a map  the  landscape  lies, 

In  cultured  beauty  stretching  wide; 

There  ocean  with  its  azure  tide; 

There  Arthur's  Seat.  D.  M.  Moir. 

Artist  and  the  Easel.  A picture 
by  Adrian  van  Ostade  (1610-1683), 
the  Dutch  genre- painter,  and  con- 
sidered one  of  his  chief  works. 
In  the  Dresden  Gallery. 

Artornish  Castle.  See  Ardtorn- 
ish  Castle. 

Arundel  Castle.  An  ancient  baro- 
nial mansion,  the  property  of  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  situated  on  the 
River  Arun,  in  Sussex,  England. 
There  are  references  to  it  as  early 
as  the  time  of  King  Alfred.  The 
castle  stands  upon  a knoll  over- 
looking the  sea.  Of  the  original 
structure,  the  gateway,  part  of 
the  walls,  and  the  keep  are  still 
standing.  The  latter,  which  is 
covered  with  ivy,  is  a stone  tower 
of  a circular  form,  68  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  Is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting feudal  remains  in  England. 
The  castle  was  mainly  in  ruins 
till  1815,  when  it  was  restored  by 
the  owner  at  great  expense.  The 
buildings  and  grounds  are  mag- 
nificent. 

Arundel  House.  A celebrated 
mansion  which  formerly  stood 
in  the  Strand,  London,  and  was 


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28 


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taken  down  in  1678.  It  was  here 
that  the  celebrated  collection 
known  as  the  Arundelian  Mar- 
bles was  gathered.  See  Arun- 
delian Marbles. 

Arundel  Library.  A well-known 
collection  now  merged  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  British  Museum,  to 
which  it  was  added  in  1831. 

Arundelian  Marbles.  A celebrated 
collection  of  ancient  Greek  stat- 
ues and  monuments,  brought  to 
England  in  1627  from  the  island 
of  Paros,  and  purchased  by  the 
Earl  of  Arundel.  After  the  Res- 
toration in  1660,  they  were  pre- 
sented by  the  grandson  of  the 
Earl  to  the  University  of  Oxford. 
[Called  also  Oxford  Marbles •] 

How  a thing  grows  in  the  human  Mem- 
ory, in  ihe  human  Imagination,  when 
love,  worship,  and  all  that  lies  in  the  hu- 
man Heart,  is  there  to  encourage  it.  And 
in  the  darkness,  in  the  enure  ignorance, 
without  date  or  document,  no  book,  no 
Arundel-marble ; only  here  and  there  some 
dumb  monumental  cairn.  Carlyle. 

Ascension,  Convent  of  the.  A 
convent  on  the  summit  of  Mount 
Olivet,  near  Jerusalem. 

Ascension  of  Christ.  [Ital.  V As- 

censione , Fr.  IS  Ascension,  Ger. 
Die  Himmelfahrt .]  A favorite 
subject  of  representation  by  the 
early  painters.  The  following 
may  be  mentioned  as  among  the 
more  celebrated  and  familiar  ex- 
amples. 

Ascension,  The.  A picture  by 
Giotto  di  Bordone  (1276-1336).  In 
the  Chapel  of  the  Arena  at  Padua, 
Italy. 

Ascension,  The.  A grand  altar- 
picture  by  Pietro  Perugino  (1446- 
1524),  originally  painted  for  the 
church  of  S.  Pietro  Maggiore,  at 
Perugia,  Italy,  and  afterwards 
presented  by  Pope  Pius  VII.  to 
the  city  of  Lyons,  France,  and 
now  preserved  in  the  museum  of 
that  city. 

Ascension,  The.  A picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed  Cor- 
reggio (1494-1534).  In  the  church 
of  S.  Giovanni,  Parma,  Italy. 

Ashburnham  House.  A mansion 
in  London,  so  named  because 
formerly  the  residence  of  Lord 


Ashburnham.  It  was  built  by 
Inigo  Jones. 

Asher  Place.  See  Esher  Place. 

Ashmolean  Museum.  A building 
connected  with  the  University  of 
Oxford,  England,  built  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  in  1682,  to  con- 
tain the  collections  of  Ashmole, 
the  antiquary. 

Asinelli,  Torre  degli.  See  Torre 
degli  Asinelli. 

Assistance,  The.  An  Arctic  ex- 
ploring vessel  which  sailed  under 
Commander  Austin,  in  1850. 

Assumption,  The.  [Ital.  L'As- 
sunzione,  Fr.  IS Assomption,  Ger. 
Maria  Himmelfahrt .]  A very 

common  and  favorite  subject  of 
representation  by  the  early  paint- 
ers, in  which  is  portrayed  the 
exaltation  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
Of  the  great  number  of  pictures 
called  by  this  name,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned  as  among 
the  more  celebrated  and  familiar. 

Assumption,  The.  A picture  by 
Pietro  Perugino  (1446-1524).  In 
the  Academy  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Assumption,  The.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Albert  Diirer  (1471- 
1528),  the  German  painter  and 
engraver.  The  sum  of  10,000  flor- 
ins was  paid  for  this  picture  by 
Maximilian,  the  Elector  of  Bava- 
ria; but  it  was  destroyed  by  fire 
at  Munich  in  1674.  A copy  of  it 
by  Paul  Juvenel  of  Nuremberg 
is  still  preserved  in  the  Stahlhof 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Assumption,  The.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Guido  Beni  (1575-1642), 
now  in  the  Gallery  of  Munich, 
Bavaria. 

4®=*  “ The  fine  large  Assumption  in 
the  Munich  Gallery  may  be  regarded 
as  the  best  example  of  Guido’s  manner 
of  treating  this  theme.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Assumption,  The.  A picture 
bearing  this  title  by  Guido  Reni 
(1575-1642)  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London,  is,  according  to  the 
best  authorities,  an  Immaculate 
Conception. 

Assumption,  The.  A large  altar- 
piece  by  Domenico  di  Bartolo 
(fl.  1440).  Now  in  the  Gallery  of 
Berlin,  Prussia. 


ASS 


29 


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“ This  is  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able and  important  pictures  of  the  Siena 
school.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Assumption , The.  A picture 
by  Fra  Bartolommeo  (1477-1517), 
the  Italian  painter.  is  now  in 
the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 
There  is  another  upon  the  same 
subject  by  this  master  in  the 
Museum  at  Naples,  and  another 
at  Besan^on,  France. 

Assumption , The . A picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  called  Correggio 
(1494-1534).  In  the  cupola  of  the 
Duomo  at  Parma,  Italy. 

jgtjT*  “ One  glow  of  heavenly  rapture 
is  diffused  overall ; but  the  scene  is  vast, 
confused,  almost  tumultuous.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Assumption , The.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Titian  (1477-1576),  and 
regarded  as  his  masterpiece,  now 
in  the  Accademia  delle  Belle  Arti 
in  Venice,  Italy,  to  which  it  was 
removed  from  the  church  of  S. 
Maria  Gloriosa  de’  Frari.  It  is  one 
of  the  best  examples  of  the  work 
of  this  renowned  master  of  color- 
ing. 

“ The  injury  and  neglect  this 
marvellous  picture  had  suffered  in  the 
keeping  of  the  Roman  Church  protected 
it  from  the  rapacity  of  the  French.  The 
lower  part  was  literally  burnt  with 
candles,  and  the  whole  so  blackened 
with  smoke,  that  the  French  commis- 
sioners did  not  think  it  worth  the  trans- 
port to  Paris.  It  continued  in  this 
state  till  1815,  when,  all  danger  being 
over,  Count  Cicognara  drew  attention 
to  Titian’s  masterpiece,  which  was  then 
cleaned  and  restored. ” 

Eastlake , Handbook  of  Painting,  Note. 

4®=  “ And  Titian’s  angels  impress 
me  m a similar  manner.  1 mean  those 
in  the  glorious  Assumption  at  Venice, 
with  their  childish  forms  and  features, 
but  with  an  expression  caught  from 
beholding  the  face  of  ‘our  Father  that 
is  in  heaven:’  it  is  glorified  infancy. 
I remember  standing  before  this  pic- 
ture, contemplating  those  lovely  spirits 
one  after  another,  until  a thrill  came 
over  me  like  that  which  1 felt  when 
Mendelssohn  played  the  organ,  and  1 
became  music  while  I listened.” 

Airs.  Jameson. 

Assumption , The.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  Of  a number  of  com- 
positions upon  this  subject  by 
Rubens,  the  most  famous  and 


splendid  is  that  in  the  Museum 
at  Brussels,  Belgium. 

Astankina.  A summer  palace  and 
park  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  Moscow,  Russia,  belong- 
ing to  the  noble  family  of  Chere- 
metieff.  The  grounds  are  laid 
out  after  the  manner  of  Ver- 
sailles. 

“ Here  was  the  scene  of  one  of 
those  gigantic  pieces  of  flattery  by 
which  the  courtiers  of  Catherine  II. 
sought  to  keep  or  win  her  favor.  Dur- 
ing a visit  of  that  empress  to  Astankina, 
she  remarked  to  the  proprietor,  * Were 
it  not  for  the  forest,  you  would  be  able 
to  see  Moscow.’  The  latter  immedi- 
ately set  some  thousands  of  serfs  to 
work,  and  in  a few  days  afterward 
prevailed  upon  the  empress  to  pay  him 
another  visit.  * Your  majesty,’  he  said, 
‘ regretted  that  the  forest  should  shut 
out  my  view  of  Moscow.  It  shall  do 
so  no  longer.’  He  thereupon  waved 
his  hand,  and  there  was  a movement 
among  the  trees.  They  rocked  back- 
ward and  forward  a moment,  tottered, 
and  fell  crashing  together,  breaking  a 
wide  avenue  through  the  forest,  at  the 
end  of  which  glittered  m the  distance 
the  golden  domes  of  the  city.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Astley’s.  A well-known  place 
of  entertainment,  Westminster 
Bridge  Road,  London,  so  called 
from  Philip  Astley,  the  builder 
of  nineteen  theatres.  It  was 
originally  built  for  equestrian 
exhibitions.  The  present  thea- 
tre, which  is  the  fourth  erected 
upon  this  site,  has  been  remod- 
elled for  performances  of  the  reg- 
ular drama. 

4®*  “ There  is  no  place  which  recalls 
so  strongly  our  recollections  of  child- 
hood as  Astley’s.  It  was  not  a ‘ Royal 
Amphitheatre  ’ in  those  days,  nor  had 
Ducrow  arisen  to  shed  the  light  of  class- 
ic taste  and  portable  gas  over  the  saw- 
dust of  the  circus;  but  the  whole  char- 
acter of  the  place  was  the  same,  the 
pieces  were  the  same,  the  clown’s  jokes 
were  the  same,  the  riding-masters  were 
equally  grand,  the  comic  performers 
equally  witty,  the  tragedians  equally 
hoarse,  and  the  ‘ highly -trained  char- 
gers ’ equally  spirited.  Astley’s  has  al- 
tered for  the  better  — we  have  changed 
for  the  worse.”  Dickens. 

lie  L Canning]  came,  but  said  he  hated 
the  whole  thing;  that  he  had  come  only 
because  he  had  given  his  word;  and  then, 
turning  suddenly  on  the  Secretary,  ” Now 


AST 


30 


ATH 


if  you  will  let  me  off  from  this  business 
to-night,  1 will  treat  you  to  Astley's." 

George  Ticknor . 

We  have  four  horses  and  one  postilion, 
who  has  a very  long  whip,  and  drives  his 
team  something  like  the  Courier  of  St. 
Petersburg  in  the  circle  at  Astley's  or 
Franconi's.  Dickens. 

Base  Buonaparte,  filled  with  deadly  ire, 
Sets,  one  by  one,  our  playhouses  on  tire. 
Some  years  ago  he  pounced  with  deadly 
glee  on 

The  Opera  House,  then  burnt  down  the 
Pantheon; 

Thy  hatch,  0 Halfpenny ! passed  in  a 
trice, 

Boiled  some  black  pitch,  and  burnt  down 
Astley's  twice.  Rejected  Addresses. 

Astor  Library.  A library  in  New 
York  City,  containing  more  than 
100,000  volumes,  so  named  after 
John  Jacob  Astor  (17G3-1848),  by 
whom  it  was  endowed  with  $400,- 
000. 

Astrologer,  The.  A picture  by 
Giorgio  Barbarelli,  commonly 
called  Giorgione  (1477-1511),  in 
the  Manfrin  palace,  Venice, 
Italy. 

Astrologers,  The.  See  Geome- 
tricians, The. 

Athassel  Priory.  A beautiful 
ruined  priory  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  in  Tipperary  County, 
Ireland. 

Athenaeum.  In  ancient  Athens  a 
temple  or  gymnasium  sacred  to 
Minerva,  where  philosophers, 
poets,  and  rhetoricians  were  ac- 
customed to  recite  their  works. 
Hence  applied  in  later  times  to 
an  association  or  a building  de- 
voted to  purposes  of  literature 
or  art. 

Athenaeum.  A noted  club-house 
and  club  situated  in  Pall  Mall, 
London,  belonging  to  an  associa- 
tion instituted  in  1823,  and  com- 
posed of  individuals  distinguished 
for  their  literary  or  scientific  at- 
tainments, or  as  patrons  of  sci- 
ence, literature,  and  art.  The 
club-house  was  built  in  1829. 
The  Athenaeum  has  the  best  club 
library  in  London. 

“ The  only  club  I belong  to  is 
the  Athenaeum,  which  consists  of  1,200 
members,  among  whom  are  to  be  reck- 
oned a large  proportion  of  the  most 
eminent  persons  in  the  land,  in  every 
line  — civil,  military,  and  ecclesiastical, 


peers  spiritual  and  temporal  (95  noble- 
men and  12  bishops),  commoners,  men 
of  the  learned  professions,  those  con- 
nected with  science,  the  arts,  and  com- 
merce in  all  its  principal  branches,  as 
well  as  the  distinguished  who  do  not 
belong  to  any  particular  class.  Many 
of  these  are  to  be  met  with  every  day, 
living  with  the  same  freedom  as  in 
their  own,  houses.  For  six  guineas  a 
year  every  member  has  the  command 
of  an  excellent  library,  with  maps,  of 
the  daily  papers,  English  and  foreign, 
the  principal  periodicals,  and  every 
material  for  writing,  with  attendance 
for  whatever  is  wanted.  The  building 
is  a sort  of  palace,  and  is  kept  with  the 
same  exactness  and  comfort  as  a pri- 
vate dwelling.  Every  member  is  a 
master,  without  any  of  the  trouble  of  a 
master.  He  can  come  when  he  pleases, 
and  stay  away  as  long  as  he  pleases, 
without  anything  going  wrong.  He 
has  the  command  of  regular  servants, 
without  having  to  pay  or  to  manage 
them.  He  can  have  whatever  meal  or 
refreshment  he  wants,  at  all  hours, 
and  served  up  with  the  cleanliness  and 
comfort  of  his  own  house.  He  orders 
just  what  he  pleases,  having  no  interest 
to  think  of  but  his  own.  In  short,  it 
is  impossible  to  suppose  a greater  de- 
gree of  liberty  in  living.” 

Walker's  Original. 

“ Ninety-nine  hundredths  of  this 
club  are  people  who  rather  seek  to  ob- 
tain a sort  of  standing  by  belonging  to 
the  Athenaeum,  than  to  give  it  lustre 
by  the  talent  of  its  members.  Nine- 
tenths  of  the  intellectual  writers  of  the 
age  would  be  certainly  black-balled  by 
the  dunces.  Notwithstanding  all  this, 
and  partly  on  account  of  this,  the 
Athseneum  is  a capital  club.” 

Alew  Quarterly  Review. 

His  [M.  Guizot's]  name  was  immedi- 
ately proposed  as  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Athenaeum.  M.  Guizot  was  black- 
palled.  Certainly,  they  knew  the  dis- 
tinction of  his  name.  But  the  English- 
man is  not  fickle.  He  had  really  made 
up  his  mind,  now  for  years  as  lie  read  his 
newspaper,  to  hate  and  despise  M.  Gui- 
zot; and  the  altered  position  of  the  man 
as  an  illustrious  exile,  and  a gucA.  in  the 
country,  make  no  difference  to  him,  as 
they  would  instantly  to  an  American. 

Emerson. 

Every  day  after  leaving  the  Athenaeum. 
I go  and  sit  for  an  hour  in  St.  James  s 
Park.  Taine , Trans. 

The  broad  steps  of  the  Athenaeum  are 
as  yet  unthronged  by  the  shuffling  feet  of 
the  literati  whose  morning  is  longer  and 
more  secluded  than  that  of  idler  men,  but 
who  will  be  seen  in  swarms,  at  four,  en- 
tering that  superb  edifice  in  company 
with  the  employes  and  politicians  who 
affect  their  society.  N.  P.  Willis . 


ATH 


31 


AUB 


Athenaeum.  A building  on  Beacon 
Street,  Boston,  belonging  to  the 
Athenaeum  corporation,  and  con- 
taining a librarjr  of  more  than  115,- 
000  volumes,  and  until  recently  a 
good  collection  of  paintings  and 
statuary.  A great  part  of  the 
works  of  art  formerly  in  the 
Athenaeum  are  now  in  the  Muse- 
um of  Fine  Arts,  in  Boston.  It 
contains  also  the  library  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences. 

Athenaeum.  A building  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  containing  several 
libraries,  a picture-gallery,  read- 
ing-room, and  museum  of  curios- 
ities 

Athenaeum.  A very  common  name 
applied  to  numerous  associations 
and  buildings  devoted  to  purposes 
connected  with  literature  or  art. 
See  supra. 

Athens,  School  of.  See  School 
of  Athens. 

Athlone  Castle.  This  castle  at 
Athlone,  Ireland,  has  been  prom- 
inent in  the  military  history  of 
the  island.  It  underwent  a long 
siege  in  the  reign  of  James  II., 
and  was  at  last  taken  by  the 
English. 

Atlanta,  The.  A powerful  Con- 
federate ram  in  the  Civil  War  of 
1861-65.  She  was  under  the  com- 
mand of  Capt.  Webb,  formerly 
of  the  United  States  Navy.  She 
was  captured  by  the  United  States 
vessel-of-war  Weehawken. 

4®°“  The  Atlanta  was  in  the  Wil- 
mington River.  It  was  the  pleasant 
month  of  June.  She  went  down  to 
meet  the  two  monitors  \iheWeehawken 
and  the  Nahant ],  accompanied  by  gun- 
boats crowded  with  citizens  of  Savan- 
nah, who  went  to  see  the  fight  and 
enjoy  the  victory.  When  her  intended 
victims  appeared  in  sight,  Webb  assured 
his  ‘ audience  ’ that  the  monitors  would 
be  * in  tow  of  the  Atlanta  before  break- 
fast.’ As  she  pushed  swiftly  toward 
the  Weehawken , Capt.  Rodgers  sent  a 
solid  shot  that  carried  away  the  top 
of  the  Atlanta's  pilot-house  and  sent 
her  aground.  Fifteen  minutes  after- 
wards she  was  a prisoner  to  the  Wee- 
hawken. ‘ Providence,  for  some  good 
reason,’  said  the  astonished  Webb  pa- 
thetically to  his  crew,  ‘ has  interfered 
with  our  plans.’  ” Lossing. 


Atlas.  A noted  statue  represent- 
ing Atlas  sustaining  a globe. 
This  figure  is  of  value  as  exhibit- 
ing the  ancient  ideas  of  astron- 
omy. Now  in  the  Museum  at 
Naples,  Italy. 

Attila.  A fresco  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520)  in  the  Stanza  of 
the  Heliodorus,  in  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

J&Sf  “ Raphael’s  fresco  styled  ‘ the 
Attila’  is  rather  historically  than  reli. 
giously  treated  : it  is,  in  fact,  an  histori- 
cal picture.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Auburn.  A place  celebrated  in 
Goldsmith’s  poem  of  “The  De- 
serted Village.”  The  situation 
of  this  village  has  been  much  in 
doubt ; but  it  is  now  generally 
supposed  to  be  the  same  as  Lis- 
soy,  or  Lishoy,  in  the  county  of 
Westmeath,  near  Athlone,  Ire- 
land. There  is  a village  named 
Auburn  (sometimes  spelt  Al- 
bourne)  in  Wiltshire,  near  Marl- 
borough, which  has  by  some 
been  identified,  but  without  any 
apparent  reason,  with  the  scene 
of  the  poem. 

4®^  “ The  village  of  Lissoy,  now 
and  for  nearly  a century  known  as  Au- 
burn, and  so  ‘ marked  on  the  maps,’ 
stands  on  the  summit  of  a hill.  . . . 
The  circumstances  under  which  he 
[Goldsmith]  pictured  ‘Sweet  Auburn’ 
as  a deserted  village,  remain  in  al- 
most  total  obscurity.  If  his  picture 
was  in  any  degree  drawn  from  facts, 
they  were  in  all  likelihood  as  slender 
as  the  materials  which  furnished  his 
description  of  the  place,  surrounded  by 
all  the  charms  which  poetry  can  derive 
from  invention.  . . . The  poem  bears 
ample  evidence,  that,  although  some  of 
the  scenes  depicted  there  had  been 
stamped  upon  his  memory,  . . . the 
story  must  either  be  assigned  to  some 
other  locality,  or  traced  entirely  to  the 
creative  faculty  of  the  poet.” 

Mr.  and  3frs.  Hall. 

4®"  “ The  village  in  its  happy  days 
is  a true  English  village.  The  village 
in  its  decay  is  an  Irish  village.  The 
felicity  and  the  misery  which  Gold- 
smith has  brought  close  together  be- 
long to  two  different  countries  and  to 
two  different  stages  in  the  progress  oi 
society.  He  had  assuredly  never  seen 
in  his  native  island  such  a rural  para- 
dise, such  a seat  of  plenty,  content,  and 
tranquillity,  as  his  Auburn.  He  had 
assuredly  never  seen  in  England  all 


AUB 


32 


AUR 


the  inhabitants  of  such  a paradise 
turned  out  of  their  homes  in  one  day, 
and  forced  to  emigrate  in  a body  to 
America.  The  hamlet  he  had  probably 
seen  in  Kent;  the  ejectment  he  had 
probably  seen  in  Munster;  but  by  join- 
ing the  two,  he  has  produced  some- 
thing which  never  was  and  never  will 
be  seen  in  any  part  of  the  world.” 

Macaulay. 

J8®*  “ He  [Goldsmith]  paints  the 
friends  and  scenes  of  his  youth,  and 
peoples  Auburn  and  Waketield  with 
remembrances  of  Lissoy.”  Thackeray. 
Sweet  Auburn  ! loveliest  village  of  the 
plain.  Goldsmith. 

Auburn,  Mount.  See  Mount  Au- 
burn. 

Auehinleek  House.  The  mansion 
of  the  Boswell  family,  near  Cum- 
nock, Scotland,  often  alluded  to 
in  the  memoirs  of  Johnson,  and 
associated  with  the  name  of  his 
biographer. 

Audley  Castle.  A picturesque 
ruined  fortress  in  the  county  of 
Down,  Ireland. 

Audubon  Avenue.  A subterra- 
nean passage  in  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  Kentucky.  It  is  one  mile 
in  length,  50  feet  high,  and  50  or 
60  feet  in  width. 

Auerbach’s  Cellar.  A place  of 
public  entertainment,  where  beer 
and  wine  are  sold,  under  an  old 
house  in  Leipzig,  Germany.  It 
is  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  tradi- 
tional feats  of  the  famous  magi- 
cian, Doctor  Faustus.  His  magi- 
cal exploits  of  drawing  various 
wines  from  gimlet-holes  bored  for 
the  purpose  in  the  table,  of  mak- 
ing the  members  of  the  company 
seize  each  other’s  noses  under  the 
delusion  that  they  were  grasping 
bunches  of  grapes,  and  his  finally 
riding  out  of  the  door  upon  a 
cask,  are  told  by  Goethe  in  his 
dramatic  poem  of  “Faust,”  one 
scene  of  which  is  laid  in  Auer- 
bach’s Cellar.  Two  pictures 
painted  upon  the  walls  of  the 
vault  are  supposed  to  commemo- 
rate the  adventures  of  Faust. 

“ I supped  there  during  my  last 
visit  to  Germany,  and  took  some  pains 
to  ascertain  the  traditions  connected 
with  it,  which  the  waiter  seemed  to 
have  a particular  pleasure  in  communi- 
cating. He  assured  me  that  there  was 


not  the  shadow  of  a doubt  as  to  my 
being  seated  in  the  very  vault  in  which 
both  Faust  and  Goethe  had  caroused.” 
Hayward. 

jgGgp’  “ Another  interesting  place  in 
Leipsic  is  Auerbach’s  cellar,  which  it  is 
said  contains  an  old  manuscript  history 
of  Faust,  from  which  Goethe  derived 
the  tirst  idea  of  his  poem.  He  used  to 
frequent  this  cellar.”  Bayard  Taylor. 
As  grosser  spirits  gurgled  out 
From  chair  and  table  with  a spout, 

In  Auerbach's  Cellar  once,  to  flout 
The  senses  of  the  rabble  rout, 

Where'er  the  gimlet  twirled  about 
Of  cunning  Mephistopheles: 

So  did  these  cunning  spirits  seem  in  store, 
Behind  the  wainscot  or  the  door. 

Lowell , Biglow  Papers. 

Auerback.  A ruined  castle  on  the 
road  between  Darmstadt  and 
Heidelberg,  Germany. 

Augustan  Age.  A picture  by 
Jean  Leon  Gerdme  (b.  1821),  the 
French  painter. 

Augusteum.  A palace  in  Dresden, 
Saxony.  It  contains  a valuable 
collection  of  works  of  art  and 
scientific  treasures.  [Called  also 
the  Japanese  Palace.] 

Augustus.  See  Arch  of  Augus- 
tus, Mausoleum  of  Augustus, 
Palace  of  the  Caesars. 

Aurea  Domus.  See  Golden 
House. 

Aurora.  1.  A celebrated  fresco 
by  Guido  Reni  (1575-1642)  in  the 
casino,  or  summer-house,  of  the 
Rospigliosi  Palace  in  Rome.  It 
is  painted  upon  the  ceiling,  and 
represents  Aurora  scattering 
flowers  before  the  chariot  of  the 
Sun,  while  the  Hours  advance  in 
rapid  motion.  The  engraving  of 
this  picture  by’  Raphael  Morghen 
(1758-1833)  has  made  it  very  fa- 
miliar. According  to  Lanzi,  the 
Venus  de’  Medici  and  the  Niobe 
were  the  favorite  models  of  Gui- 
do, and  there  are  few  of  his  large 
pictures  in  which  the  Niobe  or 
one  of  her  children  is  not  intro- 
duced, yet  with  such  skill  that  the 
imitation  can  hardly  be  detected. 

“ Guido’s  Aurora  is  the  very 
type  of  haste  and  impetus ; for  surely 
no  man  ever  imagined  such  hurry  and 
tumult,  such  sounding  and  clashing. 
Painters  maintain  that  it  is  lighted  from 
two  sides:  they  have  my  full  pevmis- 


AUR 


33 


AYE 


sion  to  light  theirs  from  three,  if  it  will 
improve  them,  but  the  difference  lies 
elsewhere.”  Mendelssohn' s Letters. 

“ The  God  of  Day  is  seated  on 
his  chariot,  surrounded  by  a choir  of 
dancing  Hours,  preceded  by  the  early 
morning  Hour,  scattering  flowers. 
The  deep  blue  of  the  sea,  still  obscure, 
is  charming.  There  is  a joyousness, 
a complete  pagan  amplitude,  about 
these  blooming  goddesses,  with  their 
hands  interlinked,  and  all  dancing  as  if 
at  an  antique  festival.”  Taine , Trans. 

What  is  Guido's  Rospigliosi  Aurora  but 
a morning  thought,  as  the  horses  in  it  are 
only  a morning  cloud.  Emerson. 

2.  A well-known  fresco-paint- 
ing by  Giovanni  Francesco  Bar- 
bieri,  called  Guercino  (1590-1666). 
In  tlie  Villa  Ludovisi,  Home. 

4SP  “ The  Aurora  of  Guercino  fills 
the  ceiling  and  its  curves.  She  is  a 
young,  vigorous  woman,  her  vigor  al- 
most inclining  to  coarseness.  Before 
her  are  three  female  figures  on  a cloud, 
all  large  and  ample,  and  much  more 
original  and  natural  than  those  of  the 
Aurora  of  Guido  ...  A ray  of  morn- 
ing light  half  traverses  their  faces,  and 
the  contrast  between  the  illuminated 
and  shadowed  portions  is  charming. 

. . . Guercino  did  not,  like  Guido,  copy 
antiques  : he  studied  living  models,  like 
Caravaggio,  always  observing  the  de- 
tails of  actual  life,  the  changes  of  im- 
pression from  grave  to  gay,  and  all  that 
is  capricious  in  the  passion  and  expres- 
sion of  the  face.”  Taine,  Trans. 

jg6g^“The  work  of  Guido  [see  su- 
pra] is  more  poetic  than  that  of  Guer- 
cino, and  luminous  and  soft  and  har- 
monious.” Forsyth. 

An  Aurora  by  Jean-Louis-Ha- 
mon  (1821-1874)  is  known  through 
reproductions. 

Aurora,  The  [of  Michael  Angelo]. 
See  Morning,  The. 

Aurungzebe  Mausoleum.  A cele- 
brated tomb  erected  by  Aurung- 
zebe to  his  daughter,  in  Auranga- 
bad, Hindostan.  It  has  cluster- 
ing domes  of  white  marble  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  Taj  Mahal,  but 
inferior  to  the  latter  in  size  and 
splendor.  See  Taj  Mahal. 

Austerlitz,  Battle  of.  See  Bat- 
tle of  Austerlitz. 

Austin  Friars.  The  name  given 
to  a court  or  place  in  London, 
in  which  formerly  stood  a cele- 
brated Augustinian  convent,  now 
converted  into  a Dutch  church. 


Austria,  The.  A screw  steamer 
sailing  from  Hamburg,  Germany, 
destroyed  by  fire  on  the  open  sea 
in  1858,  with  a loss  of  nearly  400 
persons,  for  the  most  part  Ger- 
mans. 

Auto  da  Fe.  A noted  picture  by 
Francisco  Hizi  (1608-1685).  In 
the  gallery  at  Madrid,  Spain. 

Avalon.  The  poetical  name  of 
Glastonbury,  Somersetshire,  Eng- 
land, spoken  of  as  an  island,  which, 
it  is  conjectured,  the  place  may 
once  have  been  at  certain  seasons. 
Avalon  is  intimately  connected 
with  the  romances  of  King  Ar- 
thur. 

Clustered  upon  the  western  side 
Of  Avalon's  preen  hill, 

Her  ancient  homes  and  fretted  towers 
Were  lying,  bright  and  still. 

Henry  Alford . 

Glory  and  boast  of  Avalon's  fair  vale, 

How  beautiful  the  ancient  turrets  rose  ! 

W.  L.  Bowles. 

Ave-Caesar-Imperator.  A pic- 
ture by  Jean  Leon  Gerome  (b. 
1824),  the  French  painter. 

Aventine  Mount.  [Lat.  Mons 
Aventinvs.]  One  of  the  seven 
hills  of  Rome.  Under  the  kings 
two  orders  had  been  established 
at  Rome,  the  Patricians  and  Ple- 
beians. The  revolution  which 
substituted  the  consular  republic 
for  royalty  destroyed  the  equilib- 
rium between  these  two  orders. 
The  plebeians,  revolting  against 
the  severity  of  the  poor-laws, 
broke  the  peace  of  the  city,  B.C. 
493,  by  an  armed  secession  to  the 
Aventine  Mount.  Ancus  Martius 
added  the  hill  to  Rome,  and  peo- 
pled it  with  captives  from  neigh- 
boring Latin  villages,  thus  origi- 
nating the  order  of  plebs.  Of  the 
many  temples  and  buildings 
which  once  covered  the  Mount, 
but  very  little  remains,  and  its 
summit  is  now  crowned  by  the 
three  churches  of  Sant’  Alessio,  II 
Priorato,  and  Santa  Sabina.  The 
name  of  the  hill  is  said  to  be  de- 
rived from  Aventinus,  a king  of 
Alba;  but  some  regard  it  as  taken 
from  Avens,  a Sabine  river ; 'while 
others  give  it  a more  legendary 
derivation  from  the  story  of 
Romulus  and  Remus  watching 


AVE 


34 


AZH 


the  auspices  after  the  foundation 
of  the  city.  A cliff  of  the  Aven- 
tine  is  famed  as  the  supposed 
place  where  the  giant  Cacus  had 
his  cave.  The  story  of  his  rob- 
bery of  the  oxen  of  Hercules,  and 
of  his  subsequent  destruction  by 
that  hero,  is  told  by  Virgil  in  the 
eighth  book  of  the  ^Eneid.  The 
poets  Ennius,  Gallus,  and  Livius 
Andronicus  lived  upon  the  Aven- 
tine. 

4QP  “ Mount  Avcntinus  indemnifies 
the  mind  for  all  the  painful  recollections 
the  other  hills  awake;  and  its  aspect  is 
as  beauteous  as  its  memories  are  sweet. 
The  banks  at  its  foot  were  called  the 
Lovely  Strand  (pulchrum  littus) . Poet- 
ry also  has  embellished  this  spot : it 
was  there  that  Virgil  placed  the  cave 
of  Cacus;  and  Rome,  so  great  in  his- 
tory, is  still  greater  by  the  heroic  fic- 
tions with  which  her  fabulous  origin 
has  been  decked.”  Madame  de  Sta'tl. 

Abelard  had  liis  school,  his  camp  as  lie 
called  it,  upon  the  mountain,  then  almost 
deserted,  where  now  rises  the  temple  of 
St.  Genevieve.  This  was  the  Aventine 


Mount  of  a nation  of  disciples  leaving  the 
ancient  schools  in  order  to  listen  to  the 
fresh  and  strong  words  of  Abelard 

Lamartine . Trans, 
Amidst  these  scenes.  O pilgrim!  seek'st 
thou  Rome  ? 

Vain  is  thy  search,  — the  pomp  of  Rome 
is  fled 

Her  silent  Aventine  is  glory’s  tomb ; 

Her  walls,  her  shrines,  but  relics  of  the 
dead.  Francisco  de  Quevedo , Trans. 

Avoca.  A beautiful  valley  in  the 
county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland,  cele- 
brated in  the  verse  of  Moore. 
The  name  signifies  the  “ meeting 
of  the  waters.” 

There  is  not  in  the  wide  world  a valley  so 
sweet. 

As  that  vale  in  whose  bosom  the  bright 
waters  meet. 

Axum.  See  Obelisk  of  Axum. 
Ayoon  Moosa.  See  Fountains  of 
Moses. 

Ayr,  Twa  Brigs  of.  See  Twa 
Brigs  of  Ayr. 

Azhar,  Mosque  of.  See  Mosque 
of  Azhar. 


BAB 


35 


BAG 


B. 


Babel,  Tower  of.  See  Bras  Nim- 
rood  and  Tower  of  Babel. 

Babele,  Tor  di.  See  Tor  di  Ba- 
bble. 

Babi  Humayon.  See  Sublime 
Porte. 

Babuino,  Via.  See  Via  Babuino. 

Bacchanal,  The.  1.  A picture  by 
Dosso  Dossi  (1474-1558),  the  Ital- 
ian painter.  In  the  Pitti  Palace, 
Florence,  Italy. 

2.  A picture  by  Peter  Paul 
Bubens  (1577-1640),  now  at  Blen- 
heim, England. 

Bacchante.  A famous  picture  by 
Annibale  Caracci  (1560-1609).  In 
the  Tribune  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Bacchus.  1.  A famous  relic  of 
ancient  sculpture,  a masterpiece 
by  some  attributed  to  Phidias. 
In  the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 
[Also  called  the  Torso  Fcirnese.] 

2.  A celebrated  colossal  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

jgQjr*  “ The  same  personality  [Anti- 
nous],  idealized  it  is  true,  but  rather 
suffering  than  gaining  by  the  process, 
is  powerfully  impressed  upon  the  colos- 
sal Dionysus  [Bacchus]  of  the  Vatican. 
What  distinguishes  this  great  work  is 
the  inbreathed  spirit  of  divinity.” 

J.  A.  Symonds. 

3.  A statue  by  Jacopo  Sanso- 
vino (1477-1570),  pronounced  “ one 
of  the  finest  statues  conceived  by 
any  modern  in  the  style  of  the 
antique.”  It  is  in  the  Uffizi  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  Italy. 

Bacchus.  See  Drunken  Bacchus 
and  Narcissus. 

Bacchus  and  Ariadne.  An  ad- 
mired mythological  picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576),  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Jgggp-  “ The  creation  of  the  Bacchus 
and  Ariadne  may  be  said  to  make  a 
third  with  that  of  Shakespeare’s  Mid- 
summer Night’s  Dream  and  Milton’s 
Comus ; each  given  in  their  own  proper 
language.”  Eastlake. 


Jg^  “ Is  there  any  thing  in  modern 
art  in  any  way  analogous  to  what 
Titian  has  effected  in  the  wonderful 
bringing  together  of  two  times  in  the 
Ariadne  of  the  National  Gallery  ? ” 

Charles  Lamb . 

Back  Bay.  An  expansion  of 
Charles  River,  the  principal 
stream  flowing  into  Boston  Har- 
bor. On  the  new  made  land  in 
this  region  of  the  city  (to  which 
quarter  the  name  Back  Bay  is 
commonly  applied)  are  some  of 
the  finest  streets  and  buildings. 

The  crowds  filled  the  decorous  streets, 
and  the  trim  pathways  of  the  Common 
and  the  Public  Garden,  and  flowed  in  an 
orderly  course  towards  the  vast  edifice 
on  the  Back  Bay , presenting  the  interest- 
ing points  which  always  distinguish  a 
crowd  come  to  town  from  a city  crowd. 

W.  D.  Howells. 

Bacon’s  Brazen  Head.  See  Friar 
Bacon’s  Brazen  Head. 

Badia,  La.  A celebrated  abbey 
church  in  Florence,  Italy.  It 
was  founded  in  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood  of  Flor- 
ence is  another  church  built  by 
the  Medici,  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, known  as  La  Badia  di  Fie- 
sole. 

Badminton.  The  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Beaufort,  10  miles  from  Chip- 
penham, England. 

Bagnigge  Wells.  Formerly  a 
noted  mineral  spring  in  Isling- 
ton, London.  It  was  much  vis- 
ited by  Londoners  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  eighteenth  and  first 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Its  gardens  were  extensive,  and 
laid  out  in  the  fashion  of  the 
times  ; but  its  mineral  springs 
were  the  principal  attraction. 
Miss  Edgeworth  alludes  to  it  as 
a place  of  popular  resort,  and  it 
is  often  spoken  of  by  authors  of 
the  last  century.  It  has  ceased 
to  exist. 

J “Bagnigge  Wells  were  situated 
on  a little  stream  called  the  River  Bag- 


BAI  ' 


BAM 


nigge,  though  scarcely  better  than  a 
ditch.  The  House  of  Bagnigge  was  at 
one  time  inhabited  by  Nell  (fwynn. 
On  an  inscription  on  the  front  of  it 
stood  : ‘ T.  S.  This  is  Bagnigge  House 
near  the  Pindar  a Wakefeiide,  1680.’” 
W.  Howitt . 

Baiae,  Bay  of.  See  Bay  of  Bale. 

Bailey,  Old.  See  Old  Bailey. 

Baker  Street.  A well-known 

street  in  London,  leading  north 
from  Portman  Square.  In  Baker 
Street  is  Madame  Tussaud’s  cele- 
brated exhibition  of  wax-work 
figures.  See  Madame  Tls- 

saud’s  Exhibition. 

What  would  they  say  in  Baiter  Street  to 
some  sights  with  which  our  new  friends 
favored  us?  Thackeray 

Balbi  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Balbi.] 
A well-known  palace  in  Genoa, 
Italy,  containing  some  treasures 
of  art. 

Balbi.  See  Strada  Balbi. 

Baldacchino.  [The  Canopy.]  The 
bronze  canopy  which  covers  the 
high  altar  in  St.  Peter’s  Church, 
Borne.  It  was  cast  after  designs 
by  Bernini  in  1633,  and  made 
chiefly  from  the  bronze  taken 
from  the  Pantheon,  and  partly 
from  metal  which  Pope  Urban 
VIII.  procured  from  Venice. 

“ It  is  difficult  to  imagine  on 
what  ground,  or  for  what  purpose,  this 
costly  fabric  was  placed  here.  It  has 
neither  beauty  nor  grandeur,  and  re- 
sembles nothing  so  much  as  a colossal 
four-post  bedstead  without  the  curtains. 
...  It  is  a pursuing  and  intrusive 
presence.  . . . We  wish  it  anywhere 
but  where  it  is,  under  the  dome,  rear- 
ing its  tawdry  commonplace  into  that 
majestic  space,  and  scrawling  upon 
the  air  its  feeble  and  affected  lines  of 
spiral.”  Hillard. 

4®=  “ It  only  looked  like  a consid- 
erably magnified  bedstead  — nothing 
more.  Yet  I knew  it  was  a good  deal 
more  than  half  as  high  as  Niagara 
Falls.  It  was  overshadowed  by  a 
dome  so  mighty  that  its  own  height 
was  snubbed.”  Mark  Twain. 

Balduinstein.  A feudal  fortress 
on  the  river  Lahn,  near  Dietz,  in 
Germany.  It  was  built  in  1325. 

Balgownie,  Bridge  of.  See  Brig 
o’  Balgownie. 


Baliol  College.  A noted  college  in 
Oxford,  England,  being  one  of 
the  nineteen  colleges  included  in 
the  University.  It  was  founded 
about  the  year  1263. 

1637.  10  May,  I was  admitted  a fellow 
communer  of  Baliol  College.  . . . The  fel- 
low communers  were  no  more  -exempt 
from  exercise  than  the  meanest  common- 
ers there.  John  Evelyn , Diary. 

Ball’s  Cave.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Schoharie  County,  N.Y.  It  is 
traversed  in  boats  which  follow 
the  course  of  a subterranean  river 
at  a depth  of  one  hundred  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Ballybunian.  A series  of  noted 
caves  which  are  among  the  most 
remarkable  of  the  natural  won- 
ders of  Ireland.  They  are  situ- 
ated not  far  from  Tralee,  in  the 
county  of  Kerry,  Ireland. 

Balmoral  Castle.  A castle  in  Scot- 
land, on  the  river  Dee,  about  40 
miles  south-west  of  Aberdeen, 
belonging  to  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land, and  occupied  by  her  as  a 
Highland  residence. 

Baltimore  Street.  A main  avenue 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  a favorite 
-promenade. 

Baltony.  A Druidical  temple  in 
the  county  of  Donegal,  Ireland, 
somewhat  resembling  that  at 
Stonehenge  in  size  and  structure. 

Bambino  Santissimo.  [The  Holy 
Infant  ] A wooden  figure  of  the 
infant  Saviour,  preserved  in  the 
church  of  Ara  Coeli  at  Koine, 
whose  miraculous  powers  in  cur- 
ing the  sick  have  caused  it  to  be 
held  in  wonderful  repute.  Ac- 
cording to  the  legend  it  was 
carved  by  a Franciscan  pilgrim 
out  of  a tree  from  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  and  was  painted  by  St. 
Luke  while  the  pilgrim  was  sleep- 
ing over  his  work.  The  image  is 
extremely  rich  in  gems  and  jew- 
elry, and  is  held  in  such  esteem 
in  cases  of  severe  sickness  that  it 
has  been  said  by  the  Italians  to 
receive  more  fees  than  any  phy- 
sician in  Rome.  The  festival  of 
the  Bambino,  which  occurs  at 
the  Epiphany,  attracts  crowds  of 
peasantry  from  all  parts  of  the 
surrounding  country. 


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37 


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j “On  the  6th  of  January,  the 
lofty  steps  of  Ara  Ooeli  looked  like  an 
ant-hill,  so  thronged  were  they  with 
people.  ...  II  Bambino,  a painted 
image  of  wood,  covered  with  jewels, 
was  carried  by  a monk  in  white  gloves, 
and  exhibited  to  the  people.  Every- 
body dropped  down  upon  their  knees.” 
Frederika  Bremer. 

“ The  disposition  of  the  group 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  lights  are 
managed  with  considerable  skill.  On 
this  occasion  the  church  is  always 
thronged,  especially  by  peasants  from 
the  country.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

4SgP“The  miraculous  Bambino  is  a 
painted  doll,  swaddled  in  a white  dress, 
which  is  crusted  over  with  magnificent 
diamonds,  emeralds,  and  rubies.  The 
Virgin  also  wears  in  her  ears  superb 
diamond  pendants.  The  general  effect 
of  the  scenic  show  is  admirable,  and 
crowds  flock  to  it  and  press  about  it  ail 
day  long.”  IF.  IF.  Story. 

Garnished  from  throat  to  foot  with  rings 
And  brooches  and  precious  offerings, 

And  its  little  nose  kissed  quite  away 
By  dying  lips.  . . . 

...  for  you  must  know 
It  has  its  minions  to  come  and  go. 

Its  perfumed  chamber,  remote  and  still, 
Its  silken  couch,  and  its  jewelled  throne, 
And  a special  carriage  of  its  own 
To  take  the  air  in,  when  it  will. 

T.  B.  Aldrich. 

Banbury  Cross.  In  Oxfordshire, 
England.  The  place  was  famous 
for  its  cakes  and  ale,  and  also  for 
its  Puritanic  zeal.  In  the  latter 
part  of  Elizabeth’s  reign  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to  revive  the 
shows  and  pageants  of  the  Catho- 
lic Church  in  Banbury;  but  when 
the  performers  reached  the  high 
cross  in  Banbury,  a collision  oc- 
curred between  them  and  the  Pu- 
ritans, in  which  the  latter  were 
victorious.  The  high  cross,  and 
three  smaller  ones,  were  cut  down 
and  hacked  in  pieces.  The  mag- 
nificent church  met  with  a simi- 
lar fate. 

Ride  a cock-horse  to  Banbury  Cross , 

To  see  a fine  lady  ride  on  a white  horse, 
Rings  on  her  fingers,  and  bells  on  her  toes. 
That  she  may  make  music  wherever  she 
goes.  Mother  Goose. 

Bangor  House.  An  old  ecclesias- 
tical mansion  in  London  — the 
residence  of  the  Bishops  of  Ban- 
gor—which  stood  until  1828. 

Banias.  A noble  deserted  castle 
in  Syria,  of  very  high  antiquity, 
one  of  the  finest  examples  of 


Phoenician  architecture.  Portions 
of  the  building  are  of  the  period 
of  the  Middle  Ages.  It  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Christians  at  the  time 
of  the  Crusades,  after  which  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Moslems, 
and  in  the  seventeenth  century 
was  allowed  to  go  to  ruin.  [Called 
also  Castle  of  Subeibeh.] 

Bank  of  England.  The  great  na- 
tional moneyed  institution  of 
England,  and  the  principal  bank 
of  deposit  and  circulation  in  the 
world,  situated  in  Tlireadneedle 
Street,  London.  It  is  sometimes 
jocularly  styled  “ The  Old  Lady 
of  Tlireadneedle  Street.”  It  was 
founded  in  1691.  The  process  of 
weighing  gold  and  printing  bank- 
notes is  one  of  the  most  wonder- 
ful results  of  mechanical  inven- 
tion. The  chief  halls  of  the  Bank 
are  open  to  the  public. 

The  finished  glaze  of  life  in  Paris  is  less 
invariable,  and  the  full  tide  of  trade  round 
the  Bank  of  England  is  not  so  inexorably 
powerful.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Bank  of  Ireland.  A noble  build- 
ing — formerly  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament— in  Dublin. 

4®^  “ The  Bank  of  Ireland  is  univer- 
sally classed  among  the  most  perfect 
examples  of  British  architecture  in  the 
kingdom;  and  indeed  is,  perhaps,  un- 
surpassed in  Europe.  Yet,  strange  to 
say,  little  or  nothing  is  known  of  the 
architect  — the  history  of  the  graceful 
and  beautiful  structure  being  wrapt  in 
obscurity  almost  approaching  to  mys- 
tery. It  is  built  entirely  of  Portland 
stone,  and  is  remarkable  for  an  absence 
of  all  meretricious  ornament,  attracting 
entirely  by  its  pure,  classic,  and  rigid- 
ly simple  architecture.  In  1802  it  was 
purchased  from  government  by  the  gov- 
ernors of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  who 
have  since  subjected  it  to  some  altera- 
tions, with  a view  to  its  better  applica- 
tion to  its  present  purpose.  These 
changes,  however,  have  been  effected 
without  impairing  its  beauty  either  ex- 
ternally or  internally;  and  it  unques- 
tionably merits  its  reputation  as  ‘ the 
grandest,  most  convenient,  and  most 
extensive  edifice  of  the  kind  in  Eu- 
rope.’ ” Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Banks,  The.  A name  familiarly 
given  to  the  shoal,  or  submarine 
table-land,  extending  some  300 
miles  eastward  of  Newfound- 
land, and  much  frequented  by 


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38 


BAR 


fishing-craft.  The  depth  of  wa- 
ter varies  from  25  to  60  fathoms. 

The  good  ship  darts  through  the  water, 
all  day,  all  night,  like  a fish,  quivering 
with  speed,  gliding  through  liquid  leagues, 
sliding  from  horizon  to  horizon.  She  has 
passed  Cape  Sable ; she  has  reached  the 
Banks,  the  land-birds  are  left ; no  fisher- 
men—and  still  we  fly  for  our  lives. 

R.  W.  Emerson. 

Banqne  de  France.  [Bank  of 
France.]  The  Bank  of  France,  in 
the  Rue  de  la  Vrilliere,  Paris, 
was  founded  in  1803.  Its  capital 
is  182,500,000  francs,  and  the  av- 
erage amount  of  bullion  in  the 
large  and  carefully  guarded  vaults 
has  been  of  late  years  about  300,- 
000,000  francs  (£12,000,000).  The 
Bank  has  branches  in  the  chief 
large  towns. 

Banqueting  House.  A building 
in  Whitehall,  London,  forming 
part  of  a magnificent  design  by 
Inigo  Jones,  but  of  which  only 
this  portion  was  completed.  The 
ceiling  is  adorned  with  paintings 
by  Rubens.  Upon  a scaffold 
erected  in  front  of  the  Banquet- 
ing House,  Charles  I.  was  led 
forth  to  execution. 

Baphomet.  A small  human  figure 
which  served  among  the  Tem- 
plars as  an  idol,  or,  more  accu- 
rately, as  a symbol.  This  figure, 
of  which  specimens  are  to  be 
found  in  some  Continental  muse- 
ums, was  carved  of  stone,  and 
had  two  heads,  one  male  and  the 
other  female,  while  the  body  was 
that  of  a female.  The  image  was 
covered  with  mysterious  em- 
blems. The  name  Baphomet  is 
thought  to  be  an  accidental  cor- 
ruption of  Mahomet. 

Baptism  of  Christ.  A picture  by 
Giotto  di  Bondone  (1276-1336). 
In  the  Accademia  at  Florence, 
Italy. 

Baptism  of  Christ.  A picture  by 
Rogier  van  der  Weyden  (1400- 
1464).  In  the  Museum  at  Berlin, 
Prussia. 

Baptism  <tf  Christ.  A fresco  by 
Pietro  Perugino  (1446-1524),  in  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Baptism  of  Christ.  A well-known 
picture  by  Gheerardt  David 


(1484-1523),  a Flemish  painter. 
Now  in  the  Academy  of  Bruges, 
Belgium. 

Baptism  of  Christ.  A picture  by 
Francesco  Albani  (1578-1660).  In 
the  church  of  S.  Georgio,  Bolo- 
gna, Italy. 

Baptism  of  Pocahontas.  A pic- 
ture in  one  of  the  panels  of  the 
Rotunda  in  the  Capitol  of  Wash- 
ington, representing  the  well- 
known  scene  in  the  early  history 
of  Virginia,  which  is  "now  re- 
garded as  destitute  of  truth,  or 
mainly  legendary.  This  paint- 
ing was  executed  by  John  G. 
Chapman  (b.  1808)  under  commis- 
sion from  Congress,  and  is  not 
considered  a work  of  merit.  It 
has  become  very  familiar  to  the 
general  public  by  its  reproduc- 
tion as  an  engraving  upon  the 
back  of  the  twenty-dollar  note 
of  the  national  currency. 

Baptist.  See  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist. 

Baptistery  of  Pisa.  A well- 
known  building  in  Pisa,  Italy, 
forming  one  of  the  beautiful  and 
noted  group  of  marble  struc- 
tures which  includes  the  Cathe- 
dral, the  Baptistery,  the  Leaning 
Tower,  and  the  Campo  Santo, 
See  Pisa  Cathedral,  Leaning 
Tower,  Campo  Santo. 

In  this  building  hangs  the  cele- 
brated lamp  whose  measured  swinging 
suggested  to  Galileo  the  theory  of  the 
pendulum. 

Baptistery  of  San  Giovanni.  A 

famous  religious  edifice  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  noted  especially  for 
its  beautiful  gates  — the  work  of 
Andrea  Pisano  and  of  Lorenzo 
Ghiberti. 

Barbara,  St.  See  St.  Barbara. 

Barberi,  Course  des.  See  Course 
des  Barberi. 

Barberini  Faun.  A celebrated 
work  of  ancient  sculpture,  so 
called  from  having  once  belonged 
to  the  Barberini  family  in  Rome, 
but  now  preserved  in  the  Glypto- 
thek  at  Munich,  Bavaria.  See 
Faun,  Sleeping  Faun,  Dancing 
Faun,  etc. 


BAR 


39 


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4Ggp*  “ A colossal  male  figure  of  the 
Satyr  class,  sleeping,  half  sitting,  half 
reclining,  on  a rock.  The  peculiar 
merits  of  this  work  claim  particular 
notice.  It  is  essentially  a work  of 
character.  The  expression  of  heavy 
sleep  is  admirably  given  in  the  head 
and  falling  arm.  . . . The  precise  date 
of  this  fine  statue  has  not  been  deter- 
mined ; but  the  style  of  form,  and  excel- 
lent technical  treatment  of  the  marble, 
leave  little  doubt  of  its  having  emanated 
from  the  best  school  of  sculpture.  If 
not  from  the  hand  even  of  Scopas  or 
Praxiteles,  it  may  without  disparage- 
ment be  considered  the  work  of  a 
scarcely  inferior  scholar.” 

R.  Westmacott,jun. 

Barberini  Juno.  A colossal  statue 
of  the  goddess.  In  the  Vatican, 
Rome.  See  Juno. 

Barberini  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Barberini .]  One  of  the  largest 
palaces  in  Rome,  begun  by  Pope 
Urban  VIII.,  and  finished  by  Ber- 
nini in  1640.  It  contains  a valu- 
able library,  museum,  and  gallery 
of  paintings.  Among  the  latter  is 
the  celebrated  portrait  of  Beatrice 
Cenci,  by  Guido.  See  Beatrice 
Cenci. 

Barberini  Vase.  See  Portland 
Vase. 

Barbican.  A locality  in  London, 
so  called,  as  the  name  indicates, 
from  a former  watch-tower  of 
which  nothing  now  remains.  Mil- 
ton  lived  here  in  1646-47,  and  here 
wrote  some  of  his  shorter  poems. 

Barcaccia,  Fontana  della.  See 

Fontana  della  Barcaccia. 

Barclay’s  Brewery.  [Barclay, 
Perkins,  and  Co.]  The  largest 
and  most  famous  brewery  in  Lon- 
don (Park  Street,  Southwark), 
extending  over  11  acres,  and  in 
which  600  quarters  of  malt  are 
brewed  daily.  It  is  one  of  the 
sights  of  London.  It  is  said  to 
occupy  the  site  of  the  Globe 
Theatre  of  Shakespeare’s  time. 

Therefore,  I freely  acknowledge  that 
when  I see  a Jolly  young  Waterman  rep- 
resenting a cherubim,  or  a Barclay  and 
Perkins's  Drayman  depicted  as  an  Evan- 
gelist, I see  nothing  to  commend  or  ad- 
mire in  the  performance,  however  great 
its  reputed  Painter.  Dickens. 

Bardi,  Via  de’.  See  Via  de’  Bardi. 


Bargello.  A palace  in  Florence, 
otherwise  called  the  Palazzo  del 
Podesta,  the  seat  of  the  chief  tri- 
bunal of  justice,  built  in  the  year 
1250.  In  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  the  palace,  no 
longer  needed  for  the  dwelling  of 
the  chief  magistrate  of  a free  city, 
was  turned  into  a jail  for  common 
criminals,  and  what  had  been 
once  a beautiful  chapel  was  occu- 
pied as  a larder  or  store-room.  In 
this  room,  in  1840,  some  ancient 
and  precious  frescos  by  Giotto 
were  discovered,  among  others 
the  now  famous  portrait  of  Dante, 
the  only  one  known  to  have  been 
made  of  the  poet  during  his  life, 
and  on  that  account  of  inestim- 
able value.  The  palace  also  con- 
tains many  treasures  of  sculpture. 

4®"  “We  went  yesterday  forenoon 
to  see  the  Bargello.  I do  not  know 
any  thing  in  Florence  more  picturesque 
than  the  great  interior  court  of  this 
ancient  Palace  of  the  Podesta  with  the 
lofty  height  of  the  edifice  looking  down 
into  the  enclosed  space,  dark  and  stern.” 
Hawthorne. 

lie  [Dante]  has  been  down  to  hell,  and 
come  back  as  the  women  in  Verona  saw 
him,  scarred  and  singed;  far  otherwise, 
truly,  than  as  Giotto  painted  him  on  the 
wall  of  the  Bargello,  with  the  clear-cut 
features,  and  fresh  look  of  early  manhood, 
and  pomegranates  of  peace  in  his  hand. 

Chr.  Examiner. 

Barnard  Castle.  A ruined  fortress, 
now  tlie  property  of  the  Duke  of 
Cleveland,  on  the  river  Tees  in 
England.  It  gives  its  name  to 
the  town  in  which  it  stands. 

While,  as  a livelier  twilight  falls, 

Emerge  from  Barnard's  bannered  walls. 

Scott. 

Barnard’s  Inn.  A law  establish- 
ment, one  of  the  Inns  of  Chan- 
cery, in  London. 

“ I [Pip]  was  still  looking  side- 
ways at  his  block  of  a face  . . . when 
he  [Mr.  Wemmick]  said  here  we  were 
at  ‘Barnard’s  Inn.’  My  depression 
was  not  alleviated  by  the  announce- 
ment, for  I had  supposed  that  estab- 
lishment to  be  an  hotel  kept  by  Mr. 
Barnard,  . . . whereas  I now  found 
Barnard  to  be  a disembodied  spirit  or 
fiction,  and  his  inn  the  dingiest  collec- 
tion of  shabby  buildings  ever  squeezed 
together  in  a rank  corner  as  a club  for 
Tom-cats.  ...  A frowsy  mourning  of 
soot  and  smoke  attired  this  forlorn 


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40 


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creation  of  Barnard,  and  it  had  strewed 
ashes  on  its  head,  and  was  undergoing 
penance  and  humiliation  as  a mere 
dust-hole.  Thus  far  my  sense  of  sight ; 
while  dry  rot,  and  wet  rot,  and  all  the 
silent  rots  that  rot  in  neglected  roof 
and  cellar  — rot  of  rat,  and  mouse,  and 
bug,  and  coaching  stables  near  at  hand 
besides  — addressed  themselves  faintly 
to  my  sense  of  smell,  and  moaned, 

‘ Try  Barnard’s  Mixture.’  ” Dickens. 

Barrack  Bridge.  An  ancient  and 
noted  bridge  over  the  Liffey  in 
Dublin,  Ireland.  It  was  for- 
merly called  the  Bloody  Bridge, 
from  a sanguinary  conflict  fought 
in  its  vicinity  between  the  Irish 
and  the  English,  A.D.  1108. 

Barricades,  Les.  A picture  by 
Ferdinand  Victor  Eugene  Dela- 
croix (1799-1863).  In  Paris. 

He  [the  painter]  is  bound  to  be  vera- 
cious and  dramatic ; if  he  shows  us  a bat- 
tle, let  it  be  the  Barricades  of  Delacroix. 

Taine , Trans. 

Barriere  de  Vincennes.  See  Bar- 
die he  du  Trone. 

Barriere  de  Clichy.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Horace  Vernet  (1789- 
1863).  In  the  Luxembourg, 
Paris. 

Barriere  du  Combat.  An  old  bar- 
rier, corner  of  the  Boulevard  du 
Combat  and  the  Boulevard  de  la 
Butte  Chaumont,  Paris.  It  is  on 
the  line  of  the  fortifications  of 
old  Paris. 

One  of  them  said  of  the  dancers  on 
the  platform  [at  the  Mabille]:  They  turn 
like  caged  beasts,  that  is  the  Barriere  da 
Combat.  Taine , Trans. 

Barribre  du  Trone.  One  of  the 
old  gates  of  Paris,  so  called  from 
the  throne  used  by  Louis  XIV.  in 
1660,  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  on  the 
road  to  Vincennes.  It  was  for- 
merly the  Barriere  de  Vincennes. 

As  I wished  to  see  every  thing,  I went 
over  to  the  bai  Perron  at  the  Barriere  da 
Trone.  Taine , Trans. 

Barrogill  Castle.  A seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Caithness,  in  the  North 
of  Scotland,  not  far  from  Wick. 

Bartholomew  Close.  A passage 
in  London,  where  for  a time  Mil- 
ton  was  secreted. 

Bartholomew  Fair.  A famous  fair 
formerly  held  at  Smithfield,  Lon- 


don. It  was  one  of  the  leading 
fairs  of  England,  and  was  estab- 
lished under  a grant  from  Henry 
I.  to  the  priory  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. The  original  grant  was 
for  the  eve  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
and  the  two  succeeding  days 
(N.  S.  Sept.  3 to  Sept.  6),  but  the 
duration  of  the  fair  was  after- 
wards extended  to  11  days.  Bar- 
tholomew Fair  was  proclaimed 
for  the  last  time  in  1855,  and  for 
a long  period  previous  to  its  abo- 
lition was  a scene  of  much  li- 
cense. Many  of  its  customs  and 
abuses  are  pictured  in  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  comedy  of  “Bartholomew 
Fair.”  Morley’s  “Memoirs  of 
Bartholomew  Fair  ” contains 
many  details  upon  the  subject. 
See  Smithfield. 

Doll.  V faith,  and  thou  followedst 
him  like  a church.  Thou  whoreson  little 
tidy  Bartholomew  boar-pig,  when  wilt 
thou  leave  lighting  o’  days,  and  foining 
o'  nights,  and  begin  to  patch  up  thine  old 
body  for  heaven  ? 

Shakespeare , Henry  IV 
Not.  that  of  pasteboard  which  men  shew 
For  groats  at  Fair  of  Bartholomew. 

Butler . 

A countryman  coming  one  day  to 
Smithfield,  in  order  to  take  a slice  of 
Bartholomew  Fair , found  a perfect  show 
before  every  booth.  The  drummer,  the 
fire-eater,  the  wire-walker,  and  the  salt- 
lux  were  all  employed  to  invite  him  in. 

Goldsmith. 

To  Johnson  Li.  c wras  as  a Prison,  to  be 
endured  writh  heroic  faith:  to  Hume  it 
w as  little  more  than  a foolish  Bartholo- 
mew-Fair Show-booth,  with  the  foolish 
crowdings  and  elbow  ings  of  which  it  was 
not  worth  wTiile  to  quarrel;  the  whole 
would  break  up,  and  be  at  liberty,  so 
soon.  Carlyle. 

Bartholomew’s  Hospital.  See  St. 
Bartholomew’s  Hospital. 

Bartolomeo  Colleoni.  A cele- 
brated equestrian  statue  in  Ven- 
ice, Italy,  designed  by  Andrea 
Verrocchio  (1432-1488). 

4^  “ I do  not  believe  that  there  is  a 
more  glorious  work  of  sculpture  exist- 
ing in  the  world.”  Buskin. 

Basil,  St.  See  St.  Basil. 

Bass  Rock.  A fortress  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  near  Edinburgh. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  prison  in 
which  the  Covenanters  were  im- 
mured. 


BAS 


41 


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“ It  was  this  fortress  that 
Habakkuk  M tickle wrath  [a  fanatic 
preacher  in  Scott’s  ‘Old  Mortality’] 
speaks  of  in  his  ravings  when  he  says, 
‘Am  I not  Habakkuk  Mucklewrath, 
whose  name  is  changed  to  Major-Miss- 
abib,  because  I am  made  a terror  unto 
myself,  and  unto  all  that  are  around 
me?  1 heard  it:  when  did  I hear  it? 
Was  it  not  in  the  tower  of  the  Bass, 
that  overhangcth  the  wide,  wild  sea? 
and  it  howled  in  the  winds,  and  it 
roared  in  the  billows,  and  it  screamed, 
and  it  whistled,  and  it  clanged,  with 
the  screams  and  the  clang  and  the 
whistle  of  the  sea-birds,  as  they  floated 
and  flew,  and  dropped  and  dived  oil  the 
bosom  of  the  waters.’” 

Mrs.  IT.  B.  Stowe. 

Bastei,  The.  A remarkable  and 
noted  precipice  on  tlie  Elbe,  in 
the  region  called  the  “ Saxon 
Switzerland/’ 

Bastille.  This  name  — a general 
term  for  a strong  fortress,  protect- 
ed by  bastions  or  towers  — is  com- 
monly applied  to  the  structure 
which  was  originally  a castle  for 
the  defence  of  Paris,  but  which 
in  later  times  became  the  famous 
prison  known  as  the  Bastille. 
The  castle  was  built  in  the  four- 
teenth century  for  the  defence  of 
the  gate  of  St.  Antoine  against 
the  English.  It  was  a stone 
building  of  an  oblong  shape,  with 
eight  circular  semi-engaged  tow- 
ers, in  which  (and  also  in  the  cel- 
lars) the  prisons  were  situated. 
The  Bastille,  though  not  a strong 
fortress,  regarded  in  the  light  of 
modern  military  science,  com- 
manded with  its  guns  the  Fau- 
bourg St.  Antoine,  the  workmen’s 
quarter.  Although  by  its  lofty 
walls,  its  guns,  and  its  moat,  it 
seemed  proof  against  any  assaults 
of  the  people,  it  was  attacked, 
July  14,  1789,  by  a mob  of  50,000 
persons,  with  twenty  cannon,  and 
the  assistance  of  the  Gardes  Fran- 
cises, and  was  soon  taken,  after 
a feeble  defence  by  the  governor 
Delaunay  and  his  small  garrison 
of  82  invalids  and  32  Swiss.  On 
the  following  day  the  destruction 
of  the  building  was  begun  by  the 
exasperated  multitude.  Although 
only  seven  prisoners  were  found 
in  the  Bastille  at  the  time  of  its 
destruction,  it  had  been  the  place 


of  confinement  of  many  persons 
of  the  upper  classes.  — many  vic- 
tims of  intrigue,  family  quarrels, 
political  despotism,  and  various 
forms  of  tyranny,  — many  noble- 
men, sctvans,  authors,  priests, 
publishers.  The  position  of  this 
famous  prison  is  now  marked  by 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille.  The 
Bastille  was  always  to  the  people 
of  Paris  a threatening  emblem  of 
arbitrariness  and  oppression.  See 
Place  de  la  Bastille. 

jgQf"  “ The*  history  of  the  Bastille 
would  comprehend,  strictly  speaking, 
all  the  intellectual  and  political  move- 
ments of  France.”  Mongin . 

When  silent  zephyrs  sported  with  the 
dust 

Of  the  Bastille , I sat  in  the  open  sun. 

And  from  the  rubbish  gathered  up  a stone, 
And  pocketed  the  relic,  in  the  guise 
Of  an  enthusiast.  Wordsworth , 

The  dark  foundations  of  the  Bastille  walls 
Were  banked  with  lengthy,  crisp,  white, 
sloping  drifts 

Of  hailstones  multitudinous,  that  lay 
Thick  as  the  pebbles  on  a moonlit  beach. 

George  Gordon  Me  Crae. 

There  were  censors  then  for  those  who 
attempted  to  write,  and  the  Bastille  for 
those  who  were  refractory 

Thiers , Trans. 

In  order  to  "write  well  on  liberty,  I 
should  wish  to  be  in  the  Bastille. 

Voltaire , Trans. 

Bastille,  Place  de  la.  See  Place 
de  la  Bastille. 

Bates  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  in  Lewiston,  Me.,  organ- 
ized in  1864. 

Bates  Hall.  The  main  library  room 
in  the  Public  Library  building, 
Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass 
This  room  contains  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  large  collec- 
tion of  books  belonging  to  the 
city,  and  was  named  after  the 
principal  benefactor  of  the  insti- 
tution, Joshua  Bates  (1788-1864), 
who  contributed  largely  towards 
its  endowment. 

Bath  House.  The  town  residence 
of  Lord  Ashburton,  Piccadilly, 
London.  It  contains  a tine  col- 
lection of  Dutch  and  Flemish  pic- 
tures. 

Bathiaz.  La.  An  ancient  feudal 
stronghold  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Martigny,  Switzerland. 


BAT 


42 


BAT 


Bathing  Soldiers.  See  Soldiers 
Bathing  in  the  Arno. 

Bath"  of  Caracalla.  The  most  per- 
fect of  all  the  Roman  Thermae, 
and  one  of  the  most  impressive 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city,  situated 
on  the  Via  di  S.  Sebastiano,  under 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Aven- 
tine  They  were  begun  by  Cara- 
calla about  212  A.D.;  and  the 
portions  devoted  to  the  baths, 
which  were  supplied  by  the  An- 
tonine  Aqueduct,  are  said  to  have 
accommodated  1,600  persons  at 
one  time,  while  the  whole  edifice 
was  nearly  a mile  in  circuit. 
Many  pieces  of  sculpture,  among 
others  the  Farnese  Hercules, 
were  discovered  in  these  baths. 
The  ruins  were  a favorite  resort 
of  the  poet  Shelley. 

4®=  “In  the  Baths  of  Caracalla, 
there  is  no  unity  of  impression  : a mass 
of  details  is  heaped  up  like  rubbish 
shot  from  a cart.  They  are  a town- 
meeting of  ruins  without  a moderator.” 
Hillard. 

4®=  “ They  now  present  an  im- 
mense mass  of  frowning  and  roofless 
ruins  abandoned  to  decay;  and  their 
fallen  grandeur,  their  almost  immeas- 
urable extent,  the  tremendous  frag- 
ments of  broken  wall  that  fill  them,  the 
wild  weeds  and  brambles  which  wave 
over  them,  their  solitude  and  their 
silence;  the  magnificence  they  once 
displayed  and  the  desolation  they  now 
exhibit,  — are  powerfully  calculated  to 
affect  the  imagination.”  Eaton. 

4C5"  “ There  is  nothing  with  which 
to  compare  its  form,  while  the  line  it 
describes  on  the  sky  is  unique.  You 
enter,  and  it  seems  as  if  you  had  never 
seen  any  thing  in  the  world  so  grand. 
The  Colosseum  itself  is  no  approach  to 
it,  so  much  do  a multiplicity  and  ir 
regularity  of  ruins  add  to  the  vastness 
of  the  vast  enclosure.”  Tame , Trans. 

4Gtf  “From  these  stately  palaces 
[the  Thermae,  or  Baths  of  Caracalla] 
issued  fo  th  a swarm  of  dirty  and 
ragged  plebeians,  without  shoes  and 
without  mantle,  who  loitered  away 
whole  days  in  the  streets  or  Forum  to 
hear  news  and  to  hold  disputes ; who 
dissipated  in  extravagant  gaming  the 
miserable  pittance  of  their  wives  and 
children,  and  spent  the  hours  of  the 
night  in  the  indulgence  of  gross  and 
vulgar  sensuality.”  Gibbon. 

46gT  “This  poem  [the  Prometheus 
Unbound]  was  chiefly  written  upon 
the  mountainous  ruins  of  the  Baths  of 


Caracalla,  among  the  flowery  glades 
and  thickets  of  odoriferous  blossoming 
trees  which  are  extended  in  ever-widen- 
ing labyrinths  upon  its  immense  plat- 
forms and  dizzy  arches.”  Shelley. 

Baths  of  Diocletian.  A vast  col- 
lection of  ruins  in  Rome,  cover- 
ing, it  is  said,  a space  of  440,000 
square  yards.  The  construction 
of  these  baths  was  begun  under 
the  Emperors  Diocletian  and 
Maximian  about  A.D.  302;  and 
40,000  Christians,  it  is  related, 
were  employed  upon  them.  The 
Thermal  are  said  to  have  had 
twice  the  capacity  of  the  Baths 
of  Caracalla,  and  the  ruins  with 
the  surrounding  buildings  cover 
a space  which  is  nearly  a mile  in 
circumference.  The  great  central 
hall  was  converted  by  Michael 
Angelo  into  a church  (Sta.  Maria 
degli  Angeli),  which  was,  how- 
ever, altered  by  Vanvitelli  in  the 
last  century. 

4QP  “ We  drove  this  morning  to  the 
Baths  of  Diocletian,  which  are  scaV-cred 
over  the  summit  of  the  Quirinal  and 
Viminal  Hill,  and  which  in  extent  as 
well  as  splendor  are  said  to  have  sur- 
passed all  the  Thermae  of  ancient  Rome. 
Though  they  do  not  stand  in  the  same 
imposing  loneliness  of  situation  as 
those  of  Caracalla,  the  wide  space  of 
vacant  and  grass-grown  ground  over 
which  their  ruins  may  be  traced  tells  a 
melancholy  tale  of  departed  magnifi- 
cence.” Eaton. 

Baths  of  Titus.  The  ruins  of  cele- 
brated baths  built  by  the  Em- 
peror Titus  (A.D.  79-81)  upon  the 
southern  slope  of  the  Esquiline 
Hill  in  Rome,  overlooking  the 
northern  side  of  the  Coliseum. 
They  occupy  an  area  of  about 
1,150  feet  by  850  feet.  The  Baths 
of  Titus  and  those  of  Trajan  oc- 
cupy part  of  the  site  of  the  palace 
of  Nero,  which  in  turn  was  erect- 
ed on  that  part  of  the  Esquiline 
covered  by  the  house  and  gardens 
of  Maecenas.  Merivale  says  that 
the  Golden  House  of  Nero  “ was 
still  the  old  mansion  of  Augustus 
and  the  villa  of  Maecenas  con- 
nected by  a long  series  of  columns 
and  arches;  ” and  as  Titus  in  con- 
structing his  baths  made  use  of 
the  works  of  his  predecessors, 
parts  of  the  ruins  now  to  be  seen 


BAT 


43 


BAT 


are  thought  to  be  undoubtedly 
older  than  the  time  of  that  em- 
peror. In  these  baths  were  dis- 
covered the  famous  Nozze  Aldo- 
brandini  (q.v.);  and  there  are  still 
remaining  interesting  arabesques, 
though  their  color  and  outline 
are  fast  fading  away.  They  were 
a favorite  study  of  Raphael. 

j “ That  part  of  these  interesting 
ruins  which  has  been  excavated  is  near 
the  Colosseum.  We  passed  the  mouths 
of  nine  long  corridors  . . . and  entered 
the  portal  of  what  is  called  the  House 
of  Maecenas,  a name  so  justly  dear  to 
every  admirer  of  taste  and  literature, 
that  we  did  not  feel  disposed  too  scru- 
pulously to  question  the  grounds  of  the 
belief  that  we  actually  stood  within 
the  walls  of  that  classic  habitation 
where  Horace  and  Virgil  and  Ovid  and 
Augustus  must  have  so  often  met.” 

Eaton. 

Battersea  Park.  A pleasure- 
ground  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames,  facing  Chelsea  Hospital, 
London,  laid  out  with  orna- 
mental plantations,  a line  sheet 
of  water,  a sub-tropical  garden 
of  four  acres,  cricket-grounds,  etc. 

The  district  of  Battersea, 
thought  to  be  a corruption  of  Peter’s 
Eye  (or  Island),  was  once  a portion  of 
the  inheritance  of  St.  Peter’s  Abbey, 
Westminster.  It  had  great  celebrity 
for  the  asparagus  which  was  there 
raised. 

Battery,  The.  A park  of  10J 
acres  in  New  York  City,  at  the 
south  end  of  Manhattan  Island. 
A line  view  of  the  Bay  is  ob- 
tained from  the  promenade 
which  runs  along  the  water-front. 
The  immigrant  station  here  was 
originally  built  for  a fort  in  1807, 
was  granted  to  the  city  in  1823, 
and  afterwards  became  an  opera- 
house.  In  it  were  held  civic  re- 
ceptions of  Marquis  Lafayette, 
Gen.  Jackson,  President  Tyler, 
and  others,  and  here  (while  an  op- 
pera-house)  appeared  J enny  Lind , 
Sontag,  Parodi,  Jullien,  and  oth- 
ers. See  Castle  Garden. 

“ He  [Peter  Stuyvesant]  fortified 
the  city,  too,  with  pickets  and  palisa- 
does,  extending  across  the  island  from 
river  to  river,  and,  above  all,  cast  up 
mud  batteries,  or  redoubts,  on  the  point 
of  the  island  where  it  divided  the  beau- 
tiful bosom  of  the  bay.  These  latter 


redoubts,  in  process  of  time,  came  to 
be  pleasantly  overrun  by  a carpet  of 
grass  and  clover,  and  overshadowed  by 
wide-spreading  elms  and  sycamores, 
among  the  branches  of  which  the  birds 
would  build  their  nests  and  rejoice  the 
ear  with  their  melodious  notes.  Under 
these  trees,  too,  the  old  burghers  would 
smoke  their  afternoon  pipe,  contem- 
plating the  golden  sun  as  he  sank  in 
the  west,  an  emblem  of  the  tranquil 
end  toward  which  they  were  declining. 
Here,  too,  would  the  young  men  and 
maidens  of  the  town  take  their  evening 
stroll,  watching  the  silver  moonbeams 
as  they  trembled  along  the  calm  bosom 
of  the  bay,  or  lit  up  the  sail  of  some 
gliding  bark,  and  peradventure  inter- 
changing the  soft  vows  of  honest  affec- 
tion,— for  to  evening  strolls  in  this 
favored  spot  were  traced  most  of  the 
marriages  in  New  Amsterdam.  Such 
was  the  origin  of  that  renowned  prom- 
enade, The  Battery,  which,  though 
ostensibly  devoted  to  the  stern  purposes 
of  war,  has  ever  been  consecrated  to 
the  sweet  delights  of  peace.” 

Irving  ( Knickerbocker ). 

What  would  a Boston  or  New  York 
mother  think  of  taking  chairs  for  her 
whole  family,  grown-up  daughters  and  all, 
in  the  Mali,  or  upon  the  Battery , and 
spending  the  day  in  the  very  midst  of  the 
gayest  promenade  of  the  city  'i  People  of 
all  ranks  do  it  here  [in  Paris]. 

N.  P.  Willis. 

Where  nowadays  the  Battery  lies, 

New  York  had  just  begun,* 

A new-born  babe.  t<>  rub  its  eyes, 

In  Sixteen  Sixty-One. 

E.  C Stedman. 

The  visitor.  I may  say  without  flattery. 

Finds  few,  if  any,  ports  to  match  the 
view 

(When  the  wind's  up,  the  walk  is  slight- 
ly spattery) 

Of*  bustling,  white-winged  craft  and 
laughing  blue. 

Which  fixes  him  enchanted  on  the  Bat- 
tery, — 

So  full  of  life,  forever  fresh  and  new. 

T G.  Appleton. 

Battle  between  Constantine  and 
Maxentius.  A well-known  fres- 
co representing  the  battle  be- 
tween the  Emperor  Constantine 
and  Maxentius  at  the  Ponte 
Molle,  near  Rome.  The  design 
of  this  composition  was  by 
Raphael  (1483-1520),  but  it  was 
executed  by  Giulio  Romano 
(1492-1546).  It  is  in  a room,  called 
after  this  picture  the  Sala  <li  Cos- 
tantino,  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
Battle  Hill.  An  eminence  in 
Greenwood  Cemetery,  command- 
ing a grand  view  of  the'  cities  of 


BAT 


44 


BAY 


Yew  York  and  Brooklyn,  and 
the  Bay. 

Battle  Monument.  A memorial 
structure  in  Baltimore,  Md.#  built 
in  1815,  to  commemorate  the  sol- 
diers who  were  engaged  in  the 
defence  of  the  city  against  the 
British  troops  in  September,  1814. 
The  total  height  of  the  monu- 
ment is  72  feet. 

Battle  of  Austerlitz.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Francois  Gerard  (1770- 
188(5), the  eminent  French  painter. 
It  is  of  great  size  (30  feet  wide  by 
16  feet  highland  is  much  admired. 
It  was  painted  by  request  of 
Napoleon  I. 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  A well- 
known  picture  by  John  Trum- 
bull (1756-1843). 

4fSy=*“Not  surpassed  [this  and  his 
‘ Death  of  Montgomery  ’ J by  any  sim- 
ilar works  in  the  last  century,  and  thus 
far  stand  alone  in  American  historical 
paintings.”  Harper's  Magazine. 

Battle  of  Cadore.  A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576),  no  longer  ex- 
isting, but  of  which  there  is  a 
drawing  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery  in 
Florence,  Italy. 

Battle  of  Darius  and  Alexander. 

A celebrated  mosaic  found  at 
Pompeii,  and  now  preserved  in 
the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 

Battle  of  Gettysburg.  An  im- 
mense picture  by  Peter  F.  Roth- 
ermel  (b.  1817),  the  American 
artist.  It  was  painted  under 
commission  from  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  is  much  ad- 
mired. It  is  now  in  Fairxnount 
Park,  Philadelphia. 

Battle  of  Hercules  with  the  Cen- 
taurs. A marble  bas-relief  by 
Michael  Angelo  (1475-1564). 

Battle  of  Isly.  A noted  picture 
by  Horace  Vernet  (1789-1863),  the 
celebrated  French  painter. 

Battle  of  Lepanto.  A picture  by 
^itian  (1477-1576),  believed  to 
have  been  painted  by  him  at  the 
age  of  ninety-four.  At  Madrid, 
Spain. 

Battle  of  the  Amazons.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Peter  Paul  Ru- 


bens (1577-1640).  In  the  Munich 
gallery. 

Battle  of  the  Huns.  [Ger.  Ilunn - 
enschlacht.]  A celebrated  picture 
by  Wilhelm  von  Kaulbach  (1805- 
1874),  regarded  as  a masterpiece. 
In  the  museum  at  Berlin,  Prus- 
sia. It  is  “ founded  upon  the 
tradition  of  the  battle  before  the 
gates  of  Rome,  between  the  Rom- 
ans and  the  spirits  of  the  Huns 
who  were  slain,  which,  rising  in 
the  air,  continued  the  fight.” 

Battle  of  the  Issus.  A famous 
mosaic,  representing  the  battle 
between  Alexander  and  Darius 
at  the  river  Issus.  This  mosaic 
was  discovered  at  Pompeii  in 
1831,  and  is  the  finest  ancient 
relic  of  the  kind  in  existence.  It 
is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Naples, 
Italy. 

Battle  of  the  Standard.  A cele- 
brated cartoon  by  Leonardo  da 
Yinci  (1452-1520).  The  subject  is 
the  victory  of  the  Florentines  un- 
der the  Patriarch  of  Aquileja,  at 
Anghiari,  over  Niccolo  Piccinino, 
general  of  Filippo  Yisconti.  The 
cartoon  is  no  longer  in  existence. 
There  is  a sketch  by  Rubens,  and 
an  engraving  taken  from  it  by 
Edelinck,  called  the  “Battle  of 
the  Standard.” 

i “ Leonardo’s  work,  both  cartoon 
and  painting,  partook  of  the  evil  desti- 
ny, which,  not  unaccountably,  presided 
over  all  he  did.  He  repeated  the  same 
process  so  fatal  to  the  Last  Supper, 
only  apparently  with  still  fewer  pre- 
cautions, painted  in  oil  on  so  defective 
a ground  that  the  surface  gave  way  un- 
der his  own  hand,  and  the  work,  for 
which  he  had  already  received  a con- 
siderable sum,  was  finally  abandoned.” 
Eastlake. 

Battle  of  Waterloo.  A picture 
by  Sir  William  Allan  (1782-1850). 
In  the  possession  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington. 

Baumann^s  Gave.  A curious  cav- 
ern in  the  Harz  Mountains,  Ger- 
many, very  interesting  in  a geo- 
logical regard,  on  account  of  the 
fossil  remains  that  have  been  dis- 
covered in  it. 

Bavaria.  A colossal  bronze  statue 
by  Ludwig  Schwantlialer  (1802- 


BAY 


45 


BE  A 


1848).  It  is  54  feet  in  height, 
larger  than  any  other  work  of 
modern  sculpture.  In  the  Hall 
of  Fame  at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Bavon,  St.  See  St.  Baton. 

Bay  of  Baise.  A picture  by  Joseph 
Mallord  William  Turner  (1775— 
1851),  the  English  landscape 
painter,  and  regarded  one  of  his 
best  works.  In  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Bayenthurm.  A picturesque  Goth- 
ic tower  of  the  fourteenth  century 
in  Cologne,  Germany.  From  its 
position,  projecting  into  the  river 
Rhine,  it  serves  as  a sort  of  bar- 
rier against  the  drifting  ice. 

Bayeux  Tapestry.  [Fr.  Tctpisserie 
de  Bayeux .]  This  tapestry,  now 
preserved  at  Bayeux" near  Caen, 
France,  is  traditionally  said  to 
have  been  wrought  by  Matilda, 
queen  of  William  the  Conqueror. 
It  is  the  oldest  known  work  of 
the  kind.  It  is  214  feet  long  by 
19  inches  wide,  and  represents 
the  history  of  the  conquest  of 
England  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy, in  a series  of  scenes,  the 
subject  of  each  of  which  is  indi- 
cated by  a Latin  inscription . The 
series  extends  from  the  visit  of 
Harold  to  the  Norman  court  to 
his  death  at  Hastings. 

“The  most  celebrated,  if  not 
the  most  ancient  piece  of  needlework 
tapestry  — real  tapestry,  being  entirely 
wrought  by  the  needle,  as  was  usual  in 
the  earliest  period  of  its  history  — 
which  time  has  spared  us,  is  the  ‘ Baj'- 
eux  tapestry,’  and  called  at  Bayeux  the 
4 Toilet  of  Queen  Matilda,’  or  of  ‘ Due 
Guillaume.’  ” L.  Jewitt. 

“ Of  Norman  armor  and  arms 
in  England,  the  Bayeux  oapestry  affords 
every  detail,  and  may  be  looked  upon 
as  a valuable  storehouse  of  informa- 
tion.” L.  Jewitt . 

Beacon  Hill.  An  eminence  north 
of  the  Common  in  Boston,  Mass., 
now  covered  with  streets  and 
houses.  It  was  so  called  from 
the  circumstance,  that,  in  the 
early  days  of  the  city,  beacon- 
fires  were  lighted  here  to  arouse 
the  people  in  case  of  danger. 

And,  sunlike,  from  her  Beacon  height 
The  dome-crowned  city  spreads  her  rays. 

Holmes. 


Beacon  Street.  A well-known 
street  of  residences  in  Boston, 
Mass.  It  was  originally  known 
as  the  lane  leading  to  the  alms- 
house, at  which  it  terminated. 

M3T  “ The  name  of  Beacon  Street 
was  applied  very  early  to  that  portion 
north  and  east  of  the  State  House,  and 
to  the  westerly  part  before  the  Revolu- 
tion. At  this  time  there  were  not 
more  than  three  houses  between 
Charles  Street  and  the  upper  end  of 
the  Common.  The  rest  of  the  hill  was 
covered  with  small  cedars  and  native 
shrubbery  with  here  and  there  a cow- 
path  through  which  the  herds  ranged 
unmolested.”  Drake. 

Beacon  Street , venr  like  Piccadilly,  as 
it  runs  along  the  Green  Park,  and  there  is 
the  Green  Park  opposite  to  this  Picca- 
dilly, called  Boston  Common. 

Anthony  Trollope. 

The  lack-lustre  eye,  ray  less  as  a Beacon- 
street  door  plate  in  August,  all  at  once  tills 
with  light ; the  face  flings  itself  wide  opt  n, 
like  the  church-portals  when  the  bride 
and  bridegroom  enter.  Holmes. 

The  bore  is  the  same,  eating  dates  under 
the  cedars  of  Lebanon,  as  over  a plate 
of  baked  beans  in  Beacon  Street. 

Holmes. 

Bean  Feast.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Jacob  Jordaens  (1593- 
1678),  of  which  there  are  numer- 
ous specimens,  the  best  being 
that  in  the  Vienna  Gallery. 

Bears  of  Berne.  The  armorial  de- 
vice of  the  city  of  Berne,  Switzer- 
land, is  a bear  (the  name  itself 
signifying  hear),  and  the  animal 
is  a favorite  effigy  throughout  the 
city.  In  addition  many  living 
hears  are  still  kept  and  support- 
ed at  public  expense.  At  tlie 
time  of  the  French  Revolution 
the  hears  of  Berne  were  carried 
as  prisoners  to  Paris. 

I have  forgotten  the  famous  bears  and 
all  else.  Holmes. 

Beatrice.  A picture  by  Ary  Scheffer 
(1795-1858),  well  known  through 
engravings. 

Beatrice  Cenci.  1.  The  subject  of  a 
well-known  and  exquisite  por- 
trait by  Guido  Reni,  in  the  Bar- 
berini  Palace  at  Rome.  It  is  said, 
according  to  the  family  tradition, 
to  have  been  taken  on  the  night 
before  her  execution.  Other  ac- 
counts represent  that  it  was 
painted  from  memory,  after  Gui- 
do had  seen  her  on  the  scaffold. 


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46 


BED 


The  tragic  story  lias  been  treated 
by  Shelley  in  his  poem  entitled 
with  her  name. 

46^=-“  I think  no  other  such  magical 
effect  can  ever  have  been  wrought  by 
pencil.  . . . The  picture  can  never  be 
copied.  Guido  himself  could  never  have 
done  it  over  again.  The  copyists  get 
all  sorts  of  expression,  gay  as  well  as 
grievous;  some  copies  have  a coquet- 
tish air,  a half-backward  glance,  thrown 
alluringly  at  the  spectator;  but  nobody 
ever  did  catch,  or  ever  will,  the  vanish- 
ing charm  of  that  sorrow.  I hated  to 
leave  the  picture,  and  yet  was  glad 
when  I had  taken  my  last  glimpse,  be- 
cause it  so  perplexed  and  troubled  mo 
not  to  be  able  to  get  hold  of  its  secret.” 
Hawthorne . 

4S§=,“The  picture  of  Beatrice  Cenci 
represents  simply  a female  head  ; a 
very  youthful,  girlish,  perfectly  beau- 
tiful face.  . . . The  whole  face  is  very 
quiet,  there  is  no  distortion  or  disturb- 
ance of  any  single  feature,  nor  is  it 
easy  to  see  why  the  expression  is  not 
cheerful,  or  why  a single  touch  of  the 
artist’s  pencil  should  not  brighten  it  in- 
to joyousness.  But,  in  fact,  it  is  the 
very  saddest  picture  ever  painted  or 
conceived ; it  involves  an  unfathomable 
depth  of  sorrow,  the  sense  of  which 
comes  to  the  observer  by  a sort  of  intu- 
ition.” Hawthorne. 

4®"  “ The  picture  of  Beatrice  Cenci 
is  a picture  almost  impossible  to  be  for- 
gotten. Through  the  transcendent 
sweetness  and  beauty  of  the  face  there 
is  a something  shining  out  that  haunts 
me.”  Dickens. 

2.  A life-size  statue  by  Har- 
riet Hosmer  (b.  1831).  In  the  Mer- 
cantile Library,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Beaudesert  Park.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Anglesea,  near  Ruge- 
ley,  England. 

Beaumarchais,  Boulevart.  One  of 
the  boulevards  of  Paris,  so  called 
from  the  author  of  that  name, 
who  built  here  a fine  mansion. 
See  Boulevards. 

Beauvais  Cathedral.  A fine  Gothic 
church  in  Beauvais,  France.  It 
was  begun  in  1225,  and  has  the 
loftiest  choir  in  the  world. 

Beaux  Arts,  Academiedes.  [Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts.]  One  of  the 
five  academies  embraced  in  the 
Institute  the  most  important  learn- 
ed society  of  France.  It  is  de- 


voted to  painting,  sculpture,  ar- 
chitecture, engraving,  and  music, 
and  is,  accurately  speaking,  the 
most  ancient  of  the  academies  in 
Paris,  traces  of  an  association 
among  painters  being  found  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century.  It 
was  regularly  founded  by  the  Car- 
dinal Mazarin  in  1655.  See  Insti- 
tut. 

Bed  of  Justice.  [Fr.  Lit  de  Jus- 
tice.] Formerly  the  seat  or 
throne  occupied  by  the  French 
monarchs  when  they  attended 
parliament.  Afterwards  the  term 
was  applied  to  parliament  itself. 
The  last  Bed  of  Justice  was  held 
at  Versailles  by  Louis  XVI.,  Aug. 
5,  1788. 

Was  not  every  soul,  or  rather  every 
body,  of  these  Guardians  of  our  Liberties, 
naked,  or  nearly  so,  last  night ; 4<  a forked 
Radish  with  a head  fantastically  carved  ” ? 
And  why  might  he  not,  did  our  stern  fate 
so  order  it,  walk  out  to  St.  Stephen’s,  as 
well  as  into  bed,  in  that  no-fashion;  and 
there,  with  other  similar  Radishes,  hold  a 
Bnl  of  Justice  f CaHyle. 

Bed  of  Ware.  See  Great  Bed  of 
Ware. 

Bedford  Coffee-house.  A noted 
house  in  Covent  Garden,  London, 
formerly  much  frequented.  Gold- 
smith, John  and  Henry  Fielding, 
Hogarth,  Churchill,  Foote,  Gar- 
rick, and  others  resorted  to  the 
Bedford.  It  is  no  longer  stand- 
ing. 

4SP  “ Almost  every  one  you  meet  is 
a polite  scholar  and  a wit.” 

Connoisseur , 1754. 

Bedford  Head.  An  old  London 
tavern,  Co  vent  Garden. 

When  sharp  with  hunger,  scorn  }rou  to 
be  fed 

Except  on  pea-chicks  at  the  Bedford 
Head  ? Hope. 

Bedford  House.  A noble  mansion 
in  Belgrave  Square,  London,  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
It  was  taken  down  in  1704. 

Most  of  the  peers  who  were  in  town  met 
in  the  morning  at  Bedford  House,  and  went 
thence  in  procession  to  Cheapside. 

Macaulay. 

Bedford  Level.  A tract  of  land  in 
England,  situated  in  the  counties 
of  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Huntingdon, 
Northampton,  Lincoln,  Cam- 


BED 


47 


BEF 


bridge,  and  the  Isle  of  Ely,  con- 
sisting of  about  400,000  acres,  a 
large  portion  of  it  being  marshy 
ground.  It  was  drained  and  re- 
claimed in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury by  the  Duke  of  Bedford  and 
others.  It  produces  fine  crops  of 
grain,  flax,  and  cole-seed. 

Bedford  Square.  A well-known 
square  in  London,  near  Oxford 
Street. 

Bedlam.  See  Bethlem  Hospital. 

Bednall  - green.  See  Bethnal 
Green. 

Bee  Hive  House.  A building  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Territory, 
used  as  a seraglio  of  the  Mormon 
leaders.  It  derives  its  name  from 
an  emblematic  bee-hive  carved 
over  the  entrance 

Beef-steak  Society  [Club].  1.  The 
first  club  with  this  name  is 
thought  to  have  been  established 
at  London  in  the  time  of  Queen 
Anne.  The  meetings  “composed 
of  the  chief  wits  and  great  men 
of  the  nation  ” seem  to  have  been 
noted  for  their  jovial  character. 
The  first  Providore  of  the  Club 
was  Dick  Estcourt,  the  actor, 
who  was  valued  for  his  gayety 
and  humor,  and  who  wore,  as  the 
badge  of  the  Club,  a small  golden 
gridiron. 

2.  The  Sublime  Society  of  the 
Steaks  was  established  in  1735  by 
Henry  Rich.  According  to  an 
early  rule  of  the  Society  the  diet 
was  restricted  to  beef-steaks, 
port-wine,  and  punch.  The  meet- 
ings were  first  held  in  a room  at 
the  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  but 
later  at  various  places,  and  finally 
at  a room  in  the  Lyceum  Theatre 
— “ ornamented  with  gridirons  as 
thick  as  Henry  the  Seventh’s 
Chapel  with  the  portcullis  of  the 
founder.  Every  thing  assumes 
the  shape,  or  is  distinguished  by 
the  representation,  of  their  em- 
blematic implement,  the  grid- 
iron. The  cook  is  seen  at  his 
office  through  the  bars  of  a spa- 
cious gridiron,  and  the  original 
gridiron  of  the  Society  (the  sur- 
vivor of  two  terrific  fires)  holds  a 
conspicuous  position  in  the  centre 


of  the  ceiling.”  Many  persons 
distinguished  for  rank  or  social 
powers  have  been  “ Steaks,”  as 
the  members  were  accustomed  to 
call  themselves,  and  many  are 
included  in  the  list  of  guests  of 
the  Society. 

HSf*  “ On  Saturday,  the  14th  of  May 
[1785],  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  ad- 
mitted a member  of  the  Beef-steak 
Club  [Society].  His  Royal  Highness 
having  signified  his  wish  of  belonging 
to  that  Society,  and  there  not  being  a 
vacancy,  it  was  proposed  to  make  him 
an  honorary  member;  but  that  being 
declined  by  his  Royal  Highness,  it  was 
agreed  to  increase  the  number  from 
24  to  25,  in  consequence  of  which  his 
Royal  Highness  was  unanimously  elect- 
ed. The  Beef-steak  Club  [ Society J 
has  been  instituted  just  50  years,  and 
consists  of  some  of  the  most  classical 
and  sprightly  wits  in  the  kingdom.” 

Annual  Register , 1785, 

“The  Beef-steak  and  October 
Clubs  are  neither  of  them  averse  to 
eating  or  drinking,  if  we  may  form  a 
judgment  of  them  from  their  respective 
titles.”  Spectator. 

3.  A Beef-steak  Club  became  an 
institution  in  almost  every  thea- 
tre. Dr.  Johnson’s  club  in  Ivy 
Lane  was  at  first  a Beef-steak 
Club.  About  1749  a Beef-steak 
Club  was  founded  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Dublin,  and  was  presided 
over  by  the  celebrated  “ Peg 
Woffington.”  There  was  also  a 
Beef-steak  Club  at  the  Bell  Tav- 
ern, Houndsditch.  In  1733-34 
there  existed  in  London  the 
Rump-steak,  or  Liberty  Club , a 
political  club  in  opposition  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole. 

Beersheba.  See  Dan. 

Beethoven.  A statue  by  Thomas 
Crawford  (1813-1857).  In  the  Mu- 
sic Hall,  Boston,  Mass. 

Befana,  La.  A wooden  figure 
placed  outside  the  doors  of  houses 
in  Italy  at  the  opening  of  Lent. 
This  name  is  perhaps  derived 
from  La  Befana  (a  corruption  of 
Epiphany,  Gr.  ’Em^aj/ia),  which 
in  Italy  is  a common  personifica- 
tion of  the  Epiphany,  differently 
represented  as  a saint,  as  a fairy, 
and  as  the  bugbear  of  naughty 
children,  and  who  at  Epiphany  is 
supposed  to  go  about  at  night  like 


BEF 


48 


BEL 


Santa  Claus,  bearing  presents  to 
the  children, 

“ On  the  eve  of  Twelfth-Day, 
the  Crature  (the  children),  with  trem- 
bling mingled  with  hope,  anticipate  a 
midnight  visit  from  a frightful  old  wo- 
man, called  the  Befana  (an  obvious 
corruption  of  Epifania , the  Epipha- 
ny), for  whom  they  always  take  care 
to  leave  some  portion  of  their  supper, 
lest  she  should  eat  them  up  ; and  when 
they  go  to  bed,  they  suspend  upon  the 
back  of  a chair  a stocking,  to  receive 
her  expected  gifts.  This  receptacle  is 
always  found  in  the  morning  to  con- 
tain some  sweet  things,  or  other  wel- 
come presents,  — which,  I need  scarcely 
say,  are  provided  by  the  mother  or  the 
nurse.”  C.  A.  Eaton . 

Beffroi  [Ghent].  An  ancient  and 
celebrated  belfry  or  watch-tower 
in  the  city  of  Ghent,  Belgium.  It 
was  erected  in  1183,  and  is  a lofty 
square  structure,  containing  a 
tine  chime,  and  surmounted  by  a 
gilt  dragon  brought  from  Con- 
stantinople. One  of  the  bells  in 
the  belfry  weighs  nearly  five 
tons. 

Beggar  Boy.  A picture  by  Diego 
Rodriguez  de  Silva  y Velasquez 
(1599-1860),  the  Spanish  painter. 
In  the  Louvre,  Paris,  There  is 
another  upon  the  same  subject  in 
the  Pinakothek  at  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. 

Beguinage,  The.  A famous  nun- 
nery in  Ghent,  Belgium. 

Beguinage,  Grand.  A fine  church 
of  the  seventeenth  century  in 
Brussels,  Belgium 

Beheading  of  St.  John.  A picture 
by  Michelangelo  Amerighi,  sur- 
named  Caravaggio  (1569-1609), 
and  one  of  his  principal  works. 
In  the  Cathedral  of  Malta. 

Eeheading  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist. A picture  by  the  Swiss 
painter,  Nicolas  Manuel,  sur- 
named  Deutsch  (1484-1531).  Now 
in  the  Museum  at  Basle,  Switzer- 
land. 

Beheading  of  St.  Paul.  A picture 
by  Niccolo  dell’  Abbate,  called 
also  Niccolo  da  Modena  (1509- 
1571).  In  the  Gallery  of  Dresden, 
Germany. 


Bekaa.  A valley  in  Syria,  some- 
times called  Hollow  Syria.  It  is 
between  the  Antilibanus  range 
and  the  higher  Lebanon.  It  was 
by  this  way  that  the  ancient  ar- 
mies used  to  march,  the  Syrians 
to  Samaria,  and  the  Egyptians 
against  Damascus 

Belfort.  An  ancient  and  vener- 
able fortress  of  unknown  origin, 
situated  on  the  summit  of  a bare 
rock  in  northern  Palestine.  Por- 
tions of  the  castle  are  thought  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Crusaders, 
who,  at  different  times,  took  ref- 
uge in  it.  In  1189  it  was  besieged 
by  Saladin.  In  1260  it  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Templars,  who, 
however,  were  soon  compelled  to 
relinquish  it.  It  is  a stronghold 
of  great  size,  with  massive  walls, 
and  moats,  and  drawbridges,  and 
the  other  means  of  defence  com- 
mon in  the  Middle  Ages.  The 
original  building  is  believed  to 
have  been  of  Phoenician  origin. 
The  place  is  first  mentioned  un- 
der il s European  name  by  Wil- 
liam of  Tyre  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury The  castle  is  now  deserted. 

Belfry  of  Bruges.  See  Halles, 
Les.  For  the  Belfry  of  Ghent, 
see  Beffroi.  See  also  Campa- 
nile. 

Belgrave  Square.  See  Belgravia. 

Belgravia.  Formerly  a sobriquet 
applied  to  Belgrave  and  Eaton 
Squares,  Grosvenor  Place,  and 
the  radiating  streets,  London, 
but  now  received  as  the  legiti- 
mate name  of  this  aristocratic 
quarter.  Belgrave  Square  was 
so  called  from  Belgrave,  Lincoln- 
shire 

But  the  ordi  arv  residences  of  fashion  - 
atile  life  — the  mansions  of  Belgravia , Ty- 
burnia,  and  Mayfair  — are  mere  shells  of 
brick  and  stucco,  which  present  such  a 
dreary  appearance  outside  that  one  is  sur- 
prised sometimes  to  find  them  palaces  of 
comfort  wi  bin  C L Eastlake. 

Crouched  on  the  pavement  close  by  Bel- 
grave Square, 

A tramp  I saw,  ill,  moody,  and  tongue- 
tied  ; 

A babe  was  in  her  arms,  and  at  her  side 
A girl ; their  clothes  were  rags,  their  feet 
were  bare.  Matthew  Arnold. 

That  is  a source  of  prospective  pleasure 
in  which  the  inhabitants  of  Belgravia  and 
Tyburnia  cannot  indulge.  Eastlake 


BEL 


49 


Belisarius.  A noted  picture  by 
Francois  Gerard  (1770-1836),  the 
eminent  French  painter.  It  was 
executed  about  1795. 

Bell,  The.  1.  A noted  inn  at  Ed- 
monton, near  London,  famous  in 
connection  with  John  Gilpin’s 
ride,  and  a favorite  stopping- 
place  of  Charles  Lamb. 

‘ To-morrow  is  our  wedding-day, 

And  we  will  then  repair 
Unto  the  Bell  at  Edmonton, 

All  in  a chaise  and  pair.’  Cowper. 

2.  A.  noted  old  inn  in  War- 
wick Lane,  London.  The  pres- 
ent building  is  modern. 

And  he  [Archbishop  Leighton]  obtainpd 
what  he  desired;  for  lie  died  at  the  Bell 
Inn , in  Warwick  Lane.  Barnet. 

MST  The  name  has  been  a frequent 
designation  of  inns  and  public-houses 
in  England,  which  were  formerly  dis- 
tinguished by  the  various  devices  of 
their  signs. 

Bell  Bock  (or  Inchcape  Bock) 
Lighthouse.  This  important 
lighthouse  — built  upon  the  fa- 
mous rock  of  the  same  name  in 
the  German  Ocean,  on  the  north- 
ern side  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Firth  of  Forth,  and  about  twelve 
miles  from  land  — was  begun  in 
1807,  under  the  charge  of  the 
celebrated  engineer  Bobert  Ste- 
venson . After  much  very  difficult 
work  and  many  discouraging 
hinderances  the  structure  was 
finished  in  October,  1810.  Its  total 
height  is  115  feet,  and  diameter 
at  the  base  42  feet.  See  Inch- 
cape  Rock. 

Far  in  the  bosom  of  the  deep, 

OVr  these  wild  shelves  my  watch  I keep ; 
A ruddy  gem  of  changeful  light. 

Hound  on  the  dusky  brow  of  night  ; 

The  seaman  bids  my  lustre  hail. 

And  scorns  to  strike  his  timorous  sail, 

Scott. 

Bella  di  Tiziano.  [Titian’s  Beau- 
ty.] A picture  in  the  Sciarra 
Palace,  Rome,  now  attributed  to 
Jacopo  Palma,  called  Palma  Vec- 
chio  (1480-1528).  There  is  anoth- 
er picture  of  the  same  name  in 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Bella  Donna,  La.  A noted  picture 
by  Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Pa- 
lazzo Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

Bellamy’s  Kitchen.  An  estab- 
lishment which  was  situated  near 


BEL 

the  Old  House  of  Commons,  Lon- 
don, and  is  described  as  a plain 
apartment,  with  an  immense  fire, 
meat-screen,  gridirons,  and  a 
small  tub  under  the  window  for 
washing  the  glasses, — a place 
where  **  the  statesmen  of  England 
very  often  dine,  and  men,  pos- 
sessed of  wealth  untold,  and  with 
palaces  of  their  own,  in  which 
luxury  and  splendor  are  visible 
in  every  part,  are  willing  to  leave 
their  stately  dining-halls  and 
powdered  attendants,  to  be  wait- 
ed upon,  while  eating  a chop  in 
Bellamy’s  kitchen,  by  two  unpre- 
tending old  women.” 

“ But  let  us  not  omit  to  notice 
Bellamy’s  kitchen,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  refreshment-room,  common  to  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  where  Ministe- 
rialists and  Oppositionists,  Whigs  and 
Tories,  Radicals,  Peers,  and  destruc- 
tives, strangers  from  the  gallery,  and 
the  more  favored  strangers  from  below 
the  bar,  are  alike  at  liberty  to  resort.” 
Dickens . 

Belle  Arti,  Accademia  delle. 
[Academy  of  Fine  Arts.]  A name 
applied  in  Italy  to  buildings  in 
nearly  all  the  principal  cities, 
containing  collections  of  art. 
Among  the  more  celebrated  are 
the  Accademias  of  Florence,  Ven- 
ice, and  Bologna. 

Belle  Ferroniere.  A celebrated 
portrait  of  Lucrezia  Crivelli  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1519), 
the  Italian  painter.  It  is  now  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris,  and  is  known 
by  the  title  above  given,  from  a 
tradition  that  it  is  the  picture  of 
a blacksmith’s  wife,  mistress  of 
Francis  I.  There  is  a fine  copy 
of  this  portrait  believed  to  be  by 
Beltraffio. 

Belle  Jardiniere.  [The  Fair  Gar- 
dener.] A beautiful  and  well- 
known  picture  of  the  Madonna 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  in 
which  the  Virgin  is  represented 
as  sitting  among  flowering  shrubs 
as  in  a garden  (from  which  cir- 
cumstance the  picture  may  have 
derived  its  name).  The  infant 
Christ  stands  at  her  knee,  while 
St.  John  kneels  in  childlike  de- 
votion. There  is  an  early  copy 
of  this  picture,  probably  by  a 


BEL 


50 


BEL 


Flemish  artist,  sometimes  taken 
for  the  original,  which  latter  is 
now  in  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Belle  Joconde.  The  name  given 
to  the  celebrated  portrait  of 
Mona  Lisa,  wife  of  Francesco  del 
Giocondo,  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci 
(1452-1519).  It  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  highly- 
finished  works  of  art  existing.  It 
is  stated  that  the  lady  sat  for  her 
portrait  during  a period  of  four 
years.  This  picture  is  nowin  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  Duke  d’Au- 
male  has  a black  chalk  cartoon  of 
the  same  by  Leonardo. 

“ As  the  countenance  of  the  Sis* 
tine  Madonna  represents  the  purest 
maidenliness,  so  we  see  here  the  most 
beautiful  woman  — worldly,  earthly, 
without  sublimity,  without  enthusiasm, 
but  with  a calm,  restful  placidity,  a 
smile,  a mild  pride  about  her,  which 
makes  us  stand  before  her  with  endless 
delight.”  Grimm , Trans. 

Belle  Sauvage.  A noted  old  Lon- 
don tavern  which  formerly  stood 
on  Ludgate  Hill. 

“ A few  of  these  quaint  old 
figures  still  remain  in  London  town. 
You  may  still  see  there,  and  over  its 
old  hostel  in  Ludgate  Hill,  the  ‘ Belle 
Sauvage,’  to  whom  the  Spectator  so 
pleasantly  alludes,  and  who  was  prob- 
ably no  other  than  the  sweet  American 
Pocahontas  who  rescued  from  death 
the  daring  Captain  Smith.” 

Thackeray . 

Belle  Tout.  A celebrated  light- 
house on  the  south  coast  of  Eng- 
land near  Beachy  Head,  built  in 
1831. 

Bellerophon.  An  English  line-of- 
baXtle  ship  in  which,  on  the  15th 
of  July,  1815,  while  lying  at 
anchor  in  the  roadstead  of  Roche- 
fort, France,  the  emperor  Na- 
poleon I.  took  passage  for  Eng- 
land, having  vainly  endeavored 
to  escape  to  America. 

2.  A formidable  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
April  26,  1865. 

Bellevue  Avenue.  A broad  road 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  lined  with 
country-seats,  many  of  which  are 
very  magnificent.  It  is  a fash- 
ionable drive,  where  may  be  seen 


a display  of  elegant  equipages, 
affording  in  the  season  one  of  the 
gayest  spectacles  to  be  seen  in 
the  country. 

Bellini,  Giovanni.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1426-1516). 
In  the  collection  of  autograph 
portraits  of  the  painters  in  the 
Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Bellosguardo.  A hill  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Florence,  Italy.  From 
this  eminence  Galileo  is  said  to 
have  observed  the  planetary 
movements. 

From  Tuscan  BelJosguardo , wide  awake, 
When  standing  on  the  actual,  blessed 
sward 

Where  Galileo  stood  at  nights  to  take 
The  vision  of  the  stars,  we  find  it  hard. 
Gazing  upon  the  earth  and  heaven,  to 
make 

A choice  of  beauty.  Mrs.  Browning . 

Belmont.  A noted  mansion  in 
what  is  now  Fairmount  Park, 
Philadelphia,  Penn.  It  was 
erected  in  1745,  and  was  a favor- 
ite resort  of  Washington,  La- 
fayette, Franklin,  Jefferson,  Tal- 
leyrand, Louis  Philippe,  and  other 
distinguished  men. 

Belceil.  A celebrated  Gothic  castle 
near  Ath,  in  Belgium,  built  in 
1146,  and  containing  some  valu- 
able works  of  art. 

Beloeil  tout  a la  fois  magnifique  et  cliam- 
petre.  Delille. 

Belrespiro.  See  Villa  Pamfili- 
Dokia. 

Belshazzar’s  Feast.  A picture  by 
Washington  Allston  (1779-1843), 
the  American  painter.  It  was 
left  unfinished  at  his  death.  Now 
in  the  Athenaeum,  Boston,  Mass. 

“ A mighty  sovereign  sur- 
rounded by  his  whole  court,  intoxicated 
with  his  own  state,  in  the  midst  of  his 
revelry,  palsied  in  a moment  under  the 
spell  of  a preternatural  hand  suddenly 
tracing  his  doom  on  the  wall  before 
him  ; his  powerless  limbs,  like  a 
wounded  spider’s,  shrunk  up  to  his 
body,  while  his  heart,  compressed  to  a 
point,  is  only  kept  from  vanishing  by 
the  terrific  suspense  that  animates  it, 
during  the  interpretation  of  his  mys- 
terious sentence.”  Allston. 

Belus,  Temple  of.  See  Biks  Nim- 
kood. 


BEL 


51 


BEN 


Belvedere  Antinous.  See  Antin- 

ous. 

Belvedere  Palace.  A celebrated 
palace  in  Vienna,  Austria,  con- 
sisting of  two  buildings,  an  upper 
and  a lower,  with  a public  garden 
between  them.  The  upper  Bel- 
vedere contains  a gallery  of  pic- 
tures, filling  35  halls;  the  lower, 
an  armory  and  museum  of  sculp- 
tures. 

Belvidere  Apollo.  See  Apollo 
Belyi  d ere. 

Belvidere,  or  Cortile  del  Belvi- 
dere. [Court  of  the  Beautiful 
View.]  A famous  octagonal  court 
in  the  palace  of  the  Vatican, 
Borne,  built  by  Bramante,  out  of 
which  open  several  cabinets  con- 
taining some  of  the  most  precious 
remains  of  ancient  art,  as  the  An- 
tinous, the  Laocoon,  and  the 
Apollo. 

4gpThe  name  Belvidere  (Belvedere) 
is  frequently  applied  to  apartments  in 
palaces  and  galleries  of  art. 

jggp  “ The  view  from  the  balcony  in 
front  of  the  windows  is  that  which 
gave  the  name  of  Belvidere  to  this 
Museum,  and  in  consequence  to  the 
Apollo,  and  some  of  its  tinest  pieces  of 
sculpture.  It  commands  a prospect 
over  the  vale  of  the  Tiber  to  the  pine- 
covered  height  of  Monte  Mario,  but  the 
hues  which  the  brilliant  sky  of  Italy 
sheds  over  it  must  be  seen  before  its 
beauty  can  be  imagined.”  Eaton. 

Belvidere  Torso.  See  Torso  Bel- 
videre. 

Belvoir  Castle.  An  ancient  and 
noble  mansion,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  near  Grantham, 
Leicestershire,  England.  It  con- 
tains one  of  the  best  collections 
of  pictures  in  England. 

Till  Belvoir' s lordly  terraces 
The  sign  to  Lincoln  sent, 

And  Lincoln  sped  the  message  on 
O’er  the  wide  vale  of  Trent. 

Macaulay . 

The  lord  of  Belvoir  then  his  castle  viewed, 
Strong  without  form,  and  dignified  but 
rude.  George  Vrabbe. 

Belzoni’s  Tomb.  The  common 
appellation,  from  its  discoverer, 
of  the  tomb  of  Sethi  I.,  in  Thebes, 
Egypt.  This  tomb  is  regarded  as 
the  most  noteworthy  in  Thebes 
for  its  sculpture  and  preservat  ion. 


Bema.  [Gr.  B r)na.]  A tribune  or 
raised  platform  in  ancient  Greek 
buildings,  from  which  speeches 
were  made  before  a court  of  law. 
Especially  applied  to  a place  of 
this  kind  in  the  Pnyx,  at  Athens. 

Bemerside.  A mansion  in  Scot- 
land, near  the  town  of  Dryburgh, 
memorable  for  the  fact  that  it  has 
been  for  700  years  the  seat  of  the 
family  of  Haig,  in  verification  of 
a prophecy  of  Thomas  of  Ercil- 
doune,  called  Thomas  the  Rhym- 
er. 

“ Betide,  betide,  whate'er  betide, 

Haig  shall  be  Haig  of  Bemerside .” 

Ben,  Big.  See  Bio  Ben. 

Bench.  See  King’s  Bench  and 
Queen’s  Bench. 

Bengal,  Little.  See  Little  Ben- 
gal. 

Beni  Hassan,  Caves  or  Tombs  of. 
These  ancient  tombs  excavated 
in  the  rock  on  the  shore  of  the 
Nile  are  the  oldest  known  monu- 
ments in  Egypt,  excepting  the 
Pyramids.  They  are  numerous 
and  spacious,  and  some  of  them 
are  exceedingly  interesting.  The 
sculptures  and  paintings  are  of 
great  variety,  representing  the 
occupations  and  amusements  of 
the  people,  and  throwing  much 
light  on  their  modes  of  life.  The 
paintings  are  of  various  and  very 
brilliant  coloring.  [Written  also 
Benee  Hasan.] 

“ The  character  of  the  sculptures 
which  adorn  their  walls  approaches 
that  found  in  the  tombs  surrounding 
the  Pyramids,  but  the  architecture  dif- 
fers widely.  They  are  all  cheerful- 
looking  halls  open  to  the  light  of  day, 
many  of  them  with  pillared  porches, 
and  all  possessing  pretensions  to  archi- 
tectural ornament,  either  internal  or 
external.”  Fergusson. 

Benjamin  West.  A portrait  by 
Washington  Allston  (1779-1843), 
the  American  painter.  It  was 
placed  in  the  Boston  Athenaeum, 
but  is  now  in  the  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts  in  that  city. 

Bentivoglio,  Cardinal.  A well- 
known  portrait  by  Anthony  van 
Dyck  (1599-1341).  In  the  Pitti 
Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 


BEE 


52 


BET 


Bergstrasse.  [Mountain  Road.] 
A famous  post-road  from  Darm- 
stadt to  Heidelberg,  Germany, 
now  superseded  in  great  part  by 
the  railway,  but  formerly  very 
celebrated  for  its  beautiful  views 
of  mountains  and  of  the  river 
Rhine,  and  for  the  rich  cultiva- 
tion of  the  district  it  overlooks. 

Berguner  Stein.  A deep  and  nar- 
row ravine  in  Switzerland,  in 
which  is  a carriage-road  600  feet 
above  the  Albula.  This  road  is  a 
triumph  of  engineering  skill. 

Berkeley  Castle.  A noted  Norman 
fortress  and  baronial  mansion, 
the  former  residence  of  the  Berke- 
ley family,  near  the  river  Severn, 
in  England,  between  Bristol  and 
Gloucester.  It  was  founded  soon 
after  the  Conquest,  and  has  been 
the  scene  of  many  historical 
events,  including  the  murder  of 
Edward  II.  It  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  finest  feudal  structures 
in  Great  Britain. 

4®"  “ The  room  shown  for  the 
murder  of  Edward  II.,  I verily  believe 
to  be  genuine.  It  is  a dismal  cham- 
ber, almost  at  the  top  of  the  house,  al- 
most detached,  and  to  be  approached 
only  by  a kind  of  footbridge.” 

Horace  Walpole. 

Nark  the  year,  and  mark  the  night. 

When  Severn  shall  re-echo  witli  affright 
The  shrieks  of  death  through  Berkeley's 
roof  that  ring,  — 

Shrieks  of  an  agonizing  king.  Gray. 

Berkeley  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London. 

Bermondsey.  A district  in  the 
borough  of  Southwark,  London, 
a great  seat  of  the  tanning  trade. 

Bermudas,  The.  A name  given  to 
some  narrow  and  intricate  alleys 
in  London.  These  passages, 
which  are  thought  to  have  been 
north  of  the  Strand,  near  Covent 
Garden,  are  no  longer  in  exist- 
ence. 

Pirates  here  at  land 

Have  their  Bermudas  and  their  Streiglits 
in  the  Strand.  Ben  Jonson. 

Bernard,  St.  See  Hospice  of  the 
St.  Bernard  and  Vision  of  St. 
Bernard. 

Berne,  Bears  of.  See  Bears  of 
Berne. 


Bethesda,  Pool  of.  See  Pool  of 
Bethesda. 

Bethlem  (Bethlehem)  Hospital. 
A lunatic  hospital,  founded  in 
1547,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
and  popularly  called  Bedlam.  It 
has  been  situated  at  the  junction 
of  Keusington  and  Lambeth 
Roads,  London,  since  1810-T5,but 
was  formerly  in  Moorfields,  near 
Bisliopsgate.  Until  1770  it  was 
one  of  the  sights  of  the  city. 
The  patients,  before  1815,  were 
kept  chained  to  the  walls  ; but 
now  their  treatment  is  all  that 
could  be  wished.  The  entrance- 
hall  contains  the  famous  statues 
of  Melancholy  and  Madness  by 
Caius  Gabriei  Cibber  (father  of 
Colley  Cibber).  See  Melan- 
choly. 

He  [Fox]  was  then  a youth  of  pure 
morals  and  grave  deportment,  with  a per- 
verse temper,  with  the  education  of  a la- 
boring man,  and  with  an  intellect  in  the 
most  unhappy  of  all  states,  that  is  to  say, 
too  much  disordered  for  liberty,  and  not 
sufficiently  disordered  for  Bedlam 

Macaulay. 

Why,  there  are  passions  still  great 
enough  to  replenish  Bedlam,  for  it  never 
wants  tenants;  to  suspend  men  from  bed- 
posts, from  improved-drops  at  the  west 
end  of  N e wgate.  Carlyle. 

The  river  proudly  bridged;  the  dizzy 

top 

And  Whispering  Gallery  of  St.  Paul’s; 
the  tombs 

Of  Westminster;  the  giants  of  Guildhall ; 
Bedlam , and  those  carved  maniacs  at  the 
gates 

Perpetually  recumbent.  Wordsworth . 

Bethnal  Green.  A district  in  Lon- 
don to  the  east  of  Spitalfields, 
celebrated  in  the  old  English 
ballad  of  Bednall-Green.  Great, 
numbers  of  silk-weavers  reside 
in  this  quarter.  It  was  made  a 
parish  in  1743. 

4®"  “ Numerous  blind  courts  and  al- 
leys form  a densely  crowded  district  in 
Bethnal  Green.  Among  its  inhabitants 
may  be  found  street  venders  of  every 
kind  of  produce,  travellers  to  fairs, 
tramps,  dog-fanciers,  dog-stealers,  men 
and  women  sharpers,  shoplifters,  and 
pickpockets.  It  abounds  with  the 
young  Arabs  of  the  streets,  and  its 
outward  moral  degradation  is  at  once 
apparent  to  any  one  who  passes  that 
way.”  Athenaeum. 

4®"  Dickens,  in  “ Oliver  Twist,” 
places  the  home  of  Bill  Sikes  in  one  of 
a “maze  of  mean  and  dirty  streets, 


BEY 


53 


BIG 


which  abound  in  the  close  and  densely 
populated  quarter  of  Bethnal  Green.” 

26  June,  1663.  By  coach  to  Bednall- 
green , to  Sir  W.  Kider's  to  dinner.  A tine 
merry  walk  with  the  ladies  alone  after 
dinner  in  the  garden;  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  strawberries  I ever  saw,  and  good. 

Pepys ’ Diary . 

My  father,  shee  said,  is  soone  to  be  seene: 
The  seely  blind  beggar  of  Bednall-greene , 
That  daylye  sits  begging  for  charitie, 
lie  is  the  yood  father  of  pretty  Bessee. 

The  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bednall-  Green. 
Percy's  Rehques  [According  to  Percy, 
this  popular  old  ballad  was  written  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth.] 

Twas  August,  and  the  fierce  sun  over- 
head 

Smote  on  the  squalid  streets  of  Bethnal 
Green , 

And  the  pale  weaver,  through  his  win- 
dows seen 

In  Spitalfields,  looked  thrice  dispirited. 

Matthew  Arnold. 

Be  vis  Marks.  A thoroughfare  in 
London,  near  Houndsditch.  A 
part  of  the  scene  of  Dickens’s 
“Old  Curiosity  Shop”  is  laid 
here. 

I intended  calling  on  you  this  morning 
on  my  way  back  from  Bevis  Marks , whith- 
er 1 went  to  look  at  a house  for  Sampson 
Brass.  Charles  Dickens  to  Mr.  Forster. 

Bezetha.  A hill  in  Jerusalem 
mentioned  by  Josephus,  but  not 
mentioned  in  the  Bible.  It  is 
identified  with  a broad  uneven 
ridge  which  extends  north  from 
the  Haram,  and  descends  into 
the  Valley  of  Jehoshapliat.  At 
the  present  time  it  is  cultivated 
and  covered  with  olive-trees. 

Bibiena,  Cardinal.  A portrait  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Biblioteca  Ambrosiana.  See  Am- 
brosian Library. 

Biblioteca  Casanatense.  [Casa- 
natense  Library.]  The  largest 
library  in  Rome,  next  to  that  of 
the  Vatican,  named  after  its 
founder  Cardinal  Casanate,  and 
kept  in  the  Dominican  convent 
of  the  Minerva,  Sta.  Maria  sopra 
Minerva.  It  contains  more  than 
120,000  bound  volumes  and  4,500 
MSS. 

Bibliotheque  de  PArsenal.  One 
of  the  principal  public  libraries 
of  Paris. 

Bibliotheque  Mazarine.  [Mazarin 
Library.]  One  of  the  principal 


public  libraries  of  Paris,  situated 
in  the  Palais  de  l’Institut.  Its 
foundation  was  the  library  of 
Cardinal  Mazarin,  bequeathed  by 
him  to  the  city  of  Paris. 

Bibliotheque  Nationale.  [It  has 
been  known  as  the  Bibliotheque 
du  roi , Bibliotheque  royale,  nation - 
ale , imperiale , according  to  the 
changes  of  government.]  A pub- 
lic library  in  Paris,  perhaps  the 
richest  and  most  extensive  in 
the  world.  The  collection  is 
supposed  to  include  1,000,000 
printed  books,  1,300,000  engrav- 
ings, 300,000  maps  and  charts, 
150,000  MSS.  The  Palais  Maza- 
rin, originally  the  palace  of  the 
Cardinal  Mazarin,  was  purchased 
for  the  library  in  1724. 

Bicetre.  An  ancient  hospital  near 
Paris,  founded  in  1364,  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  fifteenth  century, 
but  afterwards  restored  and  con- 
verted into  a hospital  for  old 
men  and  those  afflicted  with 
mental  diseases.  The  name  is  a 
corruption  of  Winchester,  a Bish- 
op of  Winchester  having  lived 
here  in  1290.  The  word  Bicetre 
has  passed  into  common  language 
to  express  a notion  of  folly  or 
extravagance.  Thus  the  French 
say  of  one  who  gives  himself  up 
to  acts  of  folly:  “ He  has  escaped 
from  Bicetre .”  Compare  Bedlam. 

Bielshohle.  A cave  in  the  Harz 
Mountains,  Germany,  very  inter- 
esting in  a geological  regard  on 
account  of  the  fossil  remains 
found  in  it. 

Big  Ben.  This  is  the  largest  bell 
in  England.  It  hangs  in  the 
clock-tower  of  the  new  Houses  of 
Parliament,  in  London.  The  first 
bell  of  this  name  was  cast  in 

1856,  but  was  cracked  by  being 
struck  for  amusement  before  it 
was  raised  to  its  place  in  the 
tower.  The  weight  of  this  bell, 
which  was  broken  up  and  re-cast, 
was  more  than  16  tons,  its  height 
7 feet  10J  inches,  and  its  diameter 
at  the  mouth  9 feet  5J  inches;  the 
thickness  of  the  metal  at  the 
sound  bow  was  9|  inches.  The 
present  “ Big  Ben  ” was  cast  in 

1857,  and  is  slightly  cracked.  Its 


BIG 


54 


BIR 


weight  is  more  than  13  tons.  See 

Great  Tom  (2). 

Big  Bonanza.  See  Consolidated 
Virginia. 

Big  Trees  of  California.  See 

Calaveras. 

Biga,  Sala  della.  See  Sala  della 
Biga. 

Billingsgate.  The  noted  fish-mar- 
ket of  London,  near  London 
Bridge,  long  famous  for  the 
coarse  language  indulged  in  by 
the  venders.  According  to  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth,  the  name  Bil- 
lingsgate was  derived  from  Belin, 
king  of  the  Britons  about  400 
B.C.,  who,  says  Geoffrey,  built 
here  a water-gate,  with  an  im- 
mense tower  above  it,  and  a ha- 
ven for  ships  beneath.  The  mar- 
ket was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1715. 
and  rebuilt.  A new  market  was 
erected  in  1852,  and  it  has  been 
since  rebuilt  in  1856. 

That  strength  of  body  is  often  equal  to 
the  courage  of  mind  implanted  in  the  fair 
sex,  will  not  be  denied  by  those  who  have 
seen  the  water-women  of  Plymouth;  the 
female  drudges  ot  Ireland,  Wales,  and 
Scotland ; the  fisherwomen  of  Billings- 
gate. Goldsmith. 

One  may  term  Billingsgate  the  Esculine 
gate  of  London.  Fuller. 

There  stript,  fair  Rhetoric  languish’d  on 
the  ground; 

Her  blunted  arms  by  Sophistry  are  borne, 
And  shameless  Billingsgate  ~ her  robes 
adorn.  Pope. 

Some  less  fastidious  Scotchman  shall  be 
found, 

As  bold  in  Billingsgate,  though  less  re- 
no  wil’d.  Byron. 

No  song  is  heard,  save,  haply,  the  strain 
of  some  siren  from  Billingsgate,  chanting 
the  eulogy  of  deceased  mackerel. 

Irving. 

While  Lady  Thrifty  scolds  in  French, 
And  Cis  in  Billingsgate.  Praed. 

Bilton  Hall.  A noted  mansion  near 
Rugby,  England,  once  the  resi- 
dence of  Addison. 

Birds  of  America.  A series  of 
drawings  of  American  birds,  of 
the  size  and  color  of  life,  by  John 
James  Audubon  (1782-1851).  Cu- 
vier is  said  to  have  pronounced  it 
(the  book  containing  them)  “ the 
most  gigantic  and  most  magnifi- 
cent monument  that  had  ever 
been  erected  to  Nature.” 


Birkenhead,  The.  An  English 
steamer  employed  to  carry  troops 
to  South  Africa,  and  wrecked  off 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Feb.  26, 
1852.  Less  than  200  were  saved 
out  of  more  than  600  who  were 
on  board. 

4E5^“‘The  women  and  children  to 
the  boats,’  says  the  captain  of  the 
Birkenhead  ; and,  with  the  troops 
formed  on  the  deck,  and  the  crew  obe- 
dient to  the  word  of  glorious  command, 
the  immortal  ship  goes  down.” 

Thackeray. 

But  courage  like  this,  or  let  us  say  the 
ever-memorable  noble  behavior  of  the  sol- 
dier* on  the  sinking  Birkei.Ltc  d , was  not 
greater  than  was  exhibited  by  those  20 
po.»r  nuns  who,  in  the  French  Revolution, 
stood  together  on  the  scaffold  chanting 
the  Te  beam,  till  one  by  one  the  sv\eet 
voiees  dropped  in  silence  beneath  the  axe 
of  the  guillotine.  Frances  Power  Cobbe. 

Birmingham  Tower.  The  ancient 
keep  or  ballium  of  the  Castle  of 
Dublin,  Ireland,  and  the  only 
part  which  now  bears  a character 
of  antiquity.  It  is  associated  with 
many  romantic  histories.  It  is 
now  used  as  the  State  Paper  Of- 
fice. 

Birnam  Hill  and  Wood.  An  emi- 
nence about  1,500  feet  high,  near 
the  town  of  Dunkeld,  and  about  16 
miles  from  Perth,  Scotland.  It 
is  famous  from  its  association 
with  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of 
“ Macbeth.” 

“ Birnam  hill  is  at  present  al- 
most bare  of  trees,  though  an  attempt 
is  being  made  to  clothe  it  again  with 
fir  saplings  taken  from  the  original 
‘ Birnam  wood.’  In  the  rear  of  the  hotel 
are  two  trees,  an  oak  and  a plane, 
which  are  believed  to  be  a remnant  of 
this  famous  forest.”  W.  J.  Rolfe. 

I pull  in  resolution,  and  begin 
To  doubt  the  equivocation  of  the  fiend 
That  lies  like  truth : ‘ Fear  not  till  Bir- 
nam. wood 

Do  come  to  Dunsinane;  * and  now  a 
wood 

Comes  toward  Dunsinane. 

Shakespeare. 

Before  I can  sit  down  in  my  own  cham- 
ber, and  think  it  of  the  dampest,  the  door 
opens,  and  the  Brave  comes  moving  in, 
in  the  middle  of  su<*li  a quantity  of  fuel 
that  he  looks  like  Birnam  Wood  taking  a 
winter  walk.  JJickens. 

Biron.  A large  and  well-preserved 
feudal  fortress  in  southern  France, 
not  far  from  Cahors.  It  is  of  the 
eleventh  century. 


BIR 


55 


BLA 


Birs  Nimrood.  A ruin  in  the 
neighborhood  of  ancient  Babylon, 
thought  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Tower  of  Babel,  or  the  Temple  of 
Belus  mentioned  by  Herodotus. 
This  tower  is  over  2,000  feet  in 
circumference  at  the  base.  The 
existing  remains  are  of  brick  laid 
in  beautiful  masonry,  and  are 
some  28  feet  in  width.  See  Tower 
of  Babel. 

46|r»  “ The  tower  of  the  great  tem- 
ple of  Belus  was  amongst  the  most 
remarkable  monuments  of  Babylon. 
Eight  gradually  diminishing  stories 
gave  it  the  look  of  a pyramid  with  enor- 
mous gradients.  Upon  the  summit 
stood  the  temple,  surmounted  by  a plat- 
form, where  the  priests  assiduously 
devoted  themselves  to  the  study  of  the 
. celestial  bodies.  They  believed  that 
science  was  the  supreme  aim  of  man, 
and  was  the  crown  of  religion.  This 
temple  was  still  in  existence  in  the 
second  century  of  our  era.” 

Lefevre , Trans. 

4G gp*  “ It  is  true  that  as  it  how  stands, 
every  brick  bears  the  stamp  of  Nebo- 
chadnassar,  by  whom  it  was  repaired, 
perhaps  nearly  rebuilt;  but  there  is 
no  reason  for  supposing  that  he  changed 
the  original  plan,  or  that  the  sacred 
form  of  these  temples  had  altered  in 
the  interval.  It  owes  its  more  perfect 
preservation  to  the  fact  of  the  upper 
story  having  been  vitrified  after  erec- 
tion by  some  process  we  do  not  quite 
understand.  This  now  forms  a mass 
of  slag  which  has  to  a great  extent  pro- 
tected the  lower  stories  from  atmos- 
pheric influences.”  Fergusson. 

Nav,  the  whole  Encyclopedic,  that 
world's  wonder  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  Belus'  Tower  of  an  age  of  refined  Illu- 
mination, what  has  it  become  ! Carlyle. 

Birth  of  Venus.  1.  A mythologi- 
cal fresco  in  the  Vatican,  Rome, 
designed  by  Raphael  (1483-1520), 
and  executed  by  his  scholars. 

2.  A picture  by  Alexandre  Ca- 
banel  (b.  1823).  In  the  collection 
of  H.  C.  Gibson,  Philadelphia, 
Penn. 

Bishopsgate.  An  old  and  quaint 
street  in  London. 

Black  Brunswicker.  A picture  by 
John  Everett  Millais  (b.  1829). 

Black  Butte.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Wyoming  Territory,  being  a 
mound  of  rock  and  earth  stand- 
ing on  the  level  plain,  one  of  the 
more  celebrated  of  the  huge 


monumental  mountains  which 
are  found  along  the  line  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  in  this 
part  of  its  course. 

Black  Forest.  An  extensive  wood- 
ed district  in  German}7,  sloping 
down  to  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
and  containing  the  most  varied 
and  beautiful  scenery.  The 
heights  are  covered  with  forests, 
and  vegetation  is  most  luxuriant 
in  the  valleys. 

Black  Forests , and  tlie  glories  of  Lub- 
berland;  sensuality  and  horror,  the  spec- 
tre nun,  and  the  charmed  moonshine, 
shall  not  be  wanting.  Carlyle. 

And  you,  with  braided  queues  so  neat, 
Black- Forest  maidens,  slim  and  brown, 
How  careful  on  the  stoop's  green  seat 
You  set  your  pails  and  pitchers  down. 

Ferdinand  Freiligrath,  Trans. 

Black  Hole.  A small  dungeon,  so 
called,  in  Fort  William,  Calcutta. 
When  Calcutta  was  captured  by 
Surajah  Dowlali,  in  June,  1756, 
lie  shut  up  at  night  in  this  con- 
fined and  ill-ventilated  space  the 
British  garrison  of  146  men.  The 
Black  Hole  was  only  18  feet 
square;  and  the  sufferings  from 
heat,  want  of  air,  and  thirst,  were 
so  terrible  that  but  23  of  the  pris- 
oners were  found  alive  in  the 
morning.  The  Black  Hole  now 
serves  as  a warehouse.  Mr.  H ol- 
well,  one  of  those  imprisoned, 
gives  a narrative  of  the  excru- 
ciating sufferings  of  the  unfortu- 
nate garrison,  in  the  “Annual 
Register  ” for  1758. 

Must  the  indomitable  millions,  full  of 
old  Saxon  energy  and  fire,  lie  cooped  up 
in  this  Western  Nook,  choking  one  an- 
other, as  in  a Blackhole  of  Calcutta,  while 
a whole  fertile  untenanted  Earth,  desolate 
for  want  of  the  ploughshare,  cries : Come 
and  till  me,  come  and  reap  me  ? Carlyle. 

Black  Maria.  A name  popularly 
applied  to  the  covered  van  in 
which  criminals  are  conveyed  to 
and  from  the  court-house  and  the 
jail  in  cities.  It  is  often  painted 
black. 

Black  Prince.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Feb.  27,  1861. 

Black  Rod.  The  title  of  a gentle- 
man-uslier  who  bears  a black  rod 
surmounted  with  a gold  lion,  and 
who  in  the  time  of  a parliament- 


BLA 


56 


BLA 


ary  session  attends  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  summons  the  House 
of  Commons  when  a royal  assent 
is  to  he  given,  and  on  other  occa- 
sions. 

The  House,  therefore,  on  the  last  day  of 
the  session,  just  before  the  Black  Rod 
knocked  at  the  door,  unanimously  re- 
solved that  William  Fuller  was  a cheat 
and  a false  accuser.  Macaulay 

Black  Rood  [of  Scotland].  A fa- 
mous gold  cross,  believed  to  con- 
tain a piece  of  the  true  cross, 
brought  to  Scotland  by  Queen 
Margaret  in  1067,  and  held  in  rev- 
erence by  the  whole  Scottish  peo- 
ple. Since  the  Reformation  it 
lias  disappeared. 

Black  Stone  of  Mecca.  A dark 
colored  stone  contained  in  a small 
oratory  of  the  temple  of  the  Caaba 
at  Mecca,  Arabia,  and  held  in  the 
utmost  veneration  by  the  Mo- 
hammedans as  having  been  given 
by  an  angel  to  Abraham.  See 
Caaba. 

“ To  the  idolatrous  Arabs  one  of 
the  most  ancient  universal  objects  of 
worship  was  that  Black  Stone,  still 
kept  in  the  building  called  Caabah  at 
Mecca.  Diodorus  Siculus  mentions 
this  Caabah  in  a way  not  to  be  mis- 
taken, as  the  oldest,  most  honored 
temple  in  his  time;  that  is,  some  half 
century  before  our  Era.  Silvestre  de 
Sacy  says  there  is  some  likelihood  that 
the  Black  Stone  is  an  aerolite.  In  that 
case,  some  man  might  see  it  fall  out  of 
Heaven  ! It  stands  now  beside  the  Well 
Zemzem : the  Caabah  is  built  over 
both.”  Carlyle. 

Black  Virgin.  See  Shrine  of  the 
Black  Virgin. 

Blackfriars.  The  district  in  Lon- 
don between  Ludgate  Hill  and 
the  Thames,  so  called  from  the 
Dominican  monks  who  built  a 
monastery  and  church  here.  Here 
(June  21,  1529)  was  decided  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  from 
Catherine  of  Arragon,  and  here 
assembled  the  parliament  which 
condemned  Cardinal  Wolsey. 
Under  Edward  VI.  part  of  the 
monastic  buildings  was  convert- 
ed into  Blackfriars  Theatre.  See 
Blackfriars  Theatre. 

Headlong  since,  but  not  resting;  daily 
doing  motions  in  that  Westminster  region 
still,— daily  from  Vauxliall  to  Blackfriars. 
and  back  again;  and  cannot  get  away  at 
all  t Carlyle. 


Blackfriars  Bridge.  An  iron 

bridge  across  the  river  Thames, 
at  London,  erected  in  1760-69  by 
Robert  Mylne,  and  rebuilt  in 
1867  by  Cubitt. 

Blackfriars  Theatre.  A play- 
house in  London,  built  in  1575 
upon  the  site  of  the  monastery  of 
Blackfriars.  Shakespeare  was 
one  of  the  proprietors,  and  acted 
here  in  1598.  In  1655  the  theatre 
was  taken  down,  and  dwelling- 
houses  were  built  upon  the 
ground. 

In  1598  Ben  .Totison’s  first  and  best 
comedy.  Every  Man  in  his  Humour , was 
produced  at  the  Blackfriars ; and  the  au- 
thor of  King  Henry  the  Fourth  ami  Romeo 
and  Juliet  might  have  been  seen  for  two 
pence  by  any  London  prentice  who  could 
command  the  coin,  playing  an  inferior 
part,  probably  that  of  Knowelf  in  the  new 
play.  Richard  Grant  White. 

In  that  year  [1603]  Ben  Jonson's  Seja- 
nus  was  produced  at  the  Blackf  riars , and 
the  author  of  Hamlet  might  have  been 
seen  playing  a subordinate  part  in  it. 

Richard  Grant  White. 

Blackwell’s  Island.  An  island 
within  the  city  limits  of  New 
York,  noted  for  its  penitentiary 
and  for  its  public  hospitals. 

Blair  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Athole,  near  Blair- Ath- 
ole,  in  Scotland. 

Blanche  Nef.  The  ship  in  which 
William,  the  only  son  of  Henry 
I.  of  England,  with  140  noblemen 
was  wrecked  in  1120  upon  the 
rocks  of  Barfieur,  Normandy. 

Blarney  Stone.  About  four  miles 
north-west  of  the  city  of  Cork,  in 
Ireland,  are  the  celebrated  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  Blarney 
Castle,  in  which  is  a wondrous 
stone,  thought  to  possess  the 
power  of  imparting  to  any  one 
who  kisses  it  a fluent,  persuasive, 
and  not  over-lionest  tongue.  The 
exact  position  of  the  stone  in  the 
ruins  is  a matter  of  dispute. 
Some  say  that  it  is  lying  loose  on 
the  ground;  others  allege  that  it 
is  at  the  summit  of  the  large 
square  tower  which  was  originally 
the  donjon  or  keep  of  the  castle; 
Avliile  there  are  yet  others  who 
maintain  that  it  is  inserted  in  the 
wall  at  such  a height  that  he  who 
would  kiss  it  must  consent  to  be 


BLE 


57 


BLO 


suspended  by  bis  heels  from  the 
top.  When  or  how  it  first  got  its 
singular  reputation  is  not  known ; 
but  the  superstition  concerning  it 
is  firmly  fixed  in  the  minds  of 
the  Irish  peasantry,  hundreds  of 
whom  resort  to  the  castle  every 
year  for  the  purpose  of  kissing  a 
stone  endued  with  a property  so 
marvellous.  It  is  said  that,  in 
the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  lord  of  Castle  Blar- 
ney, having  been  taken  prisoner 
by  the  English,  made  repeated 
promises  that  he  would  surrender 
the  fortress;  but,  whenever  the 
fulfilment  of  his  pledges  was 
demanded,  he  invented  some 
smooth  and  plausible  excuse  for 
delay;  and  thus  the  term  blarney 
became  a byword,  and  was  used 
to  denote  a soft,  insinuating,  and 
deceitful  manner  of  speech. 

4®=*  “When  or  how  the  stone  ob- 
tained its  singular  reputation,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  determine:  the  exact  position 
among  the  ruins  of  the  castle  is  also  in 
doubt;  the  peasant-guides  humor  the 
visitor  according  to  his  capacity  for 
climbing,  and  direct  either  to  the  sum- 
mit or  the  base  the  attention  of  him 
who  desires  to  ‘ greet  it  with  a holy 
kiss.’”  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

There  is  a stone  there 
That  whoever  kisses, 

O,  he  never  misses 
To  grow  eloquent. 

Don’t  hope  to  hinder  him 
Or  to  bewrder  him, 

►Sure  he’s  a.  pilgrim 
From  the  Blarney  Stove. 

R.  A.  Miim-en. 

Osay,  would  you  find  this  same  ‘ Blarney ’ ? 
There's  a castle,  not  far  from  Killarney, 
On  the  top  of  its  wall 
(But  take  care  you  don’t  fall) 

There’s  a stone  that  contains  all  this  Blar- 
ney. 

Like  a magnet,  its  influence  such  is. 

That  attraction  it  gives  all  it  touches; 
If3'ou  kiss  it,  they  say. 

From  that  blessed  day 
You  may  kiss  w hom  you  please  with  your 
Blarney.  Samuel  Lover 

Blenheim.  A noble  mansion  and 
estate  at  Woodstock,  near  Oxford, 
England.  It  was  erected  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  and  was 
presented  by  the  British  Parlia- 
ment to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
in  commemoration  of  the  victory 
achieved  by  him  at  the  battle  of 
Blenheim,  Aug.  13,  1704. 


j&iT  “ I saw  Blenheim  Palace,  neai 
Woodstock,  belonging  to  the  Duke  ol 
Marlborough.  This  is  a sort  of  Louvre, 
formerly  presented  by  this  nation  to 
the  great  captain,  built  in  the  style  of 
the  period,  much  ornamented.” 

Taine , Trans „ 

See,  here’s  the  grand  approach, 

That  way  is  for  his  Grace’s  coach  ; 

There  lies  the  bridge,  and  there  the  clock. 
Observe  the  lion  and  the  cock; 

The  spacious  court,  the  colonnade, 

And  mind  how  w ide  the  hall  is  made; 

'the  chimneys  are  so  well  designed, 

Tht-y  never  smoke  in  any  wind  ; 
rl  lie  galleries  contrived  lor  walking, 
rl  he  windows  to  retire  and  talk  in; 
rl  he  council-chamber  to  debate, 

And  all  the  rest  are  rooms  of  state. 

“ Thai  ks,  sir,”  cried  1,  “ ’tis  very  fine. 

But  where  d’ye  sleep,  or  where  d’ye  dine? 
1 find  by  all  you  have  been  telling. 

That  ’tis  a house,  but  not  a dwelling.’* 

Swift. 

Blennerhasset’s  Island.  A little 
island  in  the  Ohio  River,  not 
•far  from  Parkersburg,  W.  Va., 
celebrated  as  the  residence  of 
Harman  Blennerliasset  (1770- • 
lboi),  a wealthy  Irishman,  who 
ruined  his  fortune  by  aiding 
Aaron  Burr,  of  whose  designs, 
suspected  to  be  treasonable,  lie 
was  an  associate  or  accomplice. 

Who  is  Blennerliasset?  A native  of 
Ireland,  a man  of  letters,  who  fled  trom 
the  stoims  of  Ins  own  country,  to  find 
quiet  in  ours.  On  his  arrival  in  America, 
he  retired,  even  from  the  population  of 
the  Atlantic  States,  and  sought  quiet  and 
solitude  in  the  bosom  of  our  western 
forests.  But  he  brought  with  him  taste, 
and  science,  and  wealth,  and  **  lo,  the 
desert  smiled  ! ” Possessing  himself  of  a 
beautiful  island  in  the  Ohio,  he  rears  upon 
it  a palace,  and  decora  e^  it  with  every 
romantic  embellishment,  of  fancy.  A 
shrubbery  that  Shenstone  might  have 
envied  blooms  around  him.  Music  that 
might  have  charmed  Calypso  and  her 
nymph**  is  his.  An  extensive  library 
spreads  its  treasi  res  before  him.  A philo- 
sophical apparatus  offers  to  him  all  the 
secrets  and  mysteries  of  Nature.  Peace, 
tranquillity,  and  innocence  shed  tl.eir 
mingled  delights  around  him.  Wm  Wirt. 

Blois  Castle.  An  ancient  royal 
fortress  and  residence  in  Blois, 
France,  possessing  great  historic 
interest.  It  lias  been  within  a 
few  years  restored  by  the  govern- 
ment to  something  like  its  former 
condition . 

Blood  of  St,  Januarius.  In  the 
Church  of  San  Gennaro  (St.  Jan- 
uarius), at  Naples,  are  preserved 
in  a tabernacle  behind  the  altar. 


BLO 


58 


BLIT 


two  phials,  containing  a solid, 
reddish  substance,  said  to  be  the 
dried  blood  of  St.  Januarius, 
Bishop  of  Benevento,  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  third  century,  who 
suffered  martyrdom  under  Dio- 
cletian. The  tradition  runs,  that 
when  the  saint  was  exposed  to  be 
devoured  by  lions  in  the  amphi- 
theatre at  Pozzuoli,  the  animals 
became  tame,  and  prostrated 
themselves  before  him.  This 
miracle  converted  so  many  to 
Christianity  that  the  Roman  com- 
mander ordered  him  to  be  decap- 
itated. After  death  the  body  was 
removed  to  Naples.  At  the  time 
of  the  removal,  a woman,  who 
collected  the  blood  of  the  saint, 
delivered  it,  in  two  bottles,  to  St. 
Severus,  in  whose  hands  it  imme- 
diately melted.  According  to 
the  belief  of  many  Catholics,  this 
miracle  of  liquefaction  still  takes 
place  at  least  three  times  every 
year;  and  the  occurrence  of  it  is 
the  occasion  of  the  greatest  reli- 
gious festivals  observed  by  the 
Neapolitans.  The  head  of  the 
martyr,  and  the  phials  contain- 
ing his  blood,  are  carried  in 
solemn  procession  to  the  high 
altar;  and,  prayer  having  been 
offered,  the  head  is  brought  into 
contact  with  the  phials,  the  blood 
in  which  is  thereupon  believed 
to  liquefy.  The  phenomenon, 
however,  does  not  always  take 
place  immediately,  and  occasion- 
ally it  fails  altogether.  The  ex- 
citement of  the  congregation, 
when  the  pretended  miracle  takes 
place,  is  only  surpassed  by  that 
caused  by  its  non-occurrence, 
which  is  considered  an  omen  of 
the  worst  possible  import. 

4®=*  “At  the  same  moment  [that  of 
liquefaction],  the  stone  (distant  some 
miles)  where  the  saint  suffered  martyr- 
dom becomes  faintly  red.  It  is  said 
that  the  officiating  priests  turn  faintly 
red  also,  sometimes,  when  these  mira- 
cles occur.”  Dickens. 

4SP“  The  first  day  the  blood  lique- 
fies in  forty-seven  minutes  : the  church 
is  crammed,  then,  and  time  must  be  al- 
lowed the  collectors  to  get  around; 
after  that  it  liquefies  a little  quicker 
and  a little  quicker  every  day,  as  the 
houses  grow1  smaller,  till  on  the  eighth 


day,  with  only  a few  dozens  present  to 
see  the  miracle,  it  liquefies  in  four  min- 
utes.” Mark  Twain. 

At  Naples  they  [the  English]  put  St . 
Januarius ’ blood  in  an  alembic. 

Emerson. 

But  as  it  was  then,  so  it  is  now;  so  will 
it  always  be.  Does  not  the  blood  of  St. 
Januarius  become  liquid  once  a year? 

Bayard  Taylor. 
as  I lay 

Watching  Vesuvius  from  the  bay, 

1 besought  St.  Januarius. 

But  I was  a fool  to  try  him; 

Nought  1 said  could  liquefy  him. 

T.  W.  Parsons. 

Bloody  Brook.  A locality  in  Deer- 
field, Mass.,  noted  as  the  scene  of 
a terrible  battle  with  the  Indians 
in  the  early  days  of  New  Eng- 
land. On  the  18th  of  September, 
1675,  Capt.  Lathrop,  with  a com- 
pany of  84  men,  was  here  at- 
tacked by  700  Indian  warriors; 
and  all  perished  with  the  excep- 
tion of  seven  who  escaped.  In 
1835  a marble  monument  was 
erected  on  this  battle-field,  and 
an  address  delivered  by  Edward 
Everett. 

Bloomsbury  Square.  A London 
square,  built  in  1665,  and  former- 
ly called  Southampton  Square 
from  Southampton  House,  which 
stood  there  until  1800.  This  square 
was  once  so  fashionable  that  it 
was  considered  one  of  the  won- 
ders of  England.  On  the  north- 
ern side  is  a bronze  statue  of 
Charles  James  Fox  by  Westma- 
cott. 

In  Falace-yard,  at  nine,  you’ll  find  me 
there. 

At  ten,  for  certain,  sir,  in  Bloomsbury 
Square.  Pope. 

Blue  Boy.  A celebrated  portrait- 
picture  by  Thomas  Gainsborough 
(1727-1788).  In  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  London. 

4®=-  “ Reynolds  had  laid  down  the 
law  that  blue  ought  not  to  be  employed 
in  masses  in  a picture,  when,  more 
from  a spirit  of  malice  which  led 
Gainsborough  to  show  that  such  a law 
was  not  without  an  exception,  than 
with  the  intention  of  expressing  his 
grave  dissent  from  the  view,  Gainsbor- 
ough painted  the  son  of  Mr.  Buttall  in 
an  entire  suit  of  blue.  The  result  was 
a triumph  of  Gainsborough’s  art  in  the 
treatment  of  a difficult  subject,  so  as  to 
produce  an  agreeable  effect  under  dis- 


BLU  59  BLU 


advantages,  rather  than  an  upsetting 
of  Sir  Joshua’s  theory.” 

Sarah  Tyiler. 

“ Gainsborough’s  Blue  Boy  al- 
ready possesses  the  expressive  and 
wholly  modern  physiognomy  by  which 
a work  falling  within  the  painter’s 
province  oversteps  the  limits  of  paint- 
ing.” Taine , Trans. 

Blue  Coat  School.  See  Christ’s 
Hospital. 

Blue  Grotto.  [Ital.  Grottci  Azzu- 
n 7.]  A celebrated  cavern  on  the 
island  of  Capri,  in  the  Bay  of 
Naples.  The  walls  and  roof  of 
the  grotto,  as  well  as  the  water 
within  it,  are  of  a beautiful  ultra- 
marine color,  produced  by  the 
light  from  without  entering  the 
water,  and  being  refracted  up- 
wards into  the  grotto. 

j “ Here,  under  a rough  round 
bastion  of  masonry,  was  the  entrance 
to  the  Blue  Grotto.  We  were  now 
trans-shipped  to  the  little  shell  of  a 
boat  which  had  followed  us.  The 
swell  rolled  rather  heavily  into  the 
mouth  of  the  cave,  and  the  adventure 
seemed  a little  perilous,  had  the  boat- 
men been  less  experienced.  We  lay 
flat  in  the  bottom,  the  oars  were  taken 
in,  and  we  had  just  reached  the  en- 
trance, when  a high  wave  rolling  up 
threatened  to  dash  us  against  the  iron 
ortals.  The  young  sailor  held  the 
oat  back  with  his  hands,  while  the 
wave  rolled  under  us  into  the  darkness 
beyond;  then,  seizing  the  moment,  we 
shot  in  after  it,  and  were  safe  under 
the  expanding  roof.  At  first,  all  was 
tolerably  dark;  I onty  saw  that  the 
water  near  the  entrance  was  intensely 
and  luminously  blue.  Gradually,  as 
the  eye  grew  accustomed  to  the  obscu- 
rity, the  irregular  vault  of  the  roof  be- 
came visible,  tinted  by  a faint  reflec- 
tion from  the  water.  The  effect  in- 
creased, the  longer  we  remained.  . . . 
The  silvery,  starry  radiance  of  foam 
or  bubbles  on  the  shining  blue  ground 
was  the  loveliest  phenomenon  of  the 
grotto.  To  dip  one’s  hand  in  the  sea, 
and  scatter  the  water,  was  to  create 
sprays  of  wonderful,  phosphorescent 
blossoms,  jewels  of  the  sirens,  flashing 
and  vanishing  garlands  of  the  Undines.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

JCST  “ The  Blue  Grotto  loses  nothing 
of  its  beauty,  but  rather  gains  by  con- 
trast, when  passing  from  dense  fog  you 
find  yofirselves  transported  to  a world 
of  wavering  subaqueous  sheen.  It  is 
only  through  the  opening  of  the  very 
topmost  arch  that  a boat  can  glide  into 


this  cavern;  the  arch  itself  spreads 
downward  through  the  water,  so  that 
all  the  light  is  transmitted  from  be- 
neath, and  colored  by  the  sea.  . . . 
The  flesh  of  a diver  in  this  water 
showed  like  the  faces  of  children  play- 
ing at  snapdragon ; all  around  him  the 
spray  leapt  up  with  a living  fire;  and, 
when  the  oars  struck  the  surface,  it 
was  as  though  a phosphorescent  sea 
had  been  smitten,  and  the  drops  ran 
from  the  blades  in  blue  pearls.” 

J.  A.  Symonds. 

Many  an  arched  roof  is  bent 
Over  the  wave, 

But  none  like  thine,  from  the  firmament 
To  the  shells  that  at  thy  threshold  lave. 
What  name  shall  shadow  thy  rich-blue 
sheen, 

Violet,  sapphire,  or  ultramarine? 

W.  Gibson. 

Blue-Stocking  Clubs.  Boswell  de- 
scribes the  origin  of  Blue-Stock- 
ing Clubs:  “About  this  time 
[1781]  it  was  much  the  fashion 
for  several  ladies  to  have  even- 
ing assemblies,  where  the  fair  sex 
might  participate  in  conversation 
with  literary  and  ingenious  men, 
animated  by  a desire  to  please. 
One  of  the  most  eminent  mem- 
bers of  these  societies,  when  they 
first  commenced,  was  Mr.  Stili- 
ingfleet  (grandson  of  the  Bishop), 
who.se  dress  was  remarkably 
grave;  and  in  particular  it  was 
observed  that  he  wore  blue  stock- 
ings. Such  was  the  excellence 
of  his  conversation,  that  his  ab- 
sence was  felt  so  great  a loss  that 
it  used  to  be  said,  ‘ We  can  do 
nothing  without  the  blue  stock - 
iiif/s ; ’ and  thus  by  degrees  the 
title  was  established.  Miss  Han- 
nah More  has  admirably  de- 
scribed a Blue-Stocking  Club  in 
her  Bas-Bleu,  a poem  in  which 
many  of  the  persons  who  were 
most  conspicuous  there  are  men- 
tioned.” The  club  which  met  at 
Mrs.  Montagu’s,  in  London,  is 
described  as  having  consisted 
originally  of  Mrs.  Montagu,  Mrs. 
Vesey,  Mrs.  Carter,  Miss  Bos- 
cawen,Lord  Lyttelton,  Mr.  Pulte- 
ney,  Horace  Walpole,  and  Mr. 
Stillingfieet,  and,  according  to 
Forbes,  derived  its  name  from 
the  fact  that  Mr.  Stillingfieet, 
“ being  somewhat  of  an  humorist 
in  his  habits  and  manners,  and  a 
little  negligent  in  his  dress,  liter- 


BOA 


60 


BOB 


ally  wore  gray  stockings;  from 
which  circumstance  Admiral  Bos- 
cawen  used,  by  way  of  pleasantry, 
to  call  them  4 The  Blue-Stocking 
Society,’  as  if  to  intimate  that 
when  these  brilliant  friends  met, 
it  was  not  for  the  purpose  of  form- 
ing a dressed  assembly.  A for- 
eigner of  distinction,  hearing 
the  expression,  translated  it  lit- 
erally, * Bas-Bleu,’  by  which  these 
meetings  came  to  be  afterwards 
distinguished.” 

J&ir  Mills  (History  of  Chivalry)  re- 
fers the  use  of  the  term  Blue-Stock- 
ing, applied  to  a literary  body,  to  the 
Society  de  la  Calza,  established  at  Ven- 
ice in  1400,  the  members  of  which, 
“ when  they  met  in  literary  discussion, 
were  distinguished  by  the  color  of 
their  stockings.  The  colours  were 
sometimes  fantastically  blended;  and 
at  other  times  one  color,  particularly 
blue , prevailed.”  The  name  was  after- 
ward applied  in  France  to  ladies  of  lit- 
erary tastes,  as  a derisive  appellation 
to  denote  female  pedantry.  From 
France  the  title  crossed  over  to  Eng- 
land. Byron  (1788-1824),  in  “The 
Blues : a Literary  Eclogue,”  ridicules 
the  blue-stockings  of  that  period. 

Boar,  Calydonian.  See  Chace  of 
the  Calydonian  Boar. 

Boar  Hunt.  See  Wild-boar  Hunt. 

Boar’s  Head.  A celebrated  tav- 
ern which  formerly  stood  in 
Eastclieap,  London,  said  to  have 
been  the  oldest  in  the  city.  It 
was  here  that  Shakespeare  repre- 
sents Prince  Henry  and  his  com- 
anions  indulging  their  revels 
efore  A .D.  1413.  ' The  celebrated 
Boar’s  Head  Tavern  of  Shake- 
spearean fame  was  destroyed 
(afterwards  rebuilt)  by  the  great 
fire  of  16(16,  a fact  forgotten  by 
Goldsmith,  Boswell,  and  Wash- 
ington Irving,  in  their  references 
to  the  tavern  as  the  identical 
structure  frequented  by  Falstaff. 

4®=*  “ The  earliest  notice  of  this 
place  occurs  in  the  testament  of  Sir 
William  Warden,  who,  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  II.,  gave  ‘all  that  his  tene- 
ment, called  the  Boar’s  Head,  East- 
cheap,'  to  a college  of  priests  or  chap- 
lains, founded  by  Sir  William  Wal- 
worth, Lord  Mayor,  in  the  adjoining 
church  of  St.  Michael,  Crooked-lane. 
Whether  at  that  time  it  was  a tavern 


or  a cook’s  residence,  does  not  appear; 
but  very  early  in  the  next  reign,  if  any 
confidence  can  be  reposed  in  the  lo- 
cality of  Shakespeare’s  scenes,  it  be- 
came the  resort  of  old  Jack  Falstaff 
and  Prince  Hal ; but  subsequently  it 
was  converted  into  a residence  for  the 
priests,  to  whose  college  it  had  been 
devised.”  Brayley's  Londiniana. 

4SP-  “ Falstaff  absolutely  requires 
the  frame  of  an  inn  to  make  his  por- 
trait intelligible,  with  the  buxom  figure 
of  Mrs.  Quickly  in  the-  background ; 
and  it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that  no 
public  house  of  entertainment  has 
afforded  such  world-wide  mirth  as  the 
Boar's  Heady  Eastcheap.” 

H.  T.  Tuckerman. 

Such  were  the  reflections  that  naturally 
arose  while  I sat  at  the  Boar's  Head  tav- 
ern, still  kept  at  Eastcheap.  Here,  by  a 
pleasant  fire,  in  the  very  room  where  old 
Sir  John  Falstaff  cracked  his  jokes,  in  the 
very  chair  which  was  sometimes  honored 
by  Prince  Henry,  and  sometimes  polluted 
by  his  immoral  merry  companions.  I sat 
and  ruminated  on  the  follies  of  youth. 

Goldsmith. 

[See  Goldsmith’s  essay  entitled,  A Rev - 
erie  at  the  Boar's  Head  Tavern .] 

Boboli  Gardens.  Beautiful  and 
well  - known  pleasure  - grounds 
contiguous  to  the  Pitti  Palace,  in 
Florence,  Italy;  so  named  from 
the  Boboli  family,  who  formerly 
possessed  a mansion  here;  and 
affording  fine  views  of  the  city 
with  its  domes  and  towers. 

“ All  is  formal  and  regular. 
Trees  are  planted  in  rectangular  rows, 
and  their  branches  so  trained  and  in- 
terlaced as  to  form  long  cathedral 
aisles  of  foliage,  as  if  a lateral  shaft 
had  been  cut  in  a solid  mass  of  fresh 
green.  In  these  very  gardens  Milton 
may  have  had  suggested  to  him  his 
image  of  the  Indian  herdsman, 

‘ that  tends  his  pasturing  herds 

At  loop-holes  cut  through  thickest 
shade.’  ” Hillard. 

46§=’  “I  went  into  the  Boboli  Gar- 
dens, which  are  contiguous  to  the  Pal- 
ace ; but  found  them  too  sunny  for 
enjoyment.  They  seem  to  consist 
partly  of  a wilderness;  but  the  portion 
into  which  I strayed  was  laid  out  with 
straight  walks,  lined  with  high  box- 
hedges,  along  which  there  was  only  a 
narrow  margin  of  shade.” 

Hawthorne. 

At  Florence,  too,  what  goldejj  hours 
In  those  long  galleries  were  ours; 

What  drives  about  the  fresh  Cascine, 

Or  walks  in  Boboli's  ducal  bowers. 

Tennyson. 


BOC 


61 


BOI 


Bocca  della  Verity.  [Truth’s 
Mouth.]  A huge  mask  of  white 
marble  in  the  portico  of  the 
church  of  S.  Maria  in  Cosmedin, 
Rome,  which  has  given  its  name 
to  the  adjoining"  piazza.  This 
mask  is  a slab  of  stone  with  holes 
for  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth, 
and  resembles  the  common  repre- 
sentations of  the  face  of  the  sun 
or  moon.  It  had  great  fame 
among  the  vulgar  of  Rome,  who 
believed  in  it  as  a sort  of  touch- 
stone of  truth,  from  which  notion 
it  derived  its  name.  The  belief 
was,  that  a witness  of  doubted 
veracity,  having  been  required 
to  place  his  hand  in  the  mouth 
of  the  mask,  would  be  unable  to 
remove  it  in  case  he  swore  falsely. 
This  truth-loving  stone  is  thought 
to  have  been  the  opening  to  a 
drain. 

“This  Bocca  della  Verita  is  a 
curious  relic  of  the  Middle  Ages.  It 
served  the  purpose  of  a divine  ordeal. 
Imagine  a windmill  which  resembles 
not  a human  countenance,  but  the  face 
of  the  moon  : we  can  distinguish  in  it 
eyes,  a nose,  and  an  open  mouth  into 
which  the  accused  person  placed  his 
hand  to  take  an  oath.  This  mouth  bit 
all  liars,  at  least  so  the  tradition  goes. 
I put  my  right  hand  into  it,  saying  the 
Ghetto  was  a delightful  place,  and  have 
not  been  bitten.”  About , Trans. 

Boccadi  Leone.  SeeLiox’sMouTH. 

Bodleian  Library.  A famous  li- 
brary belonging  to  the  University 
of  Oxford,  England,  founded,  or 
rather  restored,  by  Sir  Thomas 
Bodley,  near  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  collections  of 
books  and  manuscripts  in  Eu- 
rope. The  founder  expended 
large  sums  upon  the  building, 
which  is  magnificent,  furnished 
it  with  a large  quantity  of  books, 
and  bequeathed  a large  sum  to 
be  devoted  to  its  annual  replen- 
ishment. It  has  been  enriched, 
also,  by  many  valuable  gifts  of 
books  and  manuscripts. 

“ No  candle  or  fire  is  ever  light- 
ed in  the  Bodleian.  Its  catalogue  is 
the  standard  catalogue  on  the  desk  of 
every  library  in  Oxford.  In  each  sev- 
eral college,  they  underscore  in  red 
ink  on  this  catalogue  the  titles  of  books 


contained  in  the  library  of  that  college, 
— the  theory  being  that  the  Bodleian 
has  all  books.”  Emerson . 

The  walls  and  roofs  [of  the  Vatican  li- 
brary] are  painted  not  with  antiques  and 
grotescs,  like  our  Bodleian  at  Oxford,  but 
emblems,  figures,  diagrams,  and  the  like 
learned  inventions.  John  Evelyn,  1644. 

Each  college  has  been  developed  by  it- 
self, each  age  has  built  in  its  fashion  . . . 
close  to  the  Bodleian  Library , a mass  of 
edifices,  sculptured  portals,  lofty  bell- 
towers.  Taine,  Trans 

Boheme,  La.  See  Bohemia. 

Bohemia.  A cant  name  (from  the 
Fr.  Bohemien,  gypsy)  given  to 
certain  quarters  of  London  large- 
ly occupied  by  roving  wits  and 
people  who  have  no  fixed  oc- 
cupation. The  appellation  La 
Boheme  is  similarly  used  in 
Paris. 

Bois  de  Boulogne.  A “beautiful 
and  extensive  promenade  in  Par- 
is, covering  nearly  2,500  acres. 
Previous  to  1852  it  was  a sort  of 
forest,  with  walks  and  rides;  but 
in  that  year  Napoleon  III.  deter- 
mined to  improve  it,  and,  together 
with  the  municipality,  built  new 
roads,  dug  out  the  lakes,  made 
the  waterfalls,  and  otherwise  di- 
versified the  surface,  converting 
it  into  a delightful  promenade  — 
the  Hyde  Park  of  Paris. 

j@@=-  “ The  Bois  de  Boulogne  is  a lev- 
el wood  of  small  trees  covering  a mile 
or  two  square,  and  cut  from  corner  to 
corner  with  straight  roads  for  driving. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  the  grass  only  in 
tufts.  Barring  the  equipages  and  the 
pleasure  of  a word  in  passing  an  ac- 
quaintance, I find  a drive  to  this  fam- 
ous wood  rather  dull  business.  I want 
either  one  thing  or  the  other,  — culti- 
vated grounds  like  the  Tuileries  or  the 
wild  wood.”  A.  P.  Willis. 

jgtlr'  “ In  1319  some  pilgrims,  having 
erected  at  Mem-lez-Saint-Cloud  (a  little 
hamlet  situated  in  the  midst  of  a clear- 
ing of  woods)  a church  modelled  after 
that  of  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  the  name  of 
the  hamlet  was  changed  to  that  of  Bou- 
logne. The  wood,  too,  following  the 
fortunes  of  the  first  habitations  erect- 
ed upon  its  territory,  took  the  name  of 
Boulogne,  which  it  has  retained  to  this 
day.”  Alphaudy  Trans. 

About  four  o’clock  he  takes  a turn  in 
the  Bois.  He  has  a fair  horse.  He  rides 
well,  and  does  not  look  badly. 

Taine,  Tran*. 


BOI 


62 


BON 


His  [B^ranger’s]  geography  did  not  go 
far  beyond  the  Tuileries,  the  Champs  Ely- 
sbes,  and  the  Bois  de  Boulogne;  and  his 
true  home  was  the  circle  in  which  the 
self-supporting  citizen  toiled  for  his  daily 
bread  and  butter  and  his  weekly  holiday. 

Daily  Advertiser. 

Come,  Albert,  said  he,  if  you  will  take 
my  advice,  let  us  go  out:  a turn  in  the 
Bois  in  a carriage  or  on  horseback  will 
divert  you.  Dumas , Trans. 

Boisser^e  Gallery.  A celebrated 
collection  of  paintings  (often  re- 
ferred to  in  works  upon  art)  be- 
gun at  Cologne,  Prussia,  in  1801 
by  two  brothers  of  that  name, 
during  the  confiscation  of  prop- 
erty and  the  dispersion  of  works 
of  art  at  the  time  of  the  Napo- 
leonic wars.  The  best  part  of 
this  collection  is  now  in  the 
Pinakothek  at  Munich,  having 
been  purchased  in  1827  by  King 
Lewis. 

Boisson.  See  Glacier  de  Bois- 
son. 

Bolingbroke  House.  A building 
at  Battersea,  about  three  miles 
from  London.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  Henry  St.  John, 
Viscount  Bolingbroke,  and  was 
the  frequent  resort  of  Pope, 
Swift,  Arbuthnot,  Thomson,  Mal- 
let, and  other  men  of  genius.  The 
greater  part  of  the  mansion  was 
taken  down  in  1778.  In  the  wing 
remaining  is  a parlor  lined  with 
cedar,  in  which  Pope  composed 
his  “Essay  on  Man.”  It  is  said 
to  have  been  called  “ Pope’s  Par- 
lor.” 

Bolsena,  Mass  of.  See  Mass  of 
Bolsena. 

Bolt  Court.  A street  in  London. 
Dr.  Johnson  lived  here  (at  No.  8) 
from  1776  until  his  death  in  De- 
cember, 1784. 

“ When  we  read  of  Johnson’s 
house  in  Bolt  Court,  although  we  do 
not  think  of  the  doctor  as  living  in  any 
state,  we  do  not  imagine  a place  like  a 
flagged  yard,  reached  through  a dark, 
narrow  alley,  and  in  which  we  should 
expect  to  see  clothes  drying  on  the  lines. 
Bolt  Court  is  a representative  place  — 
an  example  of  those  nooks  and  secluded 
recesses  found  in  the  towns  all  over 
England.”  R.  G.  White. 

The  plate-licker  and  wine-bibber  [Bos- 
well] dives  into  Bolt  Court , to  sip  muddy 
coffee  with  a cynical  old  man,  and  a sour- 
tempered  blind  old  woman  (feeling  the 


cups,  whether  they  are  full,  with  her  fln* 
ger;)and  patiently  endured  contradictions 
without  end;  too  happy  so  he  may  but 
be  allowed  to  listen  and  live.  Carlyle 

There,  in  the  Hue  Taranne,  for  instance, 
the  once  noisy  Denis  Diderot  has  fallen 
silent  enough.  Here  a* so,  in  Bolt  Court , 
old  Samuel  Johnson,  like  an  over-wearied 
giant,  must  lie  down  and  slumber  without 
dream.  Carlyle. 

Can  this  be  Sir  Allan  McLean  ? 

Ah,  no  ! It  is  only  the  Rambler, 

The  Idler,  who  lives  in  Bolt  Court , 

And  who  says,  were  he  Laird  of  Inchken- 
neth, 

He  would  wall  himself  round  with  a fort. 

Anonymous. 

Bolton  Priory.  The  ruins  of  this 
celebrated  priory  are  situated  in 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  spots 
in  England,  near  Skipton  on  the 
banks  of  the  Aire. 

From  Bolton's  old  monastic  tower 
The  bells  ring  loud  with  gladsome  power 

And  thus  in  joyous  mood  they  hie 
To  Bolton's  mouldering  Priory. 

Wordsworth. 

Entranced  with  varied  loveliness,  1 gaze 
On  Bolton's  hallowed  fane.  Its  hoary 
walls, 

More  eloquent  in  ruin,  than  the  halls 
Of  princely  pomp.  Newman  Hall. 

Bon  Homme  Richard.  [Good 
Man  Richard.]  A noted  ship  in 
which  Capt.  John  Paul  Jones  of 
the  American  navy  sailed  in  1779 
to  the  coast  of  England,  and  en- 
gaging the  much  superior  British 
frigate  Sercipis  captured  her  after 
a desperate  fight  of  two  hours. 
The  Bon  Homme  Richard  was 
named  after  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin’s “ Poor  Richard.” 

4®=  “In  his  earlier  writings,  he 
[Benjamin  Franklin]  often  uttered 
wise  sayings  in  this  form  : ‘“A  bird  in 
the  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush,”  as 
Poor  Richard  says.’  By  these  say- 
ings in  this  form  he  came  to  be  known 
at  home  and  abroad  as  ‘ Poor  Richard  ; ’ 
and  when,  in  the  summer  of  1779,  the 
French  government  and  the  American 
ambassador  jointly  fitted  out  an  expe- 
dition to  be  commanded  by  Jones,  the 
flag-ship  was  named  Bonhomme  Rich- 
ard , or  ‘ Good  Man  Richard.’” 

Tossing. 

Who,  in  the  darkest  days  of  our  Revo- 
lution, carried  your  flag  into  the  very 
chops  of  the  British  Channel,  bearded 
the  lion  in  his  den,  and  woke  the  echoes 
of  old  Albion’s  hills  by  the  thunders  of  his 
cannon,  and  the  shouts  of  his  triumph? 
It  was  the  American  sailor.  And  tin 


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63 


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names  of  John  Paul  Jones,  and  the  Bon 
Homme  Richard , will  go  down  the  annals 
of  time  forever.  R.  F . Stockton. 

Bonanza,  Big.  See  Consolidated 
Virginia. 

Bonaparte  at  Cairo.  A picture 
by  Jean  Leon  Gerome  (b.  1824), 
the  French  painter. 

Bonaventure.  A noted  cemetery 
near  Savannah,  Ga.  It  is  plant- 
ed with  native  live-oaks. 

Bond  Street.  A street  in  London 
named  after  its  builder,  Sir 
Thomas  Bond. 

It  is  natural  to  me  to  go  where  I 
please,  to  do  what  I please.  I find  my- 
self at  eleven  o’clock  in  the  day  in  Bond 
Street , and  it  seems  to  me  that  1 have 
been  sauntering  there  afc  that  very  hour 
for  years  past.  Charles  Lamb. 

Why  should  we  call  them  from  their  dark 
abode 

In  broad  St.  Giles’s  or  in  Tottenham- 
road  ? 

Or  (since  some  men  of  fashion  nobly 
dare 

To  scrawl  in  verse)  from  Bond-street  or 
the  Square?  Byron. 

Is  this  the  sublime?  Mr.  Angelo  of 
Bond  Street  might  admire  the  attitude; 
his  namesake,  Michel,  I don't  thick 
would.  Thackeray. 

The  expressive  word  1 quiet  ’ defines  the 
dress,  manner,  bow,  and  even  physiogno- 
my, of  every  true  denizen  of  St.  James's 
and  Bond  Street.  N.  P.  Willis. 

Bone  Compagnie.  See  Court  de 
bone  Compagnie. 

Bonne  Nouvelle,  Boulevart. 
One  of  the  boulevards  of  Paris. 
On  this  street  is  the  Theatre  du 
Gymnase.  See  Boulevards. 

Bonsecours  Market.  A stone 
building  three  stories  high,  with 
a dome,  in  Montreal,  Canada.  It 
is  unsurpassed  for  its  purposes 
by  any  building  in  America. 

Boodle’s  Club.  This  club  in  St. 
James’s  Street,  London,  first 
known  as  the  Savoir  Vivre  Chib , 
was  established  about  1764.  Gib- 
bon was  a member  of  Boodle’s. 

“ Boodle’s  Club-house,  designed 
by  Holland,  has  long  been  eclipsed  by 
the  more  pretentious  architecture  of 
the  club  edifices  of  our  time;  but  the 
interior  arrangements  are  well  planned. 
Boodle’s  is  chiefly  frequented  by  coun- 
try gentlemen,  whose  status  has  been 
thus  satirically  insinuated  by  a con- 
temporary : ‘ Every  Sir  John  belongs 


to  Boodle’s  — as  you  may  see ; for  when 
a waiter  comes  into  the  room,  and  says 
to  some  aged  student  of  the  Morning 
Herald , “ Sir  John,  your  servant  has 
come,”  every  head  is  mechanically 
thrown  up  in  answer  to  the  address.’  ” 
Timbs . 

So,  when  some  John  his  dull  invention 
racks, 

To  rival  Boodle's  dinners  or  Almack's, 
Three  uncouth  legs  of  mutton  shock  our 
eyes, 

Three  roasted  geese,  three  buttered  apple- 
pies.  William  Mason . 

Rank  weeds  will  sprout  between  yon 
stones, 

And  owls  will  roost  at  Boodle's , 

And  Echo  will  hurl  back  the  tones 
Of  screaming  Yankee  Doodles. 

Frederick  Locker. 

Book  of  Revelation.  A series  of 
wood-cuts  illustrating  the  Book 
of  Revelation,  by  Albert  Diirer 
(1471-1528),  the  German  painter 
and  engraver. 

Booth’s.  An  elegant  theatre  on 
Twenty-third  Street,  New  York. 
It  is  chiefly  used  for  standard 
tragedy. 

Bora,  The.  A name  locally  given 
to  the  north  or  north-east  wind 
which  at  times  rages  over  the 
Carnic  and  Julian  Alps,  in  South- 
ern Austria,  with  extreme  vio- 
lence. 

Border,  The.  The  name  often  ap- 
plied to  the  common  boundary 
line  (or  more  generally  to  the 
whole  of  the  common  frontier 
region)  of  England  and  of  Scot- 
land. The  position  of  this  divid- 
ing line  was,  until  comparatively 
recent  times,  dependent  upon 
the  changes  of  war  or  diplomacy; 
and  the  border,  from  the  eleventh 
century  until  about  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  was  the 
scene  of  almost  constant  wars, 
forays,  feuds,  and  various  dis- 
turbances. After  the  legislative 
union  of  1707,  these  wars  and 
troubles  of  the  border  were  finally 
terminated.  Sir  Walter  Scott  is 
often  called  the  “Border  Min- 
strel,” and  he  and  some  of  his 
poetical  followers,  who  celebrated 
various  plundering  chiefs  of  the 
border,  have  been  sometimes  re- 
ferred to  as  the  “ Border-thief 
School.” 


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64 


BOT 


0,  young  Lochinvar  is  come  out  of  the 
West! 

Through  all  the  wide  Border  his  steed  is 
the  best; 

And  save  his  good  broadsword  lie  weapon 
had  none; 

He  rode  all  unarmed,  and  he  rode  all  alone. 

Scott 

Sophia  [Scott]  shares  and  enjoys  iliese 
local  feelings  a d attachments,  and  can 
tell  as  many  Border  stories  as  her  father, 
and  repeat  perhaps  as  many  ballads,  and 
certainly  more  Jacobite  song'. 

George  Ticlnor. 

Borestone,  The.  1.  A spot  on  the 
field  of  Bannockburn,  in  Scot- 
land, now  enclosed  by  an  iron  rail- 
ing, where,  according  to  tradition, 
Bruce’s  standard  was  planted 
during  the  contest. 

2.  A monumental  stone  pre- 
served at  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
into  which,  according  to  tradition, 
the  standard  of  James  IV.  was 
stuck  before  he  marched  to  the 
battle-field  of  Flodden. 

Borghese  Chapel.  See  Capella 
Borghese. 

Borghese  Gladiator.  A celebrat- 
ed statue,  representing  a warrior 
contending  with  a horseman,  and 
supposed  to  have  made  part  of  a 
large  battle-group.  It  is  attrib- 
uted to  Agasias  (400  B.C.  ?),  an 
Ephesian  sculptor,  whose  name 
appears  on  the  statue.  Now  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  See  Dying 
Gladiator  and  Wounded  Glad- 
iator. 

Borghese  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Borghese .]  A Roman  palace  of 
immense  size,  containing  one  of 
the  richest  collections  of  art  in  the 
city.  It  was  begun  in  1590,  and 
completed  by  Paul  V.,  one  of  the 
Borghese  family. 

4£g=*  “ The  Palazzo  Borghese  con- 
tains the  finest  private  collection  of 
pictures  in  Rome,  upwards  of  six  hun- 
dred in  number.  . . . The  Borghese 
family  is  still  rich,  and  the  suite  of 
apartments  devoted  to  the  collection  is 
taken  good  care  of.”  G.  S.  Hillard . 

Borghese  Villa.  See  Villa  Bor- 
ghese. 

Borgia,  Caesar.  See  Caesar  Bor- 
gia. 

Borgo.  [Suburb,  or  borough.]  See 

Leonine  City. 

See  also  Incendio  del  Borgo 
and  Stanze  of  Raphael. 


Borough,  The.  A general  term, 
but  applied  specifically  to  South- 
wark, a parliamentary  borough 
of  England,  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  Thames,  directly  opposite 
the  City  of  London. 

And  Gower,  an  older  poet  whom 

The  Borough  church  enshrines. 

Horace  Smith. 

Indeed,  it  is  evident  that  the  curious 
little  passage  which  leads  in  to  the 
“ Cock  ” must  have  been  originally  an 
entrance  to  one  of  these  courts  on  which 
the  tavern  gradually  encroached.  Much 
tne  same  are  found  in  the  Borough , only 
these  lead  into  great  courts  and  innyards. 

Fitzgerald. 

“ Borrachos,”  The.  [The  topers.] 
A famous  picture  by  Diego  Rod- 
riguez de  Silva  y Velasquez 
(1599-1660).  In  the  gallery  at 
Madrid,  Spain. 

Borromean  Colossus.  See  Carlo 
Borromeo. 

Borromean  Islands.  See  Isola 
Bella. 

Borromeo,  Carlo.  See  Carlo  Bor- 
romeo. 

Borthwiek  Castle.  A Scotch  fort- 
ress of  the  fifteenth  century,  in 
the  parish  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  county  of  Edinburgh. 

4®^  “ This  building  is  believed  to  be 
the  largest  specimen  of  that  class  of 
architecture  [a  simple  square  block]  in 
Scotland.”  Billings . 

Bosch,  The.  See  Huis  in’t  Bosch. 

Boston  Common.  See  Common, 
The. 

Bothwell  Bridge.  A bridge  over 
the  Clyde,  near  Glasgow,  the 
scene  of  the  battle  between  the 
Royalists  and  the  Covenanters, 
June  22,  1679,  described  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  tale  of  “ Old  Mor- 
tality.” 

4®=“  “ We  went  to  the  famous  Both- 
well Bridge,  which  Scott  has  immor- 
talized in  ‘ Old  Mortality.’  We  walked 
up  and  down,  trying  to  recall  the 
scenes  of  the  battle,  as  there  described, 
and  were  rather  mortified,  after  we 
had  ail  our  associations  comfortably 
located  upon  it,  to  be  told  that  it  was 
not  the  same  bridge — it  had  been  new- 
ly built,  widened,  and  otherwise  made 
more  comfortable  and  convenient.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Bothwell  Castle.  An  old  baronial 
fortress  on  the  Clyde,  near  Clas- 


BOT 


65 


BO  IT 


gow,  Scotland,  belonging  to  the 
Earl  of  Home.  The  modern 
mansion  adjoining  contains  a 
valuable  art-collection. 

jgQjp*  “ The  name  had  for  me  the 
quality  of  enchantment.  ...  I remem- 
bered the  dim  melodies  of  ‘ The  Lady 
of  the  Lake.’  Bothwell’s  lord  was  the 
lord  of  this  castle,  whose  beautiful 
ruins  here  adorn  the  banks  of  the 
Clyde.  Whatever  else  we  have,  or 
may  have,  in  America,  we  shall  never 
have  the  wild  poetic  beauty  of  these 
ruins.  The  present  noble  possessors 
are  fully  aware  of  their  worth  as  objects 
of  taste,  and  therefore  with  the  great- 
est care  are  they  preserved.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Immured  in  BothwelV s towers,  at  times 
the  brave 

(So  beautiful  is  Clyde)  forgot  to  mourn 
The  liberty  they  lost  at  Baum  ckbnrn. 

Wordsworth. 

Botolph’s,  St.  See  St.  Botolph’s. 

Bouc,  La.  A strong  fortification 
at  Luxemburg,  Holland.  It  is 
an  excavation  in  the  solid  rock 
capable  of  holding  four  thousand 
men 

Boucherie.  See  St.  Jacques  la 
Boucherie. 

Bouffes  Parisiens.  A little  theatre 
in  Paris,  known  for  the  first  pro- 
duction of  Offenbach’s  operettes. 
It  is  much  frequented,  and  is  de- 
voted to  comedies  and  vaude- 
villes. 

Do  you  suppose  that  I do  not  know  that 
your  club  appointment  is  at  the  Boufjes 
Parisiens  or  somewhere  else  ? 

Tame , Trans. 

Bouillon  Castle.  An  extensive 
feudal  mansion  in  Belgium,  once 
the  seat  of  the  famous  Godfrey 
de  Bouillon  (1058  ?-1100).  It  is 
now  used  as  a prison. 

Boulevards.  A name  given  in 
French  cities  to  the  public  prome- 
nade, and  chiefly  applied  to  the 
wide  and  magnificent  streets  of 
Paris,  which  occupy  the  site  of  the 
former  fortifications,  or  Bulwarks 
(whence  the  name),  once  devoted 
to  the  defence  of  the  city.  In  the 
centre  is  a road  which  is  lined 
with  trees,  and  between  each 
row  of  trees  and  the  houses  are 
wide  sidewalks.  They  became  a 
general  promenade  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  Each  of  these 


streets  has  a distinctive  name,  as 
the  Boulevart  des  Italiens,  de  la 
Madeleine,  des  Capucines,  de 
Montmartre,  Poissoniere,  Bonne 
Nouvelle,  St.  Denis,  St.  Martin, 
du  Temple,  des  Filles  du  Cal- 
vaire,  Beaumarchais.  Napoleon 
III.  built  several  great  streets 
which  traverse  the  city  in  differ- 
ent directions,  and  to  which  the 
name  Boulevart  is  applied.  The 
principal  of  these  new  streets 
are ; Boulevart  de  Prince  Eugene, 
Boulevart  de  Malesherbes,  Boule- 
vart de  la  Reine  Hortense,  Boule- 
vart de  Haussman,  Boulevart 
de  Richard  Lenoir,  Boulevart  de 
Sebastopol.  The  boulevards  ex - 
terieurs  constitute  a line  of  broad, 
continuous  road  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  octroi  wall. 

For  the  more  celebrated 
boulevards  of  Paris,  see  the  next 
prominent  word:  e.cj.,  Boulevart 
des  Italiens,  see  Italiens, 
Boulevart  des. 

j ggp*  “ The  Boulevarts  Inter ieurs,  the 
oldest  in  Paris,  and  those  best  known 
to  the  visitor,  extend  from  the  Made- 
leine to  the  Bastille,  and  occupy  the 
site  of  the  old  walls  of  Paris,  which 
were  pulled  down  about  1670,  when  the 
ground  was  levelled  and  trees  were 
planted,  and  the  broad  and  handsome 
street  thus  formed  soon  became,  and 
still  continues,  the  gayest  and  most 
brilliant  part  of  Paris.  Some  of  the 
trees  had  attained  large  size,  but  they 
were  cut  down  to  form  barricades 
in  the  revolutionary  struggle  of  1830; 
fresh  ones  were  planted,  but  many  of 
these  were  again  cut  down  in  1848,  and 
the  Boulevarts  thus  deprived  of  their 
chief  ornament.  These  Boulevarts  are 
thronged  with  carriages  and  pedestri- 
ans, especially  in  the  evening,  when 
the'  hosts  of  people  sitting  outside 
cafes,  the  throng  of  loungers  along  the 
pavement,  the  lofty  houses,  the  splen- 
did shops,  the  brilliantly  lighted  cafes, 
and  the  numerous  theatres,  form  a 
scene  which  will  be  quite  new  to  an 
Englishman.”  Murray's  Handbook. . 

Under  pretence  of  doing  his  duty,  he 
passed  his  time  in  walking  to  the  fuile- 
ries  and  on  the  Boulevard 

Alfred  de  Musset. 

Que  ma  gloire  s’ebmde 
Du  Louvre  aux  boulevards 

Ber  anger. 

Would  ten  rubles  buy  a tag 
Of  ribbon  on  the  boulevard , worth  a sou  ? 

Mrs-  Browning 


BOU 


66 


BOW 


Boulogne  Flotilla.  A naval  arm- 
ament assembled  at  Boulogne, 
France,  in  1804,  by  Napoleon  I., 
with  the  design  of  invading  Eng- 
land. It  included  over  1,200  ves- 
sels, with  a large  force  of  seamen, 
infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery 
In  consequence  of  Nelson’s  suc- 
cess, the  expedition  was  aban- 
doned, and  the  flotilla  was  dis- 
persed. 

Bounty,  The.  A noted  ship  which 
sailed  from  England  in  1787  for 
the  Society  Islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean.  On  the  28th  of 
April,  1789,  a mutiny  occurred  on 
board,  as  a result  of  which  the 
commander,  Capt.  Bligh,  was 
bound  and  placed  with  18  of  his 
crew  in  an  open  boat  with  140 
pounds  of  bread,  a little  meat, 
and  a few  gallons  of  water.  They 
landed  at  Otaheite,  but  were 
driven  off,  and  finally  reached 
New  Holland,  after  having  been 
40  days  in  a small  boat  upon  the 
open  sea  on  short  allowances  of 
food,  After  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, Capt.  Bligh  published  “ A 
Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  which  oc- 
curred on  H.  M.  S.  the  Bounty,” 
which  excited  great  interest. 
Lord  Byron  wrote  a poem  enti- 
tled “The  Island,”  suggested 
by  the  adventure. 

With  slow,  despairing  oar,  the  abandon’d 
skiff 

Ploughs  its  drear  progress  to  the  scarce- 
seen  cliff, 

Which  lifts  its  peak  a cloud  above  the 
main  : 

That  boat  and  ship  shall  never  meet 
again ! Byron. 

Bourbon,  Gros.  [The  Great  Bour- 
bon.] An  orange-tree  in  the  gar- 
dens of  Versailles,  France,  said 
to  have  reached  an  age  of  over  400 
years. 

When  France  with  civil  wars  was  torn, 
And  heads,  as  well  as  crowns,  were  shorn 
From  ro.yal  shoulders. 

One  Bourbon , in  unaltered  plight. 

Hath  still  maintained  its  regal  right. 

And  held  its  court,  — a goodly  sight 

To  all  beholders.  Horace.  Smith. 

Bourbon  Museum.  See  Museo 
Borbonico. 

Bourdon,  Gros.  See  Gros  Bour- 
don. 

Bourse,  La.  [Exchange,  or  Stock 
Exchange.]  A stately  edifice  in 


the  Place  de  la  Bourse,  Paris.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a parallelogram, 
with  a surrounding  colonnade 
of  Corinthian  pillars,  and  is  one 
of  the  finest  examples  of  classical 
architecture  in  Paris.  In  it  is  the 
Salle  de  la  Bourse,  a large  and 
handsome  hall  with  a gallery. 
The  hours  for  business  at  the 
Bourse  are  from  one  to  five. 

4®"  Bourse  is  a general  term  cor- 
responding to  the  English  ’Change. 
While  the  Bourse  of  Paris  is  the  most 
prominent  and  best  known,  these  ex- 
changes exist  in  the  other  French  cities. 

Each  vear  the  number  of  real  artists 
grows  less  and  le*s.  Taste  has  declined 
since  the  division  of  patrimonies  has 
broken  fortunes  into  crumbs,  and  the 
great  profits  of  the  Bourse  soil  society  with 
new  and  vulgar  wealth.  Taine,  Trans. 

When  I observe  the  Parisians  on  the 
boulevard,  at  the  Bourse,  at  the  cafd  or 
theatre,  I always  seem  to  see  a pele-meie 
of  busy  and  maddened  ants,  on  whom 
pepper  has  been  sprinkled. 

Taine , Trans. 

Well-shaven,  buxom  merchants,  look- 
ing as  trim  and  fat  as  those  on  the  Bourse 
or  on ’Change.  Thackeray 

J'ai  fr6quentd,  jusqu’a  present, 

La  Bourse  plus'que  le  Parnasse. 

Scribe. 

...  La  Bourse  est  un  champ  clos 
Ou  c’est,  au  lieu  de  sang,  de  l’or  qui  coule 
a dots.  Pori  sard. 

Paris,  like  Sparta,  has  its  teinpie  of 
Fear, — it  is  the  Bourse.  Heine , Trans. 

The  Bourse  is  the  temple  of  speculation. 

Proudhon , Trans . 

The  Bourse  is  the  sibyl's  cave  of  Paris 
Viennet , Trans . 

Bow  Bells.  The  famous  set  of 
bells  in  the  belfry  of  the  Church 
of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheapside, 
London.  It  was  from  the  ex- 
treme fondness  of  the  citizens  in 
the  old  times  for  these  bells,  that 
a genuine  cockney  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  born  within  the  sound 
of  Bow  Bells.  The  Bow  Bells 
being  rung  somewhat  late  for  the 
closing  of  shops,  the  young  men, 
’prentices,  and  others  in  Cheap 
made  this  rhyme:  — 

“ Clarke  of  the  Bow  Bells  with  the  yel- 
Ioav  locks’ 

For  thy  late  ringing  thou  shalt  have 
knocks.” 

To  which  the  clerk  replied  : — 

**  Children  of  Cheape,  hold  you  all  still. 

For  you  shall  have  the  Bow  Bells  rung 
at  your  will.” 


BOW 


67 


BOX 


The  Bow  Bells  were  the  ones 
that  rung  the  famous  rhyme  in, 
the  nursery  tale:  — 

Turn  again,  Whittington, 

Lord  Mayor  of  Loudon. 

See  Bow  Church. 

Far  as  loud  Bow’s  stupendous  bells  re- 
sound. Pope. 

I am  sure  I don’t  know, 

Says  the  great  bell  at  Bow. 

Mother  Goose. 

Bow  Church,  or  St.  Mary-le-Bow. 

A celebrated  church  in  Cheapside, 
London.  According  to  Stow,  an 
ancient  church  upon  the  same 
site  was  originally  named  St. 
Mary  de  Arcubus,  from  its  being 
built  on  arches  of  stone.  The 
Ecclesiastical  Court,  “The  Court 
of  Arches,”  was  formerly  held  in 
this  church,  and  hence  derived 
its  name.  The  bells  of  this 
church,  which  was  built  by  Wren, 
have  long  been  famed  for  their 
sweetness  of  tone.  See  Bow 
Bells. 

Tillotson  was  nominated  to  the  Arch- 
bishopric, and  was  consecrated  on  Whit- 
sunday, in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  he  Bow. 

Macaulay. 

There  has  been  a saying  current  among 
the  ancient  sibyls,  who  treasure  up  these 
things,  that  when  the  grasshopper  on  the 
top  of  the  Exchange  shook  hands  with 
the  dragon  oti  the  top  of  Bow  Church 
steeple,  fearful  events  would  take  place. 

Irving. 

Bow  Street.  A once  fashionable 
street  in  Covent  Garden,  London, 
so  called  from  its  shape  being 
that  of  a bent  bow.  Here  in  the 
eighteenth  century  was  Will’s 
well-known  coffee-house.  Bow 
Street  is  especially  familiar  in 
connection  with  the  Bow-street 
Police  Office.  In  this  street  Field- 
ing wrote  his  novel  “ Tom  Jones;” 
and  here  lived  Edmund  Waller, 
Wycherley,  and  Dr.  Badcliffe. 

I’ve  had  to-day  a dozen  billets-doux 
From  fops,  and  wits,  and  cits,  and  Bow 
street  beaux.  Dryden. 

Through  this  dingy,  ragged,  bustling, 
beggarly,  cheerful  scene,  we  began  now 
to  march  towards  the  Bow  Street  of  Jaffa. 

Thackeray . 

Can  none  remember  that  eventful  day, 
That  ever  glorious,  almost  fatal  fray, 
When  Little’s  leadless  pistol  met  hb  eye, 
And  Bow-street  mj'rmidons  stood  laughing 
by  ? Byron. 


At  home,  our  Bow -street  gemmen  keep  the 
laws, 

And  here  a sentry  stands  within  your  call- 
ing. Byron. 

Bowariyeh.  The  oldest  Chaldtean 
temple  of  which  any  remains 
exist.  It  is  at  Warka  (Erek), 
and  was  erected  at  least  2,000 
years  before  Christ. 

Bowdoin  College.  An  institution 
of  learning  in  Brunswick,  Me., 
named  after  Gov.  James  Bowdoin 
of  Massachusetts,  who  endowed 
it  with  gifts  in  land  and  money, 
together  with  his  library  and 
picture-gallery.  The  latter  con- 
tains some  valuable  works  of  the 
old  masters.  The  college  was 
incorporated  in  1791. 

Bowery,  The.  A well-known 
thoroughfare  in  New  York,  nearly 
parallel  with  Broadway.  It  is 
chiefly  populated  by  the  lower 
classes.  At  one  time  it  gained 
notoriety  by  the  ruffian  bands 
known  as  the  Bowery  Boys. 

Bowery  Theatre.  A theatre  on 
the  Bowery,  New  York,  devoted 
to  German  plays  and  operas. 

Bowling  Green.  An  enclosure 
just  north  of  the  Battery,  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  It  was  “the 
cradle  ” of  the  infant  city.  Here 
formerly  stood  an  equestrian 
statue  of  King  George  III.  It 
was  torn  down  by  the  people  in 
1776,  and,  after  being  removed  to 
Connecticut,  wras  melted  into 
bullets  for  the  national  army. 

Is  this  the  Bowling  Green  ? I should  not 
Know  it, 

So  disarrayed,  defaced,  and  gone  to  seed, 
Like  some  un-Pegasused  and  prosy  poet, 

Whose  Helicon  is  now  the  bowl  and 
weed ; 

Its  Green,  if  grass,  does  not  precisely  show 
it. 

So  changed  to  worse  from  that  once 
lovely  mead. 

The  iron  fence,  its  once  proud  decoration, 
The  street,  the  mansions  round,  share  the 
disgrace.  T.  G.  Appleton. 

The  road  is  continuous.  It  is  as  if 
Broadway  had  half  a dozen  names  be- 
tween the  Bowling  Green  and  Thirty- 
fourth  Street.  R.  G.  While. 

Bowood.  A seat  of  the  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  near  Caine,  England. 

Bowyer,  Port.  See  Fort  Bowyer. 

Boxers,  The.  See  Two  Boxers. 


BOY 


68 


BRA 


Boy  and  the  Dolphin.  A statue 
executed  by  Raphael  (1483-1520), 
the  Italian  painter,  and  pro- 
nounced “ a remarkable  work  of 
sculpture.”  It  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Sir  Hervey  Bruce,  Lon- 
don. 

Boy  Blowing  Bubbles.  A well- 
known  and  beautiful  picture  by 
Franz  van  Mieris  ( 1 035-1681).  At 
the  Hague,  Holland. 

Boy  Praying.  A bronze  statue, 
considered  one  of  the  finest  relics 
of  ancient  sculpture,  discovered 
in  the  bed  of  the  Tiber.  It  was 
purchased  by  Frederic  II.  of  Prus- 
sia for  10,000  thalers,  and  placed 
in  his  palace  at  Potsdam  Now 
in  the  Museum  at  Berlin.  It  is 
known  of  Boedas,  son  of  Lysip- 
pus, the  celebrated  Greek  sculp- 
tor, that  he  executed  the  statue 
of  a praying  figure,  and  by  many 
this  is  believed  to  be  his  work. 

O genius  of  new  days ! 

Hail  from  thine  ancient  tomb; 

Now  let  thy  spirit’s  blaze 
Chase  the  old  world  of  gloom. 

Bright  one!  thine  influence  pour 
On  man,  so  prone  and  sad ; 

And  teach  him  how  to  adore, 

And  to  be  free  and  glad. 

A’.  L.  Frothingham. 

Boy  with  a Squirrel.  A picture 
by  John  Singleton  Copley,  the 
American  painter  (1737-1815).  In 
possession  of  Mrs.  James  S.  Am- 
or y. 

Braccio  Nuovo.  A hall  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome,  built  in  1817  un- 
der Pius  VII.,  filled  with  valua- 
ble works  of  sculpture. 

This  noble  hall  is  upwards  of 
200  feet  in  length,  and  admirably  light- 
ed from  a roof  supported  by  Corinth- 
ian columns.  It  is  impossible  for  works 
of  sculpture  to  be  better  disposed ; 
and,  out  of  72  busts  and  43  statues 
which  are  here,  there  is  hardly  one 
which  is  not  excellent.”  Hillard. 

All  this  shows  itself  in  the  Braccio 
Nuovo  and  in  countless  statues  besides, 
such  as  the  Augustus  and  the  Tiberius. 

Tain e,  Trans 

This  statue  [the  Sleeping  Ariadne],  the 
Demosthenes  and  the  Minerva  Medica  in 
the  Nuovo  Braccio . are  worthy  of  peculiar 
attention  to  the  modern  artist,  as  show- 
ing what  may  be  done  by  a skilful  man- 
agement of  drapery.  Hillard . 


Brae-Mar.  A picture  by  Sir  Ed- 
win Landseer  (1803-1873),  the  cel- 
ebrated English  painter  of  ani- 
mals. It  is  pronounced  the  no- 
blest single  figure  which  he  ha* 
painted,  — “ a stately  stag,  stand- 
ing clearly  out  on  a misty  hill- 
top, and  bellowing  defiance,  while 
near  him  are  several  does.”  This 
picture  was  sold  for  $21,000  in 
1868. 

Brambletye  House.  An  ancient 
mansion  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
VII.,  near  the  royal  forest  of 
Ashdown,  in  Sussex,  England. 
With  its  gables  and  chimneys, 
moat  and  drawbridge,  it  remained 
an  object  of  interest  and  curiosity 
till  about  60  years  since.  About 
the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century  Sir  Henry  Compton 
erected  an  elegant  baronial  man- 
sion, but  after  the  Civil  War  it 
was  deserted.  It  is  now  only  a 
picturesque  ruin.  Horace  Smith’s 
romance  of  “ Brambletye  House  ” 
has  its  opening  scenes  laid  here. 

Bramfield  Oak.  A noted  tree  of 
great  size,  not  far  from  Norwich, 
in  England,  the  age  of  which  ex- 
ceeded 1,000  years.  It  fell  in  1843, 
from  simple  decay. 

Brancacci  Chapel.  See  Capella 
BltANCACCr. 

Brandenburg  Gate.  [Ger.  Das 
Brandenburcjer  Thor.']  A noted 
gate  and  entrance-way  into  the 
city  of  Berlin,  Prussia.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  modelled  after  the 
Propylpeum  at  Athens.  On  the 
summit  is  a triumphal  car,  which 
was  carried  by  Napoleon  to  Paris, 
but  afterwards  recovered. 

Brandywine,  The.  A noted  frig- 
ate of  the  United  States  navy,  in 
service  in  the  war  of  1812.  She 
was  fitted  up  to  convey  Lafayette 
home  to  France  in  1824  on  his  re- 
turn from  his  visit  to  this  coun- 
try. 

Branksome  Hall.  A mansion  near 
Hawick,  Scotland,  belonging  to 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  and  asso- 
ciated with  Scott’s  poem  of  the 
“ Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.” 

Such  is  the  custom  of  Branksome  Hall 
Scott 


BRA 


69 


BRI 


Why  did  I leave  fair  Branksome’s  towers, 
Why  did  I leave  sweet  Teviot  glen  ? 

William  Wilson. 

Braschi  Antinous.  See  Antinous, 
The  (6). 

Braschi  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Braschi. 1 A well-known  palace 
in  Rome,  built  near  the  end  of 
the  last  century  by  Pius  VI.  for 
his  nephew,  the  Duke  of  Braschi. 

4®=*  “ As  you  ascend  the  staircase, 
you  will  be  struck  with  its  noble  archi- 
tecture, which  is  in  the  most  chaste 
and  classical  taste.  The  stairs  are  led 
up  between  a colonnade  of  columns  of 
red  Oriental  granite,  the  high  polish 
of  which  accords  well  with  the  lustre  of 
the  variegated  marbles,  and  with  the 
graceful  symmetry  and  just  design  of 
the  whole.”  Eaton. 

Brazen  Head.  See  Friar  Bacon’s 
Brazen  Head. 

Brazen  Hose  College.  One  of  the 
colleges  included  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  England.  The 
tradition  is,  that  its  quaint  name 
is  derived  from  the  circumstance 
that  it  was  erected  on  the  site  of 
two  ancient  halls,  one  of  which 
was  called  Brazen  Nose  Hall  on 
account  of  an  iron  ring  fixed  in 
a nose  of  brass,  and  serving  as  a 
knocker  to  the  gate. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Land.  The 
name  given  to  a piece  of  ground, 
twenty  acres  in  extent,  in  the 
parish  of  Biddenden,  Kent,  Eng- 
land, where,  it  is  said,  pursuant 
to  the  will  of  two  maiden  sisters, 
born  in  1110  (and  traditionally 
said  to  have  been  joined  together 
by  the  shoulders  and  hips),  “ on 
the  afternoon  of  Easter  Sunday, 
600  rolls  are  distributed  to  stran- 
gers, and  270  loaves,  weighing 
three  pounds  and  a half  each,  are 
given  to  the  poor  of  the  parish,  — 
the  expense  being  defrayed  by 
the  rental  of  the  land.” 

Bread  Street.  A street  in  London, 
so  named  from  the  market  in 
which  bread  was  formerly  sold. 
Stow  says  that  in  the  year  1302, 
which  was  the  30th  of  Edward  I., 
the  bakers  of  London  were  forced 
to  sell  no  bread  in  their  shops  or 
houses,  but  in  the  market.  In 
this  street  John  Milton  was  born, 
Dec.  9,  1608;  and  in  the  Church 


of  All  Hallows  (now  destroyed), 
at  the  corner  of  Bread  Street  and 
Watting  Street,  he  was  baptized. 
Dec.  20,  1608.  See  Mermaid 
Tavern. 

Breche  de  Roland.  [Roland’s 
Breach.]  A famous  mountain 
pass  in  the  Pyrenees,  deriving 
its  name  from  the  tradition  that 
Roland  opened  the  passage  with 
a blow  of  his  sword,  Durandal. 
It  is  the  colossal  entrance  way 
from  France  to  Spain,  200  feet 
wide,  300  feet  high,  and  50  feet 
long,  at  an  elevation  of  more  than 
9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea. 

Breda,  Surrender  of.  See  Sur- 
render of  Breda. 

Brede,  La.  An  interesting  and 
ancient  chateau,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Bordeaux,  France.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  Montesquieu  family. 
It  was  here  that  the  great  histori- 
an and  philosopher  of  that  name 
was  born  and  wrote. 

Brederode  Castle.  A picturesque 
ruined  fortress  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Haarlem,  Holland. 

Breed’s  Hill.  An  eminence  (for- 
merly so  called)  in  Charlestown, 
now  a part  of  Boston,  Mass.  See 
Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

Brera,  La.  A palace  in  Milan,  Ita- 
ly, containing  a famous  gallery  of 
paintings,  together  with  a muse- 
um of  antiquities.  The  building 
was  erected  in  1618,  and  is  said 
to  derive  its  name  from  the  Latin 
prcedium,  meadow. 

Leonardo  da  Vinci’s  angels  do  not  quite 
please  me,  elegant,  refined,  at  d lovely  as 
they  are:  “ methinks  they  smile  too 
much.”  By  his  scholar  l.uini  there  are 
some  angels  in  the  gallery  of  the  Brera , 
swinging  censers  and  playing  on  musical 
instruments,  which,  with  the  peculiar 
character  of  the  Milanese  school,  combine 
all  the  grace  of  a purer,  loftier  nature. 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Breton  Club.  A political  associa- 
tion formed  at  Versailles,  France, 
in  1789.  The  name  was  subse- 
quently changed  to  that  of  the 
Jacobin  Club. 

Bridal  Veil.  1.  A noted  fall  in  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  Cal.  The  water 
falling  from  a height  of  1,000 


BRT 


BR[  70 


feet  is  converted  into  mist  before 
reaching  the  bottom. 

2.  A slender  fall  on  the  Ameri- 
can shore,  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Bride’s,  St.  See  St.  Bride’s. 

Bridewell.  Formerly  a work- 
house and  prison,  now  a hospital 
in  London.  The  prison  was 
founded  upon  the  ancient  palace 
of  Bridewell,  in  which  is  laid 
the  whole  third  act  of  Shake- 
speare’s “ Henry  VIII.”  The 
name  is  derived  from  the  famous 
well  (St.  Bride’s,  or  St.  Bridget’s 
Well)  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Bride’s 
Church;  and,  this  prison  being 
the  first  of  its  kind,  other  houses 
of  correction  upon  the  same  plan 
were  called  Bridewells. 

Bridge  of  Alcantara.  See  Puente 
de  Alcantara. 

Bridge  of  Balgownie.  See  Brig 
o’  Balgownie. 

Bridge  of  Lodi.  A bridge  over 
the  river  Adda,  at  Lodi,  in  Italy, 
famous  in  military  history  in  con- 
nection with  the  wars  of  Na- 
poleon. 

Battles  and  bloodshed,  September  mas- 
sacres, Bridges  of  Lodi , retreats  of  Mos- 
cow, Waterloos,  Peterloos,  ten-pound 
franchises,  tar-barrels  and  guillotines. 

Carlyle. 

Shall  future  ages  tell  this  tale 

Of  inconsistence  faint  and  frail? 

And  art  thou  He  of  Lodi's  bridge , 

Marengo’s  held,  and  Wagram’s  ridge? 

Scott. 

Bridge  of  St.  Angelo.  This  bridge 
— the  ancient  Pons  sElins — which 
crosses  the  Tiber  immediately  op- 
posite the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo  in 
Borne,  was  erected  by  Hadrian 
as  a passage  to  his  mausoleum. 
At  the  end  are  the  statues  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul.  See  St. 
Angelo. 

46ir‘“  The  piers  and  arches  are  an- 
cient, but  have  been  a good  deal  re- 
paired; not,  indeed,  till  it  was  neces- 
sary, for  in  the  Pontificate  of  Clement 
VII.,  when  crowds  were  pressing  for- 
ward to  St.  Peter’s  to  share  in  the  ben- 
efits and  indulgences  offered  to  the 
pious  there,  the  bridge  gave  way,  and 
172  persons  are  said  to  have  perished 
in  the  Tiber.”  Eaton. 


Even  ns  the  Romans,  for  the  mighty  host. 
The  year  of  jubilee,  upon  the  bridge. 

Have  chosen  a mode  to  pass  the  people 
over ; 

For  all  upon  one  side  towards  the  Castle 
Their  faces  hare, and  go  unto  St.  Peter’s; 
On  the  other  side  they  go  towards  the 
Mountain. 

Dante  ( Inferno ),  Longfellow's  Trans. 

I may  be  wrong;  but  the  Tiber  has  a 
yoice  for  me,  as  it  whispers  to  the  piers  of 
the  Pons  ELlius,  even  more  full  of  mean- 
ing than  my  well-beloved  Charles  eddying 
round  the  piles  of  West  Boston  Bridge. 

Holmes. 

Bridge  of  Segovia.  See  Puente 
del  Diablo. 

Bridge  of  Sighs.  [Ital.  Ponte  dei 
Sospiri.]  This  bridge  over  the 
Bio  Canal  in  Venice,  Italy,  con- 
necting the  Doge’s  palace  and 
the  state  prisons,  is  so  called  be- 
cause the  condemned  passed  over 
it  on  the  way  to  execution.  “ The 
Bridge  of  Sighs  ” is  also  the  title 
of  a well-known  poem  by  Thomas 
Hood  (1798-1845),  which  begins : — 

“ One  more  unfortunate, 

Weary  of  breath.” 

4®=*  “ The  Venice  of  modern  fiction 
and  drama  is  a thing  of  yesterday,  a 
mere  efflorescence  of  decay,  a stage- 
drama,  which  the  first  ray  of  daylight 
must  dissipate  into  dust.  No  prisoner 
wThose  name  is  worth  remembering,  or 
whose  sorrows  deserved  sympathy, 
ever  crossed  that  Bridge  of  Sighs, 
which  is  the  centre  of  the  Byronic  ideal 
of  Venice.”  Buskin. 

j&zT  “ The  Bridge  of  Sighs  was  not 
built  till  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, and  no  romantic  episode  of  polit- 
ical imprisonment  and  punishment  (ex- 
cept that  of  Antonio  Foscarini)  occurs 
in  Venetian  history  later  than  that  pe- 
riod. But  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  could 
have  nowise  a savor  of  sentiment  from 
any  such  episode;  being,  as  it  was, 
merely  a means  of  communication  be- 
tween the  criminal  courts  sitting  in  the 
Ducal  Palace  and  the  criminal  prison 
across  the  little  canal.  Housebreakers, 
cut-purse  knaves,  and  murderers  do  not 
commonly  impart  a poetic  interest  to 
places  which  have  known  them ; and 
yet  these  are  the  only  sufferers  on 
whose  Bridge  of  Sighs  the  whole  senti- 
mental world  has  looked  with  pathetic 
sensation  ever  since  Byron  drew  atten- 
tion to  it.  The  name  of  the  bridge  was 
given  by  the  people  from  that  opulence 
of  compassion  which  enables  the  Ital- 
ians to  pity  even  rascality  in  difficul- 
ties. ” W.  D.  Howells. 


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I stood  in  Venice,  on  the  Bridge  of  Sighs : 
A palace  and  a prison  on  each  hand. 

Byron. 

Bridgewater  Gallery.  See  Bridge- 
water  House. 

Bridgewater  House.  The  town 
residence  of  the  Earl  of  Elles- 
mere, London,  huilt  in  1847-49  on 
the  site  of  Cleveland  House, 
where  once  resided  Barbara  Vil- 
liers,  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  and 
which  had  at  different  times  be- 
longed to  the  great  Earl  of  Clar- 
endon, and  to  the  Earls  of  Bridge- 
water.  It  contains  a very  cel- 
ebrated collection  of  pictures, 
called  the  Bridgewater  Gallery, 
and  sometimes  the  Stafford  Gal- 
lery ; it  having  been  left  by  the 
Duke  of  Bridgewater  to  his  neph- 
ew, the  Marquis  of  Stafford.  It 
is  the  finest  private  collection  in 
England;  comprising  some  of  the 
best  works  of  Raphael,  Titian, 
Guido,  Domenichino,  Rubens, 
Rembrandt,  Vandyke,  and  other 
masters,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
modern  artists. 

4Gir“  From  the  time  of  Raphael  the 
series  is  more  complete  than  in  any 
private  gallery  I know,  not  excepting 
the  Lichtenstein  Gallery  at  Vienna. 
The  Caracci  school  can  nowhere  he 
studied  to  more  advantage.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Bridgewater  Madonna.  See  Ma- 
donna of  the  Bridgewater 
Gallery. 

Brig  o’  Balgownie.  A famous 
bridge  of  a single  arch  near  Ab- 
erdeen, Scotland,  built  in  the  time 
of  Robert  Bruce  (1274-1329).  It 
has  been  made  familiar  by  Byron, 
who  alludes  to  it  in  his  poem 
of  “ Don  Juan/’ 

4®^  “ It  is  a single  gray  stone  arch, 
apparently  cut  from  solid  rock,  that 
spans  the  brown  rippling  waters,  where 
wild  overhanging  banks,  shadowy 
trees,  and  dipping  wild  flowers,  all 
conspire  to  make  a romantic  picture. 
This  bridge,  with  the  river  and  scene- 
ry, were  poetic  items  that  went,  with 
other  things,  to  form  the  sensitive  mind 
of  Byron,  who  lived  here  in  his  earlier 
days.  He  has  some  lines  about  it : — 
‘As  “ Auld  lang  Syne”  brings  Scot- 
land, one  and  all, 

Scotch  plaids,  Scotch  snoods,  the 
blue  hills,  and  clear  streams, 


The  Dee,  the  Don,  Balgownie’s  brig’s 
black  wall, 

All  my  boy-feelings,  all  my  gentler 
dreams, 

Like  Banquo’s  offspring  — floating  past 

me  seems 

My  childhood.’”  Mrs.  If.  B.  Stowe . 

Brig  o’  Doon.  A bridge  across  the 
river  Doon,  in  Scotland,  near  the 
town  of  Ayr,  made  famous  by 
the  poetry  of  Burns. 

Now  do  thy  speedy  utmost,  Meg, 

And  win  the  key-stane  of  the  brig; 

There  at  them  thou  thy  tail  may  toss, 

A running  stream  they  darena  cross ! 

Tam  O' Shan  ter. 

Brignole  Sale  Palace.  [Ital.  Pa- 
lazzo Brignole  Sale.]  A beautiful 
palace  in  Genoa,  Italy,  now  the 
property  of  the  city,  and  contain- 
ing many  fine  treasures  of  art. 
It  derives  its  name  rosso  from 
being  painted  of  a red  color.  It 
formerly  belonged  to  the  Brignole 
family. 

Britain,  Little.  See  Little  Brit- 
ain. 

Britannia  Bridge.  A famous  iron 
tubular  bridge  across  Menai 
Strait,  which  separates  the  island 
of  Anglesea  from  Carnarvon, 
Wales.  It  consists  of  two  lines 
of  tubes,  each  1,513  feet  long, 
supported  on  three  piers,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  abutments,  100  feet 
above  the  sea.  It  is  situated  one 
mile  from  the  Menai  suspension 
bridge. 

A fourth  [stone  in  the  substructure  of  a 
temple  at  Baalbec]  of  similar  dimensions 
is  lvmg  in  the  quarry,  which  it  is  cal- 
culated must  weigh  alone  more  than  1,100 
tons  in  its  rough  state,  or  nearly  as  much 
as  one  of  the  tubes  of  the  Britannia 
Bridge.  Fergusson. 

Britannia  Theatre.  A well-built 
theatre  in  London,  opened  in 
1858. 

British  Coffee-house.  A London 
coffee-house,  formerly  frequented 
by  Scotchmen. 

British  Museum.  This  celebrated 
institution,  formed  of  three  col- 
lections, — the  Cottonian,  the 
Harleian,  and  the  Sloane,  — occu- 
pies the  site  of  Montague  House 
in  Great  Russell  Street,  London. 
It  has  been  the  growth  of  a cen- 
tury, the  first  purchase  for  the 


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collection  having  been  made  in 
1753,  and  it  having  been  opened 
to  the  public  1759.  It  was  at  first 
divided  into  three  departments, 
viz.:  Printed  Books, Manuscripts, 
and  Natural  History.  To  these 
have  since  been  added  other  de- 
partments, as  Antiquities  and 
Arts,  Medals  and  Coins,  Prints 
and  Drawings,  Zoological  Collec- 
tions, etc.  The  Elgin  marbles, 
the  Egyptian  antiquities,  and  the 
Assyrian  sculptures  collected  by 
Layard,  are  among  the  chief 
curiosities  of  the  institution.  The 
Library  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  valuable  in  Europe. 

Brittany  Sheep.  A picture  by 
Rosa  Bonheur  (b.  1822),  the  cele- 
brated French  painter  of  animals. 

Broad  Street.  One  of  the  great 
thoroughfares  of  Philadelphia, 
Penn.  It  is  over  100  feet  in 
width,  and  runs  in  a straight  line 
15  miles. 

Broadway.  A noted  street,  and 
the  great  thoroughfare  of  New 
York,  extending  from  the  Bat- 
tery, at  the  extreme  lower  end  of 
the  island,  to  Central  Park.  In 
respect  of  length,  the  imposing 
character  of  its  buildings,  and 
the  importance  of  the  business 
transacted  in  it,  this  avenue  is 
unequalled  in  the  world. 

Princes’  Street,  the  Broadway  of  the 
new  town,  is  built  along  the  edge  of  the 
ravine  facing  the  long,  many-windowed 
walls  of  the  Canongate.  A.  P.  Willis. 

He’s  so  innate  a cockney,  that  had  he  been 
born 

Where  plain  hare-skin’s  the  only  full- 
dress  that  is  worn. 

He’d  have  given  his  own  such  an  air  that 
you’d  say 

’T  had  been  made  by  a tailor  to  lounge  in 
Broadway.  Lowell. 

Tell  me  not,  in  half-derision, 

Of  your  Boulevards  Parisian, 

With  their  brilliant  broad  paves. 

Still  for  us  the  best  is  nearest. 

And  the  last  love  is  the  dearest, 

And  the  Queen  of  Streets  — Broadway. 

W.  A.  Butler. 

For  the  wide  sidewalks  of  Broadway  are 
then 

Gorgeous  as  are  a rivulet's  banks  in 
J une. 

That,  overhung  with  blossoms,  through 
its  glen 

Slides  soft  away  beneath  the  sunny 
noon, 


And  they  who  search  the  untrodden  wood 
for  flowers 

Meet  in  its  depths  no  lovelier  ones  than 
ours.  Bryant  (Spring  in  Town) 

Brocken,  Spectre  of  the.  See 
Spectre  of  the  Brocken. 

Brohlthal.  This  lovely  valley  of 
the  Rhine  is  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, and  a rapid  brook  runs 
through  it.  It  is  especially  re- 
markable that  the  whole  bottom 
of  the  valley  consists  of  tuffstone 
15  to  50  feet  in  thickness. 

Bromserburg.  A well-known  ru- 
ined castle  at  Riideslieim,  on  the 
Rhine. 

Bronze  Door  [of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington].  A work  of  art, 
forming  the  entrance  to  the  Ro- 
tunda of  the  Capitol.  It  is  en- 
tirely of  bronze,  weighing  20,000 
pounds,  and  was  designed  by 
Randolph  Rogers,  an  American 
artist.  The  casting  was  executed 
at  Munich  in  1861.  The  door  is 
17  feet  in  height  by  9 feet  in 
width.  It  contains  8 panels  with 
reliefs  exhibiting  scenes  in  the 
life  of  Columbus'. 

Bronze  Gates  [of  Ghiberti].  Fa- 
mous gates  of  bronze  in  the  Bap- 
tistery of  St.  John  at  Florence, 
Italy,  executed  from  designs  fur- 
nished by  Lorenzo  Ghiberti  (1378- 
1455?),  the  greatest  sculptor  of 
his  time.  These  gates  represent 
scenes  from  the  New  Testament. 
Ghiberti  is  said  to  have  spent 
more  than  20  years  on  these 
bronze  gates,  which  were  pro- 
nounced by  Michael  Angelo 
worthy  to  be  the  Gates  of  Para- 
dise. 

Bronze  Horses.  Four  celebrated 
figures  of  horses,  in  bronze,  which 
were  brought  by  the  Venetians 
from  Constantinople,  and  which 
now  stand  over  the  vestibule  of 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Mark,  in 
Venice,  Italy. 

ITe  [the  doge  Dandolo]  went  to  die; 
But  of  his  trophies  four  arrived  ere  long, 
Snatched  from  destruction,-- the  four 
steeds  divine. 

That  strike  the  ground,  resounding  with 
their  feet, 

And  from  their  nostrils  snort  ethereal 
flame 

Over  that  very  porch.  Rogers. 


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4QP*  “ A glorious  team  of  horses,  — 
what  seemed  strange  to  me  was,  that, 
closely  viewed,  they  appear  heavy, 
while  from  the  piazza  below  they  look 
light  as  deer.”  Goethe , Trans. 

4®=-  “ It  should  seem  that  the  horses 
are  irrevocably  Chian,  and  were  trans- 
ferred to  Constantinople  by  Theodo- 
sius.” Byron. 

4®=*  “ We  have  seen  no  bravoes  with 
poisoned  stilettos,  no  masks,  no  wild 
carnival ; but  we  have  seen  the  ancient 
pride  of  Venice,  the  grim  Bronze 
Horses  that  figure  in  a thousand  le- 
gends. Venice  may  well  cherish  them, 
for  they  are  the  only  horses  she  ever 
had.”  Mark  Twain. 

Before  St.  Mark  still  glow  his  steeds  of 
brass, 

Their  gilded  collars  glittering  in  the  sun ; 
But  is  not  Doria's  menace  come  to  pass  ? 
Are  they  not  bridled  ? Byron. 

Bronze  Wolf.  See  Wolf  of  the 
Capitol. 

Brook  Farm.  A celebrated  com- 
munity or  association  organized 
for  agricultural  and  also  for  ed- 
ucational purposes,  at  West  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  in  1841.  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  and  George  Ripley 
were  among  its  founders.  In  his 
preface  to  the  “ Blithedale  Ro- 
mance,” which  is  thought  to  em- 
body a description  of  the  commu- 
nity, Hawthorne  says  that  he  has 
“ventured  to  make  free  with  his 
old  and  affectionately  - remem- 
bered Brook  Farm,  as  being  cer- 
tainly the  most  romantic  episode 
of  his  own  life.”  The  characters 
introduced  into  this  romance  are 
wholly  fictitious,  though  they 
may  naturally  enough  be  thought 
to  harmonize  well  with  the  scene 
of  the  story. 

4®"  “ The  self-conceited  philanthro- 
pist; the  high-spirited  woman  bruising 
herself  against  the  narrow  limitations 
of  her  sex;  the  weakly  maiden  whose 
tremulous  nerves  endow  her  with  sib- 
ylline attributes ; the  minor  poet  be- 
ginning life  with  strenuous  aspirations 
which  die  out  with  his  youthful  fervor  : 
all  these  might  have  been  looked  for  at 
Brook  Farm,  but,  by  some  accident, 
never  made  their  appearance  there.” 
Hawthorne. 

46^=>  “While  our  enterprise  lay  all  in 
theory,  we  had  pleased  ourselves  with 
delectable  visions  of  the  spiritualization 
of  labor.  It  was  to  be  our  form  of 
prayer  and  ceremonial  of  worship. 
Each  stroke  of  the  hoe  was  to  uncover 


some  aromatic  root  of  wisdom,  hereto- 
fore hidden  from  the  sun.  ...  In  this 
point  of  view,  matters  did  not  turn  out 
uite  so  well  as  we  anticipated.  . . . 
"he  clods  of  earth  which  we  so  con- 
stantly belabored  and  turned  over  and 
over,  were  never  etherealized  into 
thought.  Our  thoughts,  on  the  con- 
trary, were  fast  becoming  cloddish.” 
Hawthorne. 

Here  is  a new  enterprise  of  Brook  Farm , 
of  Skeneateles,  of  Northampton;  why  so 
impatient  to  baptize  them  Essenes,  or 
Port  Royalists,  or  Shakers,  or  by  any 
known  and  effete  name  ? Emerson. 

Between  the  generality  of  these  theo- 
rists and  Emerson  there  was  a wide  gap, 
although  he,  like  Hawthorne,  if  less  prac- 
tically", sympathized  with  Ripley’s  Brook 
Farm  experiment. 

Lathrop,  Harper's  Mag. 

Brooks’s.  A Whig  club  in  Lon- 
don, founded  as  Almack’s  Club 
in  1764.  The  club-house  in  St. 
James’s  Street  was  opened  in 
1778.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Burke, 
Hume,  Garrick,  Gibbon,  Horace 
Walpole,  Sheridan,  and  Wilber- 
force  were  among  the  noted  men 
of  Brooks’s.  See  Almack’s 
Club. 

The  choicest  wines  are  enhanced  in 
their  liberal  but  temperate  use  by  the 
vista  opened  in  Lord  Holland’s  tales  of 
bacchanalian  evenings  at  Brooks’s  with 
Fox  and  Sheridan,  when  potations  deeper 
and  more  serious  rewarded  the  states- 
man's toils,  and  shortened  his  days. 

Talfourd. 

Not  to  know  Brown  was,  at  the  West 
End,  simply  to  be  unknown.  Brookes  was 
proud  of  him,  and  without  him  the  Trav- 
ellers would  not  have  been  such  a Travel- 
lers as  it  is.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Brothers,  The.  A political  club  in 
London,  the  rules  for  which  were 
framed,  in  1713,  by  Dean  Swift, 
who  declared  that  the  end  of  the 
club  was  “to  advance  conversa- 
tion and  friendship,  and  to  re- 
ward learning  without  interest  or 
recommendation;  ” and  that  it 
was  to  take  in  “ none  but  men  of 
wit,  or  men  of  interest;  and  if  we 
go  on  as  we  began,  no  other  club 
in  this  town  will  lye  worth  talk- 
ing of.”  The  meetings  of  the 
club  were  held  every  Tuesday, 
first  at  the  Thatched  House  Tav- 
ern, and  latterly  at  the  Star  and 
Garter.  The  Brothers  Club  hav- 
ing to  a great  extent  served  its 
purpose  was  succeeded,  in  1714, 
by  the  Scriblerus  Club.  See 
Scriblf.rus  Club. 


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Brothers,  The.  [Ger.  Die  BruderJ] 
See  Sternberg. 

Brougham  Hall.  The  ancient 
and  picturesque  seat  of  Lord 
Brougham  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Penrith,  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land. It  is  called,  from  its  situa- 
tion and  beautiful  view,  the 
“ Windsor  of  the  North.” 

Broughton  Castle.  A noted  man- 
sion of  the  Elizabethan  age,  the 
seat  of  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  near 
Banbury,  in  the  county  of  Ox- 
ford, England. 

Brown  University.  An  institution 
of  learning  in  Providence,  R.  I. 
It  was  originally  founded  in  1764, 
at  Warren,  as  Rhode  Island  Col- 
lege, removed  to  Providence  in 
1770,  and  in  1804  named  Brown 
University.  Here  is  a library  of 
about  40,000  volumes,  a museum 
of  natural  history,  and  a portrait- 
gallery. 

Broxbourne  House.  The  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Roxburghe,  near 
Dunbar,  Scotland. 

Bruce’s  Castle.  This  castle  on 
Rathlin  Island,  between  Ireland 
and  Scotland,  derives  its  name 
from  the  fact  that  Robert  Bruce 
was  long  concealed  here.  Here 
occurred  the  well-known  incident 
of  the  spider  and  the  web. 

Bruce’s  Tomb.  See  Harpers’ 
Tomb. 

Bruges,  Belfry  of.  See  Belfry 
of  Bruges. 

Briihl  Palace.  A well-known 
building  in  Dresden,  Saxony.  In 
front  of  the  palace  is  the  Briihl 
terrace  overlooking  the  Elbe. 

Brunswick  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London,  Eng- 
land. 

Brunswick  Theatre.  This  theatre 
in  London,  built  upon  the  site  of 
the  Royalty  Theatre,  and  opened 
in  1828,  fell  to  the  ground,  from 
defective  construction,  during  a 
rehearsal,  a few  days  after  the 
opening. 

Bteddin.  A ruined  palace  of  the 
Emir  Beshir  (b.  1764),  “ Prince  of 
Lebanon,”  in  Northern  Palestine. 
It  was  once  gorgeously  furnished 


in  the  highest  style  of  Damascene 
art,  with  marble  pavements  and 
gilded  arabesqued  ceilings,  but  is 
now  entirely  abandoned  to  decay. 

Bubastis,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Bubastis. 

Bucentaur,  The.  The  name  of 
the  famous  galley  in  which  the 
Doge  of  Venice  went  out  once  a 
year  to  wed  the  Adriatic.  The 
name  is  said  to  be  a corruption 
of  Ducentorum,  i.e.,  a vessel  hav- 
ing two  hundred  oars.  There 
have  been  only  three  Bucentaurs. 
One  was  built  in  1520.  Another, 
still  more  splendid,  was  built  in 
the  following  century.  The  third 
and  last  was  constructed  in  1725, 
and  destroyed  in  1797.  It  is  said 
that  the  gilding  alone  of  this  last 
cost  $40,000.  The  ceremony  of 
the  Espousal  of  the  Adriatic  is 
of  higher  antiquity  than  the  con- 
struction of  the  first  Bucentaur. 
This  wedding  ceremony,  sym- 
bolizing the  naval  supremacy  of 
Venice,  owes  its  origin  to  the 
victory  of  the  Venetians  over  the 
fleet  of  Frederick  Barbarossa.  A 
consecrated  ring  was  each  year 
thrown  into  the  sea  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  papal  Nuntio  and  the 
diplomatic  corps,  with  the  decla- 
ration by  the  Doge  that,  “We 
wed  thee,  O sea,  in  sign  of  true 
and  perpetual  dominion  ” (Des- 
ponsamus  te,  mare , in  siynnm  veri 
perpetuique  dominii). 

4^=*  “ In  the  model-room  [of  the 
Arsenal  at  Venice]  are  miniature  rep- 
resentations of  all  forms  of  navigable 
craft,  from  ancient  galleys  down  to 
modern  frigates.  There  is  also  a model 
of  the  Bucentaur,  made  from  drawings 
and  recollections  after  the  original  had 
been  destroyed.  This  must  have  been 
a gorgeous  toy,  but  very  unseaworthy. 
A bit  of  the  mast  of  the  original  struc- 
ture is  still  preserved.”  Hillard. 

The  spouseless  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord ; 
And,  annual  marriage  now  no  more  re- 
moved. 

The  Bucentaur  lies  rotting  unrestored. 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood  ! 

Byron. 

As  bright  as  in  a blue  lagune, 

When  gondolas  from  shore  to  shore 
Swam  round  the  golden  Bucentaur 
On  a Venetian  holiday, 

What  time  the  Doge  threw  in  the  tide 
The  ring  wdiich  made  the  sea  his  bride. 

T.  B.  Read. 


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< 

Buckingham  Palace.  The  town 
residence  of  the  sovereign  of 
England,  situated  in  London,  on 
the  west  side  of  St.  James’s  Park. 
It  was  built  between  1825  and 
1837,  upon  the  site  of  Buckingham 
House.  Queen  Victoria  took  up 
her  residence  here  July  13,  1837. 

Buen  Betiro.  [Pleasant  Retreat.] 
Extensive  pleasure-grounds  in 
Madrid,  Spain,  laid  out  as  a place 
of  retirement  for  Philip  IV.,  in 
order  to  divert  his  attention  from 
politics.  Here  were  formerly 
situated  a palace  and  a theatre  in 
which  the  plays  of  Lope  de  Vega 
were  acted.  These  gardens  have 
been  thrown  open  to  the  public 
since  the  revolution  of  1868. 

Building  of  Carthage.  A well- 
known  and  admired  picture  by 
Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner 
( 1775-1851),  the  English  landscape- 
painter,  and  regarded  one  of  his 
best  works.  Now  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

j&iP*  “ The  principal  object  in  the 
foreground  of  Turner’s  ‘ Building  of 
Carthage ,*  is  a group  of  children  sail- 
ing toy-boats.”  Ruskin. 

Bull,  The  Young.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Paul  Potter  (1625-1654), 
the  Dutch  painter.  It  represents 
a young  bull  with  a cow,  repos- 
ing, and  a sheep  and  a shepherd, 
in  a landscape.  “All  these  fig- 
ures are  as  large  as  life,  and  the 
cattle  so  extraordinarily  true  to 
nature  as  not  only  to  appear  real 
at  a certain  distance,  but  even  to 
keep  up  the  illusion  when  seen 
near;  the  single  hairs  on  the 
cow’s  head  being  seemingly  pal- 
pable to  the  touch.  The  plastic 
element  and  the  energy  of  execu- 
tion are  particularly  imposing 
upon  so  large  a scale.  There  is 
but  one  fault,  — the  legs  of  the 
bull,  and  the  bent  foreleg  of  the 
cow,  are  a little  stiff.”  It  is  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Hague,  Hol- 
land. 

jggp-  “ There  cannot  be  a greater  con- 
trast to  a very  generalized  mode  of 
treatment  than  that  displayed  in  the 
celebrated  picture  of  ‘The  Bull’  by 
Paul  Potter,  which  approaches  the 
nearest  to  deception  of  any  really  fine 
work  of  art  I have  seen.  . . . Through- 


out the  picture,  indeed,  we  see  that 
the  hand  has  been  directed  by  the  eye 
of  a consummate  artist,  and  not  merely 
by  a skilful  copyist.”  C.  R.  Leslie. 

Bull,  The.  See  Farnese  Bull  and 
Alderney  Bull. 

Bull  and  Mouth  Inn.  A noted 
hostelry  of  London  in  former 
days,  in  the  street  of  the  same 
name. 

Also  the  bumpkins  from  Norfolk  just 
disgorged  by  the  Bull  and  Mouth.  — the 
soldi  rs,  the  milliners,  the  Frenchmen, 
the  swindlers,  the  porters  with  four-post 
beds  on  their  backs,  who  add  the  excite- 
ment of  danger  to  that  of  amusement. 

N.  P.  Willis. 

Bull  of  Phalaris.  Phalaris,  tyrant 
of  Agrigentum,  ill  Sicily,  who 
lived  in  the  sixth  century  before 
Christ,  is  said  to  have  employed 
an  Athenian  artist  to  make  for 
him  a brazen  bull  so  constructed 
as  to  contain  a man,  and  a small 
fire  by  which  he  would  be  burned 
to  death.  History  adds  that  the 
artist  was  the  first  victim  of  the 
punishment  he  had  himself  in- 
vented. Phalaris  subjected  his 
enemies  and  many  citizens  of 
Agrigentum  to  this  punishment, 
but  finally  the  people  revolting 
caused  him  to  be  destroyed  by 
the  same  means. 

Lettres  de  cachet , that  masterpiece  of 
ingenious  tyranny,  are  mor<“  dangerous 
to  men  than  the  brazen  bull,  that  infernal 
invention  of  Phalaris,  because  they  unite 
to  the  most  odious  uniformity  an  imposing 
appearance  of  j ustice.  Mirabeau. 

Bunhill  Fields.  A burial-ground 
in  London,  and  the  place  of  inter- 
ment of  several  eminent  men.  It 
was  opened  as  a suburban  place 
for  burial  in  1665,  and  was  closed 
in  1850.  According  to  Southey, 
Bunhill-Fields’  burial-ground  is 
the  Campo  Santo  of  the  Dissent- 
ers. It  was  one  of  the  chief 
places  for  burial  in  the  time  of 
the  Great  Plague.  John  Bunyan , 
Daniel  DeFoe,  Isaac  Watts,  and 
Nathaniel  Lardner  were  buried 
here.  Its  original  name  of  “ Bone- 
hill  Fields”  is  supposed  to  have 
arisen  from  its  having  been  made 
a place  of  deposit  for  more  than 
1,000  cart-loads  of  human  bones 
removed  from  the  charnel-house 
of  St.  Paul’s. 


BUN 


76 


BUR 


Ho  [Milton]  used  also  to  sit  in  a gray, 
coarse  cloth  coat,  at  the  door  of  his  house 
in  Bunhill  Fields , in  warm  sunny  weather, 
to  enjov  the  fresh  air;  and  so,  as  well 
as  in'  his  room,  received  the  visits  of 
people  of  distinguished  parts  as  well  as 
quality.  J.  Richardson. 

Bunker  Hill.  See  Battle  of 

Bunker  Hill. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument.  A lofty 
obelisk  of  Quincy  granite,  on 

what  is  now  called  Bunker  Hill, 
formerly  Breed’s  Hill,  in  Charles- 
town (now  a part  of  Boston), 

Mass.  It  is  erected  upon  the  site 
of  the  battle  between  the  British 
and  American  forces  which  took 
place  June  17,  1775.  The  monu- 
ment is  221  feet  in  height,  and 
is  a conspicuous  object  from  all 
points.  The  corner-stone  was  laid 
in  1825  by  Gen.  La  Fayette.  It 
was  finished  in  1842,  when  an 
oration  was  delivered  by  Daniel 
Webster. 

4®“  “We  wish  that  whosoever,  in 
all  coming  time,  shall  turn  his  eye 
hither,  may  behold  that  the  place  is 
not  undistinguished  where  the  first 
great  battle  of  the  Revolution  was 
fought.  . . . We  wish  that  this  column, 
rising  towards  heaven  among  the  point- 
ed spires  of  so  many  temples  dedicated 
to  God,  may  contribute  also  to  produce, 
in  all  minds,  a pious  feeling  of  depend- 
ence and  gratitude.  We  wish,  finally, 
that  the  last  object  to  the  sight  of  him 
who  leaves  his  native  shore,  and  the 
first  to  gladden  his  who  revisits  it,  may 
be  something  which  shall  remind  him^ 
of  the  liberty  and  the  glory  of  his' 
country.  Let*  it  rise!  let  it  rise,  till  it 
meet  the  sun  in  his  coming;  let  the 
earliest  light  of  the  morning  gild  it, 
and  the  parting  day  linger  and  play  on 
its  summit.”  Daniel  Webster. 

[ Address  on  Laying  the  Corner-Stone 

of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  1825.} 

There  is  a stone  now  standing  in  very 
good  order  that  was  as  old  as  a monument 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  Queen  Anne’s  day  is 
now  when  Joseph  went  down  into  Egypt. 
Think  of  the  shaft  on  Bunker  Hill  standing 
in  the  sunshine  on  the  morning  of  January 
1st.  in  the  year  5872  ! It  won’t  be  stand- 
ing, — the  Master  said. —We  are  poor 
bunglers  compared  to  those  old  Egyptians. 

Holmes. 

I have  seen  Taglioni,  — he  answered.  — 
She  used  to  take  her  steps  rather  prettily. 

I have  seen  the  woman  that  danced  the 
cap-stone  on  to  Bunker  Hill  Monument , as 
Orpheus  moved  the  rocks  by  music,  — the 
Elssler  woman,  — Fanny  Elssler. 

Holmes. 


And  when  the  prowling  man-tliief  came 
hunting  for  his  prey 

Beneath  the  very  shadow  of  Bunker's 
shaft  of  gray, 

Howt,  through  the  free  lips  of  the  son,  the 
father’s  warning  spoke; 

How,  from  its  bond  of  tVade  and  sect,  the 
Tilgrim  city  broke  ! Whittier. 

Burghley  House.  The  fine  Eliza- 
bethan manorial  mansion  erected 
by  the  Lord  Treasurer  Burleigh, 
now  the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of 
Exeter.  It  is  situated  on  the 
borders  of  the  two  counties  of 
Lincoln  and  Northampton,  Eng- 
land. The  interior  is  very  mag- 
nificent, and  the  building  has 
many  historical  and  legendary 
associations  connected  with  it. 
Weeping,  weeping,  late  and  early, 
Walking  up  and  pacing  down, 

Deeply  mourned  the  Lord  of  Burghley, 
Burghley  House  by  Stamford  town. 

Tennyson. 

Burgomaster  Meier  Madonna. 

See  Madonna  of  the  Burgo- 
master  Meyer. 

Burgoyne,  Surrender  of.  See 

Surrender  of  Burgoyne. 
Burlington  Arcade.  A double 
row  of  shops  in  London,  built  in 
1819  for  Lord  George  Cavendish, 
and,  according  to  Leigh  Hunt, 
famous  for  “ small  shops  and  tall 
beadles.” 

When  I first  descended  into  the  cabin 
of  the  New  York,  it  looked,  in  my  unac- 
customed eyes,  about  as  long  as  the  Bur- 
lington Arcade.  Dickens. 

Burlington  House.  A mansion  in 
Piccadilly,  London,  originally 
built  for  the  second  Earl  of  Bur- 
lington. It  is  celebrated  as  hav- 
ing been  the  rendezvous  of  the 
leading  artists,  poets,  and  phil- 
osophers of  the  last  century. 
Handel  resided  here  for  a time. 
In  1854  it  was  purchased  by  the 
British  government,  and  is  now 
occupied  by  the  Royal  Society 
and  other  literary  and  scientific 
institutions. 

— Burlington's  fair  palace  still  remains 
Beauty  within  — without,  proportion 
reigns; 

Beneath  his  eye  declining  art  revives, 

The  wall  with  animated  pictures  lives. 
There  Handel  strikes  the  strings,  the  melt- 
ing strain 

Transports  the  soul,  and  thrills  through 
every  vein. 

There  oft  1 enter  (but  with  cleaner  shoes), 
For  Burlington's  beloved  by  every  Muse. 

Gay , Trivia. 


BUR 


77 


BUT 


Burnet  House.  A noble  mansion 
in  London,  in  which  lived  the 
celebrated  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
(1643-1715).  It  was  taken  down  a 
few  years  ago. 

Burning  Bush.  See  Moses  and 
the  Burning  Bush. 

Burns’s  Cottage.  A small  house 
about  two  miles  from  the  town  of 
Ayr,  in  Scotland,  where,  on  the 
25th  of  January,  1759,  Robert 
Burns,  the  poet,  was  born.  The 
original  building,  which  was  noth- 
ing more  than  a “ clay  bigging,” 
was  rebuilt  by  the  poet’s  father. 
The  cottage  is  now  converted 
into  a public-house. 

Burns’s  Monument.  1.  A memo- 
rial structure  in  honor  of  the 
poet  Burns  (1759-1796),  erected  in 
1820  near  the  town  of  Ayr,  in 
Scotland.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
circular  temple,  surrounded  by 
nine  Corinthian  pillars,  symboli- 
cal of  the  nine  Muses.  Within 
are  preserved  some  relics  of  the 
poet. 

2.  A memorial  in  honor  of  the 
poet,  erected  in  1830,  in  Edin- 
burgh. The  cupola  is  designed 
after  the  monument  of  Lysicrates 
at  Athens. 

Burying  Hill.  A hill  in  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  where  many  of  "the  Pil- 
grims were  buried.  On  this  hill, 
which  commands  a tine  view  of 
the  harbors  of  Plymouth  and  Dux- 
bury  and  the  adjacent  country,  a 
fortified  church  was  built  in  1622 
with  six  cannon  on  its  Hat  roof. 

Bushnell  Park.  A beautiful  pleas- 
ure-ground in  Hartford,  Conn. 
The  new  State  Capitol  is  situated 


in  it,  and  it  contains  some  fine 
statues. 

Bushy  Park.  A well-known  royal 
park  near  Twickenham,  Eng- 
land. 

Busrah.  A noble  fortress  in  Syria, 
once  a great  stronghold,  but  now 
abandoned,  or  occupied  only  by 
roving  bands  of  Arabs.  It  con- 
tains within  its  enclosure  a great 
theatre,  portions  of  which  are 
still  perfect,  and  which  dates 
without  doubt  from  Roman  times. 

Button’s.  A sort  of  successor  to 
Will’s  coffee-house,  and  the  great 
place  of  resort  for  the  wits  in 
London  after  the  death  of  Dry- 
den.  Button’s  was  in  Russell 
Street,  on  the  side  opposite  to 
Will’s.  Addison  (who  was  the 
chief  patron),  Steele,  Pope,  Swift, 
Arbuthnot,  Garth,  and  others 
frequented  Button’s.  Here  was 
a letter-box,  with  its  opening  in 
the  form  of  a lion’s  head,  into 
which  were  put  contributions  for 
the  “Guardian.”  Button’s  de- 
clined after  Addison’s  death  and 
Steele’s  retirement  from  London. 
See  Will’s. 

On  Sunday  morning,  died,  after  three 
days’  illness.  Mr  Button,  who  formerly 
kept  Button’s  Coffee-house,  in  Russell 
Street,  Covent  Garden ; a very  noted  house 
for  wits,  being  the  place  where  tin  Lyon 
produced  the  famous  Tatters  mid  Specta- 
tors. Daily  Advertiser  (1731). 

Addison  usually  studied  all  the  morn- 
ing, then  met  his  party  at  Button's , dined 
there,  and  stayd  five  or  six  hours;  and 
sometimes  far  into  the  night. 

Pope , Spence's  Anecdotes. 

Our  fate  thou  only  canst  adjourn 
Some,  few  short  years,  no  more  ! 

E'en  Button's  wits  to  worms  shall  turn. 
Who  maggots  were  before.  Pope 


CA 


78 


CAF 


c. 


Ca’  Doro.  One  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful palaces  in  Venice,  Italy.  It 
was  built  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  is  so  named  after  its  ancient 
owners,  the  Doro  family. 

Caaba.  A Mohammedan  temple 
at  Mecca,  Arabia.  It  contains  a 
small  oratory  within  which  is  a 
black  stone  held  sacred  by  all 
Mussulmans.  [Written  also  ifaa- 
bah .]  See  Black  Stone. 

4^=*  “ Neither  its  ordonnance,  nor, 
so  far  as  we  can  understand,  its  details, 
render  the  temple  an  object  of  much 
architectural  magnificence.  Even  in 
size  it  is  surpassed  by  many,  and  is  less 
than  its  great  rival,  the  great  temple  of 
Jerusalem,  which  was  600  feet  square. 
Still  it  is  interesting,  as  it  is  in  reality 
the  one  temple  of  the  Moslem  world; 
for  though  many  mosques  are  now  re- 
puted sacred,  and  as  such  studiously 
guarded  against  profanation,  this  pre- 
tended sanctity  is  evidently  a prejudice 
borrowed  from  other  religions,  and  is 
no  part  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Moslem 
faith,  which,  like  the  Jewish,  points  to 
one  only  temple  as  the  place  where  the 
people  should  worship,  and  towards 
which  they  should  turn  in  prayer.” 

Fergusson . 

46gp  “ The  celebrated  Kaabah  at 
Mecca,  to  which  all  the  Moslem  world 
now  bow  in  prayer,  is  probably  a third 
[fire-temple  of  the  ancient  Persians].” 
Fergusson. 

4G§^  “ A curious  object,  that  Caabah  ! 
There  it  stands  at  this  hour,  in  the 
black  cloth-covering  the  Sultan  sends  it 
yearly;  ‘27  cubits  high;’  with  circuit, 
with  double  circuit  of  pillars,  with  fes 
toon-rows  of  lamps  and  quaint  orna- 
ments: the  lamps  will  be  lighted  again 
this  night,  — to  glitter  again  under  the 
stars.  An  authentic  fragment  of  the 
oldest  Past.  It  is  the  Kehlah  of  all 
Moslem : from  Delhi  all  onwards  to 
Morocco,  the  eyes  of  innumerable  pray- 
ing men  are  turned  towards  it,  five 
times,  this  day  and  all  days  : one  of  the 
notables!  centres  in  the  Habitation  of 
Men.  Carlyle. 

They  . . measure  with  an  English 
footrulc  every  cell  of  the  Inquisition,  every 
Turkish  caaba , every  Holy  of  holies. 

Emerson. 


To  the  traveller  imbued  with  a feeling 
for  the  historical  and  poetical,  so  insepar- 
ably intertwined  in  the  annals  of  romantic 
Spain,  the  Alhambra  is  as  much  an  object 
ot  devotion  as  is  the  Caaba  to  all  true 
Moslems.  Ii'ving . 

Cadzow  Castle.  A ruined  baronial 
mansion  in  Scotland,  near  Hamil- 
ton, and  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
family  of  that  name.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  has  a ballad  entitled  “ Cad- 
zow Castle.” 

Caerlaverock  Castle.  An  ancient 
and  noted  feudal  fortress  near 
Dumfries,  Scotland,  the  former 
seat  of  the  Maxwells,  celebrated 
for  its  siege  by  King  Edward  I. 
of  England,  and  for  the  brave 
resistance  made  by  its  garrison. 
This  castle  suggested  to  Scott  his 
description  of  Ellengowan. 

Caesar.  See  Cleopatra  and  Cae- 
sar, Death  of  Julius  Cjesar, 
Triumphs  of  Julius  Ca:sar. 

Caesar  Borgia.  A portrait  often 
ascribed  to  Raphael,  and  said  to 
be  the  likeness  of  the  Prince,  in 
the  Borghese  gallery  at  Rome. 
It  is  now  ascertained  to  be  neither 
the  work  of  the  one  nor  the  por- 
trait  of  the  other. 

Caesars,  Palace  of  the.  See  Pal- 
ace OF  THE  CAESARS. 

Caesar’s  Tower.  A remarkable 
keep  of  immense  size  and  im- 
pressive effect,  at  Kenilworth 
Castle,  of  which  it  forms  a part. 
See  Kenilworth  Castle. 

Cafe  (Caffe)  Grecco.  [The  Greek 
Cafe'.J  A well-known  cafe  at 
Rome,  in  the  Via  Condotti,  fa- 
mous as  the  rendezvous  of  artists 
of  all  nations. 

4®=-  “In  the  morning  we  breakfast 
at  the  cafe  Greco  ; this  is  a long,  low, 
smoky  apartment,  not  brilliant  or  at- 
tractive, but  convenient:  it  appears  to 
be  like  the  rest  throughout  Italy.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Caffegiolo.  A royal  villa,  the  an- 
cient residence  of  the  Medicis, 


CAG 


79 


CAL 


about  15  miles  from  Florence, 
Italy. 

Cagliari,  The.  A Sardinian  steam- 
er trading  between  Genoa  and 
Tunis.  She  was  seized  by  some 
Sicilian  adventurers  in  June, 
1857,  who  with  her  effected  a land- 
ing on  the  territory  of  Naples. 
Afterwards  the  vessel  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  Neapolitans,  who 
imprisoned  with  the  crew  two 
English  engineers  who  were  on 
board.  The  affair  became  a mat- 
ter of  diplomatic  correspondence 
between  England  and  Naples. 

Caiaphas’  Palace.  This  name  is 
applied  to  a building,  now  a con- 
vent, on  Zion,  which  seems  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Armeni- 
ans. The  credulous  see  here  the 
stone  which  closed  the  Saviour’s 
sepulchre,  the  spot  where  Peter 
was  standing  when  he  denied  his 
Master,  and  even  the  very  stone 
upon  which  the  cock  roosted 
when  he  crew. 

Caius  Cestius,  Pyramid  of.  See 
Pyramid  of  Caius  Cestius. 

Caius  College.  A foundation  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  The  college  was  insti- 
tuted in  1348. 

Calais  Pier.  A noted  picture  by 
Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner 
(1775-1851).  In  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Calaveras  Pines.  A celebrated 
grove  of  mammoth  pine-trees 
(Sequoia  gigantea ) in  Calaveras 
County,  California.  Some  of 
these  are  about  320  feet  high  and 
30  feet  in  diameter.  A similar 
grove,  likewise  much  visited  by 
tourists,  is  found  in  Mariposa 
County.  These  trees  are  believed 
to  be  over  2,300  years  of  age.  By 
an  act  of  Congress  this  grove  was 
granted  to  the  State  of  California 
on  condition  that  it  should  be 
kept  as  a public  domain.  The 
grant  was  accepted,  and  the  lo- 
cality is  now  under  the  charge  of 
commissioners. 

Caledonia,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Oct.  24,  1862. 


Caledonian  Forest.  A remnant 
of  the  ancient  wood  which  once, 
under  the  name  of  the  Caledoni- 
an Forest,  covered  the  whole  of 
southern  Scotland,  from  sea  to 
sea,  still  exists  on  the  bank  of 
the  Avon  near  Hamilton.  A few 
large  oaks  are  all  that  is  now  left. 

California.  A statue  by  Hiram 
Powers  (1805-1873). 

California  Street.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal streets  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  in  which  the  chief  banking 
offices  are  situated. 

Caligula.  A noted  bronze  bust  of 
the  Roman  emperor  Caligula, 
now  in  Turin,  Italy.  [Called  also 
the  Albertina  Bronze.] 

XHdtT  “ One  of  the  most  precious  por- 
traits of  antiquity,  not  only  because  it 
confirms  the  testimony  of  the  green 
basalt  in  the  Vatican,  but  also  because 
it  supplies  an  even  more  emphatic  and 
impressive  illustration  to  the  narrative 
of  Suetonius.”  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Caligula’s  Palace  and  Bridge.  A 
picture  by  Joseph  Mallord  Wil- 
liam Turner  (1775-1851),  the  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  and  re- 
garded one  of  his  best  works.  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Calisto.  See  Diana  and  Calisto. 

Calixtus,  St.  See  Catacomb  of 
St.  Calixtus. 

Calling  of  St.  Peter.  See  Mir- 
aculous Draught  of  Fishes. 

Calling  of  the  Apostles.  A fresco- 
painting by  Domenico  Ghirlan- 
dajo  (1449-i498  ?).  In  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  Rome. 

Callirrhoe.  The  fountain  — and 
according  to  Pausanias  the  only 
one  — which  supplied  sweet  run- 
ning water  to  Athens,  Greece. 
Also  known  as  Enneacrunus , from 
the  nine  pipes  in  which  the  water 
was  conveyed.  A small  spring 
still  called  KaWcppo-q  now  issues 
from  a ridge  of  rock  crossing  the 
bed  of  the  Ilissus. 

Calton  Hill.  A well-known  emi- 
nence in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
crowned  with  monuments. 

Calvary.  A rock  so  called,  now 
within  the  Church  of  the  Sepul- 
chre, at  Jerusalem.  The  Saviour 


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was  crucified  at  a place  known  as 
Golgotha  (Hebrew  for  “ a skull  ”), 
the  Latin  equivalent  for  which  is 
Calvaria , whence  our  English  Cal- 
vary. 

4QP  “ It  may  be  well  to  remind  the 
reader  that  there  are  two  errors  implied 
in  the  popular  expression  ‘ Mount  Cal- 
vary.’ 1.  There  is  in  the  Scriptural 
narrative  no  mention  of  a mount  or  hill. 
2.  There  is  no  such  name  as  ‘ Calva- 
ry.’ The  passage  from  which  the 
word  is  taken  in  Luke  xxiii.  33,  is 
merely  the  Latin  translation  (‘  Calva- 
ria ’)  of  what  the  Evangelist  calls  ‘ a 
skull,’ — KpavLoi'.1’  A.  P.  Stanley. 

According  to  Mr.  Bulwer,  Glory  is  a 
Calvary  on  which  the  poet  is  crucified. 

Gustave  Planche,  Trans. 

Calves-Head  Club.  This  club,  “ in 
ridicule  of  the  memory  of  Charles 
I,”  consisting  of  Independents 
and  Anabaptists,  and  formed  in 
the  times  of  the  Revolution,  was 
in  existence  as  late  as  the  eighth 
year  of  the  reign  of  George  II. 
They  met  annually,  and  dined 
upon  calves’  heads  prepared  in 
various  ways,  by  which  they  rep- 
resented the  King  and  his  friends. 
Their  meetings  were  at  length 
broken  up  by  a mob. 

Indeed,  his  [George  Saville,  Viscount 
Halifax]  jests  upon  hereditary  monarchy 
were  sometimes  such  as  would  have  better 
become  a member  of  the  Calf's  Head  Club 
than  a privy  councillor  oi  the  Stuarts. 

Macaulay . 

Calvin’s  House.  The  house  in 
which  the  Reformer  lived  from 
1513  to  1561.  It  is  situated  in  the 
Rue  des  Clianoines,  Geneva, 
Switzerland. 

Calydonian  Boar.  See  Chace  of 
THE  CaIA'DONIAN  BOAR. 

Camaldoli,  Convent  of.  A cele- 
brated monastic  establishment  at 
Camaldoli,  Italy,  founded  near 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh 
century. 

4^=  “ This  monastery  is  secluded 
from  the  approach  of  woman,  in  a deep, 
narrow,  woody  dell.  Its  circuit  of  dead 
walls,  built  on  the  conventual  plan, 
gives  it  an  aspect  of  confinement  and 
defence;  yet  this  is  considered  as  a 
privileged  retreat,  where  the  rule  of 
the  order  relaxes  its  rigor,  and  no 
monks  can  reside  but  the  sick  or  the 
superannuated,  the  dignitary  or  the 
steward,  the  apothecary  or  the  bead 
turner.  Forsyth . 


Oh,  joy  for  all,  who  hear  her  call 
From  gray  Camaldoli  s convent-wall, 

And  Elmo’s  towers  to  freedom’s  carnival ! 

Whittier. 

Cambiaso  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Cambiaso.]  A noted  palace  in 
Genoa,  Italy. 

Cambio,  Sala  del.  See  Sala  dee 
Cambio. 

Cambridge  House.  A mansion  in 
London,  where  Adolphus,  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  youngest  son  of 
George  III.,  died  in  1850.  It  was 
afterwards  the  town  residence  of 
Viscount  Palmerston,  and  is  now 
a Naval  and  Military  Club  House. 

Cambuskenneth  Abbey.  A ruined 
monastery  in  Scotland,  near  Al- 
loa, founded  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  once  the  richest  abbey 
in  the  kingdom. 

Camden  House.  A mansion  in 
London,  built  in  1612,  and  inter- 
esting from  its  historic  associa- 
tions connected  with  the  young 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  who  lived 
here  with  his  mother,  Queen 
Anne.  Camden  House  was  burnt 
in  1862,  and  has  since  been  re- 
built. 

Back  in  the  dark,  by  Brompton  Park, 

He  turned  up  thro1  the  Gore, 

And  slunk  to  Cam.pden-house  so  high. 

All  In  liis  coach  and  four.  Swift. 

Camelot.  A hill  in  what  is  now 
known  as  the  parish  of  Queen’s 
Camel,  England,  famous  in  the 
Arthurian  legends. 

Goose,  if  once  I had  thee  upon  Sarum 
plain, 

I’d  drive  thee  cackling  home  to  Camelot. 

Shakespeare. 

Camera  della  Segnatura.  One  of 
the  four  chambers  known  as  the 
Stanze  of  Raphael,  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome,  because  adorned  with 
paintings  by  that  master. 

Camere  di  Raffaello.  See  Stanze 
of  Raphael. 

Campagna.  [The  country.]  A 
name  given,  in  particular,  to  the 
undulating  plain  which  extends 
on  all  sides  around  Rome,  in- 
cluding portions  of  ancient  La- 
tium  and  Etruria.  The  name  is 
said  to  have  been  first  applied  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  The  whole 
region  is  now  very  unhealthy  in 


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summer,  owing  to  the  miasmata 
which  rise  from  it.  Pliny  speaks 
of  the  healthfulness  and  perennial 
salubrity  of  this  now  desolate 
region,  which  was  once  adorned 
with  Roman  villas  and  gardens. 
Pius  VI.  (1775-1799)  drained  a 
portion  of  this  plain. 

4Ggr*  “ Of  all  kinds  of  country  that 
could,  by  possibility,  lie  outside  the 
gates  of  Rome,  this  is  the  apte&t  and 
littest  burial-ground  for  the  Dead  City.” 
Dickens. 

4QP*  “ Over  this  region  of  the  Cam- 
pagna  a light  still  hangs  more  beautiful 
than  its  golden  mists  or  the  purple 
shadows  that  lie  upon  its  distant  hills. 
The  spirit  of  the  past  dwells  here,  and 
breathes  over  the  landscape  the  conse- 
crating gleams  of  valor,  patriotism,  and 
filial  duty.”  Hillard. 

“Nothing  can  be  more  heart- 
rending than  the  contrast  which  the 
immediate  and  the  present  here  form 
with  the  recollections  of  the  past,  gild- 
ed as  they  are  by  the  feelings  and  the 
fancy.  I cannot  express  the  sinking 
of  heart  which  I felt  in  passing  so 
many  hours  over  this  dreary  waste  — 
these  lugentes  campi,  so  different  from 
all  the  deserts  nature  has  elsewhere 
left  or  created.”  Ticknor. 

Nothing  impresses  the  traveller  more, 
on  visiting  the  once  imperial  city,  than 
the  long  lines  of  aqueducts  that  are  every- 
where seen  stretching  across  the  now  de- 
serted plain  of  the  Campagna. 

Fergusson. 

Groves,  temples,  palaces, 

Swept  from  the  sight ; and  nothing  visible, 
Amid  the  sulphurous  vapors  that  exhale 
As  from  a land  accurst,  save  here  and 
there 

An  empty  tomb,  a fragment  like  the  limb 
Of  some  dismembered  giant. 

Samuel  Rogers. 

No  wreaths  of  sad  Campagna' s flowers 

Shall  childhood  in  thy  pathway  fling; 
No  garlands  from  their  ravaged  bowers 

Shall  Terni’s  maidens  bring.  Whittier. 

The  priest,  and  the  swart  fisher  by  his  side, 
Beheld  the  Eternal  City  lift  its  domes 
And  solemn  fanes  and  monumental  pomp 
Above  the  waste  Campagna.  Whittier. 

Campana  Museum.  An  old  Ro- 
man collection,  now  forming  part 
of  the  Musee  Napoleon  III.,  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  It  was  bought 
by  the  French  Government  in 
1861.  This  museum  contains  a 
fine  collection  of  antique  statues, 
and  is  rich  in  jewels  of  gold  and 
precious  stones. 


Mile.  d’Estang  had  earrings  like  those 
in  the  Campana  Museum , with  emeralds. 

Taine , Trans. 

Campanile.  In  Italy,  the  general 
name  for  the  belfry  or  bell-tower 
of  a church,  usually  in  that  coun- 
try a separate  building  from  the 
church  itself.  The  more  noted 
campaniles  are  those  of  Florence, 
Pisa,  and  Venice.  See  Giotto’s 
Campanile,  the  Leaning  Tower, 
and  St.  Mark’s  Campanile. 

Campbell.  See  Castle  Camp- 
bell. 

Campidoglio,  Piazza  del.  See 

Piazza  del  Campidoglio. 

Campo  di  Sangue.  See  Field  of 
Blood. 

Campo  Marzo.  The  modern  Ital- 
ian name  of  the  ancient  Campus 
Martius,  or  Field  of  Mars,  a low 
irregular  plain  in  the  city  of 
Rome,  between  the  Corso  and 
the  Tiber,  surrounded  by  the  Pin- 
cian,  Quirinal,  Viminal,  and  Capi- 
toline  hills,  including  the  princi- 
pal portion  of  the  modern  city. 
See  Campus  Martius. 

Campo  Santo.  [The  Holy  Field.] 
A celebrated  cemetery  in  Pisa, 
Italy,  adjoining  the  Cathedral 
and  Baptistery.  It  was  founded 
by  Archbishop  Ubaldo  de’  Lan- 
franchi,  about  the  year  1200,  who, 
retreating  from  Palestine,  whence 
he  had  been  expelled  by  Saladin, 
returned  with  53  vessels  laden 
with  earth  from  Mount  Calvary, 
which  he  deposited  in  this  place. 
The  present  building  was  begun 
in  1278.  It  has  given  its  name  to 
every  similar  burial-place  in  Ita- 
ly. It  contains  a museum  of  se- 
pulchral monuments,  and  frescos 
of  much  celebrity. 

4®=*  “ Giovanni  Pisana,  having  been 
appointed  to  enclose  the  space  with 
walls,  designed  and  built  the  first,  as 
well  as  the  most  beautiful,  Campo  San- 
to in  Italy.  Following  the  ground- 
plan  marked  out  by  Archbishop  Lan- 
franchi,  Giovanni  raised  his  outer  walls 
without  windows,  and  with  only  two 
doors  looking  towards  the  Duomo,  that 
the  frescos,  with  which  they  were  to 
be  covered  on  the  inside,  might  be  pro- 
tected as  far  as  possible  from  the  inju- 
rious effect  of  the  salt  and  damp  sea- 
, winds.  Between  these  outer  walls, 


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which  he  decorated  with  arches  and 
pilasters,  and  the  inner,  directly  con- 
tiguous to  the  quadrangle,  he  made  a 
broad-roofed  corridor  paved  with  mar- 
ble, lighted  by  Gothic  windows  and 
four  open  doorways.”  Perkins. 

The  Cemetere  rul'd  Campo  Santo  is 
made  of  divers  gaily  ladings  of  earth  for- 
merly brought  from  Jerusalem,  said  to  be 
of  such  a nature  as  to  consume  dead  bod- 
ies in  forty  hours.  ’Tis  cloistered  with 
marble  arches.  John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Love,  long  remembering  those  she  could 
not  save. 

Here  hung  the  cradle  of  Italian  Art : 

Faith  rocked  it:  like  a hermit  child  went 
forth 

From  hence  that  power  which  beautified 
the  earth. 

She  perished  when  the  world  had  lured 
her  heart 

From  her  true  friends,  Religion  and  the 
Grave. 

Monumental  marbles, 

Time-clouded  frescos,  mouldering  year 
by  year. 

Dim  cells  in  which  all  day  the  night-bird 
warbles,  — 

These  things  are  sorrowful  elsewhere, 
not  here : 

A mightier  Power  than  Art's  hath  here 
her  shrine: 

Stranger!  thou  tread’st  the  soil  of  Pal- 
estine. Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Even  the  slumberers  in  the  churchyard 
of  the  Campo  Santo  seemed 
Scarce  more  quiet  than  the  living  world 
that  underneath  us  dreamed. 

T.  W.  Parsons. 

A signal  example  is  the  fine  enthroned 
Madonna  in  t :e  Campo  Santo , who  re- 
ceives St.  Rani  ri  when  presented  by  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Campo  Vaccino.  [The  Cow-Pas- 
ture.] The  modern  Italian  name 
of  the  Forum  Romanum,  or  Ro- 
man Forum,  derived,  it  is  sup- 
posed, from  the  greater  part  of 
the  area  having  become,  as  far 
back  as  the  fifteenth  century,  the 
resort  of  cattle,  “ a kind  of  Ro- 
man Smithfield;  ” but  according 
to  others  the  name  is  derived 
from  one  Vitruvius  Vacco,  who 
is  said  to  have  lived  there.  See 
Forum  Romanum. 

1844,  Nov.  7.  We  went  into  the  Campo 
Vaccino  by  the  ruins  of  the  Temple  of 
Peace  built  by  Titus  Vespasianus. 

John  Evelyn. 

Campus  Esquilinus.  [Esquiline 
Field.]  A burial-ground  for  the 
poor  in  ancient  Rome.  It  now 
makes  a part  of  the  grounds  of 
the  Villa  Massimo. 


Campus  Martius.  [Field  of  Mars.] 
1.  The  ancient  name  of  the  irreg- 
ular plain  in  the  city  of  Rome 
surrounded  by  the  Pincian,  Quiri- 
nal,  Viminal,  and  Capitoline  hills, 
now  including  the  principal  por- 
tion of  the  modern  city.  This 
region  did  not  come  within  the 
walls  of  ancient  Rome,  and  it  is 
thought  that  settlements  were 
first  made  here  during  the  Lom- 
bard invasion,  when,  the  supply 
of  water  through  the  aqueducts 
having  been  cut  off,  the  people 
were  compelled  to  desert  the  hills 
and  seek  the  plain  below  where 
they  could  use  the  water  of  the 
Tiber.  The  Pantheon  and  a few 
fragments  of  other  structures  are 
all  that  is  now  left  of  the  build- 
ings which  were  erected  upon  the 
Campus.  Campo  Marzo  is  the 
modern  Italian  name  of  the  an- 
cient Field  of  Mars. 

— There  of  old 

With  arms  and  trophies  gleamed  the  field 
of  Mars: 

There  to  their  daily  sports  the  noble  youth 
rushed  emulous.  John  Dyer. 

2.  A large  open  square  in  De- 
troit, Mich. 

Campus  Sceleratus.  [The  Ac- 
cursed Field.]  A field  in  ancient 
Rome  where  unchaste  virgins 
were  buried  alive. 

Cana,  Marriage  at.  See  Mar- 

riage at  Cana. 

Canadian  Pall.  See  Horse-Shoe 
Fall. 

Canal  of  the  Giudccca.  A picture 
of  a scene  in  Venice,  by  Joseph 
Mallord  William  Turner  (1775- 
1851).  In  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Canal  Street.  A noted  street  in 
New  Orleans,  La.  It  has  a 

breadth  of  nearly  200  feet,  with  a 
grass-plot  25  feet  in  width  in  the 
centre,  extending  the  entire  dis- 
tance. 

Canale  Grande.  See  Grand  Ca- 
nal. 

Cancelleria,  Palazzo  della.  A 
magnificent  palace  in  Rome,  com- 
pleted in  1405,  the  official  resi- 
dence of  the  Vice-Chancellor. 


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83 


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Cane,  Grotta  del.  See  Grotta 
del  Cane. 

Cannon  Street.  A well-known 
modern  street  in  London,  leading 
out  of  St.  Paul’s  Churchyard. 

Canon,  The.  A celebrated  print 
by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528)  which 
is  thought  to  be  the  first  example 
of  the  art  of  etching. 

Canon.  See  Grand  Canon  of  the 
Yellowstone. 

Canonbury  Tower.  A building  in 
London,  formerly  the  resort  and 
lodging-place  of  many  literary 
men. 

Canongate.  A noted  street  and 
the  principal  thoroughfare  in  the 
Old  Town  of  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land (bearing  different  names  at 
other  points  of  its  course),  and  ter- 
minating at  the  rocky  eminence 
on  which  stands  the  palace  of 
Holy  rood.  Sir  Walter  Scott  pub- 
lished two  series  of  tales  entitled 
“ Chronicles  of  the  Canongate.” 
Strew’d  were  the  streets  around  with 
milk-white  reams, 

Flow’d  all  the  Canongate  with  inky 
streams.  Byron. 

Canons  Park.  A palatial  residence 
built  by  the  “ Great  Duke  of 
Chandos,”  near  Edge  ware,  Eng- 
land. It  was  a favorite  resort  of 
literary  men,  including  Pope,  who 
often  alludes  to  it.  The  original 
building  is  no  longer  standing. 

Canopus,  Decree  of.  See  Stone 
of  San. 

Canterbury  Cathedral.  A mag- 
nificent cathedral  at  Canterbury, 
England.  It  was  designed  by  Sir 
James  Burrough,  was  begun  in 
1174,  and  finished  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  Y.  It  contains  the  shrine 
of  Thomas  a Becket,  in  former 
times  a great  resort  of  pilgrims. 
See  Shrine  of  Thomas  a Becket. 

And  specially  from  every  shire’s  ende 
Of  Engle  lohd  to  Canterbury  they  wende. 

Chaucer. 

Cape  Horn.  A name  given  to  a 
locality  on  the  line  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  in  California. 

JBS§=*  “ The  bluffs  at  this  point  are  so 
precipitous  that  when  the  railroad  was 
made  the  workmen  had  to  be  lowered 
down  the  face  of  the  rock  by  ropes,  and 


held  on  by  men  above,  until  they  were 
enabled  to  blast  for  themselves  a foot- 
hold on  the  side  of  the  precipice.” 

Samuel  Smiles . 

Capella  Borghese.  [Borghese 
Chapel.]  A gorgeous  chapel,  so 
called  from  the  Borghese  family, 
in  the  church  of  Santa  Maria 
Maggiore  in  Rome,  built  for  Paul 
Y.  in  1608,  rich  in  marbles,  ala- 
basters, and  frescos. 

“ The  splendor  of  the  opposite 
Borghese  chapel  so  far  surpasses  my 
feeble  powers  of  description  that  I 
shall  leave  it  all  to  your  imagination,  to 
which  you  may  give  abundance  of  lati- 
tude, for  it  can  scarcely  surpass  the 
reality.  It  contains  one  of  St.  Luke’s 
precious  performances,  a miraculous 
image  of  the  Virgin.”  Eaton . 

Capella  Brancacci.  [Brancacci 

Chapel.]  A chapel  in  the  con- 
vent of  the  Carmine,  Florence, 
Italy,  celebrated  for  its  fine  fres- 
cos by  Masaccio  (1402?-1443), 

MGtr*  “ The  importance  of  these  fres- 
cos arises  from  the  fact  that  they  hold 
the  same  place  in  the  history  of  art 
during  the  fifteenth  century,  as  the 
works  of  Giotto,  in  the  Arena  chapel 
at  Padua,  hold  during  the  fourteenth. 
Each  series  forms  an  epoch  in  paint- 
ing.” Layard. 

People  at  the  present  day  still  go  to  the 
Brancacci  Chapel  to  contemplate  this  iso- 
lated creator  [Masaccio]  whose  precocious 
example  no  one  followed  Taine,  Trans. 
He  came  to  Florence  long  ago 
And  painted  here  these  walls,  that  shone 
For  Raphael  and  for  Ang°lo 
With  secrets  deeper  than  his  own, 

Then  shrank  into  the  dark  again, 

And  died,  we  know  not  how  or  when. 

Lowell. 

Capella  Clementina.  See  Clem- 
ent’s Chapel. 

Capella  Corsini.  See  Corsini 
Ciiapel. 

Capella  della  Colonna  Santa. 
[Chapel  of  the  Holy  Pillar.]  A 
chapel  in  St.  Peter’s  Church, 
Rome,  so  called  from  an  in- 
scribed pillar  in  it,  concerning 
which  the  church  tradition  is 
that  it  is  the  one  against  which 
Christ  leaned  when  teaching  in 
the  Temple  at  Jerusalem. 

Capella  Paolina.  [Pauline  Chap- 
el.] An  apartment  in  the  Vatican 
Palace,  Rome,  built  in  1540  for 
Paul  III.  It  contains  two  fres- 
cos by  Michael  Angelo. 


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84 


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4£ir  “Two  excellent  frescos  exe- 
cuted by  Michael  Angelo  on  the  side 
walls  of  the  Pauline  Chapel  are  little 
cared  for,  and  are  so  much  blackened 
by  the  smoke  of  lamps  that  they  are 
seldom  mentioned.  The  Crucifixion  of 
St.  Peter,  under  the  large  window,  is  in 
a most  unfavorable  light,  but  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  grand,  severe  compo- 
sition. That  on  the  opposite  wall  — 
the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul  — is  still 
tolerably  distinct.”  Kugler. 

Capella  Sistina.  See  Sistine  Chap- 
el. 

Capitol,  The  [Rome].  See  Capi- 
toline  Hill  and  Piazza  del 
Campidoglio 

Capitol  [of  the  U nited  States] . The 
immense  and  magnificent  build- 
ing in  Washington,  D.C.,  devoted 
to  the  uses  of  the  American  Con- 
gress. The  centre  building  is 
of  freestone  painted  white.  Its 
corner-stone  was  laid  by  Wash- 
ington in  1792.  The  marble  ex- 
tensions were  begun  in  1851.  The 
total  length  of  the  original  Capi- 
tol, together  with  the  wings  and 
corridors,  is  737  feet.  The  build- 
ing covers  an  area  of  3J  acres,  and 
the  cost  of  erection  has  been  over 
$13,000,000.  It  is  surmounted  by 
an  iron  dome  which  is  287  feet 
above  the  base  of  the  building, 
and  135J  feet  in  diameter,  being 
surpassed  in  size  only  by  four 
domes  in  Europe, — that  of  St. 
Peter’s  at  Rome,  of  St.  Paul’s  in 
London,  St.  Isaac’s  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  that  of  the  Invalides 
in  Paris.  The  dome  is  surmount- 
ed by  a colossal  statue  of  Liberty 
in  bronze,  19  feet  in  height,  stand- 
ing upon  a globe  which  bears 
the  inscription  E Pluribus  Umnn. 
Within  the  Capitol  are  included 
the  Senate  Chamber,  the  Hall  of 
the  House  of  Representatives, 
the  Supreme  Court  room,  and  the 
Library  of  Congress. 

“ We  have  built  no  national 
temples  but  the  Capitol;  we  consult 
no  common  oracle  but  the  Constitu- 
tion.” R.  Choate. 

When,  lo  ! in  a vision  I seemed  to  stand 
In  the  lonely  Capitol.  On  each  hand 
Far  stretched  the  i crtico;  dim  and  grand 
Its  columns  ranged,  like  a martial  band 
Of  sheeted  spectres  wnom  some  command 
Had  called  to  a last  reviewing. 

Bret  Harte. 


Capitol  [of  New  York],  An  im- 
mense and  imposing  building  in 
the  city  of  Albany,  the  capital  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  designed 
for  legislative  purposes  and  the 
uses  of  the  executive  department 
of  the  State.  The  structure  is 
of  the  Renaissance  architecture, 
and  one  of  the  best  finished  and 
most  costly  edifices  of  the  kind,  in 
the  world. 

Capitoline  Hill.  [Lat.  Mons  Capi- 
tolinas.'] One  of  the  original  sev- 
en hills  of  ancient  Rome,  imme- 
diately contiguous  to  the  Forum, 
and  still  bearing  the  same  name. 
The  Church  of  Ara  Cceli  is  sup- 
posed to  mark  the  site  of  the 
Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus, 
which  formerly  stood  upon  the 
summit.  There  is  a depression 
called  the  Intermontium,  upon 
the  top  of  the  hill,  forming  two 
heights,  upon  the  summit  of  one 
of  which  the  Temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus  is  thought  to  have 
stood,  and  upon  the  summit  of 
the  other  the  Arx  Capitolii. 
Upon  the  latter  mount  is  placed 
the  temple  which  Romulus  is  said 
to  have  built  and  to  have  dedi- 
cated to  Jupiter  Feretrius.  The 
hill  was  originally  called  Mons 
Saturn i us,  and  afterwards  (or  cer- 
tainly the  whole  of  one  side  of 
it)  Mons  Tarpeia,  from  her  who, 
during  the  war  with  the  Sabines, 
longing  for  the  golden  bracelets 
of  the  enemy,  and  allured  by  the 
promise  of  receiving  that  which 
they  wore  upon  their  arms, 
treacherously  opened  the  fortress 
to  the  Sabines,  and  was  rewarded 
by  being  crushed  by  the  shields 
which  they  threw  upon  her  in 
passing.  It  lastly  received  the 
name  "of  Mons  Capitolinus  (or 
Capitolium),  because  in  digging 
the  foundations  for  the  Temple  of 
Jupiter  (Capitolinus)  a bloody 
human  head  was  found,  which 
the  augurs  declared  to  he  an 
omen  that  Rome  was  destined  to 
become  the  head  of  Italy.  The 
famous  Tarpeian  Rock  was  also 
upon  this  side  of  the  Intermon- 
tium, though  its  exact  situation  is 
not  definitely  determined.  See 
Piazza  del  Campidoglio. 


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85 


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“But  when  we  think  of  its  in- 
vulnerable citadel,  its  vanished  temples, 
its  triumphal  arches,  its  splendid  por- 
ticos, its  golden  statues,  and  all  its 
unparalleled  but  forgotten  splendors 
— it  is  indeed  a contrast  to  look  round 
on  the  scattered  ruins  of  that  seat  of 
empire  which  awed  the  world;  to  be- 
hold a convent  of  barefooted  friars 
usurping  the  proud  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  Maximus,  a few  miserable 
hovels  crowning  the  Tarpeian  Rock, 
and  the  palace  of  a modern  Roman 
patrician  occupying  the  site  of  the 
house  of  Ovid  and  the  School  of  Phi- 
losophers.” C.  A.  Eaton. 

“No  language  contains  a word 
of  more  expression  and  significance 
than  the  Capital,  nor  is  there  a spot  on 
earth  more  full  of  historical  interest. 
It  was  at  once  a fortress  and  a temple; 
the  head  of  the  Roman  state  and  the 
shrine  of  their  religion.  The  Capitol 
was  the  symbol  of  ancient  Rome,  as 
St.  Peter’s  and  the  Vatican  are  the 
symbols  of  the  modern  and  mediaeval 
city.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

Unsexed,  but  foul  with  barren  lust, 
Marshalled  her  powers  to  overwhelm 
Our  Capitol  and  ancient  realm, 

And  lay  Rome’s  glories  in  the  dust? 

Horace , Trans. 

Cal.  Caesar,  I never  stood  on  ceremo- 
nies, 

Yet  now  they  fright  me.  There  is  one 
within. 

Besides  the  things  that  w'e  have  heard 
and  seen, 

Recounts  most  horrid  sights  seen  by  the 
watch. 

A lioness  hath  whelped  in  the  streets; 

And  graves  have  yawn’d,  and  yielded  up 
their  dead; 

Fierce  fiery  warriors  fought  upon  the 
clouds, 

In  ranks,  and  squadrons,  and  right  form  of 
war. 

Which  drizzled  blood  upon  the  Capitol. 

Shakespeare. 

Capitoline  Museum.  See  Museo 
Capitolino. 

Capitolium.  See  Capitoline  Hill 
and  Piazza  del  Campidoglio. 
Cappuceini,  Convent,  Church,  and 
Cemetery  of  the.  One  of  the  lar- 
gest and  most  populous  convents 
in  Rome,  belonging  to  the  monks 
of  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  The 
conventual  Church  contains  a 
number  of  fine  pictures,  includ- 
ing that  of  the  “ Archangel  Mi- 
chael and  the  Devil  ” by  Guido. 
Adjoining  the  Church  is  the  fa- 
mous Cemetery  of  the  Cappucci- 
ni.  It  is  a sort  of  museum  of 


hones,  consisting  of  four  cham- 
bers decorated  with  human 
bones,  and  bodies  that  have  be- 
come mummified.  The  earth  was 
brought  hither  from  Jerusalem. 
Several  skeletons  are  standing 
upright,  dressed  in  their  monas- 
tic robes.  Whenever  a brother 
dies,  he  is  buried  in  the  oldest 
grave,  and  the  bones  which  have 
been  displaced  to  make  room  for 
him  are  removed  to  the  general 
collection. 

Caprino,  Monte.  See  Monte  Ca- 
prino. 

Capucines,  Boulevart  des.  One 
of  the  boulevards  of  Paris.  See 
Boulevards. 

Caracalla,  Baths  of.  See  Baths 
of  Caracalla. 

Card  Party.  A small  but  very  in- 
teresting picture,  representing  a 
company  of  men  and  women  at 
a card-table,  by  Luc  Jacobsz, 
commonly  called  Lucas  van  Ley- 
den (1494-1533),  a Flemish  paint- 
er. It  is  now  in  the  collection  of 
the  Earl  of  Pembroke,  at  Wilton 
House,  England. 

Cardiff  Giant.  A noted  piece  of 
trickery  in  the  shape  of  a colossal 
statue  of  gypsum  disinterred  at 
a little  place  called  Cardiff,  near 
Lafayette,  N.Y.,  in  October,  1869, 
and  successfully  palmed  off  upon 
some  of  the  most  distinguished 
antiquaries  and  paleontologists 
of  America  as  being  either  a work 
of  ancient  sculpture,  or  more 
probably  a fossilized  man.  It 
was  carried  about  the  country, 
and  publicly  exhibited  to  great 
crowds  in  all  the  principal  cities. 
At  last  the  fact  came  out,  that  it 
had  been  cut  from  a quarry  in 
Iowa  not  long  before,  wrought 
into  shape  in  Chicago,  and  bur- 
ied in  Cardiff,  where  it  was  soon 
after  alleged  to  have  been  acci- 
dentally discovered. 

Cardinal  Bentivoglio.  See  Ben- 
tivoglio. 

Cardinal  Bibiena.  See  Bibiena. 

Cardinal  Pole.  See  Pole. 

Cardross  Castle.  A ruined  castle 
in  Scotland,  on  the  Clyde,  near 


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86 


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Dumbarton.  In  this  castle  Rob- 
ert Bruce  died  in  1329. 

Carinse.  A fashionable  quarter  in 
ancient  Rome,  situated  upon  the 
Esquiline  Hill,  where  many  of  the 
nobles  and  principal  citizens  had 
their  residences. 

Carisbrooke  Castle.  A magnifi- 
cent feudal  mansion,  now  in 
ruins,  in  the  village  of  Caris- 
brooke on  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Charles  I.  was  confined  here  after 
his  flight  from  Hampton  Court. 
The  castle  contains  a well  said  to 
be  over  300  feet  in  depth. 

Carita.  [Charity.]  A picture  by 
Andrea  Yannucchi,  called  An- 
drea del  Sarto  (1487-1531),  the 
Italian  painter,  and  considered 
one  of  his  best  works.  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Carita.  [Charity.]  A striking  pic- 
ture by  Bartolommeo  Schedone 
(1500-1615).  In  the  Museum  at 
Naples,  Italy. 

Carlisle  Castle.  An  ancient  feu- 
dal fortress  in  Carlisle,  England, 
now  in  a state  of  decay.  It  was 
built  by  William  Rufus  (1056- 
1100).  The  castle  is  at  present 
used  as  a barrack  and  armory. 
Musing  on  this  strange  hap  the  while, 

The  King  wends  back  to  fair  Carlisle; 

And  cares,  that  cumber  royal  sway, 

Wore  memory  of  the  past  away.  Scott . 

Carlo  Borromeo.  A statue  in 
bronze  and  copper,  of  colossal 
size,  near  Arona,  Italy,  erected  to 
the  memory  of  the  saint  i.n  1697. 
It  is  106  feet  in  height  including 
the  pedestal. 

Far  off  the  Borromean  saint  was  seen, 
Distinct,  though  distant,  o’er  his  native 
town, 

Where  his  Colossus  with  benignant  mien, 
Looks  from  its  station  on  Arona  down ; 

To  it  the  inland  sailor  lifts  his  eyes, 

From  the  wide  lake,  when  perilous  storms 
arise.  Southey. 

Carlo  Felice.  A noted  theatre  in 
Genoa,  Italy,  opened  in  1828. 

Carlo,  San.  See  San  Carlo. 

Carlsbriicke,  Die.  [Charles’ 
Bridge.]  A famous  bridge  over 
the  Moldau  in  Prague,  Austria. 
It  was  begun  in  1357,  and  was  150 
years  in  building.  The  piers  are 
surmounted  with  groups  of  saints 
and  martyrs,  28  in  number,  in- 


cluding the  celebrated  statue  of 
St.  John  Nepomuck.  See  St. 
John  Nepomuck. 

Carlton  Club.  A noble  building 
of  Italian  architecture  (from  St. 
Mark’s  Library  in  Venice),  in 
Pall  Mall,  London,  is  occupied 
by  the  famous  political  club  of 
this  name,  founded  in  1831  by  the 
Duke  of  Wellington.  The  first 
meeting  of  the  ciub  was  held  in 
Charles  Street,  St.  James’s.  It 
removed  to  Carlton  Gardens  in 
1832,  and  in  1836  a club-house  was 
built  in  Pall  Mall.  The  present 
house  was  built  in  1854. 

4®"  “ The  Carlton  contains  Conser- 
vatives of  every  hue,  from  the  good 
old-fashioned  Tory  to  the  liberal  pro- 
gressist of  the  latest  movements, — 
men  of  high  position  in  fortune  and 
politics.”  Tbnbs. 

No  Carlton  Clubs , Reform  Clubs,  nor 
any  sort  of  clubs  or  crealures  or  of  ac- 
credited opinions  or  practices,  can  make  a 
Lie  Truth,  can  make  Bribery  a Propriety. 

Carlyle. 

Carlton  House.  A noted  mansion 
which  formerly  stood  in  Water- 
loo Place,  south  of  Pall  Mall, 
London.  It  was  built  in  1709, 
and  was  taken  down  in  1827. 
Upon  the  Ionic  columns  of  this 
house  an  Italian  epigram  was 
written  by  Bonomi : — 

“ Care  colonne,  che  fatti  qua? 

Non  sapiamo,  in  verita,” 

which  has  been  translated  as  fol- 
lows : — 

“ Dear  little  columns,  all  in  a row, 
What  do  you  do  there  ? 

Indeed  we  don’t  know.” 

46g=  “ We  went  to  see  the  Prince’s 
new  palace  in  Pall  Mall,  and  were 
charmed.  It  will  be  the  most  perfect 
in  Europe.  ...  In  all  the  fairy  tales 
you  have  been,  you  was  never  in  so 
pretty  a scene.  I forgot  to  tell  you 
how  admirably  all  the  carving,  stucco, 
and  ornaments  are  executed,  but 
whence  the  money  is  to  come  1 con- 
ceive not.  All  the  tin-mines  in  Corn- 
wall could  not  pay  a quarter.” 

Horace  Walpole , 1786. 

With  the  same  childish  attendant,  I re- 
member peeping  through  tie  colonnade 
at  Carlton  House  and  seeing  the  abode  of 
the  great  Prince  Regent.  Thackeray. 

I have  a state-coach  at  Carlton  House , 

A chariot  in  Seymour  Place; 

But  they’re  lent  to  two  friends,  who  make 
me  amends 

By  driving  my  favorite  pace.  Byron. 


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I remember  Alvanley  eating  three  sup- 
pers once  at  Carlton  House—  one  night  de 
petite  comite.  Thackeray. 

Carmine,  The.  A noted  church 
in  Florence,  Italy,  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  containing  some  fine 
frescos  which  are  of  great  impor- 
tance in  the  history  of  art. 

Carnac.  A collection  of  stones  or 
monumental  blocks  of  granite, 
several  thousand  in  number,  in 
the  town  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  Department  of  Morbihan, 
France.  They  are  of  unknown 
origin  and  antiquity,  and  their 
use  and  meaning  are  involved  in 
great  obscurity.  By  some  they 
are  thought  to  be  Druidic  re- 
mains, and  by  others  to  be  of  ear- 
lier date.  They  are  probably  not 
sepulchral  monuments,  and  it  is 
quite  as  probable  that  they  were 
intended  for  military  as  for  reli- 
gious purposes.  In  their  general 
appearance  they  resemble  the 
monuments  found  in  the  Orkney 
Islands. 

Caroccio.  A famous  car  of  great 
size,  drawn  by  two  beautiful 
oxen,  which,  in  the  old  days  of 
Florence,  accompanied  the  citi- 
zens to  the  field  of  battle.  It 
bore  the  standard  of  the  city,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  been  built  in 
imitation  of  the  ark  carried  before 
the  Israelites. 

J93S“  “ This  vehicle  is  described,  and 
also  represented  in  ancient  paintings, 
as  a four-wheeled,  oblong  car,  drawn 
by  two,  four,  or  six  bullocks.  , . . 
A platform  ran  out  in  front  of  the  car, 
spacious  enough  for  a few  chosen  men 
to  defend  it,  while  behind,  on  a cor- 
responding space,  the  musicians  gave 
spirit  to  the  combat : mass  was  said  on 
the  Caroccio,  ere  it  quitted  the  city, 
the  surgeons  were  stationed  near  it, 
and  not  un frequently  also  a chaplain 
attended  it  to  the  field.  The  loss  of 
the  Caroccio  was  a great  disgrace,  and 
betokened  utter  discomfiture.” 

Napier. 

Caroline,  The.  A United  States 
steamer  burned  Dec.  29,  1837,  by 
the  loyal  Canadians,  for  having 
brought  aid  to  the  rebels.  The 
affair  became  a subject  of  diplo- 
matic correspondence. 

Caroll,  Fort.  See  Fort  Caroll. 


Carondelet,  The.  An  armor-plat- 
ed ship  of  the  United  States  Navy 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

Carre.  See  Salon  Carre. 

Carrickfergus  Castle.  One  of  the 
most  perfect  castellated  struc- 
tures in  Ireland,  standing  on  a 
rock  which  projects  into  the  sea, 
and  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
water.  It  is  in  the  county  of 
Antrim. 

Carrig-a-droid  Castle.  A ruined 
stronghold  of  the  Middle  Ages,  in 
the  county  of  Cork,  Ireland.  It 
successfully  resisted  for  a time 
the  arms  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Carrig-o-gunnell.  [Rock  of  the 
Candle.]  An  interesting  castle 
in  the  county  of  Limerick,  Ire- 
land, and  one  of  the  most  roman- 
tic ruins  in  the  island.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  built  by  the  O’Brien 
family  in  1530,  and  has  undergone 
many  sieges. 

Carrousel.  See  Arc  du  Carrou- 
sel and  Place  du  Carrousel. 

Carthage,  Building  of.  See 
Building  of  Carthage. 

Cartoons  of  Raphael.  A collec- 
tion of  seven  (a  number  of  others 
are  now  lost)  drawings  in  distem- 
per colors  by  Raphael  (1483-1520), 
being  original  designs  executed 
by  order  of  Leo  X.,  for  tapestries 
to  adorn  the  lower  walls  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel  in  Rome.  The 
tapestries  still  hanging  in  the 
Vatican,  for  which  the  Cartoons 
were  designed,  were  called  Araz- 
zi,  from  Arras  in  Flanders,  the 
place  where  they  were  executed. 
The  seven  Cartoons  lay  neglect- 
ed until  about  1630,  when  Charles 
I.  bought  them  by  the  advice 
of  Rubens.  After  the  death  of 
Charles,  they  were  purchased  by 
Cromwell,  and  were  subsequent- 
ly removed  by  William  III.  to 
Hampton  Court,  where  they  re- 
mained until  1865,  when  they 
were  placed  in  agallerj7  specially 
prepared  for  them  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  London. 
These  cartoons  are  ranked 
among  the  grandest  productions 
of  Christian  art.  The  subjects 
are  “ Christ’s  Charge  to  St.  Pe- 


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88 


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ter,”  “ The  Miraculous  Draught 
of  Fishes,”  “ Elymas  the  Sorcer- 
er struck  Blind,”  “ Peter  and 
John  healing  the  Cripple  at  the 
Beautiful  Gate,”  “The  Death  of 
Ananias,”  “ The  Sacrifice  at  Lys- 
tra,”  and  “ Paul  preaching  at 
Athens.”  A number  of  copies  of 
the  Cartoons  have  been  executed 
in  tapestry,  and  the  drawings 
have  been"  twice  cut  into  strips 
by  tapestry-workers. 

4®=*  “ When  I first  went  to  see  them, 
I must  confess  I was  but  barely  pleased ; 
the  next  time  I liked  them  better;  but 
at  last,  as  I grew  better  acquainted 
with  them,  I fell  deeply  in  love  with 
them  : like  wise  speeches,  they  sank 
deep  into  my  heart.” 

Steele  : Spectator , No.  244. 

4Gir  “ In  the  set  of  Cartoons  for  the 
tapestries  of  the  Sistine  Chapel,  as 
originally  prepared  by  Raphael,  we 
have  the  foundation,  the  heaven-be- 
stowed powers,  the  trials  and  suffer- 
ings of  the  early  Church,  exhibited  in 
the  calling  of  St.  Peter,  the  conversion 
of  St.  Paul,  the  acts  and  miracles  of 
the  apostles,  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Ste- 
phen; and  the  series  closed  with  the 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  placed  over 
the  altar,  as  typical  of  the  final  triumph 
of  the  Church,  the  completion  and  ful- 
filment of  all  the  promises  made  to 
man,  set  forth  in  the  exaltation  and 
union  of  the  mortal  with  the  immortal, 
when  the  human  Mother  and  her 
divine  Son  are  re-united  and  seated  on 
the  same  throne.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Casa  Blanca.  [White  House.] 
An  old  Spanish  mansion  in  New 
Orleans,  La.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  Bienville,  the 
first  governor  of  Louisiana. 

Casa  del  Labrador.  [Laborer’s 
Cottage.]  A curious  and  noted 
building  erected  for  Charles  IV. 
of  Spain,  at  Aranjuez. 

4ST  “ A little  plaything  of  Charles 
IV.  It  is  the  merest  little  jewel. 
There  is  but  one  suite  of  apartments 
in  it,  all  the  rest  being  divided  into 
small  rooms,  cabinets,  etc.,  the  roofs 
painted  in  miniature  frescos,  and  the 
floors  paved  in  mosaic.  In  the  rich- 
ness of  its  ornaments,  which  are  often 
of  gold,  and  sometimes  of  platina,  it  is 
absolutely  unrivalled.”  Ticknor. 

Casa  d’Oro.  [The  Golden  House.] 
A noble  palace  in  Venice,  Italy. 


4®=*  “It  has  no  trace  of  the  high 
roofs  or  aspiring  tendencies  of  the 
Northern  buildings  of  the  same  age, 
no  boldly-marked  buttresses  in  strong 
vertical  lines;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
flat  sky-lines,  and  every  part  is  orna- 
mented with  a fanciful  richness  far 
more  characteristic  of  the  luxurious 
refinement  of  the  East  than  of  the 
manlier  appreciation  of  the  higher 
qualities  of  art  which  distinguished 
the  contemporary  erections  on  this  side 
of  the  Alps.”  Fergusson. 

Oh,  yes,  to  be  sure,  Venice  built  her 
Ducal  Palace,  and  her  church  of  St.  Mark, 
and  her  Casa  d'Oro,  and  the  rest  of  her 
golden  houses.  0.  W.  Holmes. 

Slow,  underneath  the  Casa  d' Oro's  wall, 
Three  searchers  and  three  peering  shadows 
came.  Walter  Thornburg. 

Casa  Guidi.  A building  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  best  known  to  Eng- 
lish-speaking people  from  its  con- 
nection with  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning,  the  poetess,  who  lived 
here  for  some  years,  and  who 
wrote  here  her  well-known  poem 
of  “ Casa  Guidi  Windows,”  — a 
poem  giving  her  impressions  upon 
events  in  Tuscany  of  which  she 
was  a witness.  There  is  a tablet 
here  inscribed  to  the  memory  of 
Mrs.  Browning  (died  in  Florence 
in  1861),  — “ who  in  a woman’s 
heart  united  the  learning  of  a 
scholar  and  the  spirit  of  a poet, 
and  by  her  verse  joined  with  a 
golden  link  Italy  and  England.” 

She  came,  whom  Casa  GuidVs  chambers 
knew, 

And  know  more  proudly,  ail  immortal, 
now. 

And  life,  new  lighted,  with  a lark-like  glee 
Through  Casa  Guidi  windows  hails  the 
sun. 

Grown  from  the  rest  her  spirit  gave  to  me. 

Bayard  Taylor 

And  peradventure  other  eyes  may  see. 
From  Casa  Guidi  windows,  what  is  done 
Or  undone.  Whatsoever  deeds  they  be. 
Pope  Pius  wTill  be  glorified  in  none. 

Mrs.  Browning 

Casa  Santa.  See  Santa  Casa. 

Casanata  Library.  See  Biblio- 
teca  Casanatense. 

Cascine.  A beautiful  and  well- 
known  public  park  in  Florence, 
Italy. 

4@=*  “ This  is  quite  the  loveliest 
public  pleasure-ground,  a wood  of 
three  miles  in  circumference,  lying  on 


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the  banks  of  the  Arno  just  below  the 
town,  not  like  most  European  prome- 
nades, a bare  field  of  clay  or  ground, 
but  full  of  sward  paths  green  and 
embowered.  . . . The  whole  place  is 
more  like  a half-redeemed  wild  wood  in 
America,  than  a public  promenade  in 
Europe.”  A.  P.  Willis. 

“ If  • • . his  tastes  are  for  com- 
panionship and  society,  he  will  find 
the  Cascine,  during  a portion  of  the 
day,  a most  agreeable  place  of  resort. 
Here,  in  the  afternoon,  assemble  all 
the  gay  world  of  Florence,  native  and 
foreign.  . . . Here  may  be  seen  the 
equipages  and  the  manners  of  all 
Europe.”  Hillard. 

At  Florence,  too,  what  golden  hours 
In  those  long  galleries  were  ours; 

What  drives  about  the  fresh  Cascine , 
Or  walks  in  Boboh’s  ducal  bowers. 

Tennyson 

Caserta  (Royal  Palace).  A noted 
palace  at  Caserta,  in  Southern 
Italy,  begun  in  1752  by  Vanvitelli 
for  Charles  III.,  and  regarded  as 
one  of  the  finest  royal  residences 
in  Europe. 

4®=*  “The  chief  productions  of  this 
period  [the  eighteenth  century]  are  the 
colossal  palaces  of  princes  in  which  the 
spirit  of  modern  despotism  declares  it- 
self in  a grandiose  manner,  but  also 
with  the  utmost  caprice.  Perhaps 
there  is  no  better  example  of  these  vast 
buildings  than  the  Villa  of  Caserta, 
built  by  Luigi  Vanvitelli  at  Naples, 
with  its  huge  three  stories,  imposing 
staircase,  and  park  with  its  aqueduct 
and  superb  fountains.”  Lubke. 

When  London  shall  have  become  the 
Rome  or  Athens  of  a fallen  empire,  the 
termini  of  the  railways  will  be  among  its 
finest  ruins.  That  of  the  Birmingham 
and  Liverpool  track  is  almost  as  magnifi- 
cent as  that  flower  of  sumptuousness,  the 
royal  palace  of  Caserta.  JV.  P.  Willis. 

Cashel,  Rock  of.  See  Rock  of 
Cashel. 

Casino,  Monte.  See  Monte  Ca- 
sino. 

Cassiobury  House.  The  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Essex,  near  Watford, 
England. 

Castalian  Fountain.  See  Foun- 
tain of  Castalia. 

Castel  Nuovo.  [The  New  Castle.] 
A massive  stronghold  in  Naples, 
Italy,  hearing  some  resemblance 
to  the  Tower  of  London.  It  was 
begun  in  the  thirteenth  century. 


Castel  Sant’  Elmo.  See  St.  Elmo; 
and  for  other  names  beginning 
with  the  word  Castel,  see  the 
next  prominent  word. 

Castiglione,  Count.  A portrait 
of  his  friend  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520).  In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Castle.  For  names  beginning  with 
the  word  Castle,  see  the  next 
prominent  word;  e.g.,  Castle  of 
Chillon,  see  Chillon.  See  also 
infra. 

Castle  Campbell.  A ruined  castle 
near  the  village  of  Dollar  in  Scot- 
land, of  romantic  and  historic  in- 
terest. 

“ The  origin  of  this  castle  is  un- 
known; but  it  was  originally  called  the 
Castle  of  Gloom,  situated  in  the  parish 
of  Dolour,  surrounded  by  the  glen  of 
Care,  and  watered  by  the  rivers  of  Sor- 
row.” 

O Castell  Gloom  ! thy  strength  is  gone, 

The  green  grass  o’er  thee  growin’; 

On  liiil  of  Care  thou  art  alone. 

The  Sorrow  round  thee  flowin’. 

Carolina,  Baroness  Nairne. 

Castle  Clinton.  See  Castle  Gar- 
den. 

Castle  Garden.  A singular  build- 
ing of  a circular  form,  situated 
on  the  Battery  in  New  York  City, 
and  now  used  as  a receiving  sta- 
tion for  immigrants.  On  landing 
here,  they  are  received,  cared  for, 
furnished  with  instruction  and 
guidance  in  regard  to  their  routes 
of  travel,  and  forwarded  to  their 
destination.  The  building  was 
originally  a fort,  and  known  as 
Castle  Clinton.  It  was  built  in 
1807,  and  made  over  to  the  city  in 
1823.  After  having  been  put  to 
various  uses  (at  one  time  as  an 
opera-house),  it  finally  was  ap- 
propriated to  its  present  object 
as  a place  of  reception  for  immi- 
grants. See  Battery,  The. 

The  arrivals  of  immigrants  at  Castle 
Garden  for  the  month  of  August  [18^0] 
numbered  25.300.  This  aggregate  exceeds 
by  4,000  the  figures  for  the  same  month  in 
any  year  for  a quarter  of  a century 

Boston  Journal 

If,  as  a boy  I did,  T make  my  haunt  in 

Dear  Castle  Garden , soon  I find  a check 
In  two  policemen,  -who,  my  courage 
daunting, 

Stand  sentinels  beside  that  piteous 
wreck. 


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And  point  to  signs;  I read,  Fur  Emigrant- 
en, 

And  just  beyond  I see  an  emptying 
deck.  T.  G.  Appleton. 

Castle  Hill.  An  eminence  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  on  which  stand 
the  Castle  of  Edinburgh  and 
other  buildings  of  interest. 

While  danderin’  cits  delight  to  stray 
To  Castlehill  or  public  way, 

Where  they  nae  other  purpose  mean, 
Than  that  iool  cause  o’  being  seen, 

Let  me  to  Arthur’s  Seat  pursue, 

Where  bonnie  pastures  meet  the  view. 

R.  Fergusson. 

Castle  Howard.  The  magnificent 
seat  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  near 
New  Mai  ton,  England. 

Castle  Kennedy.  An  interesting 
ivy-clad  ruin  near  Stranrear, 
Scotland.  The  ancient  castle  was 
burned  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. The  gardens  are  celebrated 
for  the  beautiful  groves  of  pines, 
the  finest  in  Scotland. 

Castle  Rising.  An  ancient  Eng- 
lish castle  supposed  to  have  been 
built  by  Alfred  the  Great  (849- 
901).  The  keep  and  portions  of 
the  walls  and  embankments  re- 
main. Queen  Isabella  was  con- 
fined in  this  castle  for  the  rest  of 
her  life,  after  the  death  of  her 
husband,  King  Edward  II. 

Castle  Roche.  A remarkable  ruin 
in  the  county  of  Louth,  Ireland, 
formerly  one  of  the  frontier  cas- 
tles of  the  English  Pale.  The 
name  is  a corruption  of  Rose  Cas- 
tle. This  fortress  was  destroyed 
by  Oliver  Cromwell  in  1649. 

Castle  Thunder.  A military  pris- 
on in  Richmond,  Va.,  during  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion.  Here  many 
Federal  prisoners  were  confined, 
and  subjected  to  great  hardships. 
The  building  was  simply  a ware- 
house converted  to  the  uses  of  a 
jail. 

Castor  and  Pollux.  1.  Two  well- 

known  marble  statues,  of  colossal 
size,  which  stand  at  the  head  of 
the  modern  ascent  to  the  Capitol 
in  Rome. 

2.  Two  statues  which  were 
found  in  the  Baths  of  Constan- 
tine, and  now  stand  in  the  Piazza 
di  Monte  Cavallo.  There  are 


copies  of  these  statues  in  the 
Museum  at  Berlin.  See  Quiri- 
nal  Hill. 

Castor  and  Pollux  carrying  off  the 
daughters  of  Leucippus.  A pic- 
ture by  Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577- 
1640),  now  in  the  Munich  Gallery. 

Castor  and  Pollux.  See  Temple 
of  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Caswell,  Fort.  See  Fort  Cas- 
well. 

Cat  and  Bagpipes.  A well-known 
tavern  which  was  situated  in 
London. 

A bon-mot . for  instance,  that  might  be 
relished  at  White’s,  may  lose  all  its  flavor 
when  delivered  at  the  ' Cat  and  Bagpipes 
in  St.  Giles’s.  Goldsmith. 

Catacombs  [of  Alexandria].  Ex- 
tensive subterranean  cemeteries 
in  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

4®^  “ Nothing  which  remains  of 
Alexandria  attests  its  greatness  more 
than  these  catacombs.  The  entrance 
to  them  is  close  to  a spot  once  covered 
with  the  habitations  and  gardens  of  the 
town,  or  suburb  of  the  city,  which, 
from  the  neighboring  tombs,  was  called 
the  Necropolis.  The  extent  of  these 
catacombs  is  remarkable;  but  the  prin- 
cipal inducement  to  visit  them  is  the 
elegance  and  symmetry  of  the  archi- 
tecture in  one  of  the  chambers,  having 
a Doric  entablature  and  mouldings,  in 
good  Greek  taste,  which  is  not  to  be 
met  with  in  any  other  part  of  Egypt.” 
Murray. 

Catacombs  [of  Paris].  One  tenth 
of  the  city  is  said  to  be  under- 
mined by  quarries  out  of  which 
building-stone  was  taken  in  for- 
mer times.  In  1784,  after  inter- 
ment in  the  Cemetery  of  the 
Innocents  was  given  up,  vast 
quantities  of  bones  were  removed 
and  deposited  in  these  old  quar- 
ries. In  the  first  part  of  the 
present  century  the  bones  were 
arranged  in  the  form  of  walls, 
altars  and  chapels  were  built  of 
them,  and  the  catacombs  have 
become  one  of  the  sights  of  Paris. 
From  the  labyrinthine  arrange- 
ment of  the  caverns,  and  the 
consequent  danger  of  being  lost 
in  them,  the  catacombs  were  for 
many  years  closed  to  the  public; 
but  they  may  now  be  visited  at 
certain  times  and  with  proper 
precautions. 


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Catacombs  [of  Rome].  The  name 
given  to  the  vast  excavations 
which  formed  the  bn  rial-places 
of  the  early  Christians  They, 
were  begun  in  the  times  of  the 
Apostles,  and  continued  to  be 
used  for  the  purpose  of  interment 
until  the  capture  of  Rome  by 
Alaric  in  410.  The  catacombs 
were  usually  named  after  those 
who  owned  the  land.  Among 
the  more  important  catacombs  in 
Rome  are  those  of  S.  Calisto,  S. 
Sebastian,  and  Sta.  Priscilla. 

Catacombs  [of  St.  Calixtus].  One 
of  the  most  interesting  and  most 
frequently  visited  of  the  Roman 
catacombs.  The  cemetery  is  of 
considerable  extent,  and  com- 
prises several  tiers  of  galleries, 
in  early  times  it  was  a favorite 
resort  of  pilgrims.  It  contains 
some  curious  paintings  and  se- 
pulchral inscriptions. 

Catacombs  [of  St.  Sebastian].  A 
well-known  subterranean  ceme- 
tery in  Rome.  It  was  to  a part 
of  this  cemetery  that  the  term 
catacomb  was  first  applied. 

Catelan,  Pre.  See  Pre  Catelan. 

Cathedra  Petri.  See  Chair  of 
St.  Peter. 

Catherine  Cornaro,  The  Nobles  of 
Venice  paying  Homage  to.  A 
picture  by  Hans  Makart(b.  1840). 
In  the  National  Gallery,  Berlin. 

“ A grandiose  composition, 
which,  when  displayed  in  London,  was 
looked  upon  less  as  grave  history  than 
as  phantasmagoria.”  J.  B.  Atkinson. 

Catherine,  St.  See  St.  Cather- 
ine. 

Catherine  Docks.  See  St.  Kath- 
erine Docks. 

Catherine’s  House.  See  St.  Cath- 
erine’s House. 

Catiline,  Conspiracy  of.  See  Con- 
spiracy of  Catiline. 

Cato  Street.  A street  in  London, 
now  called  Homer  Street,  from 
which  the  Cato-Street  Conspiracy 
derived  its  name. 

There  had  been  radical  meetings  in  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom;  the  bloody  scenes 
at  Manchester;  the  great  plot  in  Cato 
Street;  and,  above  all,  the  Queen  had 
returned  to  England ! Irving. 


Cattle  of  Brittany.  A picture  by 
Rosa  Bouheur  (b.  1822),  the  cele- 
brated French  painter  of  animals. 

Caudine  Porks.  [Lat.  Fttrculas 
Can  dime.]  A famous  pass,  in  the 
form  of  two  lofty  fork-shaped  de- 
files, in  the  valley  of  Caudium, 
in  the  Apennines,  into  which  a 
Roman  army  was  enticed  by  the 
Samnites,  B.  C.  321,  and,  being 
hemmed  in  and  unable  to  retreat, 
was  obliged  to  capitulate. 

Cauter,  The.  A fine  public  square 
or  parade  in  Ghent,  Belgium. 

Cautionary  Towns.  The  towns  of 
Briel,  Flushing,  Rainmekins,  and 
Walclieren,  were  held,  in  1585,  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  as  security  for 
the  payment  of  troops  with  which 
she  supplied  the  Netherlands. 
These  four  towns  were  called  the 
Cautionary  Towns;  and  although 
only  one-third  of  the  sum  due 
on  account  of  the  troops  was  re- 
funded by  the  Dutch,  they  were 
nevertheless  delivered  to  them 
July  16,  1616,  in  accordance  with 
a treaty  for  the  purpose  signed 
May  22. 

Cavalio,  Obelisk  of  the.  See  Obe- 
lisk of  the  Monte  Cavallo. 

Cave  Canem,  House  of  the.  [Al- 
so called  House  of  Homer , and 
House  of  the  Traffic  Poet.]  A very 
interesting  disinterred  private 
residence  at  Pompeii,  Italy,  fa- 
mous for  the  beautiful  wall-paint- 
ings discovered  in  it.  On  the 
threshold  of  this  house  was  a 
mosaic  representing  a chained 
dog,  with  the  words  “ Cave  Ca- 
nem ” (Beware  of  the  Dog),  from 
which  the  house  derives  its  name. 
This  mosaic  is  now  at  Naples. 

Cave  of  Adullam.  A large  cavern 
at  Khureitun,  Syria,  traditionally 
identified  with  tiie  “cave  of  Adul- 
lam” into  which  David  retreated 
after  his  adventure  at  Gath  (1 
Sam.  xxii.  1).  There  is  no  in- 
trinsic improbability  in  the  mo- 
nastic tradition,  and  many  cir- 
cumstances favor  the  conclusion 
that  this  may  have  been  the  cave. 

Cave  of  Jeremiah.  This  cave  near 
Jerusalem  is  a very  interesting 
natural  curiosity,  It  is  entered 


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by  a door  cut  in  the  side  of  a 
hill;  and  the  whole  interior  of 
the  hill  seems  to  be  occupied  by  a 
series  of  caverns,  separated  from 
one  another  by  pillars  and 
screens  wholly  natural.  There 
are  vaulted  chapels,  crypts,  and 
chambers,  in  one  of  which  the 
Latin  monks  sometimes  per- 
form mass.  The  whole  place 
would  be  as  sombre  as  the  medi- 
tations of  Jeremiah,  were  it  not 
relieved  by  an  abundance  of 
graceful  weeds. 

Cave  of  Machpelah.  The  burial- 
place  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob,  in  Hebron.  Over  it  stands 
a Mohammedan  mosque  to  which 
Christians  cannot  under  any  pre- 
tence obtain  access.  It  is  re- 
garded as  reasonably  certain  that 
the  cave  underlies  the  venerable 
Haram,  and  there  is  no  intrinsic 
improbability  in  the  supposition 
that  the  embalmed  remains  of 
the  patriarchs  may  still  be  lying 
there,  as  the  excessive  sanctity 
of  the  place  would  naturally 
guard  it  from  pillage  and  profa- 
nation. 

Cave  of  the  Nativity.  A cave  in 
Bethlehem,  which  was,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  the  residence 
of  Mary,  and  the  birthplace  of 
Jesus.  Over  it  is  a fine  church 
arranged  for  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Armenian  worship.  One  is  shown 
here  the  silver  star  in  the  spot 
where  Jesus  was  born,  tire  cor- 
ner where  the  manger  was,  and 
the  place  where  the  Magi  pre- 
sented their  offerings. 

Cave  of  the  Winds.  A wet  cave 
or  grotto  at  Niagara  Falls.  It  is 
under  the  great  Centre  Fall.  The 
entrance  to  it  is  attended  with 
difficulty,  but  with  proper  pre- 
caution. and  the  company  of  the 
guide,  is  not  necessarily  danger- 
ous. 

j&iT’  n A cavern  deep  below  roaring 
seas,  in  which  the  waves  are  there, 
though  they  do  not  enter  in  upon  him  ; 
or  rather  not  the  waves,  but  the  very 
bowels  of  the  ocean.  He  will  feel  as 
though  the  floods  surrounded  him, 
coming  and  going  with  their  wild 
sounds,  and  he  will  hardly  recognize 


that  though  among  them  lie  is  not  in 
them.  And  then  as  they  fall  with  a 
continual  roar,  not  hurting  the  ear,  but 
musical  withal,  will  seem  to  move  as 
the  vast  ocean  waters  may  perhaps 
move  in  their  internal  currents.  . . . 
And  as  he  looks  on,  strange  colors  will 
show  themselves  through  the  mist;  the 
shades  of  gray  will  become  green  or 
blue,  with  ever  and  anon  a flash  of 
white;  and  then,  when  some  gust  of 
wind  blows  in  with  greater  violence, 
the  sea-girt  cavern  will  become  all  dark 
and  black.  Oh,  my  friend,  let  there 
be  no  one  there  to  speak  to  thee  then  ; 
no,  not  even  a brother.  As  you  stand 
there,  speak  only  to  the  waters.” 

Anthony  Trollope. 

Cave  of  Trophonius.  A dark  sub- 
terranean cave  beneath  frowning 
rocks  in  a dark  ravine  near  the 
city  of  Lebadea,  Greece,  so  called 
as  the  place  chosen  for  the  seat 
of  the  oracle  of  the  Boeotian  hero, 
Trophonius. 

j^=  “ This  [the  cave  of  Trophonius], 
according  to  the  most  reasonable  con- 
jecture, is  yet  to  be  discovered  within 
the  walls  of  the  modern  castle  on  the 
top  of  the  hill,  where  it  may  exist 
choked  up  with  rubbish.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

“ The  mouth  of  this  cave  was 
three  yards  high  and  two  wide.  Those 
who  consulted  the  oracle  had  to  fast 
several  days,  and  then  to  descend  a 
steep  ladder  till  they  reached  a narrow 
gullet.  They  were  then  seized  by  the 
feet  and  dragged  violently  to  the  bo’ttoin 
of  the  cave,  where  they  were  assailed 
by  the  most  unearthy  noises,  bowlings, 
shrieks,  bellowings,  with  lurid  lights 
and  sudden  glares,  in  the  midst  of 
which  uproar  and  phantasmagoria  the 
oracle  was  pronounced.  The  votaries 
were  then  seized  unexpectedly  by  the 
feet,  and  thrust  out  of  the  cave  without 
ceremony.  If  any  resisted,  or  attempt- 
ed to  enter  "in  any  other  way,  he  was 
instantly  murdered.”  Plutarch . 

Cave-temples  of  Elephanta.  See 
Elephant  a,  Cave-temples  of. 

Caveau.  A literary  and  convivial 
society  founded  at  Paris  in  1729- 
35  by  Piron,  Colle,  Gallet,  and 
the  younger  C rebill  on.  It  was 

so  called  from  the  sort  of  cabaret 
or  cafe , called  Le  Caveau,  in  the 
Kue  de  Bussy,  where,  about  1735, 
many  men  of  letters  and  song- 
writers were  accustomed  to  meet. 
The  society  dissolved  in  1817, 


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started  up  again  in  1834,  and  still 
exists.  Recently  Caveau  has  be- 
come a general  name  for  societies 
similar  to  the  original  Caveau. 

“In  1813  there  had  existed  for 
for  many  years  a reunion  of  song- 
writers and  literary  men,  which  had 
taken  the  name  of  Caveau,  after  the 
Caveau  rendered  illustrious  by  Piron, 
Panard,  Coile,  Gallet,  and  the  elder 
and  younger  Crebillon.”  Ber anger. 

Au  Caveau  je  n’osais  frapper; 

lies  mediants  m’avaieut  sti  tromper. 

Ber  anger. 

Cavendish  Square.  This  square 
in  London,  laid  out  in  1717,  was 
so  called  from  the  wife  of  Harley, 
second  Earl  of  Oxford. 

Caves  of  Beni  Hassan.  See  Beni 
Hassan. 

Cecilia  Metella,  Tomb  of.  See 
Tomb  of  Cecilia  Metella.  4 

Cecilia,  St.  See  St.  Cecilia. 

Cedarcroft.  The  former  residence 
of  Bayard  Taylor  at  Kennett 
Square,  Penn. 

Cedars  of  Lebanon.  An  inter- 
esting and  venerable  group  of 
patriarchal  cedar-trees,  standing 
in  a completely  solitary  situation, 
with  no  other  tree  or  hardly  a 
bush  in  sight,  upon  the  central 
ridge  of  Lebanon,  or  Libanus,  in 
Northern  Palestine.  There  are 
in  all  in  this  grove  about  350 
trees,  of  which  a few  only  are 
very  ancient.  These  last  are  in- 
scribed with  the  names  of  many 
visitors.  The  place  is  much  re- 
sorted to,  and  annually  in  August 
is  celebrated  the  “Feast  of  the 
Cedars,”  when  multitudes  gather 
in  the  grove,  and  pass  the  time  in 
prayer  and  in  festivity.  The 
cedars  of  Lebanon  are  a frequent 
subject  of  allusion  in  the  Old 
Testament  writings,  were  re- 
garded with  religious  reverence, 
and  furnished  to  King  David  some 
of  the  most  beautiful  images  in 
the  Psalms. 

4Sgr*  “ In  ancient  days,  the  grove 
must  have  been  much  more  extensive, 
or  rather,  perhaps,  the  great  trees 
then  overspread  the  whole.  Now  they 
are  huddled  together  upon  two  or 
three  of  the  central  knolls,  and  the 
peculiar  grace  of  the  cedar,  as  we  see 
it  in  Europe,  with  its  long  sweeping 


branches  feathering  down  t o the  ground, 
is  there  unknown.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances the  boughs  of  these  aged  trees 
are  upheld  by  a younger  tree;  others 
again  of  the  smaller  ones  whose  trunks 
are  decayed,  are  actually  supported  in 
the  gigantic  arms  of  their  elder  breth- 
ren.” A.  P.  Stanley. 

Cemetery  Hill.  An  eminence  in 
Gettysburg,  Penn.,  famous  in  con- 
nection with  the  great  battle  of 
July  3,  1853.  The  hill  was  held 
by  the  Federal  troops,  and  was 
the  centre  of  a most  violent  at- 
tack by  the  rebel  army  under 
Gen.  Lee.  Howard’s  artillery, 
massed  at  this  point,  aided  in  the 
final  repulse  and  overthrow  of 
the  insurgent  forces.  This  hill 
where  so  many  Union  soldiers 
fell  has  since  been  consecrated  as 
a great  national  cemetery.  See 
National  Monument. 

Cemetery  of  the  Cappuccini. 
See  Cappuccini. 

Cemetery  of  San  Lorenzo.  See 
San  Lorenzo. 

Cenacolo.  See  Last  Supper. 

Cenei,  Beatrice.  See  Beatrice 
Cenci. 

Cenci  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Cen- 
ciJ An  immense  palace  in  an 
obscure  quarter  near  t lie  Ghetto, 
in  Rome,  famous  as  the  ancient 
residence  of  the  Cencis,  and  as 
the  scene  of  many  of  the  fright- 
ful crimes  and  atrocities  connect- 
ed with  that  ill-fated  family. 

4®"  “The  Cenci  Palace  is  of  great 

1 extent;  and  though  in  part  modern- 
ized, there  yet  remains  a vast  and 
gloomy  pile  of  feudal  architecture  in  the 
same  state  as  during  the  dreadful  scenes 
which  it  once  witnessed,  . . . and  from 
the  upper  windows  you  see  the  im- 
mense ruins  of  Mount  Palatine,  half 
hidden  under  the  profuse  undergrowth 
of  trees.”  Shelley. 

Central  Park.  A noble  pleasure- 
ground  in  New  York  City,  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
parks  in  the  world.  It  comprises 
863  acres,  and  is  in  the  form  of  a 
parallelogram,  two  and  a half 
miles  long,  by  half  a mile  in 
breadth.  It  is  crossed  from  east 
to  west  by  four  sunken  roads 
which  provide  for  communica- 
tion between  the  avenues  which 


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bound  it  on  either  side.  It  in- 
cludes 12  miles  of  carriage-roads, 
9 miles  of  bridle-paths,  and  some 
25  miles  of  walks.  By  a lavish 
expenditure  of  money,  this  tract 
of  land,  which  in  1856  was  a 
most  uninteresting  region  of 
ledges  and  swamps,  without  nat- 
ural advantages,  has  been  con- 
verted into  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful public  pleasure-grounds 
of  which  any  city  can  boast  ; af- 
fording also,  by  its  natural-his- 
tory collections,  instruction  as 
well  as  recreation  to  the  thou- 
sands who  visit  it. 

Cerreto  Guidi.  A famous  villa 
near  Empoli,  Italy,  once  belong- 
ing to  the  Medici  family. 

Certosa  [di  Pavia].  A celebrated 
Carthusian  convent  near  Pavia, 
Italy,  founded  near  the  close  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  and  re- 
garded as  the  most  splendid  mo- 
nastic establishment  in  Europe. 

4£g=>  “ The  Certosa  of  Pavia  leaves 
upon  the  mind  an  impression  of  be- 
wildering sumptuousness  ; nowhere 
else  are  costly  materials  so  combined 
with  a lavish  expenditure  of  the  rarest 
art.  Those  who  have  only  once  been 
driven  round  together  with  the  crew  of 
sight-seers  can  carry  little  away  but 
the  memory  of  lapis-lazuli  and  bronze- 
work,  inlaid  agates,  and  labyrinthine 
sculpture,  cloisters  tenantless  in  silence, 
fair  painted  faces  smiling  from  dark 
corners  on  the  senseless  crowd.  . . . 
All  the  great  sculptor-architects  of 
Lombardy  worked  in  succession  on 
this  miracle  of  beauty,  and  this  may 
account  for  the  sustained  perfection  of 
style.  ...  It  remains  the  triumph  of 
North  Italian  genius.  . . . The  Certosa 
Is  a wilderness  of  lovely  workman- 
ship.” J.  A.  Symonds . 

Approach,  for  what  we  seek  is  here. 
Aligln,  and  sparely  sup,  and  wait 
For  rest  in  this  outbuilding  near; 

Then  cross  the  sward,  and  reach  that  gate; 
Knock ; pass  the  wicket ! Thou  art  come 
To  tiie  Carthusians*  world-famed  home. 

Matthew  Arnold- 

Certosa  of  the  Val  d’Emo.  A 

noted  Carthusian  convent  near 
Florence,  Italy,  founded  about 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. 

Cesnola  Collection.  A fine  collec- 
tion of  Egyptian,  Phoenician,  and 
Greek  antiquities,  gathered  by 
Gen.  di  Cesnola,  an  Italian  noble- 


man, while  serving  as  United 
States  consul  in  Cyprus.  This 
collection  is  now  preserved  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art 
in  New  York. 

Cestius.  See  Pyramid  of  Caius 
Cestius. 

Chace  of  the  Calydonian  Boar. 

A picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640)  regarded  as  one  of  his 
most  admirable  works  in  this 
kind.  It  is  in  the  Imperial  Gal- 
lery at  Vienna,  Austria. 

Chair  of  Coronation.  See  Coro- 
nation Chair. 

Chair  of  St.  Peter.  [Lat.  Cathedra 
Petri.']  A famous  chair  of  bronze 
in  the  Tribune  of  St.  Peter’s  at 
Rome,  the  work  of  Bernini,  en- 
closing, according  to  the  Church 
tradition,  the  identical  chair 
which  St.  Peter  and  many  of  his 
successors  used  as  their  official 
throne. 

Peter's  chair  is  shamed 
Like  any  vulgar  throne  the  nations  lop 
To  pieces  for  their  firewood  unreclaimed; 
And,  when  it  burns  too,  we  shall  see  as 
well 

In  Italy  as  elsewhere.  Let  it  burn. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Chaldean  Sages.  A picture  by 
Giorgio  Barbarelli,  commonly 
called  Giorgione  (1477-1511),  in 
the  Belvidere,  Vienna,  Austria. 

Chalk  Farm.  A former  well- 
known  tea-garden  near  London, 
and  a place  where  a number  of 
duels  have  been  fought. 

4®=”  “ Chalk  Farm , by  the  by,  is  prob- 
ably a corruption  of  Clialcote  Farm, 
the  Clialcote  estate  extending  thence 
to  Belsize  Lane.  There  is  no  chalk 
in  the  neighborhood  to  originate  the 
name.”  W.  Ilowitt. 

Nay,  oftener  it  is  Cowardice  rather  that 
produces  the  result : for  consider.  Is  the 
Chalk-Farm  Pistoleer  inspired  with  any 
r asonahle  Belief  and  Determination;  or 
is  he  hounded  on  by  haggard,  indefinable 
Fear,  — how  he  will  bectft  at  public  places, 
and  “ plucked  geese  of  the  neighborhood  ” 
will  wag  their  tongues  at  him  a pluck*  d 
goose?  Carlyle. 

The  Courage  that  can  go  forth,  once 
and  away,  to  Chalk- Farm , and  have  it- 
self shot,  and  snuffed  out,  with  decency, 
is  nowise  wholly  what  we  mean  here. 

Ibid . 

Challenge,  The.  A picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873),  the 
most  celebrated  modern  painter 


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of  animals.  In  tlie  possession  of 
the  Duchess  of  Northumberland, 
and  well  known  through  repro- 
ductions. 

Chalmette,  Plains  of.  See  Plains 
of  Chalmette. 

Chambord.  A magnificent  cha- 
teau,—“the  Versailles  of  La 
Tourraine,” — about  12  miles 
from  Blois,  France.  It  was  built 
by  Francis  I.  in  1526.  Its  archi- 
tecture is  intermediate  between 
that  of  a mediaeval-  fortress  and 
an  Italian  palace.  It  was  pillaged 
during  the  Revolution,  and  con- 
fiscated as  public  property.  Sub- 
sequently it  was  purchased  by 
national  subscription,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  Comte  de  Oham- 
bord,  to  whom  it  now  belongs. 

Chamouni-Needles.  A term  some- 
times applied  to  the  mountain- 
range  of  the  Aiguilles  Rouges 
(red  needles)  which  bound  the 
vale  of  Cliamouni,  in  Savoy,  on 
the  north. 

Over  all  which  Chamouni-veedles  and 
Staubbach  Falls,  the  great  Persifleur 
skims  along  in  this  his  little  poetical  air- 
ship, nn>re  softly  than  if  he  travelled  the 
smoothest  of  merely  prosaic  roads. 

Carlyle. 

Champ  de  Mars.  [Field  of  March.] 
A large  open  space  in  Paris, 
three-quarters  of  a mile  long,  and 
about  one-third  of  a mile  broad. 
Here  occurred  the  Fete  de  la 
Federation,  on  the  14th  July, 
1790,  and  here  Louis  XVI.  swore 
to  observe  the  new  constitution. 
In  this  place  also  Napoleon  held 
his  famous  Champ  de  Mai,  in 
1815,  before  setting  out  on  his 
fatal  campaign  in  Belgium.  On 
this  field  military  exercises  take 
place,  and  horse-racing  on  Sun- 
day. Much  of  its  area  was  occu- 
pied by  the  buildings  of  the  Great 
International  Exhibition  of  1867. 

Far  over  the  water*  there  have  been 
federations  of  the  Champ  de  Mars;  guil- 
lotines, portable-guillotines,  and  a French 
people  risen  against  tyrants;  there  has 
been  a Sansculottism , speaking  at  last  in 
cannon-volleys  and  the  crash  ot  towns  and 
nations  over  half  the  world.  Carlyle. 

Imminent  blood-thirsty  Regiments 
camped  on  the  Champ  de  Mars;  dispersed 
National  Assembly;  red-hot  cannon-balls; 
the  mad  War-god  and  Bellona’s  sounding 
thongs.  Carlyle. 


Champs-Elys6es.  [Elysian  Fields.] 
A delightful  and  popular  prome- 
nade in  Paris.  The  Avenue, 
which  begins  at  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde,  and  rises  by  a gradual 
slope  to  the  Arc  de  Triomplie,  is 
more  than  a mile  and  a quarter 
in  length.  In  1616  it  was  laid  out 
as  a promenade  by  Marie  de  Me- 
dicis;  and  it  has  been  gradually 
embellished  and  adorned  with 
trees,  graceful  fountains,  and  gar- 
dens. On  pleasant  afternoons 
carriages  throng  the  central  road 
of  the  Champs-Elysees,  and  prom- 
enaders  the  foot-paths.  In  the 
evening  the  place  is  crowded 
with  the  middle  and  lower  classes. 
The  greatest  crowd  is  on  Sunday, 
though  Thursday  is  the  most  fash- 
ionable day.  See  also  Elysian 
Fields. 

“ The  grand  display  of  the  year 
is  in  Passion  Week,  and  is  called  Prom- 
enade de  Longchamps.  There  was 
formerly  an  abbey  of  that  name  in  the 
Bois  de  Boulogne,  and  it  became  the 
fashion  to  attend  vespers  there  during 
Passion  Week.  The  abbey  is  gone; 
but  the  fashion  of  driving  on  the  road 
to  Longchamps  during  the  last  wreek  of 
Lent  remains,  though  somewhat  fallen 
off  of  late  years.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

4®=*  “The  strangest  peculiarity  of 
this  place,  however,  to  eyes  fresh  from 
moist  and  verdant  England,  is,  that 
there  is  not  one  blade  of  grass  in  all  the 
Elysian  Fields,  nothing  but  hard  clay, 
now  covered  with  white  dust.  It  gives 
the  whole  scene  the  air  of  being  a con- 
trivance of  man,  in  which  Nature  has 
either  not  been  invited  to  take  any  part, 
or  has  declined  to  do  so.” 

Hawthorne  ( Jan .,  1858). 

Their  cashmere  shawls,  their  silks  and 
jewels,  and  the  gay  Oriental  liveries  of  the 
footmen  gave  tlie“  display  [on  the  Espla- 
nade in  Calcutta]  an  air  of  pomp  and 
magnificence  which  threw  Hyde  Park  and 
the  Champs  Elysees  into  the  shade. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

The  word  goes  round  the  ranks, 
Resounds  along  the  line; 

That  word  they  give,  is  — France, 

The  answer  — St.  Helene. 

*Tis  there  at  midnight  hour 
The  grand  review,  they  say, 

Is  by  dead  Oassar  Held. 

In  the  Champs-Elysees. 

J C.  von  Zedlitz,  Trans. 

Chancellor’s  Mace.  A richly  or- 
namented and  elaborately  carved 
staff  which  is  laid  before  the  Lord 


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Chancellor  of  England  when  sit- 
ting as  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Lords. 

Chancery  Lane.  A well-known 
“ legal  thoroughfare  ” in  London, 
extending  from  Fleet  Street  to 
Holborn.  Part  of  the  scene  of 
Dickens’s  novel  of  “ Bleak 
House”  is  laid  in  Chancery  Lane 
and  its  neighborhood. 

Change  Alley.  A famous  alley 
between  Cornliill  and  Lombard 
Street,  London.  Strype  describes 
Exchange-alley  (now  ’Change 
Alley)  as  a place  “of  a very  con- 
siderable concourse  of  merchants, 
seafaring  men,  and  other  traders, 
occasioned  by  the  great  coffee- 
houses that  stand  there.  Chiefly 
now  brokers,  and  such  as  deal  in 
buying  and  selling  of  stocks,  fre- 
quent it.”  During  the  eighteenth 
century  it  was  the  centre  for  all 
the  monetary  operations  of  Eng- 
land, and,  to  a great  extent,  for 
those  of  Europe. 

There  is  in  it  [generosity]  something  of 
what  we  admire  in  heroes,  and  praise 
with  a degree  of  rapture.  Justice,  on  the 
contrary,  is  a mere  mechanic  virtue,  fit 
only  for  tradesmen,  and  what  is  practised 
by  every  broker  in  Change  Alley. 

Goldsmith. 

There  is  a gulf  where  thousands  fall, 
There  all  the  bold  adventurers  came; 

A narrow  sound,  though  deep  as  hell, 
Change  Alley  is  the  dreadful  name. 

Swift. 

If  you  had  seen  him  [a  banker]  first  in 
his  suburban  retreat,  you  would  wonder 
how  the  deuce  such  a cordial,  joyous, 
spare-nothing  sort  of  a good  fellow  could 
ever  reduce  himself  to  the  cautious  pro- 
portions of  Change  Alley.  N.  P.  Willis. 

Changer  of  Money  weighing 
Gold.  A picture  by  Quentin 
Massys  (1466-1530),  the  Flemish 
painter.  It  is  now  in  the  Louvre, 
at  Paris. 

Changing  Pasture.  A picture  by 
Rosa  Bonlieur  (b.  1822),  the  cele- 
brated French  painter  of  animals. 

Chanteloup.  A magnificent  cha- 
teau, once  the  residence  and  re- 
treat of  the  Due  de  Choiseul,  the 
minister  of  Louis  XV.,  near  Am- 
boise,  France.  It  was  destroyed 
in  1830. 

Chanting  Cherubs.  A marble 
group  by  Horatio  Greenough 
(1805-1852). 


46gr*  “ One  day  they  [Greenough  and 
James  Fenimore  Cooper,  the  novelist] 
paused,  in  one  of  the  saloons  of  the 
Pitti  Palace,  before  a capo  (Topera  of 
Raphael;  and  the  artist  pointed  out  to 
his  companion  the  fine  drawing  exhib- 
ited in  two  little  angelic  figures  in  the 
foreground,  in  the  act  of  holding  an 
open  book,  and  singing.  Cooper  in- 
quired if  a subject  like  this  was  not 
well  adapted  to  sculpture;  afterwards 
one  of  his  daughters  copied  the  figures, 
and  the  result  of  their  mutual  interest  in 
the  design  was  an  order  from  Cooper 
for  a group,  which  in  a few  months 
Greenough  executed  in  marble.  It  was 
afterwards  exhibited  in  America  under 
the  name  of  the  ‘ Chanting  Cherubs.’ 
. . . The  grace,  truth  to  nature,  and  in- 
fantile beauty  of  the  Cherubs  were  at 
once  and  warmly  recognized.” 

II.  T.  Tuckerman. 

Chapeau  de  Faille.  [The  Straw 
Hat.]  A celebrated  picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640)  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London, 
the  chief  charm  of  which  con- 
sists in  the  marvellous  triumph 
over  a great  difficulty,  that  of 
painting  a head  entirely  in  the 
shadow  cast  by  the  hat,  and  yet 
in  the.  clearest  and  most  brilliant 
tones.” 

Chapel.  For  names  beginning  with 
the  word  Chapel,  see  the  next 
prominent  word. 

Chapelle,  Sainte.  See  Sainte 
Chapelle. 

Chapter  Coffee-house.  An  estab- 
lishment in  Paternoster  Row, 
London,  converted  into  a tavern 
in  1854,  and  famous  in  the  last 
century  as  a place  of  resort  for 
literary  characters.  Goldsmith 
and  Chatterton  frequented  it. 

j&gp  “ This  then  was  the  Chapter 
Coffee-house,  which  a century  ago  was 
the  resort  of  all  the  booksellers  and 
publishers,  and  where  the  literary 
hacks,  the  critics,  and  even  the  wits, 
used  to  go  in  seach  of  ideas  or  employ- 
ment. . . . Years  later  it  became  the 
tavern  frequented  by  university  men, 
and  country  clergymen,  who  were  up 
in  London  for  a few  days.” 

Mrs.  Gaskell  (in  1848). 

Chapultepec.  A strong  fortress 
situated  on  a rocky  hill,  150  feet 
high,  near  the  city  of  Mexico, 
and  forming  the  principal  de- 


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fence  of  the  place.  The  castle 
was  taken  by  Gen.  Scott  in  1847. 

Charing  Cross.  The  large  area  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Strand,  White- 
hall, and  Cockspur  Street,  Lon- 
don, supposed  to  be  so  named 
from  the  village  of  Clierringe, 
Westminster.  A fanciful  tradi- 
tion refers  the  name  to  the  stone 
cross  set  up  there  after  her  death 
to  Eleanor,  the  Chere  Reine  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  to  whom  her  husband 
erected  a cross  at  each  of  the 
nine  resting-places  of  her  body 
on  its  way  from  Lincolnshire  to 
Westminster.  The  name  is  also 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Sax- 
on word  Charan,  to  turn,  “both 
the  road  and  river  making  a bend 
here.”  There  is  now  in  front  of 
the  Charing  Cross  Railway  Sta- 
tion a modern  cross  designed  as 
a reproduction  of  the  old  one, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  Long 
Parliament.  Here  the  Regicides 
were  put  to  death  in  1660,  and 
here  was  erected  in  1674  a statue 
of  Charles  I.  Charing  Cross  is 
called  by  Sir  R.  Peel  the  tinest 
site  in  Europe.  See  Eleanor 
Crosses. 

“ Why,  Sir,  Fleet-street  has  a 
very  animated  appearance,  but  I think 
the  full  tide  of  human  existence  is  at 
Charing  Cross.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

* Methinks  the  common-council  should 
Of  it  have  taken  pity, 

’Cause  good  old  Cross,  it  alwaj's  stood 
So  firmly  to  the  City. 

Since  crosses  you  so  much  disdain. 
Faith,  if  1 were  as  you. 

For  fear  the  king  should  rule  again, 

I’d  pull  down  Tyburn  too.’ 

The  Dounefall  of  Charing  Cross. 

Each  man  an  Ascapart,  of  strength  to  toss 
For  quoits  both  Temple-bar  and  Charing ■ 
cross.  Dope. 

Where  all  that  passes  inter  nos 
May  be  proclaimed  at  Charing  Cross. 

Swift. 

Charlatan,  The.  A picture  by 
Franz  van  Mieris  (1635-1681),  the 
Dutch  genre- painter,  and  con- 
sidered one  of  his  best  produc- 
tions. In  the  gallery  of  the  Ufii- 
zi,  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Charlecote  House.  A country 
mansion,  the  seat  of  the  Lucy 
family,  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, near  Stratford-on-Avon.  It 


is  greatly  resorted  to  by  pilgrims 
on  account  of  its  associations 
with  Shakespeare — especially  the 
legendary  deer-stealing  incident 
in  the  poet’s  life.  In  one  of  the 
halls  of  this  mansion  he  is  said 
to  have  been  tried. 

4SP  “ My  mind  had  become  so  com- 
pletely possessed  by  the  imaginary 
scenes  and  characters  connected  with 
it  [Charlecote  House],  that  I seemed 
to  be  actually  living  among  them. 
Every  thing  brought  them,  as  it  were, 
before  my  eyes;  and,  as  the  door  of 
the  dining-room  opened,  I almost  ex- 
pected to  hear  the  feeble  voice  of  Mas- 
ter Silence  quavering  forth  his  favorite 
ditty  : — 

‘ ’Tis  merry  in  the  hall,  when  beards 
wag  all, 

And  welcome  merry  Shrove-tide.’  ” 

Irving. 

Charlemagne.  A bronze  statue  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia,  erected 
in  1620. 

Charlemagne  crowned  by  Leo 

III.  A well-known  fresco  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  in  the 
Stanza  del  Incendio,  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome. 

Charlemagne’s  Tomb.  A vault 
under  the  dome  of  the  cathedral 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia,  cov- 
ered with  a slab  of  marble, 
inscribed  Carolo  Magno.  The 
throne  upon  which  the  body  of 
the  emperor  was  seated  alone 
remains. 

Amid  the  torch-lit  gloom  of  Aachen’s  aisle 
Stood  Otho,  Germany’s  imperial  lord, 
Regarding  with  a melancholy  smile, 

A simple  stone,  where,  fitly  to  record 
A world  of  action  b3r  a single  word. 

Was  graven  “ Carlo  Magno.” 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Charles  I.  A portrait  by  Anthony 
Van  Dyck  (1599-1641),  represent- 
ing the  king  as  hunting.  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  There  is  another 
portrait  of  the  king  by  Van  Dyck, 
and  considered  one  of  his  finest 
works,  in  the  Vienna  Gallery; 
and  still  another  and  very  impos- 
ing figure  of  the  king  on  horse- 
back, in  Windsor  Castle. 

2.  A well-known  statue  in 
Charing  Cross,  London,  erected 
in  1674.  It  was  for  a time  se- 
creted under  a church,  but  was 
brought  out  and  placed  upon  its 


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present  pedestal,  at  the  time  of 
the  Restoration. 

Charles  V.  An  equestrian  por- 
trait by  Titian  (1477-1576).  This 
famous  picture  is  known  as  “ del- 
la Gloria.”  It  was  painted  for 
the  great  emperor,  who  gave  or- 
ders that  it  should  always  be 
hung  up  where  his  body  was  bur- 
ied. In  the  Gallery  at  Madrid, 
Spain. 

46?p“This  is  perhaps  the  most  re- 
markable picture  existing  of  any  indi- 
vidual, for  here  Titian  lias  sounded  a 
greater  depth  of  individual  expression 
than  any  other  of  his  works  exhibits.” 
Eastla/ce. 

Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy. 
A well-known  portrait,  of  which 
there  are  several  replicas,  by 
Giorgio  Barbarelli,  commonly 
called  Giorgione  (1477-1511).  The 
best  example  is  in  the  Stadel  In- 
stitut,  Frankfort,  Germany. 

Charlottenborg.  A palace  in  Co- 
penhagen, Denmark.  It  is  now 
used  as  an  academy  of  arts,  and 
contains  a museum  of  Northern 
antiquities  which  is  unrivalled  of 
its  kind. 

Charlottenhof.  A villa  in  the  gar- 
dens of  Sans  Souci  at  Potsdam, 
near  Berlin,  built  after  the  Pom- 
peian style,  and  with  ornaments 
brought  from  that  place. 

Charter  Oak.  A tree  celebrated 
in  American  history,  which  for- 
merly stood  in  Hartford,  Conn. 
It  derived  its  name  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  the  Colonial  Char- 
ter, securing  the  liberties  of  the 
people,  and  of  which  Gov.  An- 
drews had  in  vain  endeavored  to 
obtain  possession,  was  for  some 
time  secreted  in  it.  While  the 
Assembly  was  in  session  at  Hart- 
ford, in  1688,  and  debating  the 
Governor’s  proposition  for  a sur- 
render of  the  charter,  suddenly 
the  lights  were  extinguished,  and 
in  the  darkness  that  ensued,  a pa- 
triot named  Wadsworth  escaped 
with  the  instrument  through  the 
crowd,  and  concealed  it  in  the 
hollow  of  the  oak,  which  ever 
after  bore  the  name  of  the  Char- 
ter Oak,  and  was  carefully  pre- 


served until  overthrown  by  g 
violent  storm  in  the  year  1856. 

The  charter  was  renewed  when  Wil- 
liam III.  came  to  the  throne,  and  new 
hangs  ttimnphantlv  in  the  State  House  at 
Hartford.  The  Charter  Oak  has,  alas! 
succumbed  to  the  weather. 

Anthony  Trollope. 

The  years  are  many  since,  in  youth  and 
hope, 

Under  the  Charter  Oak,  our  horoscope 
We  drew  thick-studded  with  all  favoring 
stars.  Whittier. 

From  Mississippi’s  fountain-head 

A sound  as  of  the  bison’s  tread  ! 

There  rustled  freedom's  Charter  Oak! 

Whittier . 

Charterhouse,  The.  [A  corruption 
of  Chartreuse.]  A celebrated  pub- 
lic  school  in  London.  Upon  the 
register  of  its  pupils  are  many 
illustrious  names.  Oliver  Crom- 
well was  elected  governor  of  it  in 
1652.  It  is  under  the  direction  of 
the  Queen,  fifteen  governors  se- 
lected from  the  great  officers  of 
state,  and  the  Master  of  the  Hos- 
pital. Among  the  more  eminent 
pupils  have  been  Richard  Cra- 
sliaw,  Isaac  Barrow,  Sir  William 
Blackstone,  Joseph  Addison, 
Richard  Steele,  John  Wesley, 
Thackeray,  Grote,  Thirwall,  Sir 
Charles  Eastlake,  John  Leech, 
and  others.  The  school  was  re- 
moved in  1872  to  Godaiming. 

Chartres  Cathedral.  A splen- 
did Gothic  church  in  Chartres, 
France,  considered  the  most  per- 
fect in  that  country.  It  was  built 
about  1200. 

J “At  Chartres  there  is  a sim- 
plicity of  design  and  a grandeur  of 
conception  seldom  surpassed.  . . . Its 
two  spires  of  different  ages  are  unsur- 
passed in  France.  The  new  or  north- 
ern spire  was  erected  by  John  Texier 
between  the  years  1507  and  1514,  and, 
notwithstanding  the  lateness  of  its  date, 
it  must  be  considered  as,  on  the  whole, 
the  most  beautifully  designed  spire  on 
the  Continent  of  Europe;  and,  though 
not  equal  in  height,  certainly  far  sur- 
passing in  elegance  of  outline  and  ap- 
propriateness of  design  those  at  Stras- 
burg,  Vienna,  or  even  Antwerp.  If  it 
has  rivals,  it  has  that  at  Freiburg,  or 
those  designed  for  Cologne;  but,  were 
its  details  of  the  same  date,  it  can  hard- 
ly be  doubted  that  it  would  be  consid- 
ered the  finest  spire  of  the  three.” 

Fergusson 


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4£g=-  “There  is  not  in  France  a 
church  so  rich  in  sculptures.  Calcu- 
lating only  the  exterior,  there  are  to  be 
counted  1,800  figures,  without  including 
arabesques,  gargoiles,  corbels,  masks, 
and  consols.  These  stone  figures  nar- 
rate, as  in  an  allegorical  poem,  the  his- 
tory of  this  world  and  the  next.  Add 
to  the  statues  the  thousand  figures  that 
shine  in  the  colored  glass,  and  we  can 
comprehend  why  the  cathedral  of  Char- 
tres appeals  more  to  the  mind  than  its 
rivals,  and  why  it  seems  animated  with 
a mysterious  life.” 

Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

Eluding  these,  I loitered  through  the 
town, 

With  hope  to  take  my  minster  unawares 
In  its  grave  solitude  of  memory. 

With  outward  senses  furloughed  and  head 
bowed, 

I followed  some  fine  instinct  in  my  feet, 
Till,  to  unbend  me  from  the  loom  of 
thought, 

Looking  up  suddenly,  I found  mine  eyes 
Confronted  with  the  minster’s  vast  re- 
pose. 

Silent  and  gray  as  forest-leaguered  cliff 
Left  inland  bv  the  ocean’s  slow  retreat. 
That  hears  afar  the  breeze-borne  rote,  and 
longs, 

Remembering  shocks  of  surfs  that  clomb 
and  fell, 

Spume-sliding  down  the  baffled  decuman, 
It  rose  before  me.  patiently  remote 
From  the  great  tides  of  life  it  breasted 
once.  Lowell. 

Chartreuse,  La  Grande.  See 
Grande  Chartreuse. 
Charybdis.  A celebrated  whirl- 
pool, now  known  as  Galofaro,  in 
the  strait  between  Italy  and 
Sicily,  near  Messina.  Its  dan- 
gers "are  very  much  diminished. 
See  Scylla. 

4Q*T  “ Scylla  and  Charybdis  are  far- 
famed  names.  Our  ship  glided  away 
over  the  eddying  Charybdis,  we,  had 
no  foreboding  of  it.  Where  is  that 
wild  maelstrom?  They  pointed  to  the 
sea  close  by  where  we  sailed  ; but  there 
was  no  particular  motion  of  the  waves 
to  be  seen.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

4®^  “ Even  at  the  present  day,  small 
vessels  are  sometimes  endangered  by 
its  eddies;  but  it  has  long  lost  the 
terrors  with  which  it  is  invested  in 
ancient  song,  whether  from  the  superi- 
ority of  modern  navigation,  or  from 
some  of  the  geological  changes  fre- 
quent in  this  volcanic  region ; and  we 
noticed,  as  we  sailed  calmly  over  it, 
only  a slight  agitation  in  the  water, 
contrasting  with  the  unruffled  surface 
of  the  broader  sea.”  T.  Chase. 


Chase,  The.  A picture  by  Jacob 
Ruysdaei  (1625  2-1682),  the  Dutch 
landscape-painter.  In  the  Dres- 
den Gallery. 

Chase  of  Diana.  A celebrated 
landscape  by  Domenico  Zampieri, 
called  Domenichino  (1581-1641). 
In  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
This  picture  is  well  known  by 
Raphael  Morghen’s  engraving. 

Chasm  of  the  Colorado.  A pic- 
ture by  Thomas  Moran  (b.  1887). 
Purchased  by  Congress,  and  now 
in  the  Capitol  at  Washington. 

Chastisement  of  Heliodorus.  See 

Expulsion  of  Heliodorus. 

Chat  Moss.  Formerly  a danger- 
ous and  treacherous  bog,  some 
6,000  acres  in  extent,  about  ten 
miles  from  Manchester,  England, 
and  crossed  by  the  Manchester 
and  Liverpool  Railway.  It  has 
been  reclaimed  by  filling  and 
drainage,  and  is  now  cultivated 
with  profit. 

4®=*  “ Chat  Moss  and  the  fens  of  Lin- 
colnshire and  Cambridgeshire  are  un- 
healthy and  too  barren  to  pay  rent. 
By  cylindrical  tiles,  and  gutta-percha 
tubes,  5,000,000  of  acres  of  bad  land 
have  been  drained  and  put  on  equality 
with  the  best,  for  rape-culture  and 
grass.  The  climate  too,  which  was  al- 
ready believed  to  have  become  milder 
and  dryer  by  the  enormous  consump- 
tion of  coal,  is  so  far  reached  by  this 
new  action,  that  fogs  and  storms  are 
said  to  disappear.”  Emerson. 

Chateau.  For  names  beginning 
with  the  word  Chateau,  see  the 
next  prominent  word  of  the  title: 
e.g.,  Chateau  de  Fernay,  see 
Fern  ay.  See  also  infra. 

Chateau  d’Eau.  The  best  known 
of  the  fountains  which  bear  this 
name  is  that  at  Paris,  on  the 
Boulevart  St.  Martin,  built  in 
1812,  and  rebuilt  in  1869.  In  1848 
there  was  much  fighting  near  this 
fountain,  and  in  1872  a bloody 
Communist  struggle. 

Chateau  des  Fleurs.  A garden  in 
the  Champs  Elysees,  near  the 
Arc  de  l’Etoile,  Paris,  charming- 
ly laid  out,  and  brilliantly  illu- 
minated by  jets  of  light  of  vari- 
ous colors,  and  Chinese  lanterns 
hanging  from  the  trees.  It  is 


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open  to  the  people  for  dancing 
and  other  amusements,  and  is  a 
favorite  place  of  resort.  The  Jar- 
din  Mabille  is  now  combined 
with  this  garden.  See  Jardin 
Mabille. 

Mabille  at  the  present  day  is  so  well 
known  both  in  France  and  in  other  coun- 
tries, it  is  so  frequented  by  people  of  fash- 
ion, by  princes  even,  who  in  their  passage 
through  the  city  visit  it  with  as  much 
interest  as  Notre  Dame  and  the  Sainte 
Chapelle,  and  give  it  renown,  that  to  call 
the  Chateau  des  Fleurs  its  brother,  is  to 
confer  upon  it  the  highest  eulogy. 

Larousse , Trans. 

Chatelherault.  A miniature  cas- 
tle on  the  hank  of  the  Avon  near 
Hamilton,  Scotland,  built  in  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century  by 
the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  French  chateau  from 
which  one  of  his  titles  is  derived. 

Chatsworth.  The  splendid  seat 
of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  situ- 
ated in  the  county  of  Derby,  Eng- 
land. It  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  residences  in 
Europe.  It  stands  in  a beautiful 
park  some  ten  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  contains  fine  collec- 
tions of  books,  paintings,  and 
statuary. 

“ Few  country  residences  ever 
existed  comparable  with  this  in  the 
variety  of  its  treasures  and  decorations. 
...  It  is  the  perfection  of  a modern 
home  in  its  most  brilliant  development 
of  wealth,  refinement,  and  education.” 
J.  F.  Hunnewell. 

“ Even  peers,  who  are  men  of 
worth  and  public  spirit,  are  overtaken 
and  embarrassed  by  their  vast  expense. 
The  respectable  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
willing  to  be  the  Maecenas  and  Lucul- 
lus  of  his  island,  is  reported  to  have 
said  that  he  cannot  live  at  Chatsworth 
but  one  month  in  the  year.” 

Emerson. 

Chatsworth  ! thy  stately  mansion,  and  the 
pride 

Of  thy  domain,  strange  contrast  do  pre- 
sent 

To  house  and  home  in  many  a craggy  rent 
Ot  the  wild  Peak.  Wordsworth. 

Cheapside.  A celebrated  street 
and  crowded  thoroughfare  in 
London,  famous  many  years  ago 
for  its  “Ridings,”  its  Cross,  its 
Standard,  and  its  Conduit.  Three 
centuries  ago  it  was  called  “ The 
Beauty  of  London,”  and  was 
noted  for  its  shops  of  goldsmiths, 


linen-drapers,  etc.  It  is  named 
from  the  Saxon  word  Chepe , or 
market.  It  is  still  the  greatest 
thoroughfare  in  London,  and, 
excepting  London  Bridge,  per- 
haps the  busiest  thoroughfare  in 
the  world. 

When  there  any  ridings  were  in  Chepe 
Out  of  the  shoppe  thider  would  he  lepe 
And  till  that  he  had  all  the  sight  ysein 
And  danced  wel,  he  would  not  come 
again.  Chaucer. 

In  short,  the  inhabitants  of  St.  James’s, 
notwithstanding  they  live  under  the  same 
laws  and  speak  The  same  language,  are  a 
distinct  people  from  those  of  Cheapside. 

Addison. 

Smack  went  the  whip,  round  went  the 
wheels. 

Were  never  folk  so  glad ; 

The  stones  did  rattle  underneath 

As  if  Cheapside  we  e mad. 

Cowper  iJohn  Gilpin). 

’Tis  a note  of  enchantment ; what  ails 

her  ? she  sees 

A mountain  ascending,  a vision  of  trees; 
Bright  volumes  of  vapor  through  Lotli- 
htiry  glide, 

Aud  a river  Hows  on  through  the  vale  of 
Cheapside.  Wordsworth. 

Cheating  Gamesters.  A picture 
by  Michelangelo  Amerighi,  sur- 
named  Caravaggio  (1569-1609). 
In  the  Spada  Palace,  Rome. 

Cheese  Wring.  A natural  curi- 
osity, and  one  of  the  principal 
sights  of  Cornwall,  England,  near 
the  town  of  Liskeard.  It  con- 
sists of  a pile  of  rocks  thirty- 
two  feet  in  height,  resembling  a 
child's  top,  the  smaller  end  being 
at  the  bottom.  The  immense 
stones,  though  apparently  so  in- 
secure, are  perfectly  immovable. 

Chehil  Minar.  See  Xerxes. 

Chelsea  Hospital.  A Royal  Hos- 
pital for  disabled  and  aged  sol- 
diers, Chelsea,  London,  built  from 
designs  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 
The  foundation  stone  was  laid  by 
Charles  II.  in  1681-82.  The  found- 
ing of  the  hospital  originated 
with  Sir  Stephen  Fox,  though  it 
is  traditionally  said  to  be  due  to 
the  influence  of  Nell  Gwynne 
with  King  Charles.  On  the 
frieze  runs  this  inscription:  “In 
subsidium  et  levamen  emeritorum 
senio  belloque  fractorum,  eondi- 
dit  Carolus  Secundus,  auxit  Jaco- 
bus Secundus,  perfecere  Guliel- 


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mus  et  Maria  Rex  et  Regina, 
MDCXCII.” 

Chenany.  See  Jean  Arnolfini. 

Cheops,  Pyramid  of.  See  Great 
Pyramid. 

Cherbourg.  See  Digue  de  Cher- 
bourg. 

Cherubs.  See  Chanting  Cherubs. 

Chesapeake,  The.  An  American 
vessel  of  war  attacked  and  dis- 
abled by  the  British  ship  Leopard 
in  1813.  She  afterwards  engaged 
in  a desperate  encounter  off  Mar- 
blehead, Mass.,  with  the  Shannon, 
and  was  captured  and  carried  to 
Halifax.  Her  brave  commander 
James  Lawrence  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  action,  and  ex- 
pired with  the  memorable  saying, 
“ Don’t  give  up  the  ship.” 

Cheshire  Cheese.  A tavern  in 
“ Wine  Office  Court j”  Fleet 
Street,  London.  It  was  a fre- 
quent resort  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
while  living  at  Bolt  Court. 

“ It  is  an  interesting  locality, 
and  a pleasing  sign  — the  ‘Old  Che- 
shire Cheese  Tavern,’  which  will  afford 
the  present  generation,  it  is  hoped,  for 
some  time  to  come,  an  opportunity  of 
witnessing  the  kind  of  tavern  in  which 
our  forefathers  delighted  to  assemble 
for  refreshment.”  Fitzgerald. 

Chess-Players,  The.  An  admired 
picture  by  Jean  Louis  Ernest 
Meissonier  (b.  1811). 

Chesterfield  House.  The  town 
house  of  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield, 
London.  It  was  built  for  the 
celebrated  Lord  Chesterfield,  who 
wrote  his  famous  Letters  in  the 
library,  a room  of  which  he  boast- 
ed that  it  was  the  “ finest  in  Lon- 
don.” 

Chestnut  Street.  A noted  and 
fashionable  street  in  Philadel- 
phia, Penn. 

Cheyne  Row.  A well-known 
street  in  Chelsea,  London. 

Thomas  Carl.vlc,  who  died  full  of  years 
and  of  honors  oh  Saturday  morning.  Febru- 
arv  5 [1881],  at  the  house  in  Cheyne-Row , 
Chelsea,  where  he  had  resided  for  nearly 
47  years,  . . . had.  overpassed  by  fully  two 
months  the  ripe  age  of  85 years,  on  the  day 
of  his  death. 


J ggf*  “ We  have  broken  up  our  old 
settlement,  and  after  tumult  enough, 
formed  a new  one  here  [in  Cheyne- 
Row].  The  house  pleases  us  much.  It 
is  in  the  remnant  of  genuine  old  Dutch- 
looking Chelsea,  looks  out  mainly  into 
trees.  We  might  see  at  half  a mile’s 
distance,  Bolingbroke’s  Battersea, 
could  shoot  a gun  into  Smollett’s  old 
house,  where  he  wrote  ‘ Count  Fathom,’ 
and  was  wont  every  Saturday  to  dine  a 
company  of  hungry  authors.” 

Carlyle , 1834. 

Chiaja.  A long  and  somewhat  nar- 
row strip  of  streets  and  squares 
in  Naples,  Italy,  of  which  a broad 
street  called  the  Riviera  di  Chiaia 
passes  along  the  entire  length, 
running  parallel  to  the  shore, 
bordered  on  the  one  side  by  hand- 
some houses,  and  on  the  other  by 
the  public  gardens  called  the 
Villa  Reale.  It  is  the  modern 
and  fashionable  quarter  of  the 
city. 

“At  six  o’clock  every  evening, 
all  Naples  turns  out  to  drive  on  the 
Riviere  di  Chiaja  (whatever  that  may 
mean) ; and  for  two  hours  one  may 
stand  there  and  see  the  motliest  and 
the  worst  mixed  procession  go  by  that 
ever  e}res  beheld.  Princes  (there  are 
more  princes  than  policemen  in  Naples 
— the  city  is  infested  with  them), — 
princes  who  live  up  seven  flights  of 
stairs  and  don’t  own  any  principalities, 
will  keep  a carriage  and  go  hungry; 
and  clerks,  mechanics,  milliners,  and 
strumpets  will  go  without  their  din- 
ners, and  squander  the  money  on  a 
hack-ride  in  the  Chiaja ; the  rag-tag  and 
rubbish  of  the  city  stack  themselves  up, 
to  the  number  of  twenty  or  thirty,  on  a 
rickety  little  go-cart  hauled  by  a don- 
key not  much  bigger  than  a cat,  and 
they  drive  in  the  Chiaja;  dukes  and 
bankers,  in  sumptuous  carriages,  and 
with  gorgeous  drivers  and  footmen, 
turn  out  also,  and  so  the  furious  pro- 
cession goes.”  Mark  Twain. 

To  me,  the  Prado  is  an  inexhaustible 
source  of  amusement.  In  the  first  place, 
it  is  in  itself  the  finest  public  walk  I have 
ever  seen  within  the  walls  of  any  city, 
not  excepting  either  the  Tuileries  or  the 
Chiaja.  George  Trcknor. 

Chiaramonti.  See  Museo  Chiara- 

MONTI. 

Chiaravalle.  A celebrated  old  mo- 
nastic church  near  Milan,  Italy. 

Chief  Mourner.  See  Old  Shep- 
herd’s Chief  Mourner. 


CHI 


102 


CHi 


Chief’s  return  from  Deer-Stalk- 
ing. A well-known  picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873),'  the 
most  celebrated  modern  painter 
of  animals. 

Chigi  Palace.  [It.al.  Palazzo  Chi - 
(ji.]  A well-known  palace  in 
Rome,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Piazza  Colonna.  It  was  erected 
in  1526,  and  contains  some  pic- 
tures and  statues  of  note. 

Child  of  the  Kegiment.  A pic- 
ture by  John  Everett  Millais  (b. 
1829). 

Childe  Harold’s  Pilgrimage.  A 
picture  by  Joseph  Mai  lord  Wil- 
liam Turner  (1775-1851),  the 
English  landscape-painter,  and 
regarded  one  of  his  best  works. 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Children  of  the  Mist.  A famous 
picture  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1803-1873),  the  celebrated  painter 
of  animals,  regarded  as  one  of 
his  masterpieces. 

Child’s  Bank.  A financial  house 
in  Fleet  Street,  London,  cele- 
brated as  the  oldest  banking  in- 
stitution in  England.  Charles 
II.,  among  many  others,  kept  his 
account  here. 

Child’s  Coffee-house.  An  estab- 
lishment in  St.  Paul’s  Church- 
yard, London,  which  was  much 
frequented  by  professional  men. 

Chillingham.  See  Wild  Deer  of 
Chillingham. 

Chillon.  This  massive  castle,  the 
scene  of  B}H,on’s  “ Prisoner  of 
Chillon,”  is  built  on  a solitary 
rock,  almost  surrounded  by  wa- 
ter, near  the  shore  of  Lake  Ge- 
neva. The  name  of  Francis 
Bonnivard,  prior  of  St.  Victor,  is 
intimately  connected  with  it.  By 
his  warm  defence  of  the  republic 
of  Geneva,  he  incurred  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  into 
whose  hands  he  unfortunately  fell 
in  1530,  and  by  whom  he  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Castle  of  Chillon 
for  six  years.  The  castle  con- 
tains gloomy  dungeons  in  which 
the  early  reformers  and  prisoners 
of  state  were  confined. 

4®=*  “ Across  one  of  the  vaults  is  a 


beam  black  with  age,  on  which  we 
were  informed  that  the  condemned 
were  formerly  executed.  In  the  cells 
are  seven  pillars,  or,  rather,  eight,  one 
being  half  merged  in  the  wall;  in  some 
of  these  are  rings  for  the  fetters  and 
the  fettered:  in  the  pavement  the  steps 
of  Bonnivard  have  left  their  traces.  He 
was  confined  here  several  years.  It  is 
by  this  castle  that  Rousseau  has  fixed 
the  catastrophe  of  his  Heloise,  in  the 
rescue  of  one  of  her  children  by  Julie 
from  the  water:  the  shock  of  which, 
and  the  illness  produced  by  the  immer- 
sion, is  the  cause  of  her  death.  The 
chateau  is  large,  and  seen  along  the 
lake  for  a great  distance.  The  walls 
are  white.”  Byron. 

“First  into  the  dungeon  with 
the  seven  pillars  described  by  Byron. 
. . . One  of  the  pillars  in  this  vault 
is  covered  with  names.  I think  it  is 
Bonnivard’s  pillar.  There  are  the 
names  of  Byron,  Hunt,  Schiller,  and 
many  other  celebrities.”  C.  Beecher. 

4StP  “ Tt  appears  to  sit  right  upon 
the  water,  and  does  not  rise  very  loftily 
above  it.  I was  disappointed  in  its  as- 
pect, having  imagined  this  famous  cas- 
tle as  situated  upon  a rock,  a hundred, 
or,  for  aught  I know,  a thousand  feet, 
above  the  surface  of  the  lake;  but  it  is 
quite  as  impressive  a fact  — supposing 
it  to  be  true  — that  the  water  is  eight 
hundred  feet  deep  at  its  base.  . . . The 
castle  is  wofully  in  need  of  a pedestal. 
If  its  site  were  elevated  to  a height 
equal  to  its  own,  it  would  make  a far 
better  appearance.  As  it  now  is,  it 
looks,  to  speak  profanely  of  what  poet- 
ry has  consecrated,  when  seen  from 
the  water,  or  along  the  shore  of  the 
lake,  very  like  an  old  whitewashed  fac- 
tory or  mill.”  Hawthorne. 

Chillon!  thy  prison  is  a holy  place, 

And  thy  sad  floor  an  altar  — for  ’twas 
trod 

Until  his  very  steps  have  left  a trace, 
Woru,  as  if  the  cold  pavement  were  a 
sod. 

By  B'  nnivard  ! may  none  those  marks  ef- 
face. 

For  they  appeal  from  tyranny  to  God. 

Byron. 

Chillon,  Prisoner  of.  See  Pris- 
oner of  Chillon. 

Chimborazo.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Frederic  Edwin  Church 
(b.  1826),  the  American  landscape- 
painter. 

Chinon  Castle.  An  interesting 
ruined  castle  in  Chinon,  France, 
once  a favorite  residence  of  the 
French  kings. 


CHO 


103 


CHR 


Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicra- 
tes.  A small  circular  building 
of  graceful  proportions  at  Athens, 
Greece.  It  is  interesting  as  the 
only  surviving  relic  of  a series  of 
temples  forming  a street,  which 
was  called  the  Street  of  the  Tri- 
pods, from  the  Tripods  (gained 
by  victorious  Choragi  in  the 
neighboring  Theatre  of  Dionysus) 
by  which  the  temples  were  sur- 
mounted. This  monument,  the 
first  authentic  instance  of  Co- 
rinthian architecture,  is  about 
eight  feet  in  diameter  and  31  feet 
high. 

“ Notwithstanding  the  small- 
ness of  its  dimensions,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  works  of  art  of  the  merely 
ornamental  class  to  be  found  in  any 
part  of  the  world.”  Fer gas-son. 

Where  every  thing  is  square  and  rug- 
ged, as  in  a Druidical  trilithon,  the  effect 
may  be  sublime,  but  it  cannot  be  elegant; 
where  every  thing  is  rounded,  as  in  the 
Choragic  Monument  of  Ly  sic  rates,  the  per- 
fection of  elegance  may  be  attained,  but 
never  sublimity.  ” Fergusson. 

Christ.  1.  A marble  statue  by 
Michael  Angelo  Buonarotti  (1475- 
1564).  In  the  church  of  Sopra 
Minerva  in  Rome. 

4ST"  “ In  its  outward  finish  and  as  a 
representation  of  a naked  human  form 
in  the  prime  of  beauty,  it  is  a most  ad- 
mirable work ; but  as  an  image  of  Him 
whom  it  is  to  call  to  mind,  it  is  the  first 
statue  of  Michael  Angelo’s  which  we 
must  designate  as  full  of  mannerism.” 
Grimm , Trans. 

2.  A famous  statue  bj^  Johann 
Heinrich  von  Dannecker  (1758- 
1841),  the  sculptor  of  Ariadne. 
The  statue  is  in  a tower,  built  to 
imitate  a ruined  abbey,  in  the 
grounds  attached  to  the  palace 
of  Tzarko  Selo,  near  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia. 

4®=“  “ The  longer  I looked  upon  it, 
the  more  1 was  penetrated  with  its 
wonderful  representation  of  the  attri- 
butes of  Christ,  — Wisdom  and  Love. 
The  face  calmly  surveys  and  compre- 
hends all  forms  of  human  passion,  with 
pity  for  the  erring,  joy  in  the  good,  and 
tenderness  for  all.  I have  seen  few 
statues  like  this,  where  the  form  is  lost 
sight  of  in  the  presence  of  the  idea. 
In  this  respect  it  is  Dannecker’s  great- 
est, as  it  was  his  favorite  work.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 


Christ  amid  the  Doctors.  A pic- 
ture by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528), 
the  German  painter.  According 
to  the  inscription  upon  it,  it  was 
executed  in  five  days.  In  the 
Barberini  Palace  at  Rome. 

Christ  and  the  Parable  of  the 
Vineyard.  A picture  by  Rem- 
brandt van  Ryn  (1607-1669),  the 
Dutch  painter.  Now  in  the  Her- 
mitage at  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Christ  and  the  Scoffers.  A pic- 
ture by  Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599- 
1641),  now  in  Madrid,  Spain. 

Christ  appearing  to  the  Magda- 
len. A picture  by  Rembrandt  van 
Ryn  (1607-1669),  the  Dutch  paint- 
er. Now  in  Buckingham  Palace, 
London. 

Christ,  Ascension  of.  See  Ascen- 
sion of  Christ. 

Christ  at  the  Table  of  Simon  the 
Publican.  An  immense  picture 
by  Paul  Veronese  (1500-1588),  now 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  There  is 
another  upon  the  same  subject  at 
the  Brera  in  Milan,  Italy;  and 
another  in  the  Marcello  Durazzo 
Palace,  at  Genoa. 

Christ,  Baptism  of.  See  Baptism 
of  Christ. 

Christ  before  Pilate.  An  admired 
picture  by  Gherardo  della  Notte. 
In  Lucca,  Italy. 

Christ  borne  to  the  Sepulchre, 
1.  A well-known  picture  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In  the 
Palazzo  Borgliese,  Rome. 

4®=*  “ Raphael’s  picture  of  this  sub- 
ject . . . though  meriting  all  its  fame 
in  respect  of  drawing,  expression,  and 
knowledge,  has  lost  all  signs  of  rever- 
ential feeling  in  the  persons  of  the 
bearers.”  Lady  Eastlake. 

2.  A well-known  picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

3.  A picture  by  J acopo  Robusti, 
called  Tintoretto  (1512-1594).  Now 
in  the  Stafford  Gallery,  London. 

Christ  Church.  1.  An  ancient  and 
venerable  church  edifice  in  Phila- 
delphia, Penn.  It  was  built  near 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century. 
Gen.  Washington  was  a regular 
attendant  here.  In  the  lofty 


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tower  is  the  oldest  chime  of  bells 
in  the  United  States,  brought 
from  England  in  1754,  and  which 
proclaimed  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  in  1776. 

2.  A religious  edifice  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  memorable  as  the 
oldest  church  structure  now 
standing  in  the  city  (having  been 
consecrated  in  1723),  and  possess- 
ing an  ancient  chime  of  bells 

— and  in  the  steeple  of  Christ  Church , 
hard  by,  are  the  sweet  chimes  which  are 
the  Boston  boy’s  Ranz  des  Vaches.  whose 
echoes  follow  liim  all  the  world  over 

Holmes 

And  here  the  patriot  hung  his  light. 
Which  shone  though  all  that  anxious 
night. 

To  eager  eyes  of  Paul  Revere. 

E.  B.  Russell. 

3.  A venerable  church  in  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  built  in  1766,  in  which 
George  Washington  worshipped, 
and  in  which  the  pew  he  occupied 
is  still  shown. 

Christ  Church  College.  The 

largest  and  most  splendid  of  the 
colleges  included  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  It  was  founded 
in  1524  by  Cardinal  Wolsey.  Its 
hall  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Great 
Britain. 

4®=*  “ Each  college  has  been  devel- 
oped by  itself,  each  age  has  built  in  its 
fashion  ; here  the  imposing  quadrangle 
of  Christ  Church,  with  its  turf,  its  foun- 
tains and  its  staircases.” 

Tame , Trans. 

Francis  [Atterbury]  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School,'  and  carried  thence 
to  Chi'ist  Church  a stock  of  learning  which, 
though  really  scanty,  he  through  lib-  ex- 
hibited with  such  judicious  ostentation 
that  superficial  observers  believed  his  at- 
tainments to  be  immense.  Macaulay 

Christ  Consolateur.  See  Christus 

CONSOLATOK. 

Christ  crowned  with  Thorns.  A 
well-known  picture  by  Titian 
(1477-1576)  unsurpassed  as  an  ex- 
ample of  his  art  in  coloring.  In 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Christ  disputing  with  the  Doc- 
tors. A picture  attributed  to 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1519).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Christ  giving  the  Keys  to  Peter. 
A fresco  by  Pietro  Perugino  (1446- 
1524).  In  the  Sistine  Chapel, 
Rome. 


Christ  healing  the  Sick.  A pic- 
ture by  Benjamin  West  (1738- 
1820).  In  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital. 

Christ  in  Pilgrim’s  Dress.  A 
noted  picture  by  Fra  Angelico 
Giovanni  (da  Fiesole)  (1387-1455). 
In  the  Museum  of  St.  Mark,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Christ  in  the  Garden.  A picture 
by  Giovanni  Bellini  (1426-1516?), 
the  Italian  painter.  Now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Christ  in  the  Garden  with  the 
Magdalene.  A picture  by  Anto- 
nio Allegri,  surnamed  Correggio 
(1494-1534).  In  the  Gallery  of 
Madrid,  Spain. 

Christ  in  the  Temple.  A picture 
by  William  Holman  Hunt  (b. 
1827). 

4®=“  “ When  34  years  of  age,  Hol- 
man Hunt  painted  Christ  discovered  in 
the  Temple , which  thousands  flocked 
to  see,  not  only  in  London,  but  in  every 
town  where  it  was  exhibited.” 

Mrs.  Tytler . 

J6@=*  “ Yet  neither  that  picture  [Christ 
in  the  Temple],  great  as  it  is,  nor  any 
other  of  Hunt’s,  is  the  best  he  could 
have  done.”  Ruskin . 

“There  it  hangs  before  us  [an 
engraving  of  the  picture],  but  without 
its  glorious  color  as  Holman  Hunt  gave 
it  forth  from  the  years’  study  of  his 
earnest  soul.  I wish  you  could  have 
seen  the  picture  all  aglow  with  those 
wonderful  hues,  somewhat,  perhaps, 
too  rainbow-like  and  shifty  in  gleams, 
but  yet  no  tint  without  meaning,  and 
all  conspiring  to  one  of  the  most  glori- 
ous effects.”  Dean  Alford . 

Christ  mocked  by  the  Soldiers. 
A picture  by  Anthony  van  Dyck 
(1599-1641).  In  the  Museum  oi 
Berlin,  Prussia. 

Christ  on  the  Mount  of  Olives. 
1.  An  admired  picture  by  An- 
tonio Allegri,  surnamed  Correg- 
gio (1494-1534).  It  was  “ taken 
in  Joseph  Buonaparte’s  carriage 
at  the  battle  of  Vittoria,  returned 
to  the  King  of  Spain,  and  by  him 
presented  to  the  Duke  of  Well- 
ington.” Now  in  Apsley  House, 
London. 

2.  A picture  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520).  Now  in  England 


CHR 


105 


CHtI 


3.  A noted  picture  by  Fried- 
rich Overheck  (1789-1869).  At 
Hamburg,  Germany. 

Christ  presented  by  Pilate  to  the 
People.  A noted  picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  called  Correggio 
(1494-1534).  In  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Christ  rejected  by  the  Jewish 
People.  A picture  by  Benjamin 
West  (1738-1820).  In  Fairmount 
Park,  Philadelphia. 

Christ  with  the  Tribute  Money. 
A celebrated  picture  by  Titian 
(1477-1576).  In  the  Dresden  Gal- 
lery. 

“ This  is  a finely  executed  and 
delicately  colored  head,  but  too  cold 
and  commonplace  in  expression  to 
merit  the  stereotyped  praise  bestowed 
upon  it.” 

Eastlake  : Handbook  of  Painting. 

2.  Another  expressive  and  ad- 
mirable picture  upon  the  same 
subject  by  Guercino  (1590-1666). 
In  the  Palazzo  Durazzo,  Genoa, 
Italy. 

Christian  Martyrs  (in  the  Coli- 
seum). A picture  by  Peter  F. 
Rothermel  (b.  1817),  an  American 
artist.  In  Fairmount  Park,  Phil- 
adelphia, Penn. 

Christianity  in  the  Arts.  See 
Influence  of  Christianity  in 
the  Arts. 

Christiansborg  Palace.  The  royal 
palace  of  Denmark,  in  the  city 
of  Copenhagen.  It  is  decorated 
with  many  line  works  of  Thor- 
waldsen,  the  Danish  sculptor,  and 
contains  a gallery  of  paintings 
and  a museum  of  Northern  an- 
tiquities. 

Christopher,  St.  See  St.  Chris- 
topher. 

Christ’s  Charge  to  Peter.  The 
subject  of  one  of  the  famous  car- 
toons by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  from  which  the  tapestries 
in  the  Vatican  at  Rome  were  ex- 
ecuted. 

Christ’s  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England,  Established  in  1505. 


Christ’s  Entrance  into  Jerusa- 
lem. A noted  picture  by  Fried- 
rich Overbeck  (1789-1869).  In 
the  Marienldrche  at  Liibeck, 
Germany. 

Christ’s  Hospital.  A celebrated 
public  school— upon  the  site  of 
the  monastery  of  the  Grey  Friars 
— in  London,  at  which  many 
eminent  men  have  been  edu- 
cated. It  is  often  called  the 
“ Blue-coat  School,”  from  the 
antique  uniform  which  has  been 
worn  by  the  pupils  since  the  foun- 
dation of  the  school  in  the  time 
of  Edward  VI.  It  was  not  origi- 
nally founded  as  a school:  its 
object  was  to  rescue  young  chil- 
dren from  the  streets,  to  shelter, 
feed,  clothe,  and  lastly  educate 
them.  The  number  of  pupils  is 
at  present  about  800.  Coleridge, 
Charles  Lamb,  Richardson  the 
novelist,  and  Leigh  Hunt  are 
among  the  more  distinguished 
“ Blues,”  as  the  scholars  of 
Christ’s  Hospital  are  termed. 
Charles  Lamb  has  essays  entitled 
“Recollections  of  Christ’s  Hos- 
pital,” and  “Christ’s  Hospital 
Five  and  Thirty  Years  Ago.” 

4®=-  “ Christ’s  Hospital  is  an  insti- 
tution to  keep  those  who  have  yet  held 
up  their  heads  in  the  world  from  sink- 
ing; to  keep  alive  the  spirit  of  a decent 
household,  when  poverty  was  in  dan- 
ger of  crushing  it;  to  assist  those  who 
are  the  most  willing,  but  not  always 
the  most  able,  to  assist  themselves ; to 
separate  a child  from  his  family  lor  a 
season,  in  order  to  render  him  back 
hereafter,  with  feelings  and  habits 
more  congenial  to  it,  than  he  could  ever 
have  attained  by  remaining  at  home  in 
the  bosom  of  it.”  Charles  Lamb. 

Christus  Consolator  [Christ  the 
Consoler.]  A celebrated  picture, 
well-known  by  reproductions 
executed  by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795- 
1858). 

The  country  itself  is  a Consolator  col- 
ored too  heartily  for  the  thin-blooded 
palette  of  Scheffer.  John  Weiss 

Christus  Remunerator.  A pic- 
ture by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858). 

Chrysostom,  St.  See  St.  Chry- 
sostom. 

Church  Butte.  A natural  curiosi- 
ty in  Wyoming  Territory-  being 


CHU 


106 


civ 


a mound  of  rock  and  earth  stand- 
ing on  the  level  plain,  one  of  the 
more  celebrated  of  the  huge  mon- 
umental and  often  fantastically 
shaped  mountains  which  are 
found  along  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  in  this  part  of 
its  course. 

“ Seen  under  favorable  lights, 
it  imposes  upon  the  imagination  like 
a grand  old  cathedral  going  into  decay, 
quaint  in  its  crumbling  ornaments, 
majestic  in  its  height  and  breadth. 
They  [the  Buttes]  seem,  like  the  more 
numerous  and  fantastic  illustrations  of 
nature’s  frolicsome  art  in  Southern 
Colorado,  to  be  the  remains  of  granite 
hills  that  wind  and  water,  and  espe- 
cially the  sand  whirlpools  which  march 
in  lordly  force  through  the  air,  — liter- 
ally moving  mountains, — have  left  to 
hint  the  past  and  tell  the  story  of  their 
own  achievements.  Not  unfitly,  there 
as  here,  they  have  won  the  title  of 
“ Monuments  to  the  Gods.” 

Samuel  Bowles. 

Church  Militant  and  Triumph- 
ant. A noted  picture  by  Simone 
de  Martini  (Memrni)  (1283-1344). 
In  the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  No- 
vella, Florence,  Italy. 

Cincinnati,  The.  A patrician  mili- 
tary order  or  society  established 
in  this  country  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  war,  about  1783, 
by  the  officers  of  the  American 
army.  The  name  was  derived 
from  the  Roman  dictator  Cincin- 
natus  (453  B.C.),  and  was  adopted 
in  allusion  to  the  change  made 
by  them  from  military  to  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  Provision  was 
made  that  the  privilege  of  mem- 
bership should  pass  by  descent 
to  the  eldest  son  of  each  deceased 
member.  The  society  aimed  “ to 
preserve  inviolate  the  rights  and 
liberties  of  human  nature,”  to 
promote  friendly  feeling  between 
the  different  States,  and  to  aid 
suffering  officers  and  their  fami- 
lies. George  Washington  was  the 
first  president  of  the  order.  It 
was  at  one  time  large  and  popu- 
lar, but  is  now  fast  declining. 

Circe.  [Lat.  Promontorium  dr- 
eam m]  A famous  promontory  of 
antiquity,  now  called  Monte  Civ- 
cello,  situated  at  the  extremity  of 
the  Pontine  Marshes-,  in  Southern 


Italy.  It  was  much  celebrated 
by  the  Latin  poets. 

Circe.  A picture  by  Dosso  Dossi 
(1474-1558).  In  the  Borghese  Gal- 
lery, Rome. 

Circus  Maximus.  The  famous  cir- 
cus of  ancient  Rome,  founded  in 
the  time  of  the  kings,  and  rebuilt 
with  great  splendor  by  Julius 
Cresar.  It  was  in  the  valley  be- 
tween the  Palatine  and  Aventine 
mounts.  This  circus,  which  was 
burned  in  Nero’s  time,  was  re- 
stored by  Vespasian,  and  enlarged 
by  Constantine.  It  is  said  that 
250,000  spectators  could  be  accom- 
modated with  seats.  A confused 
mass  of  brickwork  is  all  that  now 
remains  of  this  ruin. 

Circus  Maximus.  A picture  by 
Jean  Leon  Geroine  (b.  1824),  the 
French  painter. 

Cirque,  La.  [The  Circle.]  A nat- 
ural curiosity  in  Southern  France, 
near  Gavarnie.  It  consists  of  an 
immense  semicircle  of  rocks,  the 
sides  of  which  are  lofty  preci- 
pices, and  the  door  of  which  is 
strewn  with  the  detritus  of  the 
neighboring  mountains.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  scenes  in 
the  Pyrenees,  and  marks  the  lim- 
its of  the  French  territory. 

Cite,  lie  de  la.  See  Ile  de  la 
Cite. 

Citta  Leonina.  See  Leonine  City. 

City  Cross.  See  Dun-Edin’s  Cross, 

Civil  Club.  This  'London  society 
was  established  in  the  city  in 
1G69,  three  years  after  the  Great 
Fire.  No  record  is  to  be  found  of 
the  circumstances  of  its  estab- 
lishment or  of  the  name  of  the 
founder.  This  is  the  only  club 
which  can  boast  of  having  the 
reputed  office  of  a chaplain  at- 
tached to  its  staff.  All  the  mem- 
bers are  citizens  ; and  the  records 
show,  as  former  members,  Parlia- 
ment men,  baronets,  and  aider- 
men.  One  of  the  rules  is,  that 
“ but  one  person  of  the  same 
trade  or  profession  should  be  a 
member  of  the  club.”  This  asso- 
ciation, which  is  now  in  exist- 
ence, met  for  years  at  the  Old 


CLA 


107 


CLE 


Ship  Tavern,  in  Water  Lane,  and 
afterwards  at  the  New  Corn  Ex- 
change Tavern,  in  Mark  Lane. 

Claddagh,  The.  A populous  dis- 
trict, forming  one  of  the  suburbs 
of  Galway,  Ireland,  noted  for 
the  peculiarity  of  its  inhabitants, 
chiefiv  fishermen,  who  enjoy  cer- 
tain hereditary  “rights,” of  which 
they  are  very  tenacious,  and  any 
infringement  of  which  is  resisted 
with  violence. 

“This  singular  community  is 
still  governed  by  a ‘ king,’  elected  an- 
nually, and  a number  of  by-laws  of 
their  own.  At  one  time  this  king  was 
absolute,  — as  powerful  as  a veritable 
despot;  but  his  power  has  yielded,  like 
all  despotic  powers,  to  the  times.  He 
has  still,  however,  much  influence,  and 
sacrifices  himself,  literally  without  fee 
or  reward,  for  ‘the  good  of  the  peo- 
ple : ’ he  is  constantly  occupied  hear- 
ing and  deciding  causes  and  quarrels, 
for  his  people  never  by  any  chance 
appeal  to  a higher  tribunal.  . . . His 
majesty  was  at  sea;  but  we  were  intro- 
duced to  his  royal  family,  — a group  of 
children  and  grandchildren,  who  for 
ruddy  health  might  have  been  coveted 
by  any  monarch  in  Christendom.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

Clarendon  House.  A noted  man- 
sion which  formerly  stood  in  Pic- 
cadilly, London,  but  which  was 
taken  down  soon  after  1675,  the 
name  surviving  in  the  modern 
Clarendon  Hotel. 

Clarendon  Press.  A well-known 
establishment  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land. 

Clava,  Stones  of.  See  Stones  of 
Clava. 

Clement  XIII.  A celebrated  stat- 
ue by  Antonio  Canova  (1757-1822). 
In  St.  Peter’s  Church,  Rome. 

Clement  Danes.  See  St.  Clement 
Danes. 

Clement’s  Chapel.  [Ital.  Ccipellci 
Clementina.]  A chapel  in  St. 
Peter’s,  Rome,  containing,  among 
other  things,  the  tomb  of  Pius 
VII.,  and  a monument  to  him  by 
Thorwaldsen. 

Clement’s  Inn.  One  of  the  nine 
Inns  of  Chancery  in  London,  so 
named  from  its  proximity  to  the 
church  of  St.  Clement  Danes  and 
St.  Clement’s  Well. 


Shallow.  — I was  once  of  Clement's  Inn , 
where  I think  they  will  talk  of  mad  Shal- 
low yet.  Silence.'—  You  were  called  lusty 
Shallow  then,  cousin.  Shallow.  — By  the 
mass,  I was  called  anything;  and  I would 
have  done  any  tiling  indeed,  and  roundly 
too.  There  was  I and  Little  John  Doit  of 
Staffordshire,  and  Black  (icorge  Barnes 
of  Staffordshire,  and  France  Bickbone, 
and  Will  Squele,  a Cotswold  man:  you 
had  not  four  such  swinge  bucklers  m all 
the  Inns  of  Court  again.  Shallow  — 

Nay,  she  must  be  old;  she  cannot  choose 
but  be  old;  certain  she’s  old,  an  ; had  Rob- 
in Niglitwork  by  old  Xiyhtwork,  before  I 
came  to  Clement's  fi  n.  . . Shallow  — L 
remember  at  Mile-end  green  (when  I lay 
at  Clement's  Inn).  I was  then  Sir  Dagonet 
in  Arthur’s  show.  . . Falstajf  —1  do  re- 
member him  at  Clement’s  Inn like  a man 
made  after  supper  of  a cheese-paring 

Shakespeare. 

Clement’s  Well.  See  St.  Clem- 
ent’s Well. 

Cleopatra.  A statue  by  William 
W.  Story  (b.  1819). 

4®=-  “ The  two  conceptions,  * Cleo- 
patra ’ and  the  ‘ Libyan  Sibyl,’  have 
placed  Mr.  Story  in  European  estima- 
tion at  the  head  of  American  sculp- 
tors.” Jarves. 

4®=*  “In  a word,  all  Cleopatra, — - 
fierce,  voluptuous,  passionate,  tender, 
wicked  . . . was  kneaded  into  what, 
only  a week  or  two  before,  had  been 
a lump  of  wet  clay  from  the  Tiber. 
Soon,  apotheosized  in  an  indestructible 
material,  she  would  be  one  of  the 
images  that  men  keep  forever,  finding 
a heat  in  them  that  does  not  cool  down 
through  the  centuries.”  Hawthorne. 

Cleopatra  and  Caesar.  A picture 
by  Jean  Leon  Gerorne  (b.  1824), 
the  French  painter. 

Cleopatra’s  Needle.  This  ancient 
Egyptian  obelisk,  one  of  two 
which  were  brought  from  Heliop- 
olis to  Alexandria  by  one  of  the 
Caesars,  stood  on  the  sands  near 
the  new  fortification  wall.  The 
companion  obelisk,  having  fallen, 
was  embedded  and  preserved  in 
these  sands.  The  obelisks  are  of 
red  granite  of  Syene,  and  Cleo- 
patra’s Needle  is  70  feet  high.  It 
lias  been  recently  taken  to  New 
York,  and  is  now  set  up  in  Cen- 
tral Park. 

*\Vliat  obelisk  northward  meets  the  curi- 
ous eye  ? 

Rich  as  an  orient  gem  it  courts  the  skv ; 
Its  tapering  sides  a myriad  sculptures 
grace. 

Dark  mystic  writing  of  earth’s  early  race. 


CLE 


108 


CLO 


Brought  from  far  Thebes,  it  decked  the 
splendid  pile 

Where  Beauty,  famed  forever,  shed  her 
smile ; 

Hence  to  yon  shaft  cling  memories  sweet 
and  rare. 

And  lore  and  love  their  souls  are  breath- 
ing there.  Nicholas  Michell. 

Clepsydra.  A fainons  fountain  in 
ancient  Athens,  Greece.  It  was 
so  named  from  its  intermittent 
character,  being  dependent  upon 
the  Etesian  winds.  It  was 
thought  to  have  an  underground 
communication  with  Plialerum. 
The  name  clepsydra  is  older  than 
the  water-clock  of  Andronicus. 

Clerkenwell.  A now  thickly  set- 
tled district  in  London,  so  called 
from  a well  where  the  parish 
clerks  ( clerken ) were  accustomed 
to  meet  for  the  acting  of  Scrip- 
ture plays.  A great  number  of 
clockmakers,  watchmakers,  and 
jewellers,  are  now  to  be  found  in 
Clerkenwell. 

Not  content  with  the  easy  victories 
which  he  [Dr  William  Sherlock!  gained 
over  such  feeble  antagonists  as  those  Avho 
were  quartered  at  Clerkenwell  anc  the 
Savoy,  lie  had  the  courage  to  measure  his 
strength  with  no  less  a champion  than 
Boss  net,  and  came  out  of  the  conflict 
without  discredit.  Macaulay. 

Clermont,  The.  The  steamer  built 
by  Robert  Fulton  (17(15-1815), 
which  ascended  the  Hudson  in 
September,  1807,  the  first  vessel 
propelled  by  steam.  The  Cler- 
mont made  regular  passages  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany  at 
the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour. 
After  the  introduction  of  im- 
proved machinery  this  rate  was 
increased. 

Clichy.  An  old  debtor’s  prison, 
formerly  standing  in  the  Rue  de 
Clichy,  Paris.  It  is  now  demol- 
ished, and  imprisonment  for  debt 
has  now  been  done  away  with. 

My  nephew  gives  bouquets  to  Ma- 
demoiselle X . but  lie  will  not  go  to 

Clichy  for  her.  Tame , Trans. 

Clichy.  See  Barriers  de  Clichy. 

Cliefden.  A seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  near  Maidenhead, 
England.  * 

Clifford-street  Club.  A debating 
society  in  London,  “ which  boast- 
ed for  a short  time  a brighter 


assemblage  of  talent  than  is  usu- 
al ly  found  to  flourish  in  societies 
of  this  description.”  The  club, 
of  which  George  Canning  was  a 
member,  met  once  a month,  in 
the  last  century,  at  the  Clifford- 
street  Coffee-house. 

Clifford’s  Inn.  One  of  the  Inns 
of  Chancery  in  London,  so  named 
from  Robert  de  Clifford,  to  whom 
the  land  was  left  in  the  time  of 
Edward  II.  Clifford’s  Inn  was 
granted  to  students-at-law  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  III. 

Clinton.  See  Castle  Garden  and 
Fort  Clinton. 

Clisson  Castle.  A ruined  castle 
in  the  town  of  Clisson  on  the 
Sevre-Nantaise,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Maine,  in  France. 

It  was  a dark  autumnal  day 
When  first  to  Clisson  I would  stray. 

Long  grass-grown  steps  cut  o’er  the  rock. 
Which  shelves  down  in  a mighty  block, 
Conduct  you  to  the  portals  grand. 

Which  green  with  ivy  proudly  stand. 

Kenelm  H.  Digby. 

Clisson  ! thy  towers,  thy  depth  of  sunless 
caves, 

Thy  humid  corridors  that  smother  sound. 
And  thy  gapped  windows  whence  the 
violet  waves 

A sweet  farewell  to  Legend  lingering 
round. 

And  mingling  whispers  echoed  from  afar, 
Invite  and  chain  my  steps  here  v\  here  thy 
mysteries  are.  T.  G.  Appleton. 

Cloaca  Maxima.  A subterranean 
canal,  well  known  as  the  great 
common  sewer  of  ancient  Rome. 
It  is  of  Etruscan  architecture, 
and,  still  serving  its  original  pur- 
pose, is  as  firm  as  when  its  foun- 
dations were  laid.  It  was  built 
at  least  twenty-four  hundred 
years  ago,  and  is  one  of  the  few 
monuments  of  Rome  whose  an- 
tiquity has  never  been  assailed. 

“ Modern  scepticism,  which  has 
overturned  so  much  of  the  old  faith, 
lias  not  laid  its  withering  touch  upon 
this  venerable  monument.  Romulus 
and  Nuraa  have  been  changed  into  thin 
shadows,  but  the  stones  of  the  Cloaca 
are  still  alive  to  speak  of  an  antiquity 
of  at  least  2,400  years.” 

G.  S.  Hillard. 

As  a general  thing,  you  do  not  get 
elegance  short  of  two  or  three  removes 
from  the  soil,  out  of  which  our  best  blood 
doubtless  i omes, — quite  as  j,ood,  no 


CLO 


109 


CLU 


doubt,  as  if  it  came  from  those  old  prize- 
fighters with  iron  pots  on  their  heads,  to 
whom  some  great  people  are  so  fond  of 
tracing  their  descent  through  a line  of 
small  artisans  and  petty  shopkeepers 
whose  veins  have  held  “base”  fluid 
enough  to  fill  the  Cloaca  Maxima. 

Holmes. 

Clock-tower  (of  Berne).  A noted 
tower  in  Berne,  Switzerland, 
formerly  a watch-tower  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  city,  but 
now  almost  in  the  centre  of  the 
town.  The  tower  is  the  scene  of 
the  following  curious  spectacle. 
Three  minutes  before  the  hour  a 
cock  crows,  and  claps  its  wings, 
whereupon  a number  of  bears 
(the  bear  being  the  heraldic  de- 
vice of  Berne)  walk  around  a 
seated  figure;  then  the  cock 
repeats  his  signal;  and  at  the 
striking  of  the  hour  the  seated 
figure,  which  is  an  old  man  with 
a beard,  turns  an  hourglass, 
raises  his  sceptre,  and  opens  his 
mouth  as  many  times  as  the  clock 
strikes,  while  the  bear  on  his 
right  inclines  his  head.  The  hour 
is  then  struck  on  a bell  by  a 
hammer,  and  the  performance  is 
closed  as  it  began  by  the  crow- 
ing of  a cock. 

Closeburn  Castle.  An  ancient 
feudal  mansion  in  Scotland,  near 
the  town  of  the  same  name,  the 
seat  of  the  Kirkpatricks,  from 
whom  Eugenie,  the  late  Empress 
of  France,  traces  her  Scottish 
descent. 

Cloth  Fair.  A district  in  London, 
formerly  much  frequented  by 
foreign  merchants. 

Clo  tilde,  Sainte.  See  Saixte 
Clot  liras. 

Cloud,  St.  See  St.  Cloud. 

Club,  The.  1.  A celebrated  asso- 
ciation in  London,  founded  in  17(>4 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  Dr. 
Johnson.  It  originally  consisted 
of  nine  members,  — Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Dr.  Johnson,  Edmund 
Burke,  Dr.  Nugent,  Mr.  Beau- 
clerk,  Mr.  Langton,  Oliver  Gold- 
smith, Mr.  Chamier.  and  Sir  John 
Hawkins.  The  number  was  after- 
wards increased,  and  the  club  has 
included  men  very  distinguished 
in  literature  and  in  science.  From 


1790  until  the  removal  of  that  tav- 
ern, they  met  at  the  Thatched 
House  in  St.  James’s  Street.  At 
Garrick’s  funeral  in  1779  the 
club  was  entitled  the  “Literary 
Club,’’  and  subsequently  the 
name  was  again  changed  to  the 
“ Johnson  Club.’’ 

ti “The  verdicts  pronounced  by 
this  conclave  on  new  books  were 
speedily  known  over  all  London,  and 
were  sufficient  to  sell  off  a whole  edi- 
tion in  a day,  or  to  condemn  the  sheets 
to  the  service  of  the  trunk-maker  and 
tin*  pastry-cook.  Nor  shall  we  think 
this  strange  when  we  consider  what 
great  and  various  talents  and  acquire- 
ments met  in  the  little  fraternity. 
Goldsmith  was  the  representative  of 
poetry  and  light  literature,  Reynolds 
of  the  arts,  Burke  of  political  eloquence 
and  political  philosophy.  There,  too, 
were  Gibbon,  the  greatest  historian, 
and  Jones,  the  greatest  linguist,  of  the 
age.  Garrick  brought  to  the  meetings 
his  inexhaustible  pleasantry,  his  in- 
comparable mimicry,  and  his  consum- 
mate knowledge  of  stage  effect.  . . . 
To  predominate  over  such  a society  was 
not  easy.  Yet  even  over  such  a society 
Johnson  predominated.”  Macaulay. 

IKiP  “ The  room  is  before  us.  . . . 
There  are  the  spectacles  of  Burke,  and 
the  tall,  thin  form  of  Langton,  the 
courtly  sneer  of  Beauclerk,  the  beam- 
ing smile  of  Garrick,  Gibbon  tapping 
his  snuff-box,  and  Sir  Joshua  with  his 
trumpet, in  his  ear.  In  the  foreground 
is  that  strange  figure  which  is  as  fa- 
miliar to  us  as  the  figures  of  those 
among  whom  we  have  been  brought 
up,  — the  gigantic  body,  the  huge  massy 
face,  seamed  with  the  scars  of  disease ; 
the  brown  coat,  the  black  worsted 
stockings,  the  gray  wig  with  the 
scorched  foretop;  the  dirty  hands,  the 
nails  bitten  and  pared  to  the  quick. 
We  see  the  eyes  and  the  nose  moving 
with  convulsive  twitches;  we  see  the 
heavy  form  rolling;  we  hear  it  puffing; 
and  then  comes  the  ‘Why,  Sir£’  and 
the  ‘What  then,  Sir?’  and  the  ‘No, 
Sir ! ’ and  the  ‘ You  don’t  see  your  way 
through  the  question,  Sir!  ’” 

Macaulay. 

2.  The  appellation  of  “The 
Club  ’’  was  also  given  in  the  time 
of  William  III.  to  a society  in 
Edinburgh,  including  Sir  James 
Montgomery,  Lord  Ross,  the  Earl 
of  Annandale,  and  other  disap- 
pointed Whigs,  who  were,  as 
Macaulay  says,  dishonest  mal- 
contents, who  merely  desired  to 


CLU 


110 


coc 


annoy  the  government  and  to  get 
places.  They  formed  a union 
with  the  Jacobites;  and,  after 
giving  much  trouble  to  William 
and  Mary,  the  chiefs  betrayed 
one  another,  and  the  club  finally 
broke  up  in  disgrace. 

Club  of  Kings.  See  King  Club. 

Club  of  1789.  See  Feuillant 
Club. 

Clumber  Park.  The  seat  of  the 
Dukes  of  Newcastle,  near  Work- 
sop, England. 

Cluny.  See  Hotel  Cluny. 

Clytie.  A beautiful  relic  of  Greek 
sculpture,  well  known  through 
frequent  reproductions.  It  is  one 
of  the  Townley  marbles  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  exhibits  the 
water-nymph,  who,  according  to 
the  Greek  legend,  fell  in  love 
with  Apollo,  but,  meeting  with  no 
reciprocation  of  her  passion,  be- 
came changed  into  a sunflower, 
and  constantly  keeps  her  face 
turned  towards  him.  It  is  said 
that  this  image  was  carried  away 
in  his  hands  by  Mr.  Townley,  its 
former  owner,  as  being  his  most 
valued  treasure,  at  the  time  when 
his  house  was  threatened  with 
destruction  by  a mob. 

I will  not  have  the  mad  Clytie , 

Whose  head  is  turned  by  the  sun. 

Ilood. 

But  to  hear  her  wonder  and  lament  and 
suggest,  with  soft,  liquid  inflections,  and 
low,  sad  murmurs,  in  tones  as  full  of  seri- 
ous tenderness  ior  the  fate  of  the  lost  key 
as  if  it  had  been  a child  that  had  stray eil 
from  its  mother,  was  so  winning,  that, 
had  her  features  and  figure  been  as  deli- 
cious as  her  accents,  — if  she  had  looked 
like  the  marble  Clytie , for  instance,  — why, 
all  I can  say  is — Holmes 

Cnitiian  Venus.  1.  A famous  stat- 
ue in  Cnidus,  of  the  goddess  of 
love,  by  Praxiteles,  the  Greek 
sculptor  (fl.  B.  C.  364),  known 
through  report  of  its  beauty.  It 
was  burnt  in  the  palace  of  Lausi- 
actis,  in  Constantinople,  A.D.  475. 
There  are  existing  copies  of  some 
of  the  works  of  Praxiteles,  and 
there  is  a statue  in  tlie  Vatican 
supposed  to  be  a copy  of  this. 

2.  A celebrated  ancient  statue, 
surnamed  the  Cnidian  Venus, 
considered  by  some  to  be  the 


work  of  Praxiteles,  and  his  mas- 
terpiece. Now  in  the  Glyptotliek 
at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Coach.  See  Coronation  Coach 
and  Lord  Mayor’s  Coach. 

Coat,  Holy.  See  Holy  Coat. 

Cobbler,  The.  A popular  name  in 
Scotland  of  the  mountain  known 
as  Ben  Arthur,  which  rises  at  the 
head  of  Loch  Long  to  the  height 
of  over  2,000  feet,  and  is  said  to 
resemble  the  figure  of  a cobbler. 

Far  away,  up  in  his  rockjT  throne, 

The  gaunt  old  Cobbler ' dwells  alone; 
Around  his  head  the  lightnings  play, 
Where  he  sits  with  his  lapston°  night  and 
day.  Charles  Mackuy. 

Cobham  Hall.  A seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Darnley,  at  Gad’s  HillCnear 
London. 

Cock,  The.  1.  A famous  old 
tavern  in  Fleet  Street, .London, 
which  still  retains  some  internal 
decoration  of  the  time  of  James  I. 

“It is,  perhaps,  the  most  prim- 
itive place  of  its  kind  in  the  metropo- 
lis.” Timbs. 

“ You  go  through  a little  squeez- 
ed and  panelled  passage  to  enter ; and  at 
the  end  of  the  passage  you  pass  the  lit- 
tle window  of  the  ‘ snuggery,’  or  bar,  of 
a most  inviting  sort  on  a winter’s  night, 
with  something  simmering  on  the  hob. 
There  sits  one  whom  we  might  call 
‘Miss  Abbey,’  — like  Dickens’s  direc- 
tress of  the  4 Fellowship  Porters,’  — to 
whom  come  the  waiters,  to  receive  the 
good  hunches  of  bread  ‘ new  or  stale  ’ — 
which  she,  according  to  old  unvarying 
rule,  chalks  clown,  or  up,  on  the  ma- 
hogany sill  of  the  cloor.  All  is  duly 
sawdusted.  The  ceiling  of  the  long 
low  tavern  room  is  on  our  heads.  The 
windows  are  small,  like  sky-lights,  and 
give  upon  the  hilly  passage  or  lane  out- 
side. There  are  ‘ boxes  ’ or  pews  all 
round,  with  green  curtains,  of  mahog- 
any black  as  ebony.  Both  the  coveted 
places  — say  about  a sharp  Christmas 
time  — are  the  two  that  face  the  good 
fire,  on  which  sings  a huge  kettle.  The 
curious  old  chimney-piece  over  it  is  of 
carved  oak,  with  strange  grinning  faces, 
one  of  which  used  to  delight  Dickens, 
who  invited  people’s  attention  to  it  par- 
ticularly. There  is  a quaintness,  too, 
in  the  china  trays  for  the  pewter  mugs, 
each  decorated  witft  an  effigy  of  a cock. 
On  application,  those;  in  office  produce 
to  you  a well-thumbed  copy  of  Defoe’s 
‘ History  of  the  Plague,’  where  the  allu- 
sion is  "made  to  the  establishment,  aud 


coc 


111 


COE 


also  a little  circular  box,  in  which  is 
carefully  preserved  one  of  the  copper 
tokens  of  the  house  — a little  lean,  bat- 
tered piece,  with  the  device  of  a cock, 
and  the  inscriptions  ‘ The  Cock  Ale- 
house ’ and  ‘ C.  H.  M.  ATT.  TEMPLE 
BAKU.  1655.’  ” Fitzgerald. 

j@®=*  “ Through  a narrow  portal,  a 
few  doors  north-east  of  Temple  Bar, 
over  which  a gilt  bird  proudly  struts, 
have  entered  many  generations  of  hun- 
gry Englishmen.  There  is  no  habitue, 
of  the ‘Cock’  Tavern  in  Fleet  Street 
who  has  not  at  some  period  or  another 
of  his  prandial  existence  been  informed 
of  the  extreme  antiquity  of  that  an- 
cient dining-place.”  Thornburg. 

Thence  by  water  to  the  Temple,  ami 
there  to  the  Cock  Alehouse,  and  drank, 
and  cat  a lobster,  and  sang,  and  mightily 
merry.  Pepys,  K6S. 

O plump  head- waiter  at  The  Cock , 

To  which  l must  r.sort, 

How  goes  the  time  ? ’f  is  five  o’clock. 
Go  fetch  a pint  of  port; 

But  let  it  not  be  such  as  that 
You  set  before  chance-comers. 

But  such  whose  father-grape  grew  fat 
On  Lusitanian  summers. 

Tennyson. 

2.  A well-known  public-lionse 
in  Threadneedle  Street,  London, 
taken  down  in  1841.  It  was  noted 
for  its  excellent  soups. 

3.  An  old  London  tavern  of 
unenviable  notoriety.  It  was 
situated  in  Bow  Street. 

4QP  The  Cock  has  been  a frequent 
designation  for  English  taverns,  which 
were  formerly  distinguished  by  the  de- 
vices of  their  signs. 

Cock  Lane.  A lane  in  London, 
well  known  from  its  association 
with  the  “ Cock-lane  Ghost.” 

The  public  were  too  strenuously  em- 
ployed with  their  own  follies,  to  be  assidu- 
ous in  estimating  mine;  s > that  many  of 
my  best  attempts  in  tlrs  way  have  fallen 
victims  to  the  transient  topics  of  the 
times,  the  Ghost  in  Cock  Lane , or  the 
sa  ge  of  Ticonderoga.  Goldsmith. 

Every  one  must  have  heard  of  the  Cock 
Lane  gh<>s%and  the  apparition  that  guards 
the  rega  ia  in  the  Tower,  which  has  fright- 
ened so  many  bold  sentinels  almost  out  of 
tlieir  wits.  Irving. 

The  shade  of  Denmark  fled  from  the  sun. 

An  i t lie  Cock-lane  ghost  from  t tie  barn- 
loft  cheer.  Whittier. 

Cockloft  Hall.  An  old  mansion  in 
the  vicinity  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  cele- 
brated by  Washington  Irving 
under  this  name  in  the  “ Salma- 
gundi ” papers. 


Cockpit,  or  Phoenix  Theatre.  A 
theatre  in  London,  altered  from 
a cockpit.  It  occupied  the  site 
of  Cockpit-alley,  now  Pitt  Place, 
opposite  the  Castle  Tavern,  St. 
Giies’s-in-the-Fields.  Knight  re- 
fers to  this  as  being  in  1583  one 
of  the  chief  London  theatres. 

Cocoa-Tree.  The  Tory  Chocolate- 
house  in  London,  of  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne,  was  converted  into 
the  Cocoa-Tree  Club,  it  is  thought 
before  1746,  at  which  time  the 
house  served  for  the  headquarters 
of  the  Jacobites  in  Parliament. 
Gibbon  and  Lord  Byron  were 
members  of  the  club. 

46g^  “ That  respectable  body,  of 
which  I have  the  honor  of  being  a 
member,  affords  every  evening  a sight 
truly  English.  Twenty  or  thirty,  per- 
haps, of  the  first  men  in  the  kingdom 
in  point  of  fashion  and  fortune,  supping 
at  little  tables  covered  with  a napkin, 
in  the  middle  of  a coffee-room,  upon 
a bit  of  cold  meat,  or  a sandwich,  and 
drinking  a glass  of  punch.” 

Gibbon  (1762). 

A Whig  will  no  more  go  to  the  Cocoa- 
Tree  or  Ozinda’s,  than  a Tory  will  be  seen 
at  the  Coffee-house,  St.  James's. 

Journey  through  England,  1714. 

Cocos  Castle.  A fine  ruined  fort- 
ress in  Castile,  Spain. 

4®=*  “ Its  tall  towers  and  clustering 
turrets  still  attest  its  former  magnifi- 
cence, and  point  to  a local  style  of  de- 
fensive architecture  differing  from  that 
of  any  other  part  of  Europe,  bwt  even 
more  picturesque  than  the  best  ex- 
amples of  either  France  or  England.” 
Fergus  son. 

Ccelian  Hill.  [Lat.  Mons  Ccriivs.] 
One  of  the  seven  hills  of  ancient 
Rome.  It  is  not  inhabited  at 
the  present  day,  except  by  some 
orders  of  monks. 

Ccenaculum.  An  ancient  build- 
ing in  Jerusalem,  known  for 
many  centuries  by  this  name, 
and  believed  to  be  the  building 
within  which,  in  an  upper  cham- 
ber (50  feet  by  80  feet),  Jesus  par- 
took of  the  last  supper  with  his 
disciples.  The  building,  which 
is  unquestionably  very  ancient,  is 
also  associated  by  believers  with 
other  incidents  in  the  life  of 
Christ  and  his  apostles. 


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112 


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Cold  Bath  Fields  Prison.  A jail 
in  London,  to  which  the  nick- 
name of  the  English  Bastille  was 
given,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  from  the  num- 
ber of  state  prisoners  confined  in 
it. 

“ As  he  went  through  Cold  Bulk  Fields  he 
saw 

A solitary  cell ; 

And  the  Devil  was  pleased,  for  it  gave 
him  a hint 

For  improving  his  prisons  in  hell.” 

Coleridge. 

Cold  Harbor.  A tavern  at  a coun- 
try cross-road  near  the  Chicka- 
liominy  River,  and  a few  miles 
from  Richmond,  Va  , where,  on 
the  od  of  June,  18(54,  a short  but 
very  sanguinary  battle  took 
place  between  the  Union  and 
Confederate  armies,  in  which  the 
former  are  said  to  have  lost  over 
113,000  men  in  half  an  hour.  There 
is  another  Cold  Harbor,  nearer 
the  Chickahominy,  which  con- 
sists of  a solitary  country  store. 

Coliseum.  The  most  celebrated 
relic  of  ancient  Rome,  now  a 
ruin.  It  was  begun  by  Vespasian 
in  A.D.  72,  and  continued  by  Ti- 
tus, by  whom  it  was  dedicated 
with  a great  display  of  magnifi- 
cence in  A D.  80.  Additions  were 
made  by  Domitian,  and  the  Coli- 
seum was  for  nearly  400  years 
the  scene  of  gladiatorial  combats. 
The  building  was  originally  called 
the  Flavian  Amphitheatre , in  hon- 
or of  its  founders;  and  the  first 
reference  to  the  name  Coliseum 
is  found  in  the  fragments  of  the 
Venerable  Bede,  who  records  the 
memorable  prophecy  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  pilgrims  : — 

“While  stands  the  Coliseum,  Rome 
shall  stand ; 

When  falls  the  Coliseum,  Rome  shall 
fall ; 

And  when  Rome  falls,  the  world.” 

Large  portions  of  the  amphithe- 
atre were  removed  after  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  and  were  used  as  ma- 
terial for  building  palaces  and 
other  structures;  and  the  build- 
ing suffered  much  spoliation  and 
desecration  until  it  was  conse- 
crated in  1750  by  Benedict  XIV., 
to  the  memory  of  the  Christian 


martyrs  who  had  been  sacrificed 
in  it.  The  popes  have  of  late 
endeavored  to  preserve  the  ruin 
from  further  destruction.  The 
name  Coliseum  is  probably  de- 
rived from  the  vast  size  of  the 
building,  though  some  have 
thought  that  it  was  so  called 
from  a colossal  statue  which 
stood  near  it.  See  Colosseum. 

JgtST*  “ As  it  now  stands,  the  Colos. 
seum  is  a striking  image  of  Rome  itself, 
decayed,  vacant,  serious,  yet  grand, 
half  gray  and  half  green,  exact  on  one 
side  and  fallen  on  the  other,  with  con- 
secrated ground  in  its  bosom,  inhabited 
by  a beadsman,  visited  by  every  cast, 
for  moralists,  antiquaries,  painters, 
architects,  devotees,  all  meet  here  to 
meditate,  to  examine,  to  draw,  to  meas- 
ure, and  to  pray.”  Forsyth. 

“ Under  all  aspects,  in  the  blaze 
of  noon,  at  sunset,  by  the  light  of  the 
moon  or  stars,  — the  Colosseum  stands 
alone  and  unapproached.  It  is  the 
monarch  of  ruins.  It  is  a great  tragedy 
in  stone,  and  it  softens  and  subdues 
the  mind  like  a drama  of  JEschylus  or 
Shakespeare.  It  is  a colossal  type  of 
those  struggles  of  humanity  against  an 
irresistible  destiny,  in  which  the  tragic 
poet  finds  the  elements  of  his  art.” 

G.  S.  Hillard. 

“Fast  tottering  to  its  fall,  but 
beautiful  even  in  decay,  we  beheld  the 
grandest  remains  of  antiquity  in  the 
world,  the  majestic  ruins  of  the  mighty 
Colosseum.  No  relic  of  former  great- 
ness, no  monument  of  human  power, 
no  memorial  of  ages  that  are  fled,  ever 
spoke  so  forcibly  to  the  heart,  or  awak- 
ened feelings  so  powerful  and  un- 
utterable. . . . What  solitude  and  de- 
sertion ! On  that  wide  arena,  so  often 
deep  in  blood,  were  now  only  to  be 
seen  the  symbols  and  the  worship  of  a 
religion  then  unknown,  but  which, 
even  in  its  most  corrupted  state,  had 
banished  from  the  earth  the  fiend-like 
sports  and  barbarous  sacrifices  that  dis- 
graced human  nature.”  Eaton. 

“ It  is  the  most  impressive,  the 
most  stately,  the  most  solemn,  grand, 
majestic,  mournful  sight  conceivable. 
Never,  in  its  bloodiest  prime,  can  the 
sight  of  the  gigantic  Coliseum,  full  and 
running  over  with  the  lustiest  life,  have 
moved  one  heart,  as  it  must  move  all 
who  look  upon  it  now,  a ruin,  — God  be 
thanked  : a ruin  ! ” Dickens. 

Arches  on  arches  ! as  it  were  that  Home, 
Collecting  the  chief  trophies  of  her  line. 
Would  build  up  all  her  triumphs  in  one 
dome. 

Her  Coliseum  stands.  Byron. 


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113 


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— Upon  such  a nipht 
I stood  within  the  Coliseum's  wall, 

Midst  the  chief  relics  of  almighty  Rome;' 
The  trees  which  grew  along  the  broken 
arches 

Waved  dark  in  the  blue  midnight,  and  the 
stars 

Shone  through  the  rents  of  ruin.  Byron. 

An  amphitheatre’s  amazing  height 
Here  tills  my  cj  e with  terror  and  del'pht, 
That  on  its  public  shows  unpeopled  Rome, 
And  litld  uncrowded  nations  in  its  womb. 

Addison 

2.  An  immense  wooden  build- 
ing erected  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in 
1872,  for  a Universal  Peace  Jubi- 
lee, and  taken  down  the  follow- 
ing year.  It  was  capable  of  ac- 
commodating 50,000  persons.  The 
musical  entertainment  consisted 
of  American  and  foreign  bands, 
with  an  orchestra  of  2,000  musi- 
cians and  a chorus  of  some  20,000 
voices.  The  “Jubilee”  lasted 
three  weeks. 

If  there  were  a building  on  it  [the 
moon]  as  big  as  York  Minster,  as  big  as 
the  Boston  Coliseum , the  great  telescopes 
like  Lord  Rossc’s  would  make  it  out. 

Holmes. 

College  de  France.  [College  of 
France.]  A large  building  in 
Paris,  where  gratuitous  lectures 
on  subjects  connected  with  the 
higher  departments  of  science 
and  literature  are  delivered  by 
various  professors  selected  from 
among  the  most  eminent  men  of 
France. 

College  Louis  - le  - Grand.  See 
Loo  is-le-G  rand. 

College  of  Arms.  See  Heralds’ 
College. 

College  of  Cardinals.  See  Sacred 
College. 

College  of  Heralds.  See  Heralds’ 
College. 

College  of  Physicians.  The  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London, 
was  founded  by  Li  nacre,  physi- 
cian to  Henry  VIII.  The  pres- 
ent building  in  Pall  Mall  East, 
corner  of  Trafalgar  Square,  was 
opened  in  1825. 

College  of  Surgeons.  The  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  London,  was 
incorporated  by  royal  charter  in 
1800.  The  building  (containing 
the  Museum)  of  the  College,  in 


Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields,  was  first 
erected  in  1800,  and  rebuilt  by 
Barry  in  1835-37. 

Collegio  di  Propaganda  Fede. 

See  Propaganda. 

Collegio  Romano.  [Roman  Col- 
lege.] A college  in  Rome,  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  Jes- 
uits, built  in  1582  for  Gregory 
XIII  , and  containing,  besides  a 
valuable  library,  the  Kireherian 
Museum,  in  which  is  an  interest- 
ing collection  of  antiquities. 

Cologne  Cathedral.  This  superb 
edifice  at  Cologne,  in  Rhenish 
Prussia,  holds  the  first  rank 
among  German  cathedrals,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
buildings  in  the  world.  It  was, 
according  to  the  common  belief, 
begun  in  1248,  and  progressed 
slowly  till  the  sixteenth  century, 
when  work  upon  it  was  for  a time 
abandoned.  It  fell  more  and 
more  into  decay  until  Frederick 
William  IV.  began  its  restoration. 
It  was  consecrated  six  hundred 
years  after  its  foundation.  Work 
upon  this  edifice  has  been  vigor- 
ously prosecuted  within  the  last 
few  years,  and  it  is  now  substan- 
tially completed. 

“ Externally,  its  double  range 
of  stupendous  flying  buttresses,  and 
intervening  piers,  bristling  with  a for- 
est of  purpled  pinnacles,  strike  the 
beholder  with  awe  and  astonishment. 
If  completed,  this  would  be  at  once  the 
most  regular  and  most  stupendous 
Gothic  monument  existing.”  Hope. 

“ The  great  typical  cathedral  of 
Germany,  certainly  one  of  the  noblest 
temples  ever  erected  by  man  in  honor 
of  his  Creator  . . . Generally  speaking, 
it  is  assumed  that  the  building  we  now 
see  is  that  commenced  by  Conrad  de 
Hochsteden  in  1248 ; but  more  recent 
researches  have  proved  that  what  he 
did  was  to  rebuild  or  restore  the  old 
double-apse  cathedral  of  earlier  date. 
...  It  seems  that  the  present  building 
was  begun  about  the  year  1270-1275, 
and  that  the  choir  was  completed  in  all 
essentials  as  we  now  find  it  by  the  year 
1322.  Had  the  nave  been  completed  at 
the  same  rate  of  progress,  it  would 
have  shown  a wide  deviation  of  style, 
and  the  western  front,  instead  of  being 
erected  according  to  the  beautiful  de- 
sign preserved  to  us,  would  have  been 


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114 


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covered  with  stump  tracery,  and  other 
vagaries  of  the  late  German  school, 
all  of  which  are  even  now  observable 
in  the  part  of  the  north-west  tower  ac- 
tually erected.  ...  In  dimensions  it  is 
the  largest  cathedral  of  Northern  Eu- 
rope; its  extreme  length  being  468,  its 
extreme  breadth  275,  and  its  superficies 
91,464  feet,  which  is  20,000  feet  more 
than  are  covered  by  Amiens  . . . The 
noblest  as  well  as  the  most  original 
part  of  the  design  of  this  cathedral  is 
the  western  facade.  This  front,  con- 
sidered as  an  independent  feature, 
without  reference  to  its  position,  is  a 
very  grand  conception.  . . . We  see  in 
Cologne  the  finest  specimen  of  masonry 
attempted  in  the  Middle  Ages;  and, 
notwithstanding  its  defects,  we  may 
hope  to  see  in  the  completed  design  a 
really  beautiful  and  noble  building, 
worthy  of  its  builders  and  of  the  reli- 
gion to  which  it  is  dedicated.” 

Fergusson. 

Cathedral  of  Cologne  ! 

Memorial  (-f  eld, 

When  German  art  excelled, 

Long  grown  with  age  so  gray. 
Unfinished  till  this  day. 

Cathedral  of  Cologne  ! 

Friedrich  Rucker t,  Trans. 

Cologne,  Shrine  of  the  Three 
Kings  of.  See  Shrine,  etc. 

Colombine,  La.  A picture  in  the 
Hermitage  at  St.  Petersburg, 
thought  by  some  to  be  a repre- 
sentation of  Mona  Lisa,  whose 
portrait,  known  as  La  Belle  Jo - 
conde , by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  is 
in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  It  is  as- 
cribed by  some  to  Solario,  by 
others  to  Bernardo  Luini  (1460- 
1530?).  See  Belle  Joconde. 

Colonna  della  Vergine.  [Column 
of  the  Virgin  ] A fine  column 
of  the  Corinthian  order  of  archi- 
tecture, formerly  belonging  to 
the  Basilica  of  Constantine,  now 
standing  in  the  Piazza  di  Sta. 
Maria  Maggiore,  in  Home. 

Colonna  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Colonna.]  A palace  in  Rome  be- 
longing to  the  Colonna  family, 
containing  a fine  picture-gallery, 
with  many  art  treasures. 

40^  “ The  immense  length  and  beau- 
tiful proportions  of  this  building,  the 
noble  Corinthian  columns  and  pilasters 
of  giallo  antic o marble  that  support  it, 
the  splendor  of  its  painted  roof,  and 
the  lustre  of  its  marble  pavement,  de- 
light the  eye  with  the  rare  union  of 
magnificence  and  taste,  and  well  ac- 


cord with  the  ancient  greatness  of  the 
‘ Gloriosa  Colonna.5”  Eaton. 

We  will 

Convey  her  unto  the  Colonna  Palace , 
Where  I have  pitched  my  banner. 

Byron. 

Colonna.  See  Capella  della  Co- 
lonna Santa,  Piazza  Colonna, 
and  Trajan’s  Column. 

Colonne  de  J oux.  A marble  pil- 
lar, thought  to  be  of  Celtic  origin, 
on  the  Pass  of  the  Little  St.  Ber- 
nard, Switzerland. 

Colonne  de  Juillet.  [Column  of 
July.]  A famous  monument  of 
bronze  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
Bastille,  in  the  square  of  that 
name  in  Paris,  France.  It  is  154 
feet  in  height,  and  was  reared  by 
Louis  Philippe,  July  28,  1831,  in 
honor  of  those  who  fell  in  the 
Revolution  of  1830.  Napoleon’s 
purpose  had  been  to  rear  a colos- 
sal elephant  on  this  spot,  and  a 
model  plaster-cast  of  the  same 
might  be  seen  even  so  late  as 
1846  at  the  entrance  of  the  Fau- 
burg  St.  Antoine.  After  the  July 
revolution  a resolution  was  adopt- 
ed to  supersede  the  elephant; 
and  the  column,  the  first  stone  of 
which  had  been  laid  by  Louis 
Philippe,  was  inaugurated  on  the 
28th  of  July,  1840.  The  bassi- 
rilievi  of  the  July  column  are 
by  Barye;  the  Genius  of  Liberty 
by  Duret.  The  names  of  615  of 
the  combatants  of  July,  1830,  are 
recorded  upon  the  column;  and 
in  the  vault  beneath  their  ashes 
rest,  together  with  those  of  com- 
batants who  fell  in  the  insurrec- 
tion of  February,  1848. 

O July ! 

A tall  and  stately  shaft,  with  classic  scrolls 
Wrought  on  its  antique  capital,  where 
stands, 

Poised  airily  a-tiptoe  on  one  foot, 

That  scarcely  presses  on  the  golden  globe, 
A mighty-winged  divinity  ! 

George  Gordon  McCrae. 

Colonne  de  la  Grande  Armee. 

[Column  of  the  Grand  Army.]  A 
monument  to  Napoleon  I.,  erect- 
ed at  Boulogne,  France,  by  the 
soldiers  of  the  Grand  Army.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  by  Marshal 
Soult  in  18Q4.  It  is  a marble  pil- 
lar 165  feet  in  height,  crowned  by 
a statue  of  the  Emperor. 


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115 


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Oolonne  Vendome.  [Column  of 
Vendome.]  A celebrated  'monu- 
mental pillar  in  the  Place  Ven- 
dome, Paris.  It  was  erected  by 
Napoleon  I.  in  1805,  to  supersede 
a statue  of  Louis  XIV.  by  Girar- 
don,  which  was  pulled  down  in 
1792.  The  column  is  the  work  of 
the  architects  Denon,  Gondouin, 
and  Lepere;  and  the  work  was 
inaugurated  on  the  15th  of  Au- 
gust, 1810.  It  is  of  stone,  and  is 
118  feet  in  height,  including  the 
pedestal.  The  shaft  is  cased  with 
bronze  from  captured  cannon,  in 
the  form  of  a spiral  riband,  890 
feet  in  length,  on  which  is  repre- 
sented, in  a series  of  bas-reliefs 
by  Bergeret,  the  contests  and  .vic- 
tories of  the  French  during  Napo- 
leon’s campaigns  of  1805.  It  was 
surmounted  by  a statue  of  Napo- 
leon. In  1871,  the  column  and 
statue  were  both  pulled  down  by 
the  Commune.  A few  days  later 
the  republic  of  M.  Thiers  resolved 
to  put  it  in  repair  and  replace  it. 

Colorado,  Chasm  of  the.  See 
Chasm  of  the  Colorado. 

Colosseum,  The.  1.  A large  domed 
building  in  London,  so  named 
from  its  colossal  size,  and  not 
from  any  resemblance  to  the 
Coliseum  at  Rome.  It  was  built 
for  the  exhibition  of  panoramic 
views,  and  other  curiosities.  See 
Coliseum. 

4®=-  “The  most  varied  show  in  the 
world,  the  Colosseum  in  the  Regent’s 
Park,  is  such  an  aggregation  of  won- 
ders, that  the  visitor  must  have  very 
small  compassion  not  to  be  sorry  for 
everybody  who  has  not  been  there.  . . 
If  one  were  conjured  bodily  for  five 
minutes  to  the  ruins  of  Athens,  the 
next  five  minutes  left  lounging  in  a 
Moorish  palace,  then  dropped  into 
Switzerland,  then  held  in  an  angel’s 
lap  high  over  London,  — winding  up 
with  a wilderness  of  galleries,  aviaries, 
conservatories,  statuary,  and  grottos, 
— it  would  probably  be  not  a bit  more 
astonishing  than  a visit  to  the  Colos- 
seum. The  Swiss  valley  (which  has  a 
real  waterfall,  40  feet  high,  and  a real 
lake)  is  a complete  illusion.  And 
there  is  another  illusion  quite  as  com- 
plete, — a view  down  upon  London  by 
night  with  all  the  streets  illuminated,  the 
shop-windows  glittering,  the  markets 
crowded,  and  the  moon  shining  over 
all.  ...  It  is  next  to  impossible  that 


any  person  can  lean  over  the  balus- 
trade for  five  minutes,  and  mark  the 
fleecy  clouds  sailing  steadily  along, 
lighted  as  they  come  within  the  influ- 
ence of  the  halo-encircled  moon  which 
has  just  emerged  from  the  smoke  of  the 
great  city,  and  then  fading  from  sight, 
or  occasionally  obscuring  the  stars  that 
twinkle  here  and  there  in  the  appar- 
ently illimitable  space,  — it  is  next  to 
impossible  th«,t  they  can,  after  such 
contemplation,  recall  themselves  imme- 
diately to  the  conviction  that  the  scene 
before  them  is  but  an  illusion.” 

n.  p.  mins. 

2.  An  immense  iron  building 
in  New  York,  designed  for  pano- 
ramic exhibitions. 

Colossus,  Borromean.  See  Carlo 
Borromeo. 

Colossus  of  Rhodes.  One  of  the 
seven  “ wonders  of  the  world,” 
built,  according  to  Pliny  and 
Strabo,  by  Chares,  a native  of 
Lindos,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
third  century  B.  C.,  and  over- 
thrown by  an  earthquake  fifty- 
six  years  after  its  erection.  This 
famous  statue  of  Apollo  is  tradi- 
tionally supposed  to  have  been 
placed  at  the  entrance  to  the  har- 
bor of  Rhodes,  where  it  served 
the  purpose  of  a light-house,  or 
pharos;  and  to  have  been  of  such 
immense  size  that  ships  under 
full  sail  passed  between  its  legs, 
which  were  separated  in  a strad- 
dling attitude.  But  the  traditions 
of  its  use  as  a light-house,  and  of 
the  ungraceful  posture  of  the  legs, 
are  not  verified  by  the  ancient 
authors,  and  may  be  regarded  as 
fables  of  comparatively  modern 
growth.  According  to  Strabo 
and  Pliny,  the  brazen  statue  of 
Helios  — known  popularly  as  the 
Colossus  — was  seventy  cubits  in 
height : its  thumb  was  so  large 
that  but  few  men  could  embrace 
it  with  their  arms.  Pliny  says 
that  it  cost  300  talents ; and  the 
Saracens,  who  captured  Rhodes 
in  072,  are  said  to  have  sold  the 
brass  of  which  it  was  composed 
to  a Jewish  merchant  for  £36,000. 
The  antique  Rhodian  will  likewise  set 
forth 

The  great  Colosse,  erect  to  memorie; 

And  what  else  in  the  world  is  of  like 
worth, 

Some  greater  learned  wit  will  magnify. 

Spenser 


COL 


116 


COM 


Colossus  of  the  Apennines.  A 

gigantic  statue  by  John  of  Bo- 
logna (1524-1(108),  at  Pratolino,  a 
little  place  among  the  Apennines. 

4®=*  “ This  remarkable  figure  im- 
presses one  like  a relic  of  the  Titans. 
He  is  represented  as  half-kneeling,  sup- 
porting himself  with  one  hand,  while 
the  other  is  pressed  upon  the  head  of 
a dolphin,  from  which  a little  stream 
falls  into  the  lake.  The  height  of  the 
figure  when  erect  would  amount  to 
more  than  sixty  feet.  The  limbs  are 
formed  of  pieces  of  stone  joined  to- 
gether, and  the  body  of  stone  and  brick. 
His  rough  hair  and  eyebrows,  and  the 
beard  which  reached  nearly  to  the 
ground,  are  formed  of  stalactites, 
taken  from  caves  and  fastened  together 
in  a dripping  and  crusted  mass.  These 
hungalso  from  his  limbs  and  body,  and 
gave  him  the  appearance  of  Winter  in 
his  mail  of  icicles.  ...  We  entered 
his  body,  which  contains  a small-sized 
room  : it  was  even  possible  to  ascend 
through  his  neck,  and  look  out  at  his 
ear.  The  face  is  stern  and  grand,  and 
the  architect  has  given  to  it  the  majes- 
tic air  and  sublimity  of  the  Apen- 
nines.” Bayard  Taylor. 

Columba,  Church  and  Abbey  of. 

A famous  religious  and  monastic 
establishment  at  Bobbio,  Italy, 
founded  by  St.  Columba  in  the 
early  part  of  the  seventh  century. 
It  became  a celebrated  seat  of 
learning  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Coiumba’s  Isle.  A name  some- 
times given  to  the  island  Iona, 
near  Scotland,  from  the  fact  that 
here  St.  Columba  founded  a mon- 
astery and  introduced  Christiani- 
ty into  Scotland.  It  was  formerly 
the  favorite  royal  cemetery.  Mac- 
beth was  probably  the  last  Scotch 
monarch  buried  here.  The  island 
contains  many  ecclesiastical  ruins 
and  antiquities,  of  which  St. 
Oran’s  Chapel  is  the  finest. 

Columbia,  The.  A noted  frigate 
of  the  United  States  Navy,  in 
service  in  the  war  of  1812.  She 
was  built  at  Washington. 

Columbus  at  the  Council  of  Sal- 
amanca. An  historical  picture  by 
Emmanuel  Leutze  (181(3—1868).  In 
the  Gallery  at  Diisseldorf  in  Rhe- 
nish Prussia. 

Columbus.  See  Fort  Columbus 
and  Landing  of  Columbus. 


Column  of  July.  See  Colon  NTs  de 
J uillet. 

Column  of  M.  Aurelius  Anto- 
ninus. See  Antonine  Column. 

Column  of  Phocas.  Se^:  Phocas, 
Column  of. 

Column  of  Trajan.  See  Trajan’s 
Column. 

Column  of  the  Flagellation.  A 
broken  shaft  of  porphyry  in  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at 
Jerusalem.  It  is  traditionally 
identified  with  the  pillar  to  which 
Jesus  was  bound  when  he  was  de- 
livered by  Pilate  to  be  scourged. 

Column  of  Vendome.  See  Co- 

lonne  Vendome. 

Combat,  Barriere  du.  See  Bar- 
riers du  Combat. 

Comedie  Francaise.  The  former 
name  of  the  Theatre  Franyais, 
and  one  which  is  still  sometimes 
given  to  it.  See  Theatre  Fran- 

CAIS. 

La  Comedie- Fr an Qaise  a des  retours  in- 
attendus  de  faveur  et  de  vogue. 

Ste.-Beuve. 

Coming  through  the  Rye.  A pic- 
ture by  George  H.  Boughton,  the 
landscape  and  genre  painter. 

Common,  The.  A well-known 
and  beautiful  public  park  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.  It  comprises  about 
48  acres. 

4®=*  “ The  Common  is  now,  as  under 
the  government  of  John  Winthrop,  the 
common  land  of  the  inhabitants  of  Bos- 
ton. Its  original  purpose  was  for  pas- 
turage and  military  parade.  From  the 
earliest  times,  until  after  Boston  be- 
came a city,  the  tinkling  of  bells  and 
lowing  of  cattle  might  be  heard  across 
its  hills  and  dales.  . . . No  other  city 
of  America  has  fifty  acres  of  green  turf 
and  noble  forest  trees  in  its  very  midst. 
Its  central  position  renders  it  accessi- 
ble from  every  quarter  of  the  town ; 
and  although  it  is  not  dignified  with 
the  name  of  a park,  it  is  at  once  the 
glory  and  beauty  of  the  ancient  penin- 
sula.” Drake. 

4®=*  “ On  the  south  there  is  a small 
but  pleasant  Common,  where  the  Gal- 
lants a little  before  sunset  walk  with 
their  Marmalet-Madams , ns  we  do  in 
Moorfields,  etc.,  till  the  nine  o’clock 
Bell  rings  them  home  to  their  respec- 
tive habitations,  when  presently  the 


COM 


117 


CON 


Constables  walk  their  rounds  to  see 
good  order  kept,  and  to  take  up  loose 
people.”  John  Josselyn , 1675'. 

Commons,  House  of.  See  House 
of  Commons. 

Commonwealth  Avenue.  A fine 
street  in  Boston,  Mass.,  the  widest 
in  the  city,  and  lined  with  elegant 
buildings. 

Communion  of  St.  Francis.  A 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640),  and  regarded  as  one 
of  his  finest  works.  It  is  now  in 
the  Antwerp  Museum. 

Communion  of  St.  Jerome.  1.  A 

celebrated  painting  in  the  Vati- 
can at  Rome,  the  masterpiece  of 
Domenico  Zampieri,  surnamed 
Domenichino  (1581-1641),  and  re- 
garded by  many  as  one  of  the 
three  greatest  pictures  in  the 
world,  which  honor  it  shares  with 
the  Transfiguration  and  the  Sis- 
tine  Madonna  of  Raphael.  It 
was  originally  designed  for  the 
church  of  Ara  Cceli,  Rome. 

J gQT*  “ The  last  communion  of  St. 
Jerome  is  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  pictures  in  the  world, 
— the  St.  Jerome  of  Domenichino, 
which  has  been  thought  worthy  of 
being  placed  opposite  to  the  Trans- 
figuration of  Raphael  in  the  Vatican.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

2.  A picture  by  Agostino  Car- 
acci  (1558-1602).  In  the  gallery 
of  Bologna,  Italy. 

Communion  of  the  Apostles.  An 
altar-piece,  executed  for  the 
brotherhood  of  Corpus  Cliristi, 
by  Justus  of  Ghent,  a Flemish 
painter,  and  now  in  the  town 
gallery  of  Urbino,  Italy. 

Compagnie,  La  Court  de  bone. 

See  Court  de  bone  Compagnie. 

Compass  Hill.  The  name  given 
to  a hill  in  the  island  of  Canna, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  from  the  re- 
markable variation  in  the  com- 
pass experienced  by  the  vessels 
which  pass  it. 

Compostella,  Shrine  at.  See 
Shrine  of  St.  James. 

Comstock  Lode.  A famous  mine 
of  silver-and-gold-bearing  quartz, 
situated  under  Virginia  City  and 


Gold  Hill,  Nev.  It  is  said  to  be 
the  most  profitable  mining  de- 
posit in  the  world.  It  has  depths 
of  1,000  feet,  and  there  are  morA 
miles  of  streets  underground  than 
in  the  city  above.  The  ledge  or 
lode  was  discovered  in  1850.  It 
is  reported  to  have  yielded  at 
times  over  $10,000,000  of  silver  in 
a year. 

Conception.  See  Great  Concep- 
tion of  Seville  and  Immacu- 
late Conception. 

Concert  Champetre.  A picture 
by  Giorgio  Barbarelli,  commonly 
called  Giorgione  (1477-1511).  In 
the  tribune  of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
There  is  a similar  picture  in  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Conciergerie,  La.  The  ancient 
prison  of  the  Palais  de  Justice, 
Paris.  During  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror the  prisoners  were  confined 
here  before  being  sent  to  the  guil- 
lotine. 288  prisoners  were  killed 
here  by  the  mob  in  September, 
1792.  It  was  from  here  that  the 
fatal  carts  took  their  daily  loads 
( fournees , batches)  to  the  guillo- 
tine. Here  Marie  Antoinette  was 
confined  from  Aug.  1,  1793,  until 
her  execution,  Oct.  26.  Here 
Malesherbes,  Bailly,  Madame  Ro- 
land, Danton,  and  also  Robes- 
pierre and  17  followers,  were 
confined  before  being  taken  to 
execution.  Napoleon  III.  was 
imprisoned  here  after  the  failure 
of  the  attempt  on  Boulogne.  The 
prison  is  now  used  for  the  tem- 
porary confinement  of  criminals. 

Concorde,  Place  dela.  See  Place 
de  la  Concorde. 

Conduit  House.  See  White  Con- 
duit House. 

Confiance,  La.  The  flag-ship  of 
Commodore  Downie,  the  com- 
mander of  the  British  fleet,  in 
the  naval  battle  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain in  September,  1814.  She 
surrendered  to  the  American  flag- 
ship Saratoga,  commanded  by 
Commodore  Macdonough. 

Confusion  of  Tongues.  A picture 
by  Wilhelm  Kaulbach  (b.  18U5). 
In  Berlin,  Prussia. 


CON 


118 


CON 


Congress,  The.  1.  The  flag-ship 
of  the  American  fleet  on  Lake 
Champlain  in  1770.  After  a des- 
perate engagement,  the  Congress, 
which  had  fought  four  hours  sur- 
rounded by  the  enemy’s  ships, 
was  run  ashore  and  blown  up  by 
her  commander. 

2.  A vessel  of  the  United  States 
Navy  destroyed  by  the  Confeder- 
ate ram  Merrimack,  in  Hampton 
Roads,  March  8,  1862. 

Congress.  See  Munster  Con- 
gress. 

Congress  Park.  A low  ridge 
around  the  Congress  and  Colum- 
bian Springs  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.Y.  It  is  a pleasant  ground, 
opposite  the  principal  hotels,  well 
laid  out,  and  beautified  with  fine 
elms. 

Congressional  Cemetery.  A beau- 
tifully situated  burial-ground  in 
Washington,  containing  monu- 
ments to  those  members  of  Con- 
gress who  have  died  while  in 
office. 

Congressional  Library.  A collec- 
tion of  books  intended  primarily 
for  the  use  of  members  of  Con- 
gress, and  kept  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington.  It  is  now  the  lar- 
gest library  in  the, United  States. 
The  library  was  founded  by  Con- 
gress in  1800.  In  1811  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  British.  It  under- 
went  a partial  loss  by  fire  in  1851, 
when  35, 000  volumes  were  burned, 
since  which  time  it  has  rapidly 
increased  in  size. 

Conisborough  Castle.  An  ancient 
Norman  castle,  supposed  to  have 
been  built  within  the  first  cen- 
tury after  the  conquest  of  Eng- 
land. The  most  remarkable  part 
of  it  is  a grand  tower  strength- 
ened by  six  massive  buttresses, 
which  is  made  the  scene  of  one 
of  the  chapters  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  of  “ Ivanhoe.” 

Connoisseurs,  The.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1803-1873),  the  most  celebrated 
modern  painter  of  animals.  It 
was  painted  in  1865,  and  present- 
ed by  the  artist  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  its  present  owner. 


4@=-  “ The  man  behind  his  work  was 
seen  through  it, — sensitive,  variously- 
gifted,  manly,  genial,  tender-hearted, 
simple  and  unaffected;  and,  if  any  one 
wishes  to  see  at  a glance  nearly  all  we 
have  written,  let  him  look  at  his  own 
portrait  painted  by  himself  with  a ca- 
nine connoisseur  on  each  side.” 

Monkhouse. 

Consecration  of  Thomas  a Beck- 
et.  A picture  attributed  to  Jan 
Van  Eyck  (1370-1441).  It  is  now 
in  the  collection  of  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  at  Chats  worth,  Eng- 
land. 

Conseil  Paternal.  [Paternal  Ad- 
vice.] A celebrated  picture  by 
Gerard  Terburg  (1608-1681),  the 
Dutch  (/eftre-painter.  It  is  now 
in  the  Amsterdam  Gallery. 
There  are  replicas  of  this  picture 
in  the  Museum  at  Berlin,  and  in 
the  Bridgewater  Gallery. 

Conservative  Club.  A Tory  club 
in  London,  founded  in  1840.  The 
club-house,  opened  in  1845,  is  in 
St.  James’s  Street,  partly  upon 
the  site  of  the  old  Thatched 
House  Tavern. 

“ This  is  the  second  Club  of  the 
Conservative  party;  and  many  of  its 
chiefs  are  honorary  members,  but  rare- 
ly enter  it : Sir  Robert  Peel  is  said 
never  to  have  entered  this  Club-house 
except  to  view  the  interior.  Other 
leaders  have,  however,  availed  them- 
selves of  the  Club  influences  to  recruit 
their  ranks  from  its  working  strength. 
This  has  been  political  ground  for  a 
century  and  a half;  for  here,  at  the 
Thatched  House  Tavern,  Swift  met  his 
political  Clubs,  and  dined  with  Tory 
magnates;  but  with  fewer  appliances 
than  in  the  present  day : in  Swift’s 
time  ‘ the  wine  being  always  brought 
by  him  that  is  president.’  ” Timbs. 

Was  it  never  thy  hard  fortune,  good 
Reader,  to  attend  any  Meeting  convened 
for  Public  purposes;  any  Bible  Society, 
Reform,  Conservative,  Thatched-Tavern, 
Hogg-Dinner,  or  other  such  Meetin.'  ? 

Carlyle. 

Conservators,  Palace  of  the.  See 
Piazza  del  Campidoglio. 

Consolator.  See#  Christus  Con- 

SOLATOR. 

Consolidated  Virginia.  One  of 
the  richest  silver-mines  in  Ameri- 
ca, situated  at  Virginia  City,  Nev. 
It  is  said  to  have  at  times  yielded 
$10,000,000  of  silver  in  a year. 
Also  known  as  the  Big  Bonanza 


CON 


119 


CON 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  A pic- 
ture by  Salvator  Rosa  (1615-1673), 
one  of  the  best  of  bis  works.  In 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Constant- Warwick,  The.  The 
first  frigate  in  the  British  navy. 
She  was  built  in  1649. 

Constantine.  See  Arch  of  Con- 
stantine and  Victory  of  Con- 
stantine. 

Constantine  and  Maxentius.  See 
Battle  between  Constantine 
and  Maxentius. 

Constantino,  Sala  di.  See  Sala 
di  Constantino. 

Constellation,  The.  A noted  ves- 
sel of  the  United  States  navy, 
built  in  1798.  She  was  the  flag- 
ship of  Commodore  Truxtun,  and 
was  sent  in  pursuit  of  French 
cruisers.  In  1799  she  captured 
the  famous  French  frigate  Insitr- 
g ente , 40  guns,  — a victory  which 
caused  great  exultation  through- 
out the  United  States.  The  Lon- 
don merchants  sent  Truxtun  a 
service  of  silver  plate,  and  the 
papers  were  filled  with  his 
praises. 

We  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  in  order  to 
annoy 

The  invaders  of  our  commerce,  to  burn, 
sink,  or  destroy ; 

Our  Constellation  shone  so  bright, 

The  Frenchmen  could  not  bear  the  sight, 
And  away  iliey  tampered  in  affright, 
From  the  brave  Yankee  boys. 

Old  Song. 

Constitution,  The.  A famous 
frigate  of  the  United  States  navy, 
launched  at  Boston  in  1797,  and 
noted  for  the  brilliant  service  she 
rendered  in  the  attack  upon  Tri- 
poli, in  1804,  and  for  the  part  she 
took  in  the  second  war  with 
Great  Britain.  On  the  19th  of 
August,  1812,  the  Guerriere  frig- 
ate was  captured  by  her;  and  on 
the  29tli  of  December,  in  the  same 
year,  the  frigate  Java  surrendered 
to  her.  The  well-known  poem 
entitled  “ Old  Ironsides,”  by  Oli- 
ver Wendell  Holmes  (b.  1809), 
which  begins : — 

“ Ay,  tear  her  tattered  ensign  down  ! ” 

was  printed  at  the  time  of  the 
proposal  to  break  up  the  frigate 
Constitution  as  being  no  longer 


fit  for  service  This  renowned 
frigate  now  lies  at  one  of  the 
piers  of  the  United  States  Navy 
Yard  in  Philadelphia.  She  has 
been  of  late  used  as  a school-ship. 

4®"  “ In  the  course  of  two  years 
and  nine  months  [July,  1812,  to  March, 
1815]  this  ship  had  been  in  three  ac- 
tions, had  been  twice  critically  chased, 
and  had  captured  five  vessels  of  war, 
two  of  which  were  frigates,  and  a third 
frigate-built.  In  all  her  service  . . . 
her  good  fortune  was  remarkable.  She 
never  was  dismasted,  never  got  ashore, 
and  scarcely  ever  suffered  any  of  the 
usual  accidents  of  the  sea.  Though  so 
often  in  battle,  no  very  serious  slaughter 
ever  took  place  on  board  her.  One  of 
her  commanders  was  wounded,  and  four 
of  her  lieutenants  had  been  killed,  two 
on  her  own  decks,  and  two  in  the  In- 
trepid ; but,  on  the  whole,  her  entire 
career  had  been  that  of  what  is  usually 
called  ‘ a lucky  ship.’  Her  fortune, 
however,  may  perhaps  be  explained  in 
the  simple  fact,  that  she  had  always 
been  well  commanded.  In  her  two  last 
cruises,  she  had  probably  possessed  as 
fine  a crew  as  ever  manned  a frigate. 
They  were  principally  from  New  Eng- 
land; and  it  has  been  said  of  them  that 
they  were  almost  qualified  to  fight  the 
ship  without  her  officers.” 

James  Fenimore  Cooper. 

In  the  year  1812,  when  your  arms  were 
covered  by  disaster.  — when  Winchester 
had  been  defeated,  when  the  army  of  the 
North-west  had  surrendered,  and  when 
the  feeling  of  despondency  hung  like  a 
cloud  over  the  land,  — who  first  relit  the 
fires  of  national  glory,  and  made  the  wel- 
kin ring  with  the  shouts  of  victory?  It 
was  the  American  sailor.  And  the  names 
of  Hull  and  the  Constitution  will  be  re- 
membered as  long  as  we  have  left  any 
thing  worth  remembering. 

R.  F.  Stockton . 

Old  Ironsides  at  anchor  lay 
In  the  harbor  of  Mahon; 

A dead  calm  rested  on  the  bay,— 

The  waves  to  sleep  had  gone; 

When  little  Hal,  the  captain’s  son, 

A lad  both  brave  and  good. 

In  sport,  up  shroud  and  rigging  ran, 
And  on  the  main  truck  stood  ! 

G.  P.  Morris. 

Constitution  Hill.  An  eminence 
bearing  this  name  in  London, 
near  Buckingham  Palace. 

Conti,  Torre  dei.  See  Torre  dei 
Conti. 

Convent.  For  names  beginning 
with  the  word  Convent,  see  the 
next  prominent  word  of  the  title; 
e.g.,  Convent  of  Monserrat, 
see  Monserrat. 


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Conversazione,  La.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Niccolo  dell’  Abbate, 
called  also  Niccolo  da  Modena 
(1512-1571).  In  the  Institute  of 
Bologna,  Italy. 

Conversazione.  See  Sacra  Con- 
versazione. 

Conversion  of  St.  Maurice  by 
Erasmus.  A picture  by  Matthew 
Grunewald  (d.  1530),  a German 
painter.  It  was  executed  for  a 
church  at  Halle,  but  is  now  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Conversion  of  St.  Paul.  A large 
fresco  painting  by  Michael  An- 
gelo (1475-1564).  In  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

Conversion  of  St.  Paul.  One  of 

the  famous  cartoons  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  from  which 
the  tapestries  in  the  Vatican  were 
executed. 

Cooper  Institute.  This  institu- 
tion in  New  York  City  was  so 
named  after  Peter  Cooper  (b. 
1791),  by  whom  it  was  founded 
and  endowed.  It  has  a large 
library  and  reading-room,  and 
occupies  a brown-stone  building 
which  covers  an  entire  square. 
The  Institute  was  designed  es- 
pecially for  the  benefit  of  the 
working  classes,  and  furnishes 
free  instruction  to  some  3,000 
pupils  annually. 

Coppet.  This  chateau,  near  Gene- 
va, formerly  belonged  to  Necker, 
the  banker  of  Paris,  afterwards 
minister  of  finance  to  Louis 
XVI.,  who  died  here  in  1804. 
His  daughter,  Madame  de  Stael, 
also  lived  here  many  years,  and 
her  desk,  and  portrait  by  David, 
are  exhibited  here.  She  and  her 
father  were  buried  in  a chapel 
near  the  castle  The  whole  now 
belongs  to  Madame  de  Stacks 
son-in-law,  the  Due  de  Broglie. 

Copp’s  Hill.  An  elevation  in  the 
north-east  part  of  Boston,  Mass. 
In  the  early  period  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  it  was  occupied  by 
a British  fort,  from  which  hot 
shot  were  thrown  into  Charles- 
town, at  the  battle  of  Bunker’s 
Hill,  setting  the  town  on  fire. 
An  ancient  burial-ground  on  the 


summit  of  the  hill,  containing 
the  graves  of  several  of  the  early 
Puritan  ministers,  is  reverentially 
preserved. 

Perhaps  you  sometimes  wander  in 
through  the  iron  gates  of  the  Copp's  Hill 
burial-ground.  You  love  to  stroll  round 
among  the  graves  that  crowd  each  other 
in  the  thickly  peopled  soil  of  that  breezy 
summit.  Holme's 

Corcoran  Gallery.  A fine  art- 
building in  Washington,  erected 
and  endowed  by  W.  W.  Corco- 
ran, a banker  of  Washington 
It  contains  a rich  collection  of 
bronzes,  casts,  and  statues,  and  a 
gallery  of  paintings. 

Cordonnata,  La.  [Ital.  Cordon! , 
steps.]  The  name  given  to  the 
imposing  staircase  which  leads 
by  an  easy  ascent  from  the  Piazza 
di  Ara  Coeli  to  the  Capitol,  in 
Rome.  It  was  opened  on  the 
occasion  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.  in  1536.  See 
Ara  Cos li. 

Cordouan,  Tour  de.  See  Tour  de 
Cordoitan. 

Cordova,  Mosque  of.  See  Mosque 
of  Cordova. 

Corfe  Castle.  An  ancient  and  cel- 
ebrated fortress,  formerly  one  of 
the  strongest  in  the  country,  on 
the  isle  of  Purbeck  in  the  county 
of  Dorset,  England.  It  is  now  in 
ruins. 

Cor-Gawr.  See  Dance  of  the 
Giants. 

Cork  Convent.  A curious  her- 
mitage, so  called,  near  Cintra  in 
Portugal,  situated  on  the  brow  of 
a precipice  nearly  3,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  lined 
with  cork  as  a protection  against 
the  moisture  that  prevails  there. 

Cornaro  Family.  A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576),  representing  a 
family-group  in  the  performance 
of  religious  functions.  It  was  in 
Northumberland  House,  London, 
previous  to  the  destruction  of 
that  mansion. 

Cornell  University.  An  institu- 
tion of  learning  in  Ithaca,  N.Y. 
It  was  founded  in  1865  by  Ezra 
Cornell. 


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121 


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Corinna  at  the  Cape  of  Miseno. 

A noted  picture  by  Francois 
Ge'rard  (1770-1836),  the  eminent 
French  painter. 

Cornfield,  The.  A picture  by 
John  Constable  (1776-1837).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Cornhill.  One  of  the  principal 
streets  of  London,  named  from  a 
corn-market  which  in  ancient 
times  was  there  held.  Chaucer 
speaks  of  a high  May-pole  which 
was  set  up  here,  as  the  “great 
shaft  of  Cornhill.”  Here  was 
also  the  Standard,  a conduit  set 
up  in  1582.  Thomas  Gray  (17 16— 
1771)  was  born  in  Cornhill. 

Cornice  Road.  A famous  coast- 
road  between  Nice  and  Genoa, 
.running  along  the  .shore  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  at  a consid- 
erable elevation.  It  derives  its 
name  from  its  situation  on  the 
cornice  or  edge  of  the  shore, 
and  is  noted  for  its  beautiful 
views. 

Upon  the  Cornice  Road  with  Italy  be- 
hind him  and  home  before  (such  home  as 
he  knows),  he  thinks  once  more  ot  those 
he  has  left.  D.  G.  Mitchell. 

Cornwallis’s  Cave.  An  excava- 
tion in  a bluff  at  Yorktown, 
Va.,  said  on  good  authority  to 
have  been  made  and  used  as  a 
council-chamber  by  Gen.  Corn- 
wallis during  the  siege  of  York- 
town. 

Cornwallis,  Surrender  of.  See 

SURRENDER  OF  CORN  WALLIS. 

Coronation  Chair.  There  are 
two  Coronation  Chairs,  so  called, 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  London. 
One,  the  older  of  the  two,  con- 
tains the  famous  Coronation 
Stone  (the  Prophetic  or  Fatal 
Stone  of  Scone),  and  is  the  chair 
in  which  all  the  kings  of  England 
from  the  time  of  Edward  I.  have 
been  crowned.  The  other  chair 
was  made  for  the  coronation  of 
Mary,  queen  of  William  III.  See 
Stone  of  Scone. 

Jggp*  “ The  chair  is  of  oak,  carved 
and  hacked  over  with  names,  and  on 
the  bottom  some  one  has  recorded  his 
name  with  the  fact  that  he  once  slept  in 
it.”  Bayard  Taylor. 


Methinks  T sate  in  seat  of  majesty 
In  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Westminster, 
And  in  that  Chair  where  kings  and  queens 
are  crowned.  Shakespeare. 

Coronation  Coach,  [or  Queen’s 
State  Coach.]  An  elaborate  and 
ornate  carriage  used  by  the  sove- 
reigns of  England  for  state  pur- 
poses on  occasion  of  coronations 
and  the  like.  The  cost  of  it  is 
said  to  have  been  £8,000.  It  is 
kept  at  the  Royal  Mews,  Pimlico, 
and  is  exhibited  on  application. 
See  Lord  Mayor’s  Coach. 

“ It  is  a beautiful  object  though 
crowded  with  improprieties.  Its  sup- 
ports are  Tritons,  not  Very  well  adapt- 
ed to  land  carriage;  and  formed  of 
palm-trees,  which  are  as  little  aquatic 
as  Tritons  are  terrestrial.  The  crowd 
to  see  it,  on  the  opening  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, was  greater  than  at  the  corona- 
tion, and  much  more  mischief  done.” 
Walpole. 

Coronation  of  Charlemagne.  See 

Charlemagne  crowned  by  Leo 
III. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  [Ital. 

Maria  Coronata  dal  divin  suo 
Fif/lio , Fr.  he  Couronnement  de  la 
Sainte  Vierge.]  A favorite  sub- 
ject of  representation  by  the 
great  painters  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
in  which  Christ  is  exhibited  in 
the  act  of  crowning  his  Mother. 
Of  the  numerous  compositions 
upon  this  subject,  the  following 
may  be  named  as  being  among 
the  more  celebrated. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Angelico  da  Fiesole 
(1387-1455),  the  Italian  painter. 
It  is  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

4QP  “ One  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
celebrated  of  the  pictures  of  Angelico 
da  Fiesole  is  the  ‘ Coronation,’  now  in 
the  Louvre.  Formerly  it  stood  over 
the  high  altar  of  the  Church  of  St. 
Dominic  at  Fiesole.  The  composition 
is  conceived  as  a grand  regal  ceremony, 
but  the  beings  who  figure  in  it  are 
touched  with  a truly  celestial  grace. 
The  spiritual  beauty  of  the  heads,  the 
delicate  tints  of  the  coloring,  an  ineffa- 
ble charm  of  brightness  and  repose  shed 
over  the  whole,  give  to  this  lovely  pic- 
ture an  effect  like  that  of  a church 
hymn  sung  at  some  high  festival.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
noted  picture  by  Fra  Angelico, 


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Giovanni  {da  Fiesole)  (1387-1455). 
In  the  Museum  of  St.  Mark, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Giovanni  da  Fiesole, 
called  Fra  Angelico  (1387-1455). 
In  the  Uffizi  Palace,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Fra  Filippo  Lippi 
(1412-1469).  In  the  Academy  at 
Florence,  Italy. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  undertaken  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In  the  Vati- 
can, Rome. 

“In  the  Vatican  is  the  Corona - 
tion  attributed  to  Raphael.  That  he 
designed  the  cartoon,  and  began  the 
altar-piece,  for  the  nuns  of  Monte-Luce, 
near  Perugia,  seems  beyond  all  doubt; 
but  it  is  equally  certain  that  the  pic- 
ture as  we  see  it  was  painted  almost 
entirely  by  his  pupils  Giulio  Romano 
and  Gian  Francesco  Penni.  . . . Thus 
in  highest  heaven,  yet  not  out  of  sight 
of  earth,  in  beatitude  past  utterance, 
in  blessed  fruition  of  all  that  faith 
creates  and  love  desires,  amid  angel 
hymns  and  starry  glories,  ends  the 
pictured  life  of  Mary,  Mother  of  our 
Lord.”  Mr?.  Jameson. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
cartoon  executed  for  one  of  the 
tapestries  of  the  Sistine  Chapel 
in  the  Vatican,  by  Raphael  San- 
zio (1483-1520).  Both  the  cartoon 
and  the  tapestry  have  disap- 
peared. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Annibale  Caracci 
(1560-1609).  Formerly  belonging 
to  Rogers  the  poet.  Now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

“ This  picture  show’s  how  deep- 
ly Annibale  Caracci  had  studied  Cor- 
reggio in  the  magical  chiaro-oscuro, 
and  the  lofty  but  somewhat  mannered 
grace  of  the  figures.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Coronation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  Now  at  Brussels, 
Belgium. 

Coronation  Stone.  See  Stone  of 
Scone. 

Corps  Legislatif.  See  Palais  du 
Corps  Legislatif. 

Corpus  Christi  College.  1.  A 
foundation  of  the  University  of 


Cambridge,  England.  Estab- 
lished in  1352. 

2.  One  of  the  colleges  of  the 
University  of  Oxford.  It  was 
founded  in  1516. 

Corsham  House.  A noble  mansion 
near  Chippenham,  England,  the 
seat  of  Lord  Methuen,  and  cele- 
brated for  its  choice  collection  of 
pictures. 

Corsini  Chapel.  [Ital.  Capella  Cor- 
sini.]  A chapel  in  the  church  of 
St.  John  Lateran,  in  Rome,  erect- 
ed in  1729,  in  honor  of  St.  Andrea 
Corsini.  It  is  very  richly  deco- 
rated, ranking  perhaps  next  to 
the  Borghese  Chapel  in  this  re- 
spect. 

Corsini  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Cor- 
sini.] 1.  A splendid  palace  in 
Rome,  built  for  the  Riario  family, 
and  changed  to  its  present  form 
by  Clement  XII.,  in  1729,  for  his 
nephew,  Cardinal  Corsini.  It 
was  the  resort  of  Michael  Angelo 
and  of  Erasmus,  among  others, 
and  was  the  residence  of  Chris- 
tina, Queen  of  Sweden,  who  died 
here  in  1689.  It  contains  a li- 
brary and  picture-gallery. 

2.  A palace  in  Florence,  Italy, 
containing  an  interesting  gallery 
of  pictures. 

Corso.  [The  Course.]  The  prin- 
cipal street  in  modern  Rome, 
about  a mile  in  length,  extending 
from  the  Porta  del  Popolo  to 
near  the  foot  of  the  Capitoline 
Hill.  It  is  the  great  thorough- 
fare of  the  city,  and  the  scene  of 
the  festivities  of  the  Carnival. 

jgSjp  “ The  reader  will  have  the  good- 
ness to  walk  with  me  into  the  Corso  at 
about  half-past  two  on  a carnival  day. 

. . . The  usually  commonplace  and 
unexpressive  fronts  of  the  houses  have 
suddenly  put  on  life  and  bloom  like 
that  which  a mass  of  multiflora  in  full 
flower  gives  to  a dead  wall.” 

G.  S.  Hillard. 

4^=*  “The  Corso  is  a street  a mile 
long;  a street  of  shops,  and  palaces, 
and  private  houses,  sometimes  opening 
into  a broad  piazza.  There  are  ver- 
andas and  balconies,  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  to  almost  every  house, — not  on 
one  story  alone,  but  often  to  one  room 
or  another  on  every  story,  — put  there 
in  general  with  so  little  order  or  regu- 
larity, that  if,  year  after  year,  and 


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season  after  season,  it  had  rained  bal- 
conies, hailed  balconies,  snowed  bal- 
conies, blown  balconies,  they  could 
scarcely  have  come  into  existence  in  a 
more  disorderly  manner.”  Dickens. 

Cortes,  Plaza  de  las.  See  Plaza 
DE  LAS  CORTES. 

Corykian  Cave.  A grotto  or  cav- 
ern in  Greece  about  300  feet  long, 
nearly  200  feet  wide,  and  about 
40  feet  in  height.  It  contains 
fine  stalactite  and  stalagmite  for- 
mations. In  this  cave  the  in- 
habitants sought  refuge  when 
the  Persians  marched  upon  Del- 
phi, and  in  the  Greek  revolution 
it  again  served  as  a retreat.  The 
inhabitants  say  that  this  cavern 
which  they  call  tapavr  'Av\ai,  the 
Forty  Courts,  will  hold  3,000 
people. 

Cosmo  I.  An  equestrian  statue  by 
Giovanni  da  Bologna,  called  ll 
Fiammingo  (1530-1008).  In  the 
Piazza  della  Signoria,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Costanza,  Strada  di.  See  Strada 
m Costanza. 

Cothele  House.  An  ancient  and 
beautiful  mansion,  belonging  to 
the  Earl  of  Edgecumbe,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  of  the  his- 
toric halls  of  England.  It  is  near 
Plymouth. 

Cotopaxi.  A well-known  picture 
by  Frederic  Edwin  Church  (b. 
1820),  the  American  landscape- 
painter. 

.J03P  “ In  this  picture  the  artist  rep- 
resents Cotopaxi  in  continuous  but  not 
violent  eruption  ; the  discharges  of  thick 
smoke  occur  in  successive  but  gradual 
jets,  and,  seen  at  a distance,  the  col- 
umn rises  slow  and  majestic.” 

Tuckerman. 

Cottage  City.  A name  by  which 
the  village  of  Oak  Bluffs  on 
Martha’s  Vineyard  is  often 
known.  It  was  laid  out  in  1868, 
and  contains  a large  number  of 
summer  cottages  and  seashore 
residences. 

Cottonian  Library.  A very  valu- 
able collection  of  ancient  char- 
ters, records,  and  other  MSS., 
gathered  by  Sir  Bobert  Bruce 
Cotton.  The  collection  was  pur- 
chased by  Parliament  in  1700, 


and  in  1757  it  was  transferred  to 
the  British  Museum,  of  which  it 
now  makes  a part. 

Count  Castiglione.  See  Casti- 
glione. 

Count  of  Toulouse,  Pilgrimage 
of  the.  A picture  by  Jan  (or 
Jannyn)  Gossart  (d.  1532),  the 
Flemish  painter.  It  is  now  i:i 
the  possession  of  Sir  John  Nol- 
thorpe  at  his  seat,  Scawby,  Lir- 
eolnshire,  England. 

Coup  de  Canon.  [The  Cannon- 
shot.]  A picture  by  Jan  Joseph 
Wynand  Nuyen  (1813-1839),  and 
one  of  his  best. 

Couriers  of  the  Pasha.  A picture 
by  Jean  Leon  Gerome  (b.  1824), 
the  French  painter. 

Course  de  Barberi.  A famous  pic- 
ture by  Emile- Jean-Horace  Ver- 
net  (1789-1863),  representing  the 
horses  setting  out  for  the  carni- 
val race,  in  the  Corso,  Borne. 

Course  of  Empire.  An  allegorical 
painting  by  Thomas  Cole  (1801- 
1848),  the  American  painter. 
Now  in  the  Gallery  of  the  New 
York  Historical  Society. 

Court  de  bone  Compagnie.  A 
society  in  England,  of  the  time 
of  Henry  IV.,  regarded  as  the 
earliest  instance  of  an  English 
“ Club,”  although  that  name  did 
not  come  into  use  until  a later 
period.  The  poet  Occleve  belong- 
ed to  this  society,  and  Chaucer 
was  probably  a member. 

f&gr  “This  society  of  four  centuries 
and  a half  since  was  evidently  a jovial 
company.”  Timbs . 

Court,  Inns  of.  See  Inns  of 
Court. 

Court  of  Lions.  A celebrated 
apartment  in  the  palace  of  the 
Alhambra,  in  Spain,  originally  a 
Moorish  cloister,  and  luxuriously 
adorned  with  Arabian  sculptures, 
mosaics,  and  paintings.  See  Al- 
hambra. 

4GgT  “ This  is  the  gem  of  Arabian 
art  in  Spain  — its  most  beautiful  and 
most  perfect  example.  It  has,  however, 
two  defects  which  take  it  entirely -out 
of  the  range  of  monumental-  art;  the 
first  is  its  size,  which  is  barely  that  of 
a modern  parish  church,  and  smaller 


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than  many  ball-rooms;  the  second,  its 
materials,  which  are  only  wood  cov- 
ered with  stucco.  In  this  respect  the 
Alhambra  forms  a perfect  contrast  to 
such  a building  as  the  Hall  at  Karnac, 
or  any  of  the  greater  monumental  edi- 
fices of  the  ancient  world.  But  in  fact 
no  comparison  is  applicable  between 
objects  totally  different.  Each  is  a 
true  representative  of  the  feeling  and 
character  of  the  people  by  whom  it 
was  raised.  The  Saracenic  plaster-hall 
would  be  totally  out  of  place  and  con- 
temptible beside  the  great  temple-palace 
of  Thebes;  while  the  granite  works  of 
Egypt  would  be  considered  monuments 
of  ill-directed  labor  if  placed  in  the 
palaces  of  the  gay  and  luxurious  Arab 
fatalist,  to  whom  the  present  was  every 
thing,  and  the  enjoyment  of  the  passing 
hour  all  in  all.”  Fergus  son. 

Court  of  the  Great  Mogul.  A 

most  elaborate  and  costly  trinket 
in  the  Green  Vault  at  Dresden, 
consisting  of  some  138  figures 
wrought  in  gold,  and  represent- 
ing the  Great  Mogul  upon  his 
throne  surrounded  by  his  court. 

Courtesan.  See  Young  Courte- 
san. 

Coussin  Vert.  See  Vierge  a 
l’Oreiller  Verd. 

Coutts’s  Bank.  An  establishment 
in  London  which  has  been  used 
by  the  royal  family  since  the 
time  of  Queen  Anne 

Covent  Garden.  A locality  in 
London,  lying  between  the 
Strand  and  Long  Acre,  and  which 
has  been  of  much  interest  and 
celebrity  for  centuries.  Accord- 
ing to  Strype,  it  was  so  named 
from  the  garden  belonging  to  the 
large  convent  where  Exeter 
House  formerly  stood.  It  was 
formerly  occupied  by  taverns  and 
coffee-houses,  which  were  much 
resorted  to  by  the  wits  and  liter- 
ary characters  of  the  time,  among 
whom  were  Addison,  Butler,  Sir 
Richard  Steele,  Drvden,  Otway, 
Pope,  Cibber,  Fielding,  War- 
burton,  Churchill,  Bolin gbroke, 
Dr.  Johnson,  Rich,  Woodward, 
Booth,  Garrick,  Wilkes,  Macklin, 
Peg  Woffington,  Kitty  Clive,  Mrs. 
Pritchard,  the  Duchess  of  Bolton, 
Lady  Derby,  Lady  Thurlow,  the 
Duchess  of  St.  Albans,  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller,  Sir  Peter  Lely,  Sir 


James  Thornhill,  Lambert,  Ho- 
garth, and  Samuel  Foote.  See 
also  Covent  Garden  Market 
and  Covent  Garden  Theatre. 

JW  “ The  convent  becomes  a play- 
house; monks  and  nuns  turn  actors 
and  actresses.  The  garden,  formal 
and  quiet,  where  a salad  was  cut  for  a 
lady  abbess,  and  flowers  were  gathered 
to  adorn  images,  becomes  a market, 
noisy  and  full  of  life,  distributing  thou- 
sands of  fruits  and  flowers  to  a vicious 
metropolis.”  Walter  Savage  Landor. 

i “Courtly  ideas  of  Covent  Gar- 
den as  a place  with  famous  coffee- 
houses, where  gentlemen  wearing  gold- 
laced  coats  and  swords  had  quarrelled 
and  fought  duels ; costly  ideas  of  Cov- 
ent Garden,  as  a place  where  there 
were  flowers  in  winter  at  guineas 
apiece,  pine-apples  at  guineas  a pound, 
peas  at  guineas  a pint;  picturesque 
ideas  of  Covent  Garden,  as  a place 
where  there  was  a mighty  theatre, 
showing  wonderful  and  beautiful  sights 
to  richly-dressed  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
and  which  was  forever  far  beyond  the 
reach  of  poor  Fanny,  or  poor  uncle; 
desolate  ideas  of  Co  vent  Garden,  as 
having  all  those  arches  in  it,  where  the 
miserable  children  in  rags,  among 
whom  she  had  just  now  passed,  like 
young  rats,  slunk  and  hid,  fed  on  offal, 
huddled  together  for  warmth,  and  were 
hunted,  about;  . . . teeming  ideas  of 
Covent  Garden,  as  a place  of  past  and 
present  mystery,  romance,  abundance, 
want,  beauty,  ugliness,  fair  country 
gardens,  and  foul  street  gutters,  ail 
confused  together,  — made  the  room 
dimmer  than  it  was,  in  Little  Dorrit’s 
eyes,  as  they  timidly  saw  it  from  the 
door.”  Dickens. 

Where  Covent  Garden's  famous  temple 
stands. 

That  boasts  the  work  of  Jones'  immortal 
bands, 

Columns  with  plain  magnificence  appear, 
And  graceful  porches  lead  along  the 
square ; 

Here  oft  my  course  I bend,  when  lo  ! fiom 
far 

I spy  the  furies  of  the  football  war. 

Gay. 

All  the  town  was  in  an  uproar  of  admi- 
ration of  his  poem,  the  k Campaign,’  which 
Dick  Steele  was  spouting  at  every  coffee- 
house in  Whitehall  and  Covent  Garden. 

Thackeray 

Covent  Garden  Market.  The 

great  fruit,  vegetable,  and  herb- 
market  of  London,  originated 
about  1656.  The  present  market- 
place was  erected  in  1830  by  the 
Duke  of  Bedford.  See  also  Cov- 


coy 


125 


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ent  Garden  and  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre. 

“ The  two  great  national  thea- 
tres on  one  side,  a churchyard  full  of 
mouldy  but  undying  celebrities  on  the 
other;  a fringe  of  houses  studded  in 
every  part  with  anecdote  and  history  ; 
an  arcade,  often  more  gloomy  and  de- 
serted than  a cathedral  aisle;  a rich 
cluster  of  brown  old  taverns  — one  of 
them  filled  with  the  counterfeit  pre- 
sentment of  many  actors  long  since 
silent,  who  scowl  or  smile  once  more 
from  the  canvas  upon  the  grandsons  of 
their  dead  admirers;  a something  in 
the  air  which  breathes  of  old  books, 
old  pictures,  old  painters,  and  old  au- 
thors; a place  beyond  all  other  places 
one  would  choose  in  which  to  hear  the 
chimes  at  midnight;  a crystal  palace  — 
the  representative  of  the  present  — 
which  peeps  in  timidly  from  a corner 
upon  many  things  of  the  past;  a with- 
ered bank,  that  has  been  sucked  dry  by 
a felonious  clerk;  a squat  building, 
with  a hundred  columns  and  chapel- 
looking fronts,  which  always  stands 
knee-deep  in  baskets,  flowers,  and  scat- 
tered vegetables ; a common  centre  into 
which  Nature  showers  her  choicest 
gifts,  and  where  the  kindly  fruits  of  the 
earth  often  nearly  choke  the  narrow 
thoroughfares;  a population  that  nev- 
er seems  to  sleep,  and  does  all  in  its 
power  to  prevent  others  sleeping;  a 
place  where  the  very  latest  suppers 
and  the  earliest  breakfasts  jostle  each 
other  on  the  footways,  — such  is  Covent 
Garden  Market,  with  some  of  its  sur 
rounding  features.”  Thackeray . 

“ Such  stale,  vapid,  rejected 
cabbage-leaf  and  cabbage-stalk  dress, 
such  damaged  orange  countenance, 
such  squashed  pulp  of  humanity,  are 
open  to  the  day  nowhere  else.” 

Dickens. 

Covent  Garden  Theatre.  The 
Italian  Opera  House,  Bow  Street, 
London.  The  first  building  of 
this  name  was  opened  by  Rich, 
the  celebrated  harlequin,  in  1732. 
The  present  house,  the  third 
theatre  upon  this  spot,  was  con- 
structed in  1858  for  operatic  per- 
formances, and  is  one  of  the 
largest  theatres  in  the  world.  See 
also  Covent  Garden  and  Cov- 
en t Garden  Market. 

Coventry  or  Ambassadors*  Club. 
A London  club,  founded  about 
1853,  and  closed  in  March,  1854. 

“ The  Coventry  Club  was  a 
club  of  most  exclusive  exquisites,  and 


was  rich  in  diplomacy ; but  it  blew  up 
in  admired  confusion.” 

New  Quarterly  Review. 

Cowgate,  The.  A well-known 
street  in  tlie  Old  Town  of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  It  was  once  a 
fashionable  quarter,  now  occu- 
pied only  by  the  poorest  class  of 
inhabitants. 

Cradlo  of  Liberty.  See  Faneuil 
Hall. 

Craig-crook  Castle.  This  pleas- 
antly situated  castle  overlooking 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  was  for- 
merly the  residence  of  Lord  Jef- 
frey. 

Craigenputtoch.  A farm  in  a 
lonely  region,  among  granite 
hills  and  black  morasses,  fifteen 
miles  north-west  of  Dumfries, 
Scotland.  It  was  the  former 
home  of  Thomas  Carlyle  (1795- 
1881).  It  was  here  that  his  first 
great  original  work,  “ Sartor  Re- 
sartus,”  was  written.  It  was 
during  his  seclusion  in  Craigen- 
puttoch also  that  the  brilliant 
series  of  essays  contributed  to 
the  Edinburgh,  Westminster,  and 
Foreign  Reviews  were  mainly 
produced. 

f&sf  “ . . . I found  the  house  amid 
desolate  heathery  hills,  where  the 
lonely  scholar  [Carlyle]  nourished  his 
mighty  heart.”  Emerson. 

4@=*  “In  this  wilderness  of  heath 
and  rock,  our  estate  stands  forth  a 
green  oasis  — a tract  of  ploughed,  part- 
ly enclosed  and  planted  ground,  where 
corn  ripens  and  trees  afford  a shade, 
although  surrounded  by  sea-mews  and 
rough-wooled  sheep.  Here,  with  no 
small  effort,  have  we  built  and  fur- 
nished a neat,  substantial  mansion ; 
here,  in  the  absence  of  a professional 
or  other  office,  we  live  to  cultivate 
literature  with  diligence,  and  in  our 
own  peculiar  way.  Two  ponies  which 
carry  us  everywhere,  and  the  moun- 
tain air,  are  the  best  medicines  for 
weak  nerves.  This  daily  exercise 
is  my  only  dissipation;  for  this  nook 
of  ours  is  the  loneliest  in  Britain  — six 
miles  removed  from  every  one  who  in 
any  case  might  visit  me.” 

Carlyle  to  Goethe. 

4ST  “ Once,  in  the  winter  time,  I re- 
member counting  that  for  three  months 
there  had  not  been  any  stranger,  not 
even  a beggar,  called  at  Craigenputtoch 
door.”  Carlyle . 


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126 


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Craigmiller  Castle.  A mediaeval 
mansion  near  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land, associated  with  the  name 
and  memory  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  who  once  lived  here. 

Craignethan.  A castle  on  the 
river  Clyde  in  Scotland.  It  is 
the  “ Tillietudlem  Castle”  in 
Scott’s  novel  of  “ Old  Mortality.” 

“It  is  stated  in  Lockhart’s  life 
of  Scott,  that  the  ruins  of  this  castle 
excited  in  Scott  such  delight  and  en- 
thusiasm, that  its  owner  urged  him  to 
accept  for  his  lifetime  the  use  of  a 
small  habitable  house,  enclosed  within 
the  circuit  of  the  walls.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Cranes  in  the  Vintry.  See  Three 
Cranes  the  Vintry. 

Crawford  Notch.  See  Notch, 
The, 

Creation,  The.  A fresco  in  the 
Loggie  of  the  Vatican,  Rome, 
executed  by  Giulio  Romano 
(1492?-1556),  after  a design  by 
Raphael. 

Creation  of  Adam  and  Eve.  See 
Adam  and  Eve. 

Creation  of  Light.  One  of  the 
frescos  of  Michael  Angelo  (1475- 
1554)  in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Creation  of  the  World.  One  of 
the  frescos  of  Michael  Angelo 
(1475-1564)  in  the  Sistine  Chapel, 
Rome. 

Cremorne  Gardens.  A place  of 
entertainment  (a  kind  of  Vaux- 
liall)  on  the  Thames  near  London, 
greatly  frequented  on  summer 
evenings. 

About  eleven  o'clock  in  the  evening  we 
proceed  to  Cremorne  Gardens , a sort  of 
Bal  Mabille,  and  where  the  foil'  of  the 
day  is  continued  throughout  the  night. 

Taine , Trans. 

Crepuscolo,  II.  See  Evening, The, 

Creux  du  Vent.  A remarkable 
eminence  between  Pontarlier  in 
France,  and  Neuchatel,  Switzer- 
land, the  summit  of  which  is 
hollowed  into  a vast  cavity  1,000 
feet  deep,  occasioning  remarkable 
echoes.  See  also  Cave  of  the 
Winds. 

4Q*p“At  times  the  crater  of  the 
mountain  is  seen  to  become  suddenly 
filled  with  a cloud  of  white  vapor,  ris- 


ing and  falling,  until  the  whole  hollow 
presents  the  appearance  of  an  im- 
mense caldron  of  boiling  vapor,  which 
seldom  rises  above  the  edge.” 

Latrobe. 

Crichton  Castle.  A ruined  cas- 
tellated building  in  the  county  of 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  associated 
with  the  poems  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

Crichton , though  now  thy  miry  court 
But  pens  the  lazy  steer  and  sh<  e-\ 
Thy  turrets  rude,  and  tottered  keep 
Ila'e  been  the  minstrel’s  loved  resort. 

Marmion. 

Crime  pursued  by  Justice.  See 

Justice  and  Divine  Vengeance 
pursuing  Crime. 

Cripplegate.  A gate  in  London  of 
great  antiquity,  said  to  have  been 
so  called  from  the  cripples  who 
congregated  there  to  beg.  It  is 
referred  to  under  this  name  in 
the  early  part  of  the  eleventh 
century,  and  was  pulled  down  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Part  of  the  postern  was 
for  some  time  used  as  a prison  for 
trespassers  and  debtors. 

Throe  crooked  cripples  went  through 
Cripplegate , 

And  through  Cripplegate  went  three 
crooked  cripples.  Mother  Goose. 

Cristo  della  Moneta.  See  Christ 
with  the  Tribute  Money. 

Croce  Greca,  Sala  a.  See  Sala 
a Croce  Greca. 

Croce,  Santa.  See  Santa  Croce. 

Crockford’s.  A famous  gaming 
club-house  in  St.  James’s  Street, 
London,  so  called  from  the  pro- 
prietor, who  began  life  as  a fish- 
monger, and  finally  amassed  an 
immense  fortune  by  gambling. 
He  died  in  1844.  It  was  opened 
in  1849  for  the  Military,  Naval, 
and  County  Service  Club,  but 
was  closed  in  1851,  and  has  for 
some  years  served  for  a dining- 
house.  Crockford’s  was  cele- 
brated for  its  cuisine . 

“ It  [the  club-house]  rose  like  a 
creation  of  Aladdin’s  lamp;  and  the 
genii  themselves  could  hardly  have 
surpassed  the  beauty  of  the  internal 
decorations,  or  furnished  a more  ac- 
complished maitre  d’hotel  than  Udc. 
To  make  the  company  as  select  as  pos- 
sible, the  establishment  was  regularly 
organized  as  a club,  and  the  election 


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of  members  vested  in  a committee. 

‘ Crockford’s  ’ became  the  rage ; and  the 
votaries  of  fashion,  whether  they  liked 
play  or  not,  hastened  to  enroll  them- 
selves. The  Duke  of  Wellington  was 
an  original  member,  though  (unlike 
Bliicher,  who  repeatedly  lost  every 
thing  he  had  at  play)  the  great  captain 
was  "never  known  to  play  deep  at  any 
game  but  war  or  politics.  Card-tables 
were  regularly  placed,  and  whist  was 
played  occasionally  ; but  the  aim,  end, 
and  final  cause  of  the  whole  was  the 
hazard-bank,  at  which  the  proprietor 
took  his  nightly  stand,  prepared  for  all 
comers.  ...  A vast  sum,  perhaps  half 
a million,  was  sometimes  due  to  him; 
but  as  he  won,  all  his  debtors  were  able 
to  raise,  and  easy  credit  was  the  most 
fatal  of  his  lures.  He  retired  in  1840, 
much  as  an  Indian  chief  retires  from  a 
hunting  country  where  there  is  not 
game  enough  left  for  his  tribe.” 

Edinburgh  Review. 

Truly  this  same  world  may  be  seen  in 
Mossgi'el  and  Tarbolton,  it  we  look  well, 
as  cearly  as  it  ever  came  to  light  in  Crock- 
ford's  or  the  1 uileries  itself.  Carlyle. 

The  plats  at  White’s,  the  play  at  Crock's, 
The  bumpers  to  IVliss  Gunning; 

The  bonhomie  of  Charlie  Fox, 

And  Selwyn’s  ghastly  funning. 

Frederick  Locker. 

Cromwell  Gardens.  A place  in 

London  much  frequented  in  the 
last  century. 

Crosby  Hall.  An  interesting  house 
in  Bishopsgate  Street,  London, 
built  in  the  fifteenth  century  by 
Sir  John  Crosby.  Here  lived 

Kichard,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
here  is  laid  the  scene  of  a portion 
of  Shakespeare’s  “ Kichard  III.” 
Sir  Thomas  More  lived  for  some 
years  in  Crosby  Place,  and  also 
the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  “ Sid- 
ney’s sister,  Pembroke’s  mother.” 
Crosby  Hall  is  now  a restaurant, 
having  variously  served  of  late 
years  as  a Methodist  meeting,  an 
auction-room,  the  meeting-place 
for  a literary  society,  and  a wine- 
store. 

4®=  “ Crosby  Hall  is  a witness  of 
this  unwillingness  to  improve  a house 
off  the  face  of  the  earth.  The  name  of 
this  house  is  known  to  all  readers  of 
‘ Richard  III.’  ...  I knew  something 
of  its  beauty  and  its  history,  and  it 
was  one  of  the  buildings  in  London  I 
was  curious  to  see.  ...  It  is  now  a 
common  eating-house  chiefly  frequent- 
ed by  commercial  people.  ...  As  it 


is  said  to  be  the  only  remnant  of  the 
ancient  domestic  architecture  of  Lon- 
don, it  is  a building  of  peculiar  inter- 
est.” Richard  Grant  White. 

When  you  have  done,  repair  to  Crosby 
Place.  Shakespeare. 

Crosby  Place.  See  Crosby  Hall. 

Cross,  The  True.  The  instrument 
of  torture  upon  which  Christ  suf- 
fered death  was  believed  to  have 
lain  “ dishonored  and  unknown 
for  three  centuries  ” on  a spot 
now  covered  by  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem, 
and  to  have  been  dug  up  together 
with  the  crown  of  thorns,  the 
nails,  and  the  inscription,  in  the 
presence  of  the  Empress  Helena, 
the  mother  of  Constantine  the 
Great,  at  the  time  of  the  building 
of  the  church.  An  altar  and  a 
crucifix  now  mark  the  place  of 
the  discovery,  and  the  Chapel  of 
the  Invention  of  the  Cross  is  re- 
garded with  peculiar  veneration 
by  the  pious  pilgrims  to  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Cross.  See  Deposition  from  the 
Cross,  Descent  from  the  Cross, 
Elevation  of  the  Cross,  Mir- 
acle of  the  Cross,  Vision  of 
the  Holy  Cross. 

Cross  and  the  World.  An  im- 
pressive allegorical  picture  by 
Thomas  Cole  (1801-1848),  the 
American  painter.  It  was  left 
unfinished  at  his  death. 

Crowland  Bells.  A famous  peal 
of  bells  once  connected  with  the 
Abbey  of  Crowland.  They  were 
named  Pega,  Bega,  Tat  win,  Tur- 
ketyl,  Betelin,  Bartholomew,  and 
Guthlac. 

Nunc  erat  turre  tanta  consonantia  cam- 
panarum  in  tota  Anglia.  Jngulphus. 

Crown  and  Anchor.  A noted 
tavern  in  the  Strand,  London, 
formerly  much  frequented. 

At  half-past  eight  we  adjourned  in  mass 
from  the  tavern,  which  was  the  well- 
known  ‘ Crown  and  Anchor,'  in  the  Strand, 
to  the  Geolog  cai  Rooms  at  Somerset 
House.  George  Ticknor. 

Crown.  See  Holy  and  Apostol- 
ical Crown  and  Iron  Crown. 

Crown  Point  Fortress.  A forti- 
fication on  Lake  Champlain,  now 


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in  ruins,  memorable  as  the  scene 
of  an  engagement  in  1775,  when 
the  fort  was  captured  by  the  Ver- 
mont militia  under  the  lead  of 
Ethan  Allen  and  Benedict  Ar- 
nold. 

Crown  Tavern.  A former  house 
of  London.  Its  site  is  now  occu- 
pied by  the  Bank  of  England, 
Threadneedle  Street. 

4®=-  The  Crown  has  been  a frequent 
designation  for  public  houses  in  Eng- 
land, which  were  formerly  distin- 
guished by  the  devices  of  their  signs. 

Crucifixion  [of  Christ],  The.  Of 

the  great  number  of  compositions 
which  treat  of  this  subject,  the 
following  may  be  named  asamong 
the  more  celebrated  and  better 
known. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Fra  Angelico,  Giovan- 
ni (da  Fiesole)  (1887-1455).  In  the 
Museum  of  St.  Mark,  Florence, 

Italy. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A triptych, 
representing,  together  with  the 
crucifixion,  the  Raising  of  the 
Brazen  Serpent,  and  Moses  strik- 
ing the  Rock,  executed  by  Gerard 
van  Meire  (1627-1691),  the  Flem- 
ish painter,  and  said  to  be  the 
only  picture  in  existence  with 
winch  his  name  is  intimately  con- 
nected. It  is  in  a chapel  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St  Bavon  at  Ghent. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  of 
the  Crucifixion,  Expulsion,  and 
Last  Judgment,  by  Roger  van 
der  Weyden  (d.  1464),  the  Flem- 
ish painter,  and  considered  a fine 
example  of  that  master.  It  has 
recently  been  transferred  from 
the  Monastery  de  los  Angelos  to 
the  Aiuseum  of  Madrid,  Spain. 

Crucifixion , The.  A large  altar- 
picture  by  Hans  Mending  (d. 
1495),  the  Flemish  painter.  It  is 
in  the  Palais  de  Justice  at  Paris. 

Crucifixion,  The.  An  altar-piece, 
with  wings  representing  the  Sac- 
rifice of  Abraham  and  the  Bra- 
zen Serpent,  by  Cornells  Engel- 
brechtsen  (1468-1536),  the  Flemish 
painter.  It  is  now'  in  the  town- 
hall  at  Leyden,  Holland. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  by 
Guido  Reni  (1575-1642),  and  one 


of  that  painter’s  finest  creations. 
In  the  gallery  at  Bologna,  Italy. 
Another  striking  picture  on  the 
same  subject  by  that  artist  is  in 
the  gallery  of  Modena.  Another 
in  Rome,  in  the  Church  of  S.  Lo- 
renzo in  Lucina.  Of  this  last 
Robert  Browning  writes: 

Beneath  the  piece 

Of  Master  Guido  Ileni,  Christ  on  Cross. 
Second  to  nought  observable  in  Rome.” 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  by 
Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641). 
In  the  Cathedral  of  Mechlin,  Bel- 
gium. There  are  also  several 
other  paintings  upon  the  same 
subject  by  that  artist. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  by 
Jacopo Robusti, called  II  Tintoret- 
to (1512-1594)  In  the  School  of 
St.  Roche,  Venice,  Italy. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A large  altar- 
piece,  with  wings  representing 
scenes  from  the  life  of  Christ,  ex- 
ecuted by  Hans  Mem  ling  (d. 
1495),  the  Flemish  painter,  and 
pronounced  the  most  important 
representation  of  this  subject 
which  the  Flemish  school  offers, 
“ full  of  original  motives  and  ad- 
mirable carrying  out.”  It  is  now 
in  the  cathedral  at  Lubeck,  Ger- 
many. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  by 
Gheerardt  David  (1484-1523),  the 
Flemish  painter.  In  the  Museum 
of  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Crucifixion , Descent  from  the 
Cross,  and  Entombment.  Portions 
of  an  altar-piece  of  eighteen  or 
twenty  panels,  painted  in  1502  by 
Hans  Holbein  the  Elder  (d  1524). 
This  picture  w^as  originally  in  the 
Abbey  of  Keisheim,  but  is  now  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Crucifixion,  The.  An  altar-piece 
at  Weimar,  Germany,  by  Lucas 
Cranach  (1472-1553).  It  includes 
admirable  portraits  of  Luther, 
Melanchthon,  and  the  painter 
himself. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  In  the  museum  at 
Antwerp,  Belgium. 

Crucifixion , The.  A picture  by 
Jacopo  Robusti,  called  II  Tinto- 
retto (1512-1594),  and  regarded  as 
one  of  his  finest  and  most  perfect 


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works.  It  is  in  a room  of  the 
Scuola  di  S.  Rocco,  at  Venice, 
Italy. 

Crucifixion , The . A picture  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver,  and 
regarded  as  one  of  his  best  works. 
It  is  in  the  gallery  of  Dresden, 
Germany. 

Crucifixion,  The.  A picture  by 
Tintoretto  (1512-1594).  In  the 
Schleissheim  Palace,  near  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

Crucifixion,  Chapel  of  the.  One 

of  the  chapels  in  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem. 
It  is  believed  to  stand  upon  the 
spot  where  Christ  was  nailed  to 
the  cross. 

Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter.  1.  A 

large  fresco  painting  by  Michael 
Angelo  (1475-1564),  and  one  of  his 
last.  In  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

2.  A well-known  picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Peter,  in  Co- 
logne, Germany. 

Crusaders,  The.  A picture  by 
Wilhelm  Kaulbach  (b.  1805),  the 
eminent  German  painter. 

Crutched  Friars.  A street  in 
London,  named  after  a convent 
of  Crouched  Friars. 

Crystal  Palace.  A building  which 
originally  stood  in  Hyde  Park, 
London,  constructed  for  the  Ex- 
hibition of  the  World’s  Industry, 
held  in  that  city,  and  opened  for 
that  purpose  May  1,  1851.  It  is 
said  to  have  received  its  name 
from  Douglas  Jerrold,  its  roof 
and  sides  being  made  of  glass. 
The  entire  area  of  the  building 
was  about  17  acres.  It  was  sub- 
sequently taken  down,  re-erected 
and  enlarged  at  Sydenham  in 
Kent,  where  it  is  still  an  object 
of  attraction. 

“ The  Alhambra  and  the  Tuil- 
eries  would  not  have  tilled  up  the  east- 
ern and  western  nave;  the  National 
Gallery  would  have  stood  beneath  the 
transept;  the  palace  of  Versailles  (the 
largest  in  the  world)  would  have  ex- 
tended but  a little  way  beyond  the 
transept;  and  a dozen  metropolitan 
churches  would  have  stood  erect  under 
its  roof  of  glass.”  Athenceinn. 


But  a few  years  ago  we  believed  the 
world  had  grown  too  civilized  for  war, 
and  Crystal  Palace  in  Hyde  Bark  was  to 
be  the  inauguration  of  a new  era.  Battles 
bloody  as  Napoleon's  are  now  the  familiar 
tale  of  every  da3r,  and  the  arts  which 
have  made  greatest  progress  are  the  arts 
of  destruction.  Fronde. 

Solvency  is  in  the  ideas  and  mechanism 
of  an  Englishman.  The  Crystal  Palace  is 
not  considered  honest  until  it  pays;  no 
matter  how  much  convenience,  beauty,  or 
eclat,  it  must  be  self-supporting. 

Emei'son . 

Just  now,  the  world  is  busy  : it  has  grown 
A Fair-going  world.  Imperial  England 
draws 

The  flowing  ends  of  the  earth,  from  Fez, 
Canton, 

Delhi  and  Stockholm,  Athens  and  Madrid, 
The  Russias  and  the  vast  Americas, 

As  a queen  gathers  in  her  robes  amid 
Her  golden  cincture,  — i-sles,  peninsulas, 
Capes,  continents,  far  inland  countries  hid 
By  jasper  sands  and  hills  of  chrysopras, 
All  trailing  in  their  splendors  through  the 
door 

Of  the  new  Crystal  Palace. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Culla,  Santa.  See  Santa  Culla. 

Culzean  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Ailsa,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  May  bole,  Scotland. 
It  is  a Gothic  castle  of  the  last 
century.  It  is  alluded  to  in  the 
poems  of  Burns. 

Cumaean  Sibyl.  1.  A well-known 
picture  by  Domenico  Zampieri, 
called  Domenicliino  (1581-1641 ). 
In  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 

2.  A picture  by  Guido  Reni 
(1575-1642).  In  the  Uffizi  Palace, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Cumberland,  The.  A vessel  of 
the  United  States  navy,  sunk 
by  the  iron-clad  ram  Merrimac 
in  Hampton  Roads,  Saturday, 
March  8,  1862,  going  down  with 
her  colors  Hying,  and  tiring  upon 
her  impenetrable  assailant  as  the 
water  rose  above  her  own  gun- 
deck.  To  the  last  her  brave 
commander  Morris  refused  to 
surrender;  and  the  ship  sank, 
carrying  down  with  her  a hun- 
dred dead  and  wounded. 

At  anchor  in  Hampton  Roads  we  lay. 

On  board  of  the  Cumberland , sloop-of- 
war ; 

And  at  times  from  the  fortress  across  the 
bay 

The  alarum  of  drums  swept  past, 

Or  a bugle  blast 

From  the  camp  on  the  shore.  Longfellow. 


CUM 


CUE 


With  decks  afloat  and  powder  gone. 
The  last  broadside  we  gave 
From  the  guns’  heated  iron  lips 
Burst  out  beneath  the  wave. 

G.  II.  Boker. 

He  will  think  of  t hat  brave  band 
He  sank  in  the  Cumberland : 

Ay,  he  will  sink  like  them. 

II.  11  Brownell 

Weep  for  the  patriot  heroes,  doomed  to 
drown ; 

Pledge  to  the  sunken  Cumberland's  re- 
nown. T.  B.  Head. 

Cumberland  Eoad.  See  National 
Eoad. 

Cumnor  Hall.  An  ancient  manor- 
liouse  near  Oxford,  made  memor- 
able by  the  genius  of  Scott,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Earl  of  Leicester 
and  Amy  Eobsart.  Some  remains 
of  the  building  are  still  visible, 
but  most  of  the  ruins  have  disap- 
peared. 

The  dews  of  summer  night  did  fall ; 

The  moon,  sweet  regent  of  the  sky, 
Silvered  the  walls  of  Cumnor  Hall , 

And  many  an  oak  that  grew  thereb}'. 


Full  many  a traveller  oft  hath  sighed, 

And  pensive  wept  the  countess’  fall. 
As  wandering  onward  they’ve  espied 
The  haunted  towers  of  Cumnor  Hall. 

W.  J Mickle. 

[Mickle’s  ballad  of  “ Cumnor  Hall  ’’  is 
supposed  to  have  suggested  to  Scott  the 
romance  of  *•  Kenilworth.”] 

Cupid.  A statue  by  Michael  An- 
gelo Buonarotti  (1475-1561).  In 
the  Kensington  Museum. 

Cupid  and  Danae.  See  Danae 
and  Cupid. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  A celebrated 
ancient  cameo,  representing  the 
reconciliation  of  Cupid  and  Psy- 
che ; ascribed  to  Tryphon,  who 
lived  in  the  time  of  Alexander’s 
successors.  It  is  now  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Duke  of  Marlbor- 
ough, England. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  See  Mar- 
iiiage  of  Cupid  and  Pysche. 

Cupid  catching  a Butterfly.  An 

exquisite  marble  sculpture  by 
Thomas  Banks  (1738-1805),  re- 
garded as  a model  of  classic 
grace.  It  was  purchased  by 
Catherine  II.  of  Kussia.  In  Bus- 
sia. 

Cupid  complaining  to  Venus.  A 
mythological  fresco  in  the  Vati- 


can, home,  designed  by  Baphaelt 
but  executed  by  his  pupils. 

Cupid,  Education  of.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Antonio  Alle- 
gri, surnamed  Correggio  (1494- 
1534).  In  the  National  Gallery. 
London. 

Cupid  wrestling  with  Pan.  A 
mythological  fresco  in  the  Vati- 
can, Borne,  designed  by  Baphael 
(1483-1520),  but  executed  by  his 
scholars. 

Curragh  of  Kildare.  A fine  un- 
dulating down  about  six  miles  in 
length  and  two  in  breadth,  the 
principal  race-course  in  Ireland. 

“ Unequalled  perhaps  in  the 
world  for  the  exceeding  softness  and 
elasticity  of  the  turf,  the  verdure  of 
which  is  ‘evergreen,’  and  the  occa- 
sional irregularities  which  are  very 
attractive  to  the  eye.  The  land  is  the 
property  of  the  crown.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall. 

Curraghmore.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Waterford,  in  the 
county  of  Waterford,  Ireland. 

Curtain  Theatre.  A former  the- 
atre of  London,  conjectured  to 
have  been  so  called  from  having 
been  the  first  theatre  to  adopt; 
the  use  of  a stage-curtain.  It  is 
mentioned  in  1577,  and  is  referred 
to  by  Stow  and  others.  Aubrey 
(1678)  speaks  of  it  as  a “ kind  of 
nursery  or  obscure  playhouse, 
called  the  Greene  Curtain,  situ- 
ate in  the  suburbs  toward  Shore- 
ditch.” It  was  afterwards  used 
for  prize-fighting. 

Curule  Chair.  The  name  given  to 
a kind  of  ivory  chair,  without 
arms  or  back,  and  which  was  one 
of  the  insignia  of  senatorial  dig- 
nity in  ancient  Borne,  when  the 
Gauls  under  the  lead  of  Brennus 
entered  Borne,  which  had  been  for 
the  most  part  abandoned  by  the 
citizens  in  terror.  A few  of  the 
aged  senators  alone  remained, 
clad  in  their  purple  robes  and 
seated  in  their  curule  chairs.  It 
is  related  that  one  of  the  Gauls, 
approaching  the  Senator  Papi- 
rius,  and  supposing  him  to  be  a 
statue,  passed  his  hand  gently 
over  his  long  beard.  The  patrh 


CUT 


131 


OYR 


cian  resented  the  affront  by  strik- 
ing him  with  his  ivory  baton r 
which  was  at  once  the  signal  of 
a general  massacre.  This  chair 
was  also  used  by  successful  gen- 
erals in  a public  triumph,  and 
was  fitted  to  a kind  of  chariot 
( curnis ),  whence  its  name. 

The  Girondists,  once  more  united  for 
the  last  time,  dined  together  to  consult 
upon  what  remained  to  do.  They  coun- 
selled each  other  to  stand  firm  at  their  post, 
and  to  die  upon  their  curate  chairs,  defend- 
ing to  the  last  the  character  with  which 
they  were  invested.  Thiers . 

Than  Timoleon’s  arms  require, 
And  Tully’s  car  ale  chair , and  Milton’s 
go. den  lyre  Mark  Akenside. 

Cuthbert.  See  Shrine  of  St. 
CUTHBERT. 

Cyclopean  Towers.  A singular 
and  picturesque  group  of  lime- 
stone towers,  rising  to  a height 
of  nearly  70  feet,  in  Augusta 
County,  Ya. 

Cymon  and  Iphigenia.  A picture 


by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1723- 
1792),  the  celebrated  English  por- 
trait-painter. 

Cypress  Grove.  A well-known 
public  cemetery  in  New  Orleans, 
La. 

Cypress  Hills.  A cemetery  near 
Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Cyrus’  Tomb.  A ruined  pyra- 
mid, but  still  in  tolerable  preser- 
vation, at  Passargardse.  in  an- 
cient Babylonia,  believed  to  be 
the  tomb  of  Cyrus  the  Great 
(B.C.  529). 

4®=*  “ This  building  is  now  called 
the  tomb  of  Cyrus,  and  probably  was 
so,  though  copied  from  a form  which 
we  have  just  been  describing  as  a tem- 
ple. But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  most  celebrated  example  of  this 
form  is  as  often  called  the  tomb  as  the 
temple  of  Belus,  and  among  a Turanian 
people  the  tomb  and  the  temple  may 
be  considered  as  one  and  the  same 
thing.”  Fergusson. 


DAL 


132 


DAN 


D. 


Dalhousie  Castle.  An  old  Scotch 
Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Dalhousie,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Esk,  Scotland. 

“ An  avenue  of  near  three-quar- 
ters of  a mile  of  firs,  cedars,  labur- 
nums, and  larches,  wound  through  the 
park  to  the  castle,  and,  dipping  over  the 
edge  of  a deep  and  wild  dell,  I found 
the  venerable  old  pile  below  me,  its 
round  towers  and  battlemented  turrets 
frowning  among  the  trees,  and  forming 
with  the  river,  which  swept  round  its 
base,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  imagi- 
nable of  the  feudal  picturesque.” 

JSf.  P.  Willis. 

Dalkeith  Palace.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Buccleuch  at  Dalkeith, 
Scotland. 

Dalmahoy  Park.  A mansion  near 
Midcalder,  in  Scotland,  the  seat 
of  the  Earl  of  Morton.  Among 
the  curiosities  here  are  mentioned 
the  keys  of  Lochleven  Castle, 
which,  after  the  flight  of  Queen 
Mary,  were  thrown  into  the  lake, 
and  of  which  keys  there  are  said 
to  be  seven  different  sets  in  Scot- 
tish houses,  each  claiming  to  be 
genuine. 

Dalmeny  Park.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Rosebery  near  the  village 
of  Dalmeny,  in  Scotland. 

Dan.  In  ancient  times  a city  in  the 
extreme  northern  part  of  Pales- 
tine, a frontier-town  or  outpost  of 
the  Israelites.  It  was  originally 
called  Laish,  and  was  inhabited 
by  a people  who  were  connected 
with  Sidon.  Its  position  relative 
to  Beersheba,  another  ancient 
town  on  the  extreme  southern 
boundary  of  Palestine,  some  40 
miles  from  Jerusalem,  has  given 
rise  to  the  familiar  expression 
“ from  Dan  to  Beersheba,”  which 
signified  the  land  of  the  Hebrews 
in  its  entirety,  and  which  as  com- 
monly used  now  means  to  trav- 
erse the  whole  extent  of  any 
journey  or  undertaking. 


I pity  the  man  who  can  travel  from 
Dan  to  Beersheba , and  cry,  ’Tis  all  barren. 

Laurence  Sterne:  Sentimental  Journey- 

It  is  sad  to  see  an  honest  traveller  con 
fidently  gauging  ail  foreign  objects  with 
a measure  that  will  not  mete  them;  try- 
ing German  Sacred  Oaks  by  their  fitnt  ss 
for  British  shipbuilding;  walking  from 
Dan  to  Beersheba , and  finding  so  little  that 
he  did  not  bring  with  him.  Carlyle. 

Danae.  A well-known  picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed  Cor- 
reggio (1494-1534).  In  the  Bor- 
gliese  palace,  Rome. 

Danae  and  Cupid.  An  admired 
picture  by  Titian  (1477 — 157f j).  In 
the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 

Dance  of  Death.  1.  A series  of 
wood-cuts  after  designs  by  Hans 
Holbein  the  Younger  (1498-1543), 
the  German  painter.  They  were 
first  published  at  Lyons  in  41 
plates,  and  in  a subsequent  edi- 
tion, which  also  appeared  at 
Lyons,  in  1507,  were  increased 
by  12  additional  plates. 

2.  This  subject  was  also  treat- 
ed by  the  Swiss  painter  Nico- 
las Manuel,  surnamed  Deutsch 
(1484-1531),  in  a humorous  way, 
in  46  large  fresco  pictures  on  the 
churchyard  wall  of  the  Domini- 
can convent  at  Berne. 

Dance  of  the  Giants.  A monu- 
mental structure,  generally 
thought  to  be  of  Druidical  origin, 
at  Stonehenge,  England.  It  con- 
sists of  two  circles  and  two 
ovoids,  one  within  the  other,  and 
measuring  300  feet  in  circum- 
ference. 

Dance  of  the  Magdalen.  A beau- 
tiful engraving  by  Luc  Jacobsz, 
commonly  called  Lucas  van  Ley- 
den (1494-1533).  Now  in  the 
British  Museum. 

Dancing  Faun.  1.  An  ancient 
statue  now  in  the  Tribune  of  the 
Uffizi  Palace  in  Florence,  Italy. 
It  has  undergone  restorations  by 
Michael  Angelo. 

2.  There  is  another  ancien* 


DAN 


133 


DAN 


statue  of  tliis  name,  much  ad- 
mired, found  at  Pompeii  in  1831, 
and  now  in  the  Museum  at  Na- 
ples, Italy.  See  Faun,  Barbe- 
rini  Faun,  Sleeping  Faun,  etc. 

j 0®=-  “ The  Dancing  Faun , a work 
full  of  spirit,  and  admirably  restored 
by  Michael  Angelo,  is  a sort  of  con- 
necting link  between  the  two  [the 
Apollino  and  the  Wrestlers].” 

Ilillard. 

Daniel  in  the  Lions’  Den.  A pic- 
ture by  Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577- 
1610),  now  in  Hamilton  Palace. 
“ In  this  picture  the  prophet  him- 
self— a subordinate  and  uninter- 
esting figure  — is  only  the  excuse 
for  a series  of  studies  of  lions  in 
various  attitudes.” 

Daniel  Webster.  See  Webster. 

Dante  and  Beatrice.  A painting 
by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858).  Now 
in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Bos- 
ton, Mass 

Dante  and  Virgil.  A picture  by 
Ferdinand  \ ictor  Eugene  Dela- 
croix (1799-1863),  a celebrated 
French  historical  painter.  This 
picture  on  its  appearance  in  1822 
caused  a great  sensation. 

Dante’s  House.  [Ital.  Casa  di 
Dante.]  A well-known  house  in 
Florence,  Italy,  in  the  Via  S. 
Martino,  in  which  the  poet*  was 
born  in  1265. 

Dante’s  Portrait.  A fresco  paint- 
ing by  Giotto  di  Bondone  (1276- 
1336)  in  the  chapel  of  the  Bar- 
gello,  or  palace  of  the  Podesta,  in 
Florence,  Italy.  After  having 
been  long  hidden  from  view  by  a 
covering  of  whitewash,  it  was 
brought  to  light  in  1840  through 
the  exertions  of  three  gentlemen, 
Mr.  Richard  Henry  Wilde,  an 
American,  Mr.  Seymour  Kirkup, 
an  Englishman,  and  Signor  G. 
Aubrey  Bezzi,  an  Italian.  This 
is  the  only  likeness  of  Dante 
known  to  have  been  made  dur- 
ing his  life,  and  is  therefore  re- 
garded of  the  greatest  value. 
The  eye  of  the  beautiful  profile 
was  wanting,  and  in  its  place  a 
hole  an  inch  deep,  doubtless 
caused  by  a nail  which  had  been 
driven  into  the  plastering.  Giot- 


to’s portrait  of  Dante  has  been 
made  familiar  to  the  public  by 
excellent  reproductions. 

“ After  all  commentaries,  the 
Book  itself  is  mainly  what  we  know 
of  him.  The  Book;  — and  one  might 
add  that  Portrait  commonly  attributed 
to  Giotto,  which,  looking  on  it,  you 
cannot  help  inclining  to  think  genuine, 
whoever  did  it.  To  me  it  is  a most 
touching  face ; perhaps,  of  all  faces  that 
I know,  the  most  so.  Lonely  there, 
painted  as  on  vacancy,  with  the  simple 
laurel  wound  round  it;  the  deathless 
sorrow  and  pain,  the  known  victory 
which  is  also  deathless;  significant  of 
the  whole  history  of  Dante ! 1 think 

it  is  the  mournfullest  face  that  ever 
was  painted  from  reality;  an  altogether 
tragic,  heart-affecting  face.”  Carlyle. 

— We  salute  thee  [Dante]  who  art 
come 

Back  to  the  old  stone  with  a softer  brow 
Than  Giotto  drew  upon  the  wall,  for  some 
Good  lovers  of  our  age  to  track  and  plough 
Tlieir  way  to,  through  Time’s  ordures 
stratified, 

And  startle  broad  awake  into  the  dull 
Bargello  chamber.  Mrs  Browning. 

Dante’s  Stone.  [Ital.  Sasso  di 
Dante.]  A stone  in  the  Piazza 
del  Duomo,  Florence,  Italy,  re- 
markable as  the  place  where 
Dante  is  supposed  to  have  mused 
while  he  looked  upon  the  great 
cathedral. 

— The  stone 

Called  Dante’s  — a plain  flat-stone  scarce 
discerned 

From  others  in  the  pavement,  — where- 
upon 

He  used  to  bring  his  quiet  chair  out,  turned 
To  Brunelleschi's  churcn,  and  pour  alone 
The  lava  of  his  spirit  when  it  burned. 

Mrs  Browning. 

On  that  ancient  seat. 

The  seat  of  stone  that  runs  along  the  wall, 


Would  Dante  sit  conversing.  Rogers. 

Dark  and  frowning  piles  of  mediaeval 
structure;  a majestic  dome,  the  prototype 
of  St.  Peter's;  basilicas  which  enshrine 
the  ashes  of  some  of  the  mightiest  of  the 
dead;  the  stone  where  Dante  stood  to 
gaze  on  the  campanile.  Edward  Everett. 

Dante’s  Tomb.  A small  circular 
structure  in  Ravenna,  Italy, 
underneath  which  the  bones  of 
the  poet  rest.  Dante  degli  Ali- 
ghieri died  in  1321. 

I pass  each  day  where  Dante’s  bones  arc 
laid ; 

A little  cupola,  more  neat  than  solemn, 
Protects  his  dust.  Byron 


DAB 


134 


DAY 


Bitter  spirits ! ye  claim 
Heine  V Alas,  he  is  youis  ! 

Only  a moment ! I knew 
Whose  he  was  who  is  here 
Buried.  1 knew  he  was  yours  t 
Ah,  I knew  that  I saw 
Here  no  sepulchre  built, 

...  no  tomb 

On  liavenna  sands,  in  the  shade 
Of  Kavenna  pines,  for  a high 
Austere  Danfcb'i  Matthew  Arnold. 

Dargle,  The.  A beautiful  and 
mucli-frequented  glen  in  Wick- 
low County,  Ireland. 

“ As,  in  consequence  of  its  short 
distance  from  Dublin,  many  travellers 
examine  no  other  portions  of  the  coun- 
ty, the  glen  has  attained  to  greater 
celebrity  than  others, — more  solemn, 
magnificent,  and  picturesque,  — yet  it 
may  be  a question  whether,  in  variety, 
it  is  anywhere  surpassed.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

Darius  and  Alexander.  See  Bat- 
tle of  Darius  and  Alexander 
and  Family  of  Darius  before 
Alexander. 

Darnaway  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Moray,  near  Forres,  in 
Scotland. 

Dartmoor  Prison.  A noted  place 
of  confinement  for  prisoners  of 
war,  situated  in  that  district  of 
England  known  as  Dartmoor,  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  county 
of  Devon.  Here,  during  the  war 
between  England  and  the  United 
States,  in  1812,  many  American 
prisoners  were  confined. 

Wild  Dartmoor!  thou  that  midst  thy 
mountains  rude 

Hast  robed  thyself  with  haughty  solitude. 

’Twas  then  the  captives  of  Britannia’s  war 
Here  for  their  lovely  southern  climes  afar 
In  bondage  pined.  * Felicia  Ilemans. 

Dartmouth  College.  An  institu- 
tion of  learning  in  Hanover,  N. II., 
originally  founded  in  1770  as  a 
school  for  missionaries. 

Datchet  Mead.  A patch  of  land 
near  the  village  of  the  same  name 
in  England,  immortalized  by 
Shakespeare  in  his  “ Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,”  in  connec- 
tion with  the  adventures  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff. 

Daughter  of  Titian.  A picture, 
bearing  this  name,  by  Titian 
(1477-1576),  representing  a beau- 


tiful woman  carrying  with  uplift** 
ed  arms  a plate  of  fruit  or  a cas- 
ket. Of  several  examples,  the 
best  is  in  the  museum  at  Berlin. 
There  is  one  at  Madrid,  repre- 
senting the  girl  as  Salome  carry- 
ing the  head  of  John  the  Baptist. 
The  original  of  these  pictures  is 
supposed  to  be  not  Titian’s 
daughter,  but  Yiolante,  the 
daughter  of  Palma  Yecchio,  who 
is  known  as  Titian’s  love. 

Dauphine,  Place.  See  Place  Dau- 
phine. 

Davenant’s  Theatre.  A theatre 
in  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields,  London, 
opened  in  1662.  The  actors  were 
styled  the  “ Duke  of  York’s  com- 
pany of  comedians.” 

David.  A gigantic  marble  statue 
by  Michael  Angelo  (1475-1564), 
which  formerly  stood  in  front  of 
the  Palazzo  Yecchio,  Florence, 
Italy,  but  has  now  been  removed 
to  the  Accademia  clelle  Belle  Arti. 

4®"  “The  erection  of  this  David  was 
like  an  occurrence  in  nature  from  which 
people  are  accustomed  to  reckon.  We 
find  events  dated  so  many  years  after 
the  erection  of  the  Giant.  It  was  men- 
tioned in  records  in  which  there  was 
not  a line  besides  respecting  art.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

4®“  “ As  soon  as  the  statue  was  set 
upon  its  pedestal  the  Gonfaloniere  Pier 
Soderini  came  to  see  it,  and,  after  ex- 
pressing his  great  admiration  for  the 
work,  suggested  that  the  nose  seemed 
to  him  too  large;  hearing  this,  Michael 
Angelo  gravely  mounted  on  a ladder, 
and  after  pretending  to  work  for  a few 
minutes,  during  which  he  constantly 
let  fall  some  of  the  marble-dust  he  had 
taken  up  in  his  pocket,  turned  with  a 
questioning,  and  doubtless  a slightly 
sarcastic,  expression  in  his  face  to  the 
critic,  who  responded,  ‘ Bravo!  bravo! 
you  have  given  it  life.’  ” Perkins. 

David.  See  Zuccone,  Lo. 

David  and  Bathsheba.  A picture 
by  the  Swiss  painter,  Nicolas 
Manuel,  surnamed  Deutsch  (1484- 
1531).  In  the  museum  at  Basle, 
Switzerland. 

David  and  Goliath.  A picture  by 
Daniele  da  Volterra  (1509-1566), 
the  Italian  painter,  the  pupil  of 
Michael  Angelo.  It  was,  for  a 
long  time,  considered  to  be  the 


DAY 


135 


DEA 


work  of  the  latter.  It  is  a double 
picture,  representing  David  and 
Goliath  in  two  different  points  of 
view  on  each  side  of  a tablet  of 
slate.  Now  in  the  Louvre,  at 
Paris. 

David’s  Well.  A deep  rock-cis- 
tern in  the  neighborhood  of  Beth- 
lehem, Palestine,  traditionally 
identified  with  the  Well  of  David, 
the  water  of  which  the  king  cov- 
eted when  hiding  in  the  cave  of 
Adullam.  (1  Cliron.  xi.  15-19.) 

Davidson  Fountain.  A magnifi- 
cent fountain  in  Cincinnati,  O. 
It  is  of  bronze,  cast  in  Munich, 
and  presented  to  the  city  by  Tyler 
Davidson. 

Day,  The.  [Ital.  II  Giorno.]  One 
of  four  colossal  figures  by  Michael 
Angelo  Buonarotti  (1475-1564).  In 
the  Church  of  S.  Lorenzo,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

4Ggp  “ They  have  received  the  names 
of  Day  and  Night,  Dawn  and  Twilight ; 
but  the  subjective  instinct  of  the  mas- 
ter urged  him  here  too  far  outside  the 
pale  of  human  sympathy  for  any  terms, 
however  vague,  to  define  his  inten- 
tion.” Eastlcike. 

(What  word  says  God?)  The  sculptor’s 
Xi.nht  and  Day. 

And  Dawn  and  Twilight,  wait  in  marble 
scorn, 

Like  dogs  couched  on  a dunghill,  on  the 
clay 

From  whence  the  Medicean  stamp's 
outworn.  Mrs.  Browning. 

2.  A celebrated  bas-relief  by 
Albert  Bertel  Thorwaldsen  (1770- 
1844),  the  Danish  sculptor.  It  is 
well  known  through  numerous 
reproductions.  The  companion 
piece  is  entitled  The  Nujlit. 

Day,  The.  [II  Giorno.]  See  St. 
Jerome. 

De  Soto  discovering  the  Missis- 
sippi. A picture  in  one  of  the 
panels  of  the  rotunda  in  the  Cap- 
itol of  Washington,  representing 
the  arrival  of  Fernando  de  Soto 
(1500  ?-1542),  the  Spanish  explorer, 
upon  the  banks  of  the  great  river. 
This  work  was  executed,  under 
commission  from  Congress,  by 
W.  H.  Powells,  who  received 
$12,000  for  painting  it.  Previous 
to  the  engagement  of  Mr.  Powells 
auotliei  artist,  Henry  Inman,  had 


been  commissioned  to  fill  the  va- 
cant panel;  but  he  died  before 
beginning  his  work.  This  paint- 
ing has  been  severely  criticised, 
and  pronounced  “ a plagiarized 
patchwork  of  generalities,  absurd 
and  incongruous,  badly  drawn, 
gaudily  colored,  and  as  destitute 
of  historic  value  as  an  act  of  Con- 
gress is  of  poetic  feeling.”  The 
picture  has  become  very  familiar 
to  the  general  public  from  its  re- 
production as  an  engraving,  upon 
the  back  of  the  ten-dollar  notes 
of  the  national  currency. 

Dead  Man  Revived.  A picture 
by  Washington  Allston  (1779- 
1843),  the  American  painter.  It 
“ took  the  prize  of  200  guineas  at 
the  British  Institution.” 

Dearborn  Street.  A well-known 
and  prominent  street  in  Chicago, 

Dearborn,  Fort.  See  Fort  Dear- 
born. 

Death.  See  Dance  of  Death; 
Knight,  Death,  and  the  Devil; 
Shadow  of  Death;  and  Tri- 
umph of  Death. 

Death  of  Ananias.  One  of  the 
famous  cartoons  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520),  from  which  the 
tapestries  in  the  Vatican,  at 
Rome,  were  executed. 

Death  of  Julius  Caesar.  A picture 
by  Jean  L.  Gerome  (b.  1824),  the 
French  painter.  In  the  Corcoran 
Gallery  at  Washington. 

Death  of  Montgomery.  A well- 
known  historical  picture  by  John 
Trumbull  (1756-1843).  In  the 
Wadsworth  Athemeum,  Hart- 
ford, Conn. 

“ Not  surpassed  by  any  similar 
works  in  the  last  century,  and  thus  far 
stand  alone  in  American  historical 
painting.”  Ilarper^s  Magazine. 

Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  A 
picture  by  Paul  Delaroche  (1797- 
1856),  the  celebrated  French  his- 
torical painter. 

Death  of  St.  Francis.  A fresco 
picture  by  Giotto  di  Bondone 
(1276-1336).  In  the  Church  of 
Santa  Croce,  Florence,  Italy. 


DEA 


136 


DEI 


Death  of  the  Duke  of  Guise.  An 

admired  picture  by  Paul  Dela- 
roche  (171)7  - 1856),  the  eminent 
French  painter. 

Death  of  the  Virgin.  A picture 
by  Jan  Shoreel  (1495-1562),  the 
Dutch  painter,  “ remarkable  for 
its  intense  reality  and  splendor 
of  color,  and  one  of  the  great  or- 
naments of  the  Boisseree  Gal- 
lery.” At  Munich,  Bavaria. 
There  is  an  excellent  and  well- 
known  lithograph  of  this  picture. 

Death  of  the  Virgin.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Caravaggio 
(1569-1609),  formerly  in  the  pos- 
session of  Charles  I.  of  England, 
and  which  has  often  been  en- 
graved. Now  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Death  of  the  Virgin.  A picture 
by  Martin  Scliongauer,  commonly 
called  Martin  Schon  (b.  1420  ?),  a 
German  painter,  supposed  to  be 
his  earliest  work.  It  is  now  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Death  of  Warren.  An  historical 
picture  by  John  Trumbull  (1756- 
1843),  the  American  painter.  In 
the  Wadsworth  Athenaeum,  Hart- 
fort,  Conn. 

Death  of  Webster.  A painting 
by  Joseph  Ames  (1816-1872),  an 
American  painter,  of  which  there 
is  an  engraving. 

Death  of  Wolfe.  A picture  by 
Benjamin  Wrest  (1738-1820).  In 
the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  London. 

“Just  before  he  [Lord  Nelson] 
went  to  sea  for  the  last  time,  ...  he 
expressed  his  regret  that  he  had  not 
acquired  some  taste  for  art.  ‘ But,’ 
said  he,  turning  to  West,  ‘ there  is  one 
picture  whose  power  I do  feel.  I never 
j)ass  a paint-shop  where  your  Death  of 
Wolfe  is  in  the  window  without  being 
stopped  by  it.’.  . . ‘ But,  my  lord  [said 
Mr.  West],  1 fear  your  intrepidity  will 
furnish  me  such  another  scene;  and,  if 
it  should,  I shall  certainly  avail  myself 
of  it.’  — ‘ Will  you?  ’ said  JSelson,  ‘ then 
I hope  that  I shall  die  in  the  next  bat- 
tle.” He  sailed  a few  days  after,  and 
the  result  was  on  the  canvas  before 
us.’”  Ticknor’s  Letters. 

Death  on  the  Pale  Horse.  A pic- 
ture by  Benjamin  West  (1738- 
1820). 


Decadence  de  Home.  [Decline  of 
Rome.]  A noted  picture  by  Hor- 
ace Vernet  (1789-1863).  In  the 
palace  of  the  Luxembourg,  Paris. 

“ In  this  picture  is  a most  grand 
and  melancholy  moral  lesson.  The 
classical  forms  are  evidently  not  intro- 
duced because  they  are  classic,  but  in 
subservience  to  the  expression  of  the 
moral.  Nothing  could  be  more  exqui- 
site than  the  introduction  of  the  busts 
of  the  departed  heroes  of  the  old  repub- 
lic, looking  down  from  their  pedestals 
on  the  scene  cf  debauchery  below.  It 
is  a noble  picture,  which  I wish  was 
hung  up  in  the  Capitol  of  our  nation  to 
teach  our  haughty  people  that  as  pride, 
and  fulness  of  bread,  and  laxness  of 
principle,  brought  down  the  old  repub- 
lics, so  also  ours  may  fall.”  Beecher. 

Decadence  of  the  Romans.  A 
well-known  picture  by  Thomas 
Couture  (b.  1815).  In  the  Lux- 
embourg, Paris. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  A 
large  picture  by  John  Trumbull 
(1756-1843),  executed  under  com- 
mission from  Congress  for  the 
rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington. The  picture  is  well 
known  by  engravings. 

Decree  of  Canopus.  See  Stone 
of  San. 

Deer  of  Chillingham.  See  Wild 
Deer  of  Chillingham. 

Deer  Pass.  A picture  by  Sir  Ed- 
win Landseer  (1803-1873). 

Defence,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
April  24,  1861. 

Deir,  El.  [The  Convent.]  A rock 
monument  well  preserved,  in  Pe- 
tra, Arabia,  being  a huge  mono- 
lith hewn  out  of  the  side  of  a cliff, 
and  facing  Mount  Hor.  It  is  of 
an  order  neither  Greek  nor  Ro- 
man, but  with  something  like  a 
Doric  frieze  over  a Corinthian 
capital. 

JGQr  “ The  fa$ade  is  nearly  double 
the  size  of  the  Khuzneh,  being  150  feet 
in  length,  by  about  the  same  in  extreme 
height,  and  is  in  admirable  preserva- 
tion. Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  its 
massive  proportions  by  the  measure- 
ment of  its  details.  The  lower  columns 
are  seven  feet  in  diameter,  and  over  50 
in  height,  almost  rivalling  those  of  the 
great  temple  at  Ba’albek ; the  interior 


DEL 


137 


DEP 


is  one  vast  ball,  perfectly  plain.  . . . 
The  whole  aspect  of  this  singular  and 
beautiful  edifice  is  undoubtedly  that 
of  a heathen  temple.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

Deligny.  The  celebrated  Imperial 
Swimming  School,  so  called  from 
the  name  of  its  director,  and  situ- 
ated on  the  Quai  d’Orsay,  Paris. 

For  instance,  once  on  the  boulevard  a 
friend  tapped  me  on  the  shoulder, . . . 
when  after  taking  a plunge  at  Deligny’s , 
] came  to  the  surface  of  the  water  blowing 
like  a porpoise.  Tame , Trans. 

Delilah.  See  Samson  and  Deli- 
lah. 

Deliverance  of  St.  Peter.  A fresco 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
representing  the  deliverance  of 
the  apostle  from  prison.  “Peter 
sits  asleep  between  his  guards, 
his  chained  hands  still  clasped 
in  prayer.  The  angel  is  about  to 
strike  him  on  the  side  to  wake 
him.  On  the  right  the  angel 
leads  him  through  the  guards 
who  are  sleeping  on  the  steps. 
In  both  these  representations, 
. . . the  figures  are  illuminated 
by  the  light  proceeding  from  the 
angel.  On  the  left,  the  guards 
are  roused,  and  seem  staggering- 
half  asleep  : this  group  receives 
its  light  from  the  moon  and  from 
torches.  This  fresco  is  celebrated 
for  t he  picturesque  effect  of  these 
lights.  The  subject  is  supposed 
to  contain  an  allusion  to  the  cap- 
tivity of  Leo  X.,  who  had  been 
liberated  only  the  year  preceding 
his  elevation  to  the  pontificate.” 
This  picture  is  in  the  Stanza  of 
the  Heliodorus,  in  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

Deliverande,  La.  A small  Nor- 
man chapel  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Caen,  France.  It  contains  a 
shrine  of  the  Virgin  to  which  for 
800  years  the  Norman  sailors  and 
peasantry  have  resorted.  The 
image  owes  its  reputation  for 
sanctity  to  the  miracles  alleged 
to  have  been  wrought  by  it  in 
behalf  of  sailors. 

Delivering  the  Keys  to  St.  Peter. 
A well-known  wall-painting  by 
Pietro  Perugino  (1440-1524).  In 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome.  It  is 
considered  one  of  his  best  works. 


Della  Crusca.  [Academy  of  the 
Sieve.]  A celebrated  literary  as- 
sociation in  Florence,  Italy, 
founded  by  Cosimo  I.  for  the  pur- 
pose of  purifying  and  refining  the 
Italian  language  and  style.  It  is 
still  in  existence,  and  continues 
to  hold  meetings.  The  name 
Della  Crusca  is  better  known, 
probably,  to  English  readers,  as 
a designation  applied  to  a class  of 
sentimental  writers  in  England 
during  the  last  century,  distin- 
guished by  their  affected  style  of 
expression. 

Though  Crusca's  bards  no  more  our  jour- 
nals fill, 

Some  stragglers  skirmish  round  the  col- 
umns still.  Byron. 

Delmonico’s.  A noted  restaurant 
on  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York. 

Delphic  Sibyl.  One  of  the  frescos 
of  Michael  Angelo  (1475-1564).  In 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Deluge,  The.  One  of  the  frescos 
of  Michael  Angelo  (1475-1564).  In 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Deluge  in  Phrygia.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
Now  in  the  gallery  of  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Democritus.  A picture  by  Salva- 
tor Rosa  (1615-1673).  In  tiie  Gros- 
venor  Gallery. 

Dendara,  or  Denderah.  See  Tem- 
ple of  Denderah  and  Zodiac 
of  Denderah. 

Denis.  See  Porte  St.  Denis;  St. 
Denis;  and  St.  Denis,  Rue. 

Denis  du  Marais.  See  St.  Sacre- 
ment. 

Denizens  of  the  Highlands.  A 

picture  by  Rosa  Bonlieur  (b.  1822), 
the  celebrated  French  painter  of 
animals. 

Departure  and  the  Return.  A 

picture  by  Thomas  Cole  (1801- 
1848),  the  American  painter,  being 
scenes  from  feudal  times.  In  the 
Corcoran  Gallery,  Washington. 

Deposition  from  the  Cross.  1.  A 

well-known  picture  by  Giotto  di 
Bondone  (1276-1336).  In  the  Are- 
na, at  Padua,  Italy. 


DER 


138 


DES 


“ The  Descent  from  the  Cross 
and  the  Deposition  from  the  Cross  are 
two  separate  themes.  . . . The  Depo- 
sition is  properly  that  moment  which 
succeeds  the  Descent  from  the  Cross ; 
when  the  dead  form  of  Christ  is  de- 
posed or  laid  upon  the  ground,  resting 
upon  the  lap  of  his  mother,  and  la- 
mented by  St.  John,  the  Magdalene  and 
others.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

2.  An  admired  picture  by  Tom- 
maso  di  Stefano,  called  Giotti.no 
(1324-1350),  and  considered  “one 
of  the  finest  of  the  Giottesque 
school.”  In  the  Gallery  of  the 
Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Derby  Day.  A popular  picture  by 
AY.  P.  Frith.  In  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A very 
common  subject  of  representa- 
tion by  the  great  religious  paint- 
ers. Of  the  more  celebrated  or 
familiar  compositions  upon  this 
subject,  may  be  mentioned  the 
following:  — 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Pietro  Perugino 
(144(3-1524).  In  the  Pitti  Gallery, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Baccio  della  Porta,  called 
Fra  Bartolommeo  (14(59—1517).  In 
the  Pitti  Gallery,  Florence,  Italy. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
oarned  Correggio  (1494-1534).  In 
the  gallery  at  Parma,  Italy. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Roger  van  der  Weyden 
(d.  14(34),  the  Flemish  painter; 
described  by  Kugler  as  “a  rich 
composition,  with  heads  of  highly 
pathetic  expression  and  admir- 
able execution.”  It  is  now  in 
the  gallery  of  the  Hague,  Hol- 
land. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Roger  van  der  Weyden 
the  younger  (d.  1529),  the  Flemish 
painter,  and  his  principal  work, 
originally  executed  for  the 
Church  of  Our  Lady  “ Darbuy- 
ten  ” at  Louvain,  now  in  the 
sacristy  of  S.  Lorenzo  of  the  Es- 
curial,  in  Spain. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A cele- 
brated altar-piece  by  Peter  Paul 
Rubens  (1577-1C40),  in  the  cathe- 


dral at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  It 
“ represents  the  highest  excel- 
lence attained  by  this  master  in 
ecclesiastical  art.” 

“In  the  famous  ‘Descent’  at 
Antwerp,  the  masterpiece  of  Rubens, 
Mary  stands,  and  supports  the  arm  of 
her  Son  as  he  is  let  down  from  the 
cross.  This  is  in  accordance  with  the 
ancient  version,  but  her  face  and  figure 
are  the  least  effective  part  of  this  tine 
picture.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Rembrandt  van  Ryn 
(1(307—1(3(59),  the  Dutch  painter, 
and  regarded  as  one  of  his  most 
admirable  works.  It  is  in  the 
gallery  at  Munich,  Bavaria,  and 
there  is  a replica  of  the  same  in 
the  Hermitage  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia.  There  is  also  a picture 
upon  this  subject  by  Rembrandt 
in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  A pic- 
ture by  Daniele  da  Volterra  (1509- 
1506),  "the  Italian  painter,  and  his 
best  work,  described  as  “ a grand 
impassioned  work,  of  powerful 
action.”  It  is  in  the  Church  of 
Trinita  de’  Monti,  at  Rome. 

jgQP  “ In  the  famous  ‘ Descent  from 
the  Cross,’  — the  masterpiece  of  Daniel 
di  Volterra,  — the  fainting  form  of  the 
Virgin,  extended  on  the  earth,  and  the 
dying  angxish  in  her  face,  have  never 
been  exceeded,  and  are  in  fact  the  chief 
merit  of  the  picture.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  An 
admired  picture  by  Taddeo  di 
Bartolo  (b.  1350?).  in  the  Church 
of  S.  Agostino,  Perugia,  Italy. 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem.  A 

well-known  painting  by  Wilhelm 
von  Kaulbach  (1805-1874).  In 

the  Museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

“The  destruction  of  Jerusalem 
is  dealt  with  in  this  picture  as  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  the  world,  as  a cir- 
cumstance of  more  than  a general  his- 
toric character.  Thus  Kaulbach  has 
comprehended  it  and  represented  it, 
for  he  has  gathered  his  materials  from 
the  prophets  and  from  Josephus.  A. 
the  top  of  the  picture  we  see,  in  the 
clouds,  the  figures  of  Isaiah,  Jeremiah, 
Ezekiel,  and  Daniel,  surrounded  by  a 
glory  : they  prophesy  the  fall  of  Jeru- 
salem. . . . We  see  the  Jewish  people’s 
misery;  the  temple  is  in  flames;  the 
city  is  taken.  . . . To  the  right  of  the 


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picture,  a Christian  family  is  leaving 
the  city,  accompanied  by  two  angels; 
to  the  left  is  seen  the  Wandering  Jew, 
chased  out  of  the  city  by  three  demons ; 
he  is  the  representative  of  the  present 
oiidaism  — a people  without  a home.” 
Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Destruction  of  the  Giants.  A 
fresco  by  Giulio  Romano  (1492- 
1546)  in  the  Palazzo  del  Te,  Man- 
tua, Italy. 

Devil  Tavern.  A celebrated  tav- 
ern in  London,  between  Temple 
Bar  and  the  Middle  Temple  gate, 
much  frequented  in  the  time  of 
James  I.  Here  met  the  famous 
Apollo  Club.  The  Devil  Tavern 
is  no  longer  standing.  Its  site  is 
occupied  by  Child’s  Banking- 
house.  See  Apollo  Club. 

Hence  to  the  Devil  — 

Thus  to  the  place  where  Jonson  sat  we 
climb. 

Leaning  on  the  same  rail  that  guided  him. 

Prior  and  Montague. 

46g=\A  Young  Devil  Tavern  was  es- 
tablished on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
street. 

Devil’s  Beef-tub.  A singular  nat- 
ural curiosity  in  the  vale  of  the 
Annan,  in  Scotland,  in  the  form 
of  a liollow  or  basin  surrounded 
by  high  hills,  so  deep  and  so  se- 
cluded as  to  serve  in  ancient 
times  as  a hiding-place  for  stolen 
cattle,  whence  its  name.  The 
spot  is  alluded  to  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  tales. 

Devil’s  Bridge.  1.  A famous  arch 
of  masonry  constructed  in  the 
twelfth  century,  and  overhanging 
at  a height  of  70  feet  the  river 
Reuss,  on  the  St.  Gothard  Pass, 
in  Switzerland,  in  a narrow  and 
dangerous  gorge.  The  old  bridge 
has  been  superseded  by  a new 
and  secure  structure,  built  in 
1830.  Here  the  Reuss  leaps  about 
70  feet  in  a short  space,  while  a 
wind  created  by  the  fall  blows 
•vith  such  force  as  nearly  to  lift 
one  from  his  feet. 

Plunge  with  the  Reuss  embrowned  by  ter- 
ror’s breath, 

Where  danger  roofs  the  narrow  walks  of 
Death, 

By  floods  that,  thundering  from  their 
dizzy  height. 

Swell  more  gigantic  on  the  steadfast  sight. 

Wordsworth. 


2.  A natural  curiosity  in  Wales, 
a few  miles  from  Aberystwith. 
A deep  rocky  cleft  surmounted 
by  two  arches,  one  above  another, 
the  lower  said  to  have  been  built 
in  the  time  of  William  Rufus, 
beneath  which  the  river  Mvnacli 
descends  in  terrific  cascades. 

How  art  thou  named  ? In  search  of  what 
strange  land 

From  what  huge  height  descending  ? Can 
such  force 

Of  waters  issue  from  a British  source. 

Or  hath  not  Pindus  fed  thee,  where  the 
band 

Of  patriots  scoop  their  freedom  out,  with 
hand 

Desperate  as  thine  ? Wordsworth. 

3.  See  Puente  del  Diablo. 

Devil’s  Cave.  See  Peak  Cavern. 

Devil’s  Dyke.  A vast  natural 
amphitheatre  in  the  hills  near 
Portslade,  Sussex,  England,  a 
favorite  resort  of  visitors. 

Devil’s  Garden.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  Hardy  County,  W.  Va. 

jgfgf  “This  strange  curiosity  lies  at 
the  head  of  what  is  called  Trout  Run, 
. . . On  the  summit  [of  a dizzy  preci- 
pice] is  a natural  pavement  of  flat 
rocks,  and  on  the  eastern  edge  stands  a 
gigantic  bust  in  granite,  the  head,  neck, 
and  shoulders  clearly  defined,  and  the 
whole  appearance  savage  and  terrific. 
Rear  this  figure  formerly  stood  a square 
granite  pillar  about  two  feet  in  diame- 
ter and  twelve  feet  high,  but  this  has 
been  overthrown  by  some  storm  or 
convulsion  of  the  earth.  . . . The  most 
singular  part  remains  to  be  described. 
About  100  feet  below  the  stone  bust, 
an  opening  leads  into  deep  caverns  in 
the  rock.  The  explorer  finds  himself 
in  ail  apartment  with  a level  floor  and 
ceiling,  and  from  this  room  a flight  of 
stone  steps  ascends  to  another  apart- 
ment still  larger.  A third  flight  gives 
access  to  a third  cavern,  and  so  on,  un- 
til the  twelfth  apartment  is  reached  by 
the  eleventh  flight  of  steps  just  beneath 
the  pavement  of  the  summit,  through 
fissures  in  which  a dim  light  enters  the 
cavern.  Such  is  the  singular  character 
of  this  natural  curiosity.”  Kercheval. 

DeviPs  Glen.  A singular  and  ro- 
mantic ravine  in  Wicklow  Coun- 
ty, Ireland. 

“ Nothing  astonished  us  or  grati- 
fied us  so  much  as  the  Devil’s  Glen; 
with  its  roaring  river,  its  huge  preci- 
pices, its  circuitous  paths,  and  the 


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140 


DIA 


noble  and  graceful  fall  that  seems  as  a 
crown  of  glory  to  its  head.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Devil’s  Ladder.  A rocky  emi- 
nence near  Lorch  on  the  Rhine, 
crowned  by  a ruined  castle. 

Devil’s  Pulpit.  1.  A singular 
granitic  mass  on  the  summit  of 
the  Brocken,  in  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains, in  Germany. 

2.  A remarkable  precipice  on 
an  island  in  Tupper  Lake,  in  the 
Adirondack  region  of  New  York. 

Devil’s  Punch-Bowl.  A curious 
natural  formation  in  Hampshire, 
England. 

Devil’s  Slide.  A remarkable  nat- 
ural curiosity  in  Weber  Canon, 
Utah  Territory.  It  consists  of 
two  parallel  lines  of  rock  extend- 
ing from  the  base  to  the  top  of  a 
mountain. 

“ Imagine  a mountain  800  feet 
high,  composed  of  solid  dark-red  sand- 
stone. . . . From  the  base  of  the  im- 
mense red  mountain  up  to  its  entire 
height  of  800  feet  is  what  is  called  the 
‘Devil’s  Slide,’  composed  of  white 
limestone.  It  consists  of  a smooth 
white  stone  floor  from  base  to  summit, 
about  15  feet  wide,  as  straight  and  reg- 
ular as  if  laid  by  a stone-mason,  with 
line  and  plummet.  On  either  side  of 
this  smooth  white  line,  is  what  ap- 
pears to  the  eye  to  be  a well-laid  white 
stone  wall,  varying  in  height  from  10 
to  30  feet.  This  white  spectacle  on  the 
red  mountain-side  has  all  the  appear- 
ance of  being  made  by  man  or  devil  as 
a slide  fromlhe  top  of  the  mountain  to 
the  bed  of  Weber  River.” 

C.  C.  Fulton. 

There  is  another  very  similar, 
of  the  same  name,  in  Montana. 

^“We  are  now  within  the  wild 
Weber  Canon,  and  the  scene  is  chan- 
ging every  moment.  On  the  right  we 
pass  a most  wonderful  sight, — the 
Devil’s  Slide.  Two  ridges  of  gray  rock 
stand  some  10  feet  out  of  the  snow  and 
brushwood,  and  run  parallel  to  each 
other  for  about  150  feet  right  up  the 
mountain-side.”  Smiles. 

Devil’s  Stone.  A natural  curiosi- 
ty in  the  neighborhood  of  Diirk- 
heim,  Germany,  in  the  shape  of  a 
rock  bearing  the  print  of  a huge 
paw.  It  is  said  that  the  pagans 
used  this  rock  for  an  altar  of  sac- 
rifice. 


Devil’s  Wall.  1.  The  old  Roman 
wall  dividing  England  from  Scot' 
land,  so  called  by  those  living  in 
the  vicinity  because  they  thought, 
from  its  durability,  that  it  must 
have  been  built  by  the  Devil.  It 
is  said  that  the  superstitious  peas* 
antry  put  pieces  from  this  wall 
into  the  foundations  of  their 
dwellings  to  secure  an  equal  per- 
manence. 

2.  [Ger.  Tevfelsmauer  or  Pfahl- 
yraten.]  A famous  Roman  ram- 
part (now  in  ruins)  begun  by  the 
Emperor  Probus,  A.D.  277,  ex- 
tending from  Ratisbon  on  the 
Danube,  across  hills,  valleys,  riv- 
ers, and  morasses,  as  far  as  to 
the  Rhine,  — a distance  of  nearly 
200  miles.  It  was  intended  as  a 
bulwark  against  the  inroads  of 
German  invaders  upon  the  soil  of 
the  empire. 

“ Within  a few  years  after  his 
[Probus’s]  death,  it  was  overthrown  by 
the  Alemanni.  Its  scattered  ruins, 
universally  ascribed  to  the  power  of 
the  daemon,  now  serve  only  to  excite 
the  wonder  of  the  Swabian  peasant.” 
Gibbon. 

Devonshire  House.  A mansion 
built  upon  the  site  of  Berkeley 
House  in  Piccadilly,  London,  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. This  house  was  famous, 
towards  the  close  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, as  the  headquarters  of  Whig 
politics,  and  for  the  fascinations 
of  its  beautiful  duchess.  It  con- 
tains many  artistic  and  biblio- 
graphical curiosities. 

Diablo,  Puente  del.  See  Puente 
del  Diablo. 

Diamond  Necklace.  A famous 
piece  of  jewelry  which  was  the 
cause  of  the  notorious  affair  of 
the  “ Diamond  Necklace,”  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. It  was  made  of  the  most 
beautiful  diamonds,  and  was  val- 
ued at  nearly  £80,000.  Louis  XV. 
commissioned  the  court  jewellers 
of  France  to  make  the  necklace, 
intending  to  give  it  to  Madame 
du  Barry,  but  he  died  before  it 
was  finisdied.  A certain  Madame 
La  Motte,  in  1785,  using  a forged 
signature  of  Marie  Antoinette, 


DIA 


141 


DIG 


persuaded  the  Cardinal  de  Rohan 
to  purchase  the  necklace,  as  if  for 
the  queen.  The  affair  created 
a great  deal  of  scandal.  Madame 
La  Motte  was  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment for  life,  hut  managed 
to  escape  within  a year,  and  went 
to  England,  where  she  was  killed 
in  trying  to  escape  from  a second- 
story  window  when  pursued  for 
debt.  Cardinal  de  Rohan  was 
acquitted  of  intentional  com- 
plicity. The  celebrated  Count 
Cagliostro  was  also  implicated  in 
the  affair.  Carlyle  has  some 
chapters  upon  the  Diamond 
Necklace,  included  in  the  collec- 
tion of  his  “ Critical  and  Miscel- 
laneous Essays.” 

“ The  great  scandal  of  the  Dia- 
mond Necklace,  which  to  the  clear 
vision  of  Goethe  presaged  the  coming 
Revolution,  and  in  which  the  quick- 
witted Talleyrand  saw  the  overthrow 
of  the  French  throne,  possesses  an  in- 
terest akin  to  that  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution itself.  . . . The  story  is  one  of 
which  the  world  does  not  seem  to  tire, 
for  it  has  been  told  scores  upon  scores 
of  times,  and  more  or  less  recently,  by 
historians,  biographers,  essayists,  me- 
moir-writers, anecdotists,  novelists, 
and  dramatists,  and  in  well-nigh  every 
European  language.  . . . Whatever 
may  have  been  the  follies,  or  say  the 
crimes  even,  if  you  please,  of  which 
Marie  Antoinette  was  guilty,  and  which 
she  more  than  expiated  by  her  cruel 
death,  complicity  in  any  shape  in  this 
contemptible  Diamond  Necklace  fraud 
is  most  certainly  not  one  of  them.” 

II.  Vizetelly. 

Looks  dreamy  to  me,  not  self-conscious, 
though  a black  ribbon  round  her  nee  k sets 
it  off  as  a Marie  Antoinette’s  diamond 
necklace  could  not  do.  Holmes. 

Diana  and  Actseon.  A mytholo- 
gical picture  of  great  beauty  by 
Titian  ( 1477—1570).  Now  in  the 
Bridgewater  Gallery,  London. 

Diana  and  Calisto.  A mytholo- 
gical picture  by  Titian  (1477-1576). 
Now  in  the  Bridgewater  collec- 
tion, London. 

Diana  and  her  Nymphs.  A pic- 
ture by  Domenico  Zampieri,  sur- 
named  Domenichino  (1581-1641), 
and  considered  one  of  his  best 
works.  In  the  Borghese  Gallery, 
Rome, 


Diana,  Chase  of.  See  Chase  of 
Diana. 

Diana  returning  from  the  Chase. 

A mythological  picture  by  Anto- 
nio Allegri,  surnamed  Correggio 
(1494-1554).  In  the  convent  of  S. 
Paolo,  Parma,  Italy. 

Diana’s  Temple.  See  Temple  of 
Ephesus  and  Temple  of  Diana 
[Nimes]. 

Dice-players,  The.  A picture  by 
Bartolome  Esteban  Murillo  (1618— 
1682).  In  the  Pinacothek,  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

Dickinson  College.  A collegiate 
establishment  in  Carlisle,  Penn. 
It  was  founded  in  1783. 

Dick’s  Coffee-house.  An  old  house 
in  Fleet  Street,  London,  at  first 
known  as  “Richard’s,”  from  the 
Christian  name  of  its  lessee  (Rich- 
ard Torner,  or  Turner)  in  1680. 
Cowper  at  one  time  resorted  to 
Richard’s.  It  is  no  longer  a cof- 
fee-house. 

Dido  Building  Carthage.  A pic- 
ture by  Joseph  Mallord  William 
Turner  (1775-1851). 

Dido’s  Last  Moments.  A large 
picture  by  Giovanni  Francesco 
Barbieri,  surnamed  Guercino 
(1590-1666).  In  the  Spada  Gal- 
lery, at  Rome. 

Dieu,  Hotel.  See  Hotel  Dieu. 

Dighton  Rock.  A famous  mass  of 
granite,  with  rude  sculptures  and 
inscriptions  upon  it,  near  Digh- 
ton, Mass.  It  is  by  some  referred 
to  the  Norsemen  in  the  eleventh 
century. 

Or,  if  letters  must  be  written,  profitable 
use  might  be  made  of  the  Dighton  Rock 
hieroglyphic  or  the  cuneiform  script,  eve- 
ry fresh  decipherer  of  which  is  enabled  to 
educe  a different  meaning,  whereby  a 
sculptured  stone  or  two  supplies  us,  and 
will  probably  continue  to  supply  poster- 
ity. with  a very  vast  and  various  body  of 
authentic  history  Lowell. 

There  are  inscriptions  on  our  hearts, 
which,  like  that  on  Dighton  Rock , are 
never  to  be  seen  except  at  dead-low  tide. 

Holmes. 

Dignity  and  Impudence.  An  ad- 
mired picture  of  two  dogs  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1802-1873).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 


DIG 


142 


DIO 


Digue  de  Cherbourg.  [The  Break- 
water of  Cherbourg  ] An  im- 
mense structure  of  masonry 
stretching  across  the  roadstead 
of  Cherbourg,  in  France.  It  was 
more  than  50  years  in  building,  at 
an  expense  of  some  $15,000,000, 
and  was  finished  in  1858.  The 
length  of  the  breakwater  is  4,120 
yards,  and  its  width  at  the  base 
510  feet. 

Dilettanti.  \ Literally,  lovers  of 
the  fine  arts.]  This  society,  es- 
tablished in  1734,  owes  its  origin 
to  some  gentlemen  who  had  trav- 
elled in  Italy,  and  who  wished  to 
encourage  a taste  for  the  fine  arts. 
The  society  sent  an  expedition  to 
the  East  in  1764,  the  result  of 
which  appeared  in  volumes  of 
“ Ionian  Antiquities,”  “ Chan- 
dler’s Travels  in  Asia  Minor,” 
“ Chandler’s  Travels  in  Greece,” 
and  a volume  of  Greek  inscrip- 
tions. Various  other  publications 
have  been  issued  by  the  society 
at  different  times.  Another  ex- 
pedition to  the  Levant  was  under- 
taken in  1814.  The  Dilettanti 
dine  together  on  the  first  Sunday 
of  each  month  from  February  to 
July.  Until  its  removal,  these 
dinners  were  held  at  the  Thatched 
House  Tavern,  in  London,  in  the 
large  room  of  which  were  por- 
traits of  the  Dilettanti,  including 
three  pictures  by  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds. Friendly  intercourse  and 
social  enjoyment  have  always 
formed  an  important  part  in  the 
scheme  of  the  society.  Walpole 
said  in  1743,  that  the  ‘‘nominal 
qualification  [for  membership]  is 
having  been  in  Italy,  and  the  real 
one,  being  drunk.”  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  C.  J. 
Fox,  Hon.  Stephen  Fox  (Lord 
Holland),  Charles  Howard  (Duke 
of  Norfolk),  Lord  Robert  Spencer, 
George  Selwyn,  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  David  Garrick,  George 
Colman,  Joseph  Windham,  R. 
Payne  Knight,  Sir  George  Beau- 
mont, Towneley,  Sir  William 
Gell,  Henry  Hallam,  and  many 
others  have  been  members.  Any 
use  of  the  word  Dilettanti  as  a 
term  of  ridicule  or  disparagement 
is  comparatively  recent. 


JHGgp-“We,  looking  back  out  of  a 
graver  time,  can  only  judge  from  the  un- 
interrupted course  of  their  festive  gath- 
erings, from  the  names  of  the  states- 
men, the  wits,  the  scholars,  the  artists, 
the  amateurs,  that  fill  the  catalogue, 
from  the  strange  mixture  of  dignities 
and  accessions  to  wealth  for  which,  by 
the  rules  of  the  society,  fines  were 
paid,  — and,  above  all,  by  the  pictures 
which  they  possess,  — how  much  of 
the  pleasantry  and  the  hearty  enjoy- 
ment must  have  been  mixed  up  with 
the  more  solid  pursuits  of  the  mem- 
bers.” Edinburgh  Review . 

Diocletian,  Baths  of.  See  Baths 
of  Diocletian. 

Diocletian’s  Palace.  A splendid 
retreat,  constructed  for  himself 
by  the  Emperor  Diocletian  on  his 
abdication  of  the  throne,  at  Sa- 
lona  on  the  Adriatic.  The  mod- 
ern Austrian  town  of  Spalato  is 
chiefly  built  up  out  of  the  ruins 
of  this  colossal  palace,  and  takes 
its  name  from  it. 

JdGg3*  “It  certainly  gives  us  a most 
exalted  idea  of  what  the  splendor  of 
the  imperial  palace  at  Rome  must  have 
been,  when  we  find  one  emperor  — cer- 
tainly neither  the  richest,  nor  the  most 
powerful  — building,  for  his  retirement, 
a villa  in  the  country  of  almost  exactly 
the  same  dimensions  as  the  Escurial  in 
Spain,  and  consequently  surpassing  in 
size,  as  it  did  in  magnificence,  most  of 
the  modern  palaces  of  Europe.  It  is 
uncertain  how  far  it  resembles  or  was 
copied  from  that  of  Rome,  more  espe- 
cially as  it  must  be  regarded  as  a forti- 
fied palace,  which  there  is  no  reason  to 
believe  that  at  Rome  was,  while  its 
model  would  seem  to  have  been  the 
praetorian  camp  rather  than  any  habi- 
tation built  within  the  protection  of  the 
city  walls.”  Fergusson. 

“ Spalato  ought  properly  to  be 
called  Diocleziano.  . . . Spalato  is 
founded  on  the  ruins  of  Diocletian’s 
palace,  the  walls  of  which  still  contain 
the  whole  of  the  mediaeval  city.  Every 
one  has  heard  of  Diocletian  and  his 
imperial  cabbages,  but  few  know  how 
much  of  his  imperial  hermitage  has 
been  spared  by  time.”  Bayard  Taylor . 

Diogenes.  A picture  by  Salvatoi 
Rosa  (1615-1673).  In  the  Gros- 
venor  Gallery,  Loudon. 

Dionysiac  Theatre.  A ruined 
building  in  Athens,  Greece. 
There  is  still  much  obscurity  in 
regard  to  these  remains.  The 


DIO 


143 


DOC 


structure  was  not  completed  till 
the  time  of  the  orator  Lyc.urgus, 
340  B.C.;  but  it  is  thought  that 
the  general  arrangement  of  the 
completed  theatre  was  substan- 
tially the  same  as  that  of  the 
theatre  in  which  the  dramas  of 
xEseliylus,  Sophocles,  Euripides, 
and  Aristophanes  were  acted. 
The  ruins  of  this  theatre  have 
but  recently  been  laid  bare. 

Dionysius5  Ear.  See  Ear  of  Dio- 
nysius. 

Dionysus.  See  Bacchus. 

Discobolus.  [Quoit-thrower.]  A 
celebrated  statue  by  the  Greek 
sculptor  Myron  (b."  430  B.C.  ?). 
The  original  was  in  bronze,  and 
has  perished,  but  there  are  sev- 
eral copies  in  marble  now  exist- 
ing. The  best  of  these,  discovered 
on  the  Esquiline  Hill  in  1782,  is 
now  in  the  Villa  Messimi,  in 
Borne.  There  are  other  copies  in 
the  Museums  of  the  Vatican  and 
of  the  Capitol  in  Rome,  and  in 
the  British  Museum,  London. 

“ The  representation  of  a mo- 
mentary action  renders  the  ‘ Discobo- 
lus’ wonderfully  effective;  and  we  feel 
as  if  we  must  see  the  throw  made,  and 
the  tense  muscles  relaxed,  before  we 
can  leave  it.  It  is  an  example  of  the 
highest  Greek  art  in  the  representation 
of  the  physical  frame  and  difficult  ac- 
tion, but  it  has  no  intellectual  depth  or 
thought.” 

Good  plaster  casts,  about  two  feet  high, 
copi  d from  the  antique,  may  now  be  pro- 
cured for  five  or  six  shillings  apiece;  and 
such  figures  as  the  Gladiator,  the  Discobo- 
los , and  the  Antinous  would,  to  my  mind, 
constitute  a much  better  kk  finish  ” for  the 
t‘>p  of  a bookcase  than  the  clumsy  vases 
and  other  objects  usually  sold  for  this  pur- 
po-e  C.  L.  Eastlake. 

We  may  allow  that  a certain  number  of 
the  clever  children  will  die;  but  there 
will  be  enough  left  to  carve  the  Niobe  and 
the  Discobolus.  Grant  Allen. 

Dishonest  Gamester.  A picture 
by  Caravaggio  (1569-1809),  and 
one  of  his  best.  In  the  Sciarra 
Palace,  Rome.  There  are  many 
repetitions  of  this  picture. 

Disputa  della  SS.  Trinita.  An 
altar-piece  by  Andrea  Vannucchi, 
called  Andrea  del  Sarto  (1487- 
1531),  the  Italian  painter,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  liis  best  works. 


It  is  a “ Santa  Conversazione,” 
or  discussion  between  six  saints. 
In  the  Pitti  Palace. 

Dispute  of  the  Sacrament.  [La 
Disputa  del  Sacramento .]  A cele- 
brated fresco  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  the  Al- 
mighty, the  Saviour,  the  Virgin, 
with  Patriarchs,  Apostles,  and 
Saints,  in  the  glory  of  heaven. 
Below  these,  an  assembly  of  the 
great  Doctors  of  the  Church,  sur- 
rounding an  altar  on  which  is  the 
Host.  Farther  off,  “ groups  of 
youths  and  men  who  are  pressing 
forward  to  hear  the  revelation  of 
the  holy  mystery,  some  in  atti- 
tudes of  enthusiastic  devotion, 
some  yet  doubting,  and  appar- 
ently in  dispute.”  This  picture  is 
one  of  the  series  of  four,  — The- 
ology, Poetry,  Philosophy,  and 
Jurisprudence,  — which  were  in- 
tended to  exhibit  the  lofty  sub- 
jects of  thought  with  which  the 
human  mind  is  occupied.  They 
are  in  the  Camera  della  Segna- 
tura  of  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

jggp  “In  the  first  of  these  [‘The- 
ology’], commonly  but  erroneously 
called  La  Disputa  del  Sacramento, 
Raphael  has  combined  into  one  great 
scene  the  whole  system  of  theology  as 
set  forth  by  the  Catholic  Church  : it  is 
a sort  of  concordance  between  heaven 
and  earth,  between  the  celestial  and 
terrestrial  witnesses  of  the  truth.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

Dispute  with  the  Doctors.  A cele- 
brated fresco  by  Bernardino  Luini 
(1480-1530).  In  Saronno,  Italy. 
It  has  been  chromo-lithographed. 

Distinguished  Member  of  the 
Humane  Society.  A picture  by 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873), 
the  most  celebrated  painter  of 
animals.  The  subject  is  a fine 
dog,  carrying  in  his  mouth  a bas- 
ket of  very  bright  flowers. 

Ditton  Park.  The  fine  seat  of  Lord 
Montague,  near  Datchet,  Eng- 
land. 

Dixville  Notch.  A wild  mountain 
defile  in  Coos  Co.,  N.H. 

Dock  Square.  A well-known 
square  in  Boston,  Mass. 

Doctors’  Commons.  A college  of 
Doctors  of  Civil  Law  in  London, 


DOG 


144 


DOL 


near  St.  Paul’s  Churchyard.  It 
includes  the  Court  of  Arches, 
Probate  Court,  High  Admiralty 
Court,  which  hold,  or  held,  their 
sessions  in  the  College  Hall. 
The  name  Doctors’  Commons  is 
derived  from  the  fact  that  the 
students  and  lawyers  lived  to- 
gether in  common  after  the  colle- 
giate fashion.  The  first  building 
was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire 
of  London,  and  was  rebuilt  in 
1672. 

jg®=*  “ Now,  Doctors’  Commons  be- 
ing familiar  by  name  to  everybody,  as 
the  place  where  they  grant  marriage- 
licenses  to  love-sick  couples,  and 
divorces  to  unfaithful  ones ; register 
the  wills  of  people  who  have  any  prop- 
erty to  leave,  and  punish  hasty  gentle- 
men who  call  ladies  by  unpleasant 
names,  — we  no  sooner  discovered,  that 
we  were  really  within  its  precincts, 
than  we  felt  a laudable  desire  to  become 
better  acquainted  therewith.” 

Dickens. 

“ It’s  a little  out-of-the-way  place, 
where  they  administer  what  is  called 
ecclesiastical  law,  and  play  all  kinds 
of  tricks  with  obsolete  old  monsters  of 
acts  of  parliament,  which  three-fourths 
of  the  world  know  nothing  about,  and 
the  other  fourth  supposes  to  have  been 
dug  up  in  a fossil  state,  in  the  days  of 
the  Edwards.  It’s  a place  that  has  an 
ancient  monopoly  in  suits  about  peo- 
ple’s wills  and  people’s  marriages,  and 
disputes  about  ships  and  boats.” 

Dickens . 

The  Farl  of — isterisk  — and  Lady  — 
blank; 

Sir  — Sneh-a-one — with  those  of  fashion’s 
host. 

For  whos  * blest  surnames  — vide  “ Morn- 
ing Post,"* 

(Or  if  for  that  impartial  print  too  late. 
Search  Doctors'  Commons  six  months  from 
my  date).  Byron. 

Doge’s  Palace.  [Ttal.  Palazzo  Du- 
cale.]  The  famous  and  magnifi- 
cent palace  of  the  Doges  or  Dukes 
of  Venice,  one  of  the  oldest  pal- 
aces in  Europe,  and  by  some 
regarded  as,  architecturally  con- 
sidered, the  finest  building  in  the 
world  The  present  edifice  dates 
from  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh 
century. 

4QjF*  “ There  are  indeed  few  build- 
ings of  which  it  is  so  difficult  to  judge 
calmly,  situated  as  it  is,  attached  to  the 
basilica  of  St.  Mark,  and  looking  on 
the  one  hand  into  the  piazza  of  St. 
Mark’s,  and  on  the  other  across  the 


water  to  the  churches  and  palaces  that 
cover  the  islands.  It  is,  in  fact,  the 
centre  of  the  most  beautiful  architec- 
tural group  that  adorns  any  city  of 
Europe,  or  of  the  world,  — richer  than 
almost  any  other  building  in  historical 
associations,  and  in  a locality  hallowed 
especially  to  an  Englishman  by  the 
poetry  of  Shakespeare.  All  this 
spreads  a halo  around  and  over  the 
building  which  may  furnish  an  excuse 
for  those  who  blindly  praise  even  its 
deformities.  But  the  soberer  judgment 
of  the  critic  must  not  be  led  ash  ay  by 
such  feelings;  and  while  giving  credit 
for  the  picturesque  situation  of  this 
building,  and  a certain  grandeur  in  its 
design,  he  is  compelled  wholly  to  con- 
demn its  execution.  . . . One  thing  in 
this  palace  is  worth  remarking,  — that 
almost  all  the  beauty  ascribed  to  its 
upper  story  arises  from  the  poly- 
chromatic mode  of  decoration  intro- 
duced by  disposing  pieces  of  different 
colored  marbles  in  diaper  patterns. 
This  is  better  done  here  than  in  Flor- 
ence, inasmuch  as  the  slabs  are  built 
in,  not  stuck  on.  The  admiration 
which  it  excites  is  one  more  testimony 
to  the  fact,  that,  when  a building  is 
colored,  ninety-nine  people  in  a hundred 
are  widing  to  overlook  all  its  faults, 
and  to  extol  that  as  beautiful,  which, 
without  the  adjunct  of  color,  they 
would  have  unanimously  agreed  in 
condemning.”  Fergusson. 

“ The  Ducal  Palace  is  so  exten- 
sive a structure  that  the  Church  of  St. 
Mark’s  seems  nothing  more  than  a 
chapel  appurtenant  to  it.  Its  vast  and 
desolate  apartments,  through  which 
the  visitor  is  carried,  serve  as  a stand- 
ard by  which  the  ancient  greatness  of 
Venice  itself  may  be  measured.  Men 
who  could  build  on  so  gigantic  a scale 
could  have  had  no  thought  of  decaying 
fortune  or  declining  power.”  Hillard. 

“ A palace  more  majestic  and 
magnificent  in  its  old  age  than  all  the 
buildings  of  the  earth  in  the  high  prime 
and  fulness  of  their  youth.  Cloisters 
and  galleries;  so  light,  they  might  be 
the  work  of  fairy  hands;  so  strong 
that  centuries  have  battered  them  in 
vain;  wind  round  and  round  this  pal- 
ace, and  enfold  it  with  a cathedral, 
gorgeous  in  the  wild  luxuriant  fancies 
of  the  East.”  Dickens. 

Dogs  of  St.  Gothard.  A picture 
by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803- 
1873). 

Dolly’s.  A well-known  tavern  in 
Paternoster  Row,  London,  dat- 
ing from  the  time  of  Queen  Anne, 
and  still  in  existence. 


DOL 


145 


DON 


Dolmen  of  Bagneux.  A huge 
Celtic  monument  near  Saumur, 
France,  consisting  of  a house  or 
chamber  made  of  blocks  of  uncut 
stone.  Its  origin  and  meaning 
are  wrapped  in  obscurity.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  connected  with 
the  Druidic  worship. 

Dolphin,  The.  The  ship  in  which 
Juan  Verrazano  crossed  the  At- 
lantic on  his  voyage  of  discovery 
in  1524.  He  entered  with  her 
Long  Island  Sound  and  New 
York  Bay,  and  afterward  skirted 
the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and 
of  Maine. 

Dome  of  the  Hock.  See  Mosque 
of  Omar. 

Domes  of  the  Yosemite.  A paint- 
ing by  Albert  Bierstadt  (b.  1828). 
In  the  Athenaeum  at  St.  Jolins- 
bury,  Vt. 

“ The  ‘ Domes  of  the  Yosemite  ’ 
is  panoramic  in  size:  it  is  a wildly 
magnificent  and  unique  scene,  drawn 
with  singular  fidelity  from  the  solitary 
heart  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.1* 

Tucker  man. 

Domine  Quo  Vadis.  A church 
upon  the  Via  Appia,  Home,  so 
named  from  the  tradition,  that  at 
the  time  of  the  first  persecution 
of  the  Christians,  after  the  burn- 
ing of  Rome,  St.  Peter,  fleeing 
from  the  city,  was  here  met  by  a 
vision  of  the  Saviour  on  his  way 
to  Rome  St.  Peter  in  astonish- 
ment cried  out,  “ Lord,  whither 
goest  thou?”  ( Domine , quo  va- 
dis?), to  which  Christ  replied,  “ I 
go  to  Rome  to  be  crucified  a sec- 
ond time”  ( Vcnio  Ro?na?n  iteruin 
crucifir/i).  Peter  immediately  ar- 
rested his  flight,  and  turned  back 
to  the  city.  The  church  contains 
a marble  slab  upon  which  is  a 
copy  of  the  supposed  footprint 
of  the  Saviour  as  left  upon  the 
pavement  where  he  stood,  the 
original  stone  being  preserved  in 
the  basilica  of  S.  Sebastiano. 

“ On  our  way  home  we  entered 
the  Church  of  Domine  quo  Vadis,  and 
looked  at  the  old  fragment  of  the  Ap- 
pian  Way  where  our  Saviour  met  St. 
Peter,  and  left  the  impression  of  his 
feet  in  one  of  the  paving-stones.  The 
stone  has  been  removed ; and  there  is 


now  only  a facsimile  engraved  in  a 
block  of  marble,  occupying  the  place 
where  Jesus  stood.  It  is  a great  pity 
they  had  not  left  the  original  stone ; for 
then  all  its  brother  stones  in  the  pave- 
ment would  have  seemed  to  confirm  the 
truth  of  the  legend.”  Hawthorne. 

Don  Saltero’s  Coffee-house.  A 
house,  now  a tavern,  in  Chelsea, 
London,  to  which  was  formerly 
attached  a museum,  containing  a 
collection  of  curiosities,  the  ab- 
surdity of  some  of  which  is  indi- 
cated by  the  following  remark  of 
Steele:  “He  shows  you  a straw 
hat,  which  I know  to  be  made  by 
Madge  Peskad,  within  three  miles 
of  Bedford;  and  tells  you,  ‘ It  is 
Pontius  Pilate’s  wife’s  chamber- 
maid’s sister’s  hat.’  ” 

When  I came  into  the  coffee-house,  I 
had  not  time  to  salute  the  company,  be- 
fore my  eyes  were  diverted  by  ten  thou- 
sand gimcracks  round  the  room  and  on 
the  ceiling.  Steele 

Don  Saltero's  Coffee-house  still  looks  as 
brisk  as  in  Steele's  time.  Carlyle  (1S34) 

Donelson,  Fort.  See  Fort  Donel- 

SON. 

Doni,  Agnolo.  A well-known  por- 
trait by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520).  Now  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Donington  Hall.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Hastings,  near  Asliby- 
de-la-Zoucli,  England. 

Donnington  Castle.  A feudal  for- 
tress in  England,  near  Speen, 
celebrated  for  the  resistance  it 
made  to  Parliament,  and  for  hav- 
ing been  the  residence  of  the 
poet  Chaucer  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  life. 

Donnybrook  Fair.  A famous  fair 
held  annually  in  the  village  of 
Donnybrook,  now  one  of  the  sub- 
urbs of  Dublin,  Ireland.  The 
importance  of  the  fair  has  of  late 
years  diminished. 

JO®13  “ Although  the  Irishman  is  no 
longer  there  ‘in  his  glory,’  tents  are 
still  annually  pitched  upon  the  sodden 
sward,  where  they  have  been  erected 
for  centuries;  itinerant  ‘play-actors’ 
continue  to  gather  there  once  a year; 
the  beggars  yet  make  it  a place  of  ren- 
dezvous; lads  and  lasses  assemble  even 
now  to  dance  under  roofs  of  canvas , 
and  the  din  of  harsh  music  from  the 


DOR 


146 


DOW 


* shows,’  mingled  with  the  almost 
equally  discordant  squeakings  of  a score 
or  two  of  bagpipes,  still  keep  alive  the 
memory  of 

‘ Donnybrook  capers,  that  bother’d  the 
vapors, 

And  drove  away  care.’  ” 

Mr.  and  Mrs . Hall. 

Dorchester  House.  A modern 
mansion  in  London,  built  in  1851, 
on  the  site  of  the  old  Dorchester 
House,  and  noted  for  its  elegance 
and  for  its  .fine  collection  of  pic- 
tures. 

Doria  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Dona.] 
A celebrated  palace,  once  the 
residence  of  Andrea  Doria,  in 
Genoa,  Italy. 

This  house  was  Andrea  Doria's.  Here  he 
lived  — 

— He  left  it  for  a better,  and ’t  is  now 
A house  ol  trade.  Yet  fallen  as  it  is, 

*Tis  still  the  noblest  dwelling,  even  in 
Genoa!  Rogers 

The  Dona  s long  pale  palace  striking  out. 
From  green  hills  in  advance  of  the  white 
town, 

A marble  finger  dominant  to  ships, 

Seen  glimmering  through  the  uncertain 
gray  of  dawn  Mrs  Browning. 

Doria  - Pamphili  Palace.  [Ital. 
Palazzo  Doria-Pamphili  .]  A pal- 
ace in  Rome,  of  immense  size, 
having  a facade  upon  the  Corso, 
and  containing  a fine  and  large 
gallery  of  paintings.  Among  the 
many  works  in  the  gallery  are 
some  landscapes  by  Claude  Lor- 
raine, including  his  well-known 
picture  of  “ The  Mill  ” {Molina). 

Dorothea,  The.  A vessel  under 
command  of  Capt.  Buchan,  sent, 
in  company  with  the  Trent  under 
Franklin,  on  an  expedition  to  the 
Arctic  regions  in  1818. 

Dorothea.  See  Fornarina,  La, 

D’Orsay,  Palais.  See  Orsay,  Pa- 
lais d’. 

Dorset  Gardens  Theatre.  A for- 
mer theatre  of  London,  situated 
at  the  extremity  of  Salisbury 
Court,  Fleet  Street,  opened  in 
1(571 , and  taken  down  about  1720. 

Douglas  Castle.  An  ancient  ruined 
fortress  near  the  town  of  the  same 
name  in  Scotland.  It  is  described 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  “ Cas- 
tle Dangerous.”  It,  as  well  as 
the  modern  mansion  bearing  the 


same  name,  belongs  to  the  Earl 
of  Home. 

Doune  Castle.  An  ancient  baro- 
nial edifice  in  Doune,  Scotland, 
associated  with  the  romances  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott.  The  hero  of 
“Waverley”  was  imprisoned 
here. 

Dovedale.  A remarkable  and  far- 
famed  chasm,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Ashbourne,  England, 
through  which  flows  the  river 
Dove.  The  scenery  is  of  the  most 
romantic  description. 

She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways 
Beside  the  springs  of  Dove , 

A maid  whom  there  were  none  to  praise. 
And  very  few  to  love.  Wordsworth. 

Dover.  A picture  by  Joseph  Mal- 
lord  William  Turner  (1775-1851), 
the  celebrated  English  painter. 

Dover  Castle.  The  ancient  and 
now  modernized  and  greatly 
strengthened  fortress  of  Dover, 
England,  on  the  summit  of  a cliff 
over  300  feet  in  height.  The 
foundations  of  the  fortress  are 
thought  to  be  of  Roman  times. 
Dover  Castle  embraces  an  area 
of  some  35  acres. 

Dover  House.  A mansion  in 
Whitehall,  London,  formerly"  be- 
longing to  the  Duke  of  York. 

Doves  of  Pliny.  See  Pliny’s 
Doves. 

Downing  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1800. 

Downing  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don, named  from  Sir  George 
Downing.  The  principal  house 
in  this  street  was  given  by  George 
I.  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  who 
accepted  it  for  his  office  of  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury.  It  has 
since  been  the  official  residence 
of  successive  prime  ministers, 
and  has  given  celebrity  to  the 
street  in  which  it  stands. 

4Gi='  “ From  all  corners  of  the  wide 
British  Dominion  there  rises  one  com- 
plaint against  the  ineffectuality  of  what 
are  nicknamed  our  ‘ red-tape  ’ establish- 
ments, our  Government  Offices,  Colo- 
nial Office,  Foreign  Office,  and  the 
others,  in  Downing  Street  and  the 
neighborhood.  To  me  individually 
these  branches  of  human  business  are 


DRA 


147 


DKU 


little  known ; but  every  British  citizen 
and  reflective  passer-by  has  occasion  to 
wonder  much  and  inquire  earnestly 
concerning  them.  . . . And,  secondly, 
it  is  felt  that  ‘ reform  ’ in  that  Downing- 
street  department  of  affairs  is  precisely 
the  reform  which  were  worth  all  others  ; 
that  those  administrative  establishments 
in  Downing  Street  are  really  the  Gov- 
ernment of  this  huge  ungoverned  Em- 
pire.” Carlyle. 

/Kip*  “There  is  a fascination  in  the 
air  of  this  little  cul-de-sac : an  hour’s 
inhalation  of  its  atmosphere  affects 
some  men  with  giddiness,  others  with 
blindness,  and  very  frequently  with 
the  most  oblivious  boastfulness.” 

Theodore  Hook. 

Let  but  a hand  of  violence  be  laid  upon 
an  English  subject,  and  the  great  British 
lion  which  lies  couchant  in  Downing  Street 
begins  to  utter  menacing  growls  and  shake 
his  invincible  locks.  Hillard. 

To  call  upon  any  judge  in  such  a mat- 
ter wo  dd  be  altogether  out  of  place.  . . . 
He  had  in  his  head  some  hazy  idea  of  for- 
cing an  answer  from  the  officials  in  Down- 
ing Street ; but  in  his  heart  he  did  not 
believe  he  should  be  able  to  get  beyond 
the  messengers.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Suave  mari  magno , it  is  pleasant  sitting 
in  the  easy-chairs  of  Downing  Street , to 
sprinkle  pepper  on  the  raw  wounds  of  a 
kindred  people  struggling  for  life,  and  phil- 
osophical to  find  in  self-conceit  the  cause 
of  our  instinctive  resentment.  Lowell. 

Drachenfels.  [Dragon  Rock.]  This 
castle  on  a mountain  of  the  same 
name,  855  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  Rhine,  was  built  early  in  the 
twelfth  century.  It  is  about  ten 
miles  from  the  city  of  Bonn.  In 
the  Thirty  Years  War  it  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  Swedes,  but  was 
taken  and  destroyed  by  the  Duke 
Ferdinand  of  Bavaria.  The  name 
is  said  to  be  derived  from  the 
dragon  slain  by  the  horned  Sieg- 
fried, who  figures  in  the  “ Niebel- 
ungen  Lied.”  Stone  was  taken 
from  a quarry  on  the  Drachenfels 
to  build  the  famed  Cathedral  of 
Cologne. 

The  castled  crag  of  Drachenfels 
Frowns  o’er  the  wild  and  winding  Rhine, 
Whose  breast  of  waters  broadly  swells 
Between  the  banks  which  bear  the  vine. 

Byron. 

’Twas  midnight  as  we  scaled  the  mountain 
height,  — 

Owls  hooted,  rattling  sounds  were  heard 
and  groans ; 

A furious  north-wind  blustered  fitfully. 
Such  was  the  night,  my  friend,  that  1 did 
pass 

On  the  high  Drachenfels.  Heine , Trans. 


Drapers’  Hall.  A well  - known 
hall  in  Throgmorton  Street,  Lon- 
don, belonging  to  the  great  City 
Company  of  Drapers.  The  old 
edifice  was  destroyed  in  the  great 
fire,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt. 

Draught  of  Fishes.  See  Miracu- 
lous Draught  of  Fishes. 

Dreadnought,  The.  A celebrated 
ship  of  the  British  navy  which 
fought  at  Trafalgar,  and  was 
afterwards  moored  in  the  Thames 
as  a hospital  for  sick  and  diseased 
seamen  of  all  nations. 

Drei  Gleichen.  [The  Three  Equals.] 
A name  given  to  three  ruined  cas- 
tles of  similar  appearance,  and 
all  of  great  antiquity,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Gotha,  Germa- 
ny- 

Drei  Mohren.  [The  Three  Moors.] 
A famous  tavern  in  Augsburg, 
Bavaria,  which  has  existed  as 
such  for  more  than  500  years,  and 
is  also  celebrated  for  its  stores  of 
rare  wines. 

Dresden  Madonna.  See  Madonna 
di  San  Sisto. 

Druid  Hill.  A beautiful  and  spa- 
cious park  just  north  of  Balti- 
more, Md.  It  comprises  675  acres. 
The  trees  are  very  ancient,  and 
the  grounds  were  to  some  extent 
laid  out  before  the  Revolution. 

Drummond  Castle.  The  seat  of 
the  Earls  of  Perth  near  Crieff, 
Scotland. 

Drunken  Bacchus.  A statue  by 
Michael  Angelo  Buonarotti  (1175- 
1561).  It  is  in  the  Ufiizi  Gallery, 
Florence,  Italy. 

“ It  is  a figure  as  large  as  life, 
of  which  Michael  Angelo’s  contempo- 
raries speak  with  admiration,  while 
moderns  do  not  accord  with  this  un- 
qualified appreciation.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

J §£§=*  “ The  arms  are  perfect  in  their 
manly  beauty;  the  frame  is  powerfully 
modelled,  and  all  the  lines  flow  with 
boldness  and  truth,  one  into  the  other. 
As  a work  of  art,  unity  alone  is  want- 
ing. He  should  be  Bacchus  in  every 
thing.”  Shelley. 

J8®=*  “ The  Drunken  Bacchus  . . . 
might  pass  for  a relic  of  the  palmiest 
times  of  Grecian  art.  The  face,  amidst 
its  half-vacant,  sensual  expression. 


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shows  traces  of  its  immortal  origin,  and 
there  is  still  an  air  of  dignity  preserved 
in  the  swagger  of  his  beautiful  form.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

Drunken  Faun.  An  admired  stat- 
ue, a relic  of  ancient  sculpture. 
Now  in  the  museum  at  Naples, 
Italy. 

Drury  Court.  A court  in  London, 
formerly  called  May-pole  Alley. 
See  May-pole  and  Drury  Lane. 

Drury  Lane.  A street  in  London, 
so  called  from  the  town  house  of 
the  Drury  family.  It  was  an  ar- 
istocratic quarter  till  late  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  pres- 
ent character  of  the  place  is  im- 
plied in  the  lines  of  Gay  (1688- 
1732),  written  after  it  had  begun 
to  deteriorate.  See  Drury  Lane 
Theatre. 

Oh.  may  thy  virtue  guard  thee  through  the 
roads 

Of  Drury  's  mazy  courts  and  dark  abodes ! 

Gay . 

1st  May,  1G6T.  To  Westminster,  in  the 
way  meeting  many  milkmaids  with  then- 
garlands  upon  their  pails,  dancing  with  a 
tiddler  before  them;  and  saw  pretty  Nelly 
[Nell  Gw.ynnej  standing  at  her  lodging- 
door,  in  Drury  lane,  in  her  smock-sleeves 
and  bodice,  looking  upon  one:  she  seemed 
a mighty  pretty  creature  Pepys. 

Did  you  ever  hear  the  like, 

Or  ever  hear  the  fame, 

Of  five  women  barbers 
That  lived  in  Drury  Lane  ? 

Ballad. 

When  Calvert’s  butt  and  Parson’s  black 
champagne 

Regale  the  drabs  and  bloods  of  Drury 
Lane , 

There  in  a lonely  room,  from  bailiffs  snug, 
The  Muse  found  Scruggen  stretched  be- 
neath a rug.  Goldsmith. 

Drury  Lane  Theatre.  The  first 
building  of  this  name,  situated 
upon  the  same  site  with  the  pres- 
ent edifice,  was  opened  in  1663. 
It  was  subsequently  burned,  and 
was  rebuilt  from  designs  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren.  It  was  re- 
opened in  1674  with  a prologue 
and  epilogue  by  Dryden.  Many 
eminent  actors  and  playwrights 
have  at  different  times  been  con- 
nected with  this  theatre.  It  was 
again  destroyed  by  fire  in  1809, 
and  the  present  house  was  opened 
in  1812  with  a prologue  by  Lord 
Byron.  This  opening  in  1812  is 
interesting  from  its  connection 


with  the  publication  of  the  “ Re- 
jected Addresses  ” of  James  and 
Horace  Smith.  The  managers  of 
the  theatre  having  advertised  for 
addresses,  to  be  sent  them,  one  of 
which  was  to  be  spoken  on  the 
first  night,  the  brothers  James 
and  Horace  wrote  and  published 
their  collection  of  supposed  Re- 
jected Addresses  consisting  of  hu- 
morous imitations  of  different  au- 
thors. See  Drury  Lane. 

This  old  doorway,  if  you  are  young, 
reader,  you  may  not  know  was  the  iden- 
tical pit  entrance  to  old  Drury , — Garrick’s 
Drury,  — all  of  it  that  is  left.  [ never  pass 
it  without  shaking  some  forty  years  from 
off  my  shoulders,  recurring  to  the  evening 
when  I passed  through  it  to  see  my  first 
play  Charles  Lamb. 

To  him  [Johnson]  she  was  as  beautiful 
as  the  Gunnings,  and  witty  as  Lady  Mary. 
Her  opinion  of  his  writings  was  more  im- 
portant to  him  than  the  voice  of  the  pit  of 
Drury  Lane  Theatre,  ox  the  judgment  of 
the  Monthly  Review.  Macaulay. 

Then  spare  our  stage,  ye  mothodistic  men ! 
Nor  burn  damn’d  Drury  if  it  rise  again. 

Byron. 

For  this  world  abounds  in  miraculous 
combinations,  far  transcending  any  thing 
they  do  at  Drury  Lane  in  the  melodramat- 
ic way.  Carlyle. 

Drusus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of 
Drusus. 

Drusus,  Tower  of.  A Roman  ruin 
at  Mayence,  Germany,  regarded 
by  some  as  the  tomb  of  Drusus, 
the  son-in-law  of  Augustus.  Its 
popular  name  is  the  Eichelstein . 

Dryburgh  Abbey.  This  ancient 
abbey  of  Scotland  is  situated  on 
the  Tweed,  about  40  miles  from 
Edinburgh.  It  was  founded  in 
1144  by  Hugh  de  Morville,  and 
endowed  by  David  I.  and  by  sev- 
eral churches.  It  has  long  been 
in  ruins.  One  of  the  transept 
aisles  remains,  however,  and  here 
Sir  Walter  Scott  and  his  family 
are  buried. 

JgGr3  “ There  is  a part  of  the  ruin  that 
stands  most  picturesquely  by  itself,  as 
if  Old  Time  had  intended  it  for  a mon- 
ument. It  is  the  ruin  of  that  part  of 
the  chapel  called  St.  Mary’s  Aisle:  it 
stands  surrounded  by  luxuriant  thickets 
of  pine  and  other  trees,  a cluster  of 
beautiful  G-othic  arches  supporting  a 
second  tier  of  smaller  and  more  fanci- 
ful ones,  one  or  two  of  which  have  that 
light  touch  of  the  Moorish  in  their 
form  which  gives  such  a singular  a;nl 


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poetic  effect  in  many  of  the  old  Gothic 
ruins.  Out  of  these  wild  arches  and 
windows  wave  wreaths  of  ivy,  and 
slender  harebells  shake  their  blue  pen- 
dants. . . . Underneath  these  arches 
lie  [Scott]  lies  beside  his  wife;  around 
him  the  representation  of  the  two 
things  he  loved  most,  — the  wild  bloom 
and  beauty  of  nature,  and  the  architec- 
tural memorial  of  bygone  history  and 
art.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

A solemn  ruin,  lovely  in  repose, 
Dryburgh!  tliine  ivied  walls  were  grayly 

seen : 

Thy  court  is  now  a garden,  where  the 
flowrers 

Expand  in  silent  beauty,  and  the  bird 
Flitting  from  arch  to  arch  alone  is  heard 
To  cheer  with  song  the  melancholy 
bowers.  D.  M.  Moir. 

Thou  slumberest  with  the  noble  dead 
In  Dryburgh' s solemn  pile, 

Amid  the  peers  and  warriors  bold, 

And  mitred  abbots  stern  and  old. 

Who  sleep  in  sculptured  aisle. 

L.  11.  Sigourney. 

Dublin  Castle.  The  residence  of 
the  Viceroy  of  Ireland,  in  Dublin. 
It  is  an  ancient  stronghold,  — 
begun  in  1205,  situated  on  very 
high  ground  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  the  city,  — but  it  has  under- 
gone almost  entire  restoration 
and  renewal,  and  is  now  used  for 
government  offices. 

Ducal  Palace.  See  Doge’s  Palace. 

Dudley  House.  A mansion  in 
London,  the  residence  of  Earl 
Dudley,  containing  a fine  collec- 
tion of  pictures. 

Dudley  Observatory.  An  astro- 
nomical observatory  in  Albany, 
N.  Y. 

Duff  House.  The  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Fife,  in  the  town  of  Bauff,  Scot- 
land. 

Duke  Humphrey’s  Walk.  A 
name  once  popularly  given  to 
the  middle  aisle  of  the  nave  in 
St.  Paul’s  Church,  London,  in 
which  was  the  tomb  of  the  duke, 
son  of  Henry  IV.  The  young 
idlers  of  Elizabeth’s  time  were 
often  called  “ Paul’s  Walkers.” 

“ An  open  question  whether 
1 dining  with  Duke  Humphrey  ’ alludes 
to  the  report  that  he  was  starved  to 
death,  or  to  the  Elizabethan  habit  for 
)oor  gentility  to  beguile  the  dinner 
lour  by  a promenade  near  his  tomb 
in  old  St.  Paul’s.”  Yonge. 


Paul's  Walk  is  the  Land’s  Epitome,  or 
you  may  call  it  the  lesser  lie  of  Great 
Brittaine 

Earle , Microcosmographia,  1629 

— Do  you  dine  with  Sir  Humphrey  to-day  ? 
1 should  think  with  Duke  Humphrey  was 
more  in  your  way.  Byron , 

Those  who  at  Christmas  do  repine, 

And  would  fain  hence  despatch  him, 
JVIay  they  with  old  Duke  Humphrey  dine. 
Or  else  may  Squire  Ketch  catch  ’em. 

Duke  of  Exeter’s  Daughter.  A 
name  given  to  the  rack,  which 
was  first  introduced  as  an  instru- 
ment of  torture  into  the  Tower 
of  London  by  the  Duke  of  Exeter 
in  1147. 

Duke  of  Guise.  See  Death  of 
the  Duke  of  Guise. 

Duke  of  York’s  Column.  A 

Scotch  granite  column  124  feet 
high,  Carlton-House  Gardens, 
London,  surmounted  by  a statue 
of  the  Duke  of  York  (d.  1827)  in 
whose  memory  it  was  erected. 

Duke’s  Theatre.  A famous  old 
London  theatre,  built  in  1660, 
which  took  the  place  of  the  older 
Salisbury  Court  Theatre.  Kniglit 
says  of  the  Salisbury  Court  thea- 
tre that  it  was  in  1583  one  of  the 
chief  London  playhouses.  The 
Duke’s  Theatre  was  destroyed  in 
the  great  tire,  and  rebuilt  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  in  1671.  It 
lasted  down  to  the  year  1720. 

“ Like  Nero’s  palace  shining  all  with 
gold.”  Dry  den. 

Dulwich  College.  An  educational 
establishment  in  the  environs  of 
London,  founded  in  1613.  The 
present  building  is  mostly  mod- 
ern. 

Dulwich  Gallery.  A collection  of 
paintings,  founded  by  Sir  Francis 
Bourgeois,  now  in  Dulwich  Col- 
lege, in  the  environs  of  London. 
It  contains  some  fine  specimens  of 
the  Dutch  school. 

Dumbarton  Castle.  An  ancient 
and  celebrated  fortress  on  the 
river  Clyde,  in  Scotland. 

“The  rock  is  nearly  500  feet 
high,  and  from  its  position  and  great 
strength  as  a fortress  has  been  called 
the  Gibralter  of  Scotland.” 

Bayard  Tavlor. 


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“All  the  tears  we  shed  over 
Miss  Porter’s  William  Wallace  seem 
to  rise  up  like  a many-colored  mist 
about  it.  The  highest  peak  of  the 
rock  is  still  called  Wallace’s  Seat,  and 
a part  of  the  castle,  Wallace’s  Tower; 
and  in  one  of  its  apartments  a huge 
two-handed  sword  of  the  hero  is  still 
shown.  1 suppose,  in  fact,  Miss  Por- 
ter’s sentimental  hero  is  about  as  much 
like  the  real  William  Wallace  as  Dan- 
iel Boone  is  like  Sir  Charles  Grandison. 
Many  a young  lady  who  has  cried  her- 
self sick  over  Wallace  in  the  novel, 
would  have  been  in  perfect  horror  if 
she  could  have  seen  the  real  man.  Still 
Dumbarton  Castle  is  not  a whit  the  less 
picturesque  for  that.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Dunamase,  Rock  of.  See  Rock  of 
Dunam  ase. 

Dunderberg.  [Thunder  Moun- 
tain.] An  eminence  on  the  Hud- 
son river  at  Caldwell’s  Landing, 
associated  with  romantic  legends. 

JUST*  “ The  captains  of  the  river  craft 
talk  of  a little  bulbous-bottomed  Dutch 
goblin,  in  trunk  hose  and  sugar-loaf 
hat,  with  a speaking-trumpet  in  his 
hand,  which  they  say  keeps  the  Bonder 
Berg.  They  declare  that  they  have 
heard  him  in  stormy  weather,  in  the 
midst  of  the  turmoil,  giving  orders  in 
Low  Dutch  for  the  piping  up  of  a fresh 
gust  of  wind,  or  the  rattling  off  of 
another  thunder-clap.  . . . Several 
events  of  this  kind  having  taken  place, 
the  regular  skippers  of  the  river  for  a 
long  time  did  not  venture  to  pass  the 
Bonder  Berg  without  lowering  their 
peaks,  out  of  homage  to  the  Heer  of 
the  mountains;  and  it  was  observed 
that  all  such  as  paid  this  tribute  of 
respect  were  suffered  to  pass  unmo- 
lested.” Washington  Irving. 

Dundonald  Castle.  An  ancient 
feudal  mansion,  now  in  ruins, 
near  the  town  of  Troon,  in  Scot- 
land. King  Robert  II.  of  Scotland 
lived  here  before  his  accession  to 
the  throne. 

JUSif*  “Dr.  Johnson,  to  irritate  my 
old  Scottish  enthusiasm,  was  very  joc- 
ular on  the  homely  accommodation  of 
King  Bob,  and  roared  and  laughed  till 
the  ruins  echoed.”  Boswell. 

Dundrennan  Abbey.  An  ancient 
and  once  celebrated  monastic  es- 
tablishment near  Kirkcubbright, 
in  Scotland,  and  near  the  sea.  It 
was  built  in  1140  by  King  David 
for  Cistercian  monks  from  Rie- 
vaulx.  Queen  Mary  is  said  to 


have  slept  there  after  the  battle 
of  Langside.  Only  the  front  of 
the  building  now  remains. 

Dun  Edin’s  Cross.  An  ancient 
monument,  consisting  of  a shaft 
surmounted  by  a unicorn,  stand- 
ing within  the  enclosure  of  St. 
Giles’s  Church,  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land. It  was  taken  down,  and 
for  a time  removed  from  the  city, 
but  in  1866  was  restored  to  its 
original  place.  The  base  is  mod- 
ern. 

Dun-EdiWs  Cross . a pillared  stouo, 

Kose  on  a turret  octagon. 

(But  now  is  razed  that  monument 
Whence  royal  edict  rang. 

And  voice  of  Scotland’s  law  was  sent 
In  glorious  trumpet  clang); 

Oh  ! be  his  tomb  as  lead  to  lead 
Upon  its  dull  destroyer’s  head  ! — 

A minstrel’s  malison  is  said.  Scott. 

Dunfermline  Abbey.  A famous 
burial-place  of  the  Scottish  kings. 
The  original  edifice  was  founded 
in  the  eleventh  century.  The 
existing  building  is  of  the  present 
century.  The  Palace  of  Dun- 
fermline was  a favorite  residence 
of  the  kings  of  Scotland. 

Dunloe  Cave.  A singular  cave 
near  the  entrance  to  the  Gap  of 
Dunloe,  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
Ireland.  It  is  remarkable  for 
some  ancient  stones  which  it  con- 
tains, inscribed  with  the  old  Og- 
ham characters,  said  to  have 
been  used  in  Ireland  long  before 
the  era  of  Christianity.  It  is  con- 
jectured that  this  writing  may  be 
a relic  of  the  old  Phoenician 
writing  introduced  by  a colony 
into  Ireland. 

Dunloe  Gap.  A noted  pass  about 
four  miles  in  length,  in  the  county 
of  Kerry,  Ireland. 

J “ The  visitor  is  at  once  con- 
vinced that  he  is  about  to  visit  a scene 
rarely  paralleled  for  wild  grandeur  and 
stern  magnificence;  the  singular  char- 
acter of  the  deep  ravine  would  seem  to 
confirm  the  popular  tradition  that  it 
was  produced  by  a stroke  of  the  sword 
of  one  of  the  giants  of  old,  which 
divided  the  mountains  and  left  them 
apart  forever.  Anywhere,  and  under 
any  circumstances,  this  rugged  and 
gloomy  pass  would  be  a most  striking 
object;  but  its  interest  and  importance 
are  no  doubt  considerably  enhanced  by 


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the  position  it  occupies  in  the  very  cen- 
tre of  gentle  and  delicious  beauty.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Dunluce  Castle.  One  of  the  most 
interesting  and  remarkable  ruins 
in  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Antrim,  the  former  seat  of  the 
McDonnels.  It  stands  on  an  in- 
sulated rock  a hundred  feet  above 
the  sea,  while  its  base  has  been 
formed  by  the  action  of  the  waves 
into  spacious  and  beautiful  cav- 
erns. 

4®=-  “ It  was  the  most  mournful  and 
desolate  picture  I ever  beheld.  ...  In 
front  the  breakers  dashed  into  the  en- 
trance, flinging  the  spray  half  way  to 
the  roof,  while  the  sound  rang  up 
through  the  arches  like  thunder.  It 
seemed  to  me  the  haunt  of  the  old 
Norsemen’s  sea-gods.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Dunmore  House.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Dunmore,  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  Scotland. 

Dunmore  House.  An  ancient  but 
decaying  mansion  in  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  the  former  residence 
of  Lord  Dunmore,  the  last  of  the 
colonial  governors  of  Virginia. 
It  is  of  brick,  and  was  in  its  day 
a house  of  vice-regal  splendor. 

Dunnottar  Castle.  A ruined  for- 
tress near  Stonehaven,  Scotland, 
the  seat  of  the  Keiths,  earls  mar- 
ischal  of  Scotland.  It  was  taken 
by  Wallace  in  1296,  and  was  dis- 
mantled in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century.  It  was  at  one  time 
a place  of  imprisonment  of  the 
Scottish  Covenanters. 

4®=*  “ Bare  and  desolate,  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  the  restless,  moaning 
waves;  a place  justly  held  accursed  as 
the  scene  of  cruelties  to  the  Covenant- 
ers, so  appalling  and  brutal  as  to  make 
the  blood  boil  in  the  recital,  even  in 
this  late  day.”  Mrs.  IT.  B.  Stowe. 

Dunrobin  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Sutherland,  a castel- 
lated mansion,  and  one  of  the 
finest  residences  in  Scotland.  It 
is  situated  in  the  parish  of  Gols- 
pie, in  the  county  of  Sutherland. 

Dunroby  Abbey.  A beautiful  ru- 
ined monastery  in  the  county  of 
Wexford,  Ireland.  It  was  found- 
ed in  1182. 


Dunsinane  Hill.  An  eminence 
about  1,100  feet  in  height,  near 
Errol,  in  Scotland,  famous  from 
its  associations  with  Shake- 
speare’s tragedy  of  “ Macbeth,” 
and  as  having  been  the  site  of 
the  castle  mentioned  in  the  play. 
See  Macbeth’s  Cairn. 

I pull  in  resolution,  and  begin 
To  doubt  the  equivocation  of  the  fiend 
That  lies  like  truth:  ‘Fear  not  till  Bir 
nam  Wood 

Do  come  to  Dunsinane; 1 and  now  a wood 
Comes  toward  Dunsinane.  Shakespeare. 

Dunstan’s,  St.  See  St.  Dunstan’s. 

Dunvegan  Castle.  An  ancient 
mansion  in  the  North  of  Scotland, 
the  seat  of  Macleod  of  Macleod, 
said  to  be  the  oldest  inhabited 
castle  in  the  country.  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  composed  one  of  his 
poems  here. 

Duomo.  For  names  beginning 
with  the  word  Duclmo  (Italian  for 
cathedral)  see  the  next  promi- 
nent word  of  the  name;  e.g.,  Du- 
omo di  Pisa,  see  Pisa,  Cathedral 
of. 

Du  Quesne,  Fort.  See  Fort  du 
Quesne. 

Durandal.  The  famous  sword  of 
Roland  the  Brave,  said  to  have 
been  brought  with  his  body  by 
Charlemagne  from  Roncesvaux, 
and  interred  in  the  citadel  of 
Blaye,  on  the  Garonne,  France. 

Durazzo  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Durazzo.]  A splendid  palace  in 
Genoa,  Italy,  containing  some 
fine  pictures. 

Diirer,  Albert.  See  Albert  Du- 
rer. 

Durgah,  The.  A famous  tomb, 
built  for  the  Shekli  Selim-Chisti, 
at  Futtehpore,  about  22  miles 
from  Agra,  in  Hindostan. 

4®"“  The  tomb,  as  well  as  a canopy 
six  feet  high  which  covers  it,  is  made 
of  mother-of-pearl.  The  floor  is  of  jas- 
per, and  the  walls  of  white  marble  in- 
laid with  cornelian.  A cloth  of  silk 
and  gold  was  spread  over  it  like  a pall, 
and  upon  this  were  wreaths  of  fresh 
and  withered  flowers.  The  screens  of 
marble  surrounding  the  building  are 
the  most  beautiful  in  India.  They  are 
single  thin  slabs  about  eight  feet  square, 
and  wrought  into  such  intricate  open 
patterns  that  you  would  say  they  had 


DUB 


152 


DYI 


been  woven  in  a loom.  Busharat  Ali 
informed  me  that  the  Durgah  was 
erected  in  one  year,  and  that  it  cost  37 
lacs  of  rupees,  — $1,750,000.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Durham  Castle.  One  of  the  noble 
remains  of  antiquity  in  the  North 
of  England,  different  portions  of 
which  date  back  to  different  pe- 
riods. A great  part  of  it  is  sup- 
posed to  be  no  older  than  William 
the  Conqueror;  but  there  must 
have  been  a fortress  before  that 
time.  The  old  keep,  which  com- 
mands beautiful  views,  is  divided 
into  rooms  which  are  occupied 
by  students  of  the  university. 

Gray  towers  of  Durham  ! there  was  once 
a time 

I viewed  your  battlements  with  such 
vague  hope 

As  brightens  life  in  its  first  dawning 
prime ; 


Well  yet  I love  thy  mixed  and  massive 
piles, 

Half  church  of  God,  half  castle  ’gainst  the 
Scot, 

And  long  to  roam  these  venerable  aisles, 
With  records  stored  of  deeds  long  since 
forgot.  Scott. 

Durham  Cathedral.  One  of  the 
noblest  ecclesiastical  edifices  in 
England.  It  was  founded  in 
1093;  is  507  feet  in  length,  200  feet 
in  breadth,  and  has  a tower  214 
feet  in  height.  It  is  of  massive 
Norman  architecture. 

Durham  House.  A noble  man- 
sion in  London  in  former  days, 
situated  on  the  Strand.  It  was 
at  one  time  in  the  possession  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  A part  of 
the  site  is  now  occupied  by  the 
Adelphi  Terrace. 

Durham  Terrace.  A terrace  at 
Quebec,  Canada,  200  feet  above 
the  river,  and  commanding  a 
magnificent  view.  The  terrace, 
which  is  a favorite  promenade, 
stands  upon  the  platform  and 
buttresses  where  was  formerly 
the  Chateau  of  St.  Louis,  built  by 
Champlain  in  1620. 

4®"”  There  is  not  in  the  world  a 
nobler  outlook  than  that  from  the  ter- 
race at  Quebec.  You  stand  upon  a 
rock  overhanging  city  and  river,  and 
look  down  upon  the  guard-ships’  masts. 
Acre  upon  acre  of  timber  comes  float- 


ing down  the  stream  above  the  city,  the 
Canadian  boat-songs  just  reaching  you 
upon  the  heights.”  Sir  Charles  Dilke. 

Durrenstein.  A famous  ruined 
castle  on  the  Danube,  near  Linz, 
once  the  prison  of  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion. 

Diisseldorf  Gallery.  A gallery 
of  paintings  in  Diisseldorf,  Ger- 
many, founded  at  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  In  1805 
all  the  finest  pictures  in  the  gal- 
lery were  taken  to  Munich  by 
Max.  Joseph,  king  of  Bavaria, 
and  are  now  in  the  Pinakothek. 
The  gallery,  however,  still  con- 
tains many  valuable  sketches  and 
drawings  by  celebrated  artists. 

Diisseldorf  Madonna.  A name 
sometimes  given  to  a picture  of  a 
Holy  Family  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  formerly  in  Diissel- 
dorf,  but  now  in  the  Pinakothek 
at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

4®^ “Christ  and  St.  John  attending 
to  each  other;  the  Virgin  sitting  on  the 
ground  looking  at  St.  John  ; St.  Joseph 
behind  with  both  hands  on  his  staff  . . . 
altogether  a very  regular  pyramid.” 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

Dutch  Church.  See  Old  Dutch 
Church. 

Dying  Gladiator.  A famous  work 
of  ancient  sculpture,  representing 
a Gaul  dying,  and  supposed  to 
be  one  of  a series  of  figures  illus- 
trating the  incursion  of  the  Gauls 
into  Greece.  The  best  authori- 
ties now  regard  this  wonderful 
statue  as  that  of  a dying  Gaul, 
and  not  a gladiator,  though  some 
have  looked  upon  it  as  either  the 
original  work  or  a copy  of  a stat- 
ue by  Ctesilaus  (Cresilas),  a Gre- 
cian sculptor,  and  contemporary 
of  Phidias.  It  is  now  preserved 
in  the  museum  of  the  Capitol  at 
Rome.  The  right  arm  of  this 
statue  has  been  restored.  It  is 
not  positively  known  by  whom 
this  restoration  was  made;  but 
the  work  has  been  credited  to 
Michael  Angelo  on  the  ground 
that  no  one  else  could  have  done 
it.  See  Borghp:se  Gladiator 
and  Wounded  Gladiator. 


DYI 


153 


DYI 


Here  is  a real  and  not  an  ideal 
statue  : the  figure,  nevertheless,  is  beau- 
tiful, because  men  of  this  class  devoted 
their  lives  to  exercising  naked.” 

Taine , Trans. 

T must  never  forgot  the  famous  statue 
of  the  Gladiator  spoken  of  by  Pliny,  so 
much  follow'd  by  all  the  rare  artists,  as 
the  many  copies  testify,  dispersed  through 
almost  all  Europe,  both  in  stone  and 
metal.  John  Evelyn,  1644. 


I see  before  me  the  Gladiator  lie: 

He  leans  upon  his  hand  — his  manly  brow 
Consents  to  death,  but  conquers  agony 
Byron 

It  was  that  room,  in  the  centre  of  which 
reclines  the  noble  and  most  pathetic  fig- 
ure of  the  Dying  Gladiator , just  sinking 
into  his  death-swoon.  Hawthorne. 

Dying  Magdalene.  A well-known 
work  of  sculpture  by  Antonio 
Canova  (1757-1822). 


EAR 


154 


E. 


Ear  of  Dionysius.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Syracuse,  in  Sicily,  is 
a cave  of  great  depth,  which  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Dio- 
nysius the  Elder,  a tyrant,  or 
usurper,  who  was  born  about  B.C. 
430,  and  died  B.C.  367, in  the  sixty- 
third  year  of  his  age,  and  the  thir- 
ty-ninth of  his  rule.  This  cave 
was  250  feet  long  and  80  feet  high. 
It  was  fashioned  in  the  form  of 
a human  ear;  and  the  faintest 
sounds  were  carried  from  all  parts 
to  a central  chamber,  which  corre- 
sponded to  the  tympanum,  or 
drum,  of  the  ear.  In  this  remark- 
able whispering  gal  lery, Dionysius 
imprisoned  all  who  were  the  ob- 
jects of  his  suspicions;  while  he 
himself  was  in  the  habit  of  passing 
entire  days  in  the  innermost  cham- 
ber, listening  to  the  conversation 
of  his  victims,  in  order  that  he 
might  ascertain  for  himself  who 
were  really  his  enemies.  Ancient 
writers  tell  us  that  the  workmen 
who  constructed  the  cavern  were 
put  to  death  to  prevent  them 
from  divulging  the  use  to  which 
it  was  to  be  put,  and  that  whole 
families  were  sometimes  confined 
in  it  at  once.  Modern  travellers 
relate  that  even  at  the  present 
day,  notwithstanding  the  changes 
which  have  been  wrought  by  time, 
the  echo  is  such  that  the  tearing 
of  a sheet  of  paper  at  the  entrance 
can  be  distinctly  heard  in  the  re- 
motest part.  Pieces  of  iron  and 
lead  have  been  found  in  making 
excavations,  and  they  are  thought 
to  be  the  remains  of  the  chains 
and  staples  by  which  the  prison- 
ers were  confined. 

This  serpent  in  the  wall  is  arranged  for 
hearing.  It  is  an  Ear  of  Dionysius. 

George  Sand,  Trans. 

Nevertheless,  even  in  the  height  of  his 
glory,  he  [Voltaire]  has  a strange  sensi- 
tiveness to  the  judgment  of  the  world: 
could  he  have  contrived  a Dionysius'  Ear , 
in  tli e Rue  Traversiere,  we  should  have 
found  him  watching  at  it  night  and  day. 

Carlyle. 


EAS 


Earthly  Love.  An  admired  pic- 
ture  by  Caravaggio  (1569-1609). 
In  the  Berlin  Museum. 

East  India  Docks.  These  docks, 
in  London,  originally  built  for 
the  East  India  Company,  have 
been,  since  the  opening  of  the 
trade  to  India,  the  property  of 
the  East  and  West  India  Compa- 
nies. They  were  opened  in  1806. 
See  West  India  Docks. 

Captain  Cuttle  lived  on  the  brink  of  a 
little  canal  near  the  India  Docks , wThere 
there  was  a swivel  bridge,  which  opened 
now  and  then  to  let  some  wandering  mon- 
ster of  a ship  come  roaming  up  the  street 
like  a stranded  leviathan.  Dickens. 

East  India  House.  The  house 
of  the  East  India  Company, 
“ the  most  celebrated  commercial 
association  of  ancient  or  mod- 
ern times.”  It  was  situated  in 
Leaden  hall  Street,  London,  and 
was  taken  down  in  1862,  its  cele- 
brated museum  having  been  re- 
moved to  Fife  House,  White- 
hall. The  museum  is  now  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum. 
Hoole,  the  translator  of  Tasso, 
Charles  Lamb,  and  James  Mill, 
the  historian  of  British  India, 
were  clerks  in  the  East  India 
House. 

jgQ^^My  printed  works  were  my 
recreations  : my  true  works  may  be 
found  on  the  shelves  in  Leadenhall 
Street,  filling  some  hundred  folios.” 

Charles  Lamb. 

Scandinavian  Thor,  who  once  forged 
his  bolts  in  icy  Hecla,  and  built  galleys 
by  lonely  fiords,  in  England,  has  ad- 
vanced with  the  times,  has  shorn  his 
beard,  enters  Parliament,  sits  down  at  a 
desk  in  the  India  House,  and  lends  Mioll- 
nir  to  Birmingham  for  a steam  hammer. 

Emerson. 

East  India  Marine  Hall.  A build- 
ing in  Salem,  Mass.,  containing 
collections  of  the  Essex  Institute 
and  of  the  East  India  Marine  So- 
ciety. The  scientific  cabinets  of 
the  Essex  Institute  are  extensive 
and  well-arranged,  and  the  col- 
lections of  the  Marine  Society  in- 


EAS 


155 


ECC 


elude  many  curiosities  from  Ori- 
ental countries  and  other  distant 
nations. 

Among  the  numerous  curiosi- 
ties is  a piece  of  wood-carving  in  the 
form  of  two  hemispheres  1|  inches  in 
diameter,  in  the  concavities  of  which 
are  carved  representations  on  the  one 
hemisphere  of  heaven  and  on  the 
other  of  hell.  There  are  110  full- 
length  figures  in  the  carving,  and  the 
whole  is  very  skilfully  executed.  It  is 
said  to  he  the  work  of  an  Italian  monk 
of  the  fourteenth  century. 

East  Room.  A noted  apartment 
in  the  White  House  at  Washing- 
ton, being  a richly-decorated  hall 
80  feet  in  length  by  40  feet  in 
width,  adorned  with  portraits  of 
the  Presidents,  and  used  for  pub- 
lic receptions. 

Eagle’s  Hest.  A celebrated  rock 
about  1,200  feet  in  height,  among 
the  Killarney  lakes  in  the  county 
of  Derry,  Ireland.  It  is  noted 
for  its  wonderful  and  exciting 
echoes.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  fact,  that  for  centuries 
it  has  been  the  favorite  abode  of 
eagles. 

4®=*  “ It  is  impossible  for  language  to 
convey  even  a remote  idea  of  the  ex- 
ceeding delight  communicated  by  this 
development  of  a most  wonderful  prop- 
erty of  nature.  ...  It  is  not  only  by 
the  louder  sounds  that  the  echoes  of 
the  hills  are  awakened;  the  clapping  of 
a hand  will  call  them  forth ; almost  a 
whisper  will  be  repeated,  — far  off,  ceas- 
ing, resuming,  ceasing  again.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  C.  Ilall. 

4£gr  “ It  is  scarcely  in  the  power  of 
language  to  convey  an  idea  of  the  ex- 
traordinary effect  of  the  echoes  under 
this  cliff,  whether  they  repeat  the  dul- 
cet notes  of  music  or  the  loud,  discord- 
ant report  of  a cannon.”  Weld • 

Eastcheap.  An  ancient  thorough- 
fare in  London.  It  was  the  East 
Cheap  or  market,  in  distinction 
from  Cheapside,  which  was  the 
West  Cheap.  Here  was  the  fa- 
mous Boar’s  Head  Tavern.  Stowe 
says  that  Eastcheap  was  always 
famous  for  its  “ convivial  doings. 
The  cookes  cried  hot  ribbes  of  beef 
roasted,  pies  well  baked,  and  other 
victuals:  there  was  clattering  of 
pewter  pots,  harpe,  pipe,  and 


sawtrie. r ’ See  Boar’s  Head  Tav- 
ern. 

Then  I hyed  me  into  Est-Chepe , 

One  cryes  ribbes  of  befe  and  many  a pye: 
Pewter  pottes  they  clattered  on  a heape. 

Lydgate. 

Eastcheap , that  ancient  region  of  wit 
and  wassail,  where  the  very  names  of  the 
streets  relished  of  good  cheer,  as  Pudding- 
Lane  bears  testimony  e\  en  at  the  present 
day.  Irving. 

Age,  care,  -wisdom,  reflection,  begone ! 
I give  you  to  the  winds.  Let’s  have  t’oth- 
er bottle  : here’s  to  the  memory  of  Shake- 
speare, Falstaff,  and  all  the  merry  men  of 
Eastcheap.  Goldsmith. 

Shakespeare  knew  . . . innumerable 
things  : what  men  are,  and  what  the 
world  is,  and  how  and  w hat  men  aim  at 
there,  from  the  Dame  Quickly  of  modern 
Eastcheap  to  the  Caesar  of  ancient  Rome, 
over  many  countries,  over  many  centu- 
ries. Carlyle. 

Eastnor  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Somers,  near  Ledbury, 
England. 

Eaton  Hall.  A noted  mansion, 
the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  West- 
minster, on  the  banks  of  the  Dee, 
near  Chester,  England. 

Eaton  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London. 

Ebernburg.  A ruined  castle  in 
Bavaria,  which,  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  afforded  shelter  to  many 
of  the  early  Reformers. 

Ecce  Homo.  [Behold  the  Man.] 
A favorite  subject  of  representa- 
tion by  the  religious  painters  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  in  which  Christ 
is  exhibited  as  presented  to  the 
people,  according  to  the  account 
in  John  xix.  5. 

“ The  Ecce  Ilomo  is  a compara- 
tively late  subject.  It  did  not  occur  in 
the  Greek  Church,  . . - it  does  notap- 
pear  in  early  ivories,  nor  in  manu- 
scripts. ...  It  was  one  of  the  aims  in 
the  Roman  Church  from  the  fifteenth 
century,  to  excite  compassion  for  the 
Saviour,  — an  aim  which  has  always 
tended  to  lower  Art  by  lowering  the 
great  idea  she  is  bound  to  keep  in  view.” 
Lady  Eastlake. 

On  the  freshly  - stretched  canvas  of 
American  landscapes  plenty  of  Ecce  Ho- 
mos breathe  and  live,  who  hide  their 
w ounds  lest  they  fill  the  ey^s  of  behold- 
ers with  a mediaeval  pity.  John  Weiss. 

Of  a great  number  of  composi- 
tions upon  this  subject , a few  only 
of  the  more  celebrated  or  familiar 
may  be  named. 


ECC 


156 


ECH 


Ecce  Homo.  A picture  by  Fra 
Bartolommeo  (1469-1517).  In  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Ecce  Homo . A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
named  Correggio  (1494-1534).  The 
Virgin  is  represented  in  front 
fainting — a unique  incident.  This 
picture  is  considered  a master- 
work  of  Correggio.  Now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London.  There 
is  another  picture  by  Correggio 
upon  the  same  subject,  in  the 
Museum  at  Berlin. 

4ST  “ The  Ecce  Homo,  by  Correggio, 
in  our  National  Gallery,  is  treated  in  a 
veiy  peculiar  manner  in  reference  to 
the  Virgin,  and  is,  in  fact,  another  ver- 
sion of  Lo  Spasimo  [<y.  ?\],  the  fourth 
of  her  ineffable  sorrows.  Here  Christ, 
as  exhibited  to  the  people  by  Pilate,  is 
placed  in  the  distance,  and  is  in  all  re- 
spects the  least  important  part  of  the 
picture,  of  which  we  have  the  real  sub- 
ject in  the  far  more  prominent  figure  of 
the  Virgin  in  the  foreground.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

J “ Correggio’s  picture  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  is  a master-work,  on 
which  all  praise  is  superfluous.  The 
fainting  Virgin  in  front  is  a novel  inci- 
dent in  this  piece,  and,  far  from  adding 
pathos,  embarrasses  the  position  of  the 
Saviour,  whose  attention  would  natural- 
ly be  concentrated  on  his  mother.” 

Lady  Eastlake. 

4ST*  “ Lastly  his  [Correggio’s]  Ecce 
Homo  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  a paint- 
ing in  which  pain  and  sadness  and 
beauty  are  united  into  the  most  touch- 
ing spectacle.  Leonardo  alone,  beside 
him,  could  have  painted  it.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

Ecce  Homo.  A picture  by  Lu- 
dovico Cardi  da  Cigoli  (1599-1613), 
his  chef  d? oeuvre , and  a work  of 
the  highest  order.  It  is  in  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

4SgT  “ One  of  the  most  beautiful  pic- 
tures of  this  subject  was  reserved  for 
a comparatively  late  master  to  execute. 
Cigoli’s  large  work  in  the  Pitti  . . . can 
hardly  fail  to  touch  the  heart.  . . . All 
is  mournful, gentle, and  loving;  and  the 
very  color  of  the  robe  adds  to  the  sad- 
ness.” Lady  Eastlake. 

Ecce  Homo.  A painting  by  Rem- 
brandt  van  Ryn  (1606-1669). 

4G§“  “ That  ‘inspired  Dutchman,’ 
as  Mrs.  Jameson  has  called  Rembrandt, 
threw  all  his  grand  and  uncouth  soul 


into  this  subject  [the  Ecce  Homo].  He 
painted  it  once  in  chiaroscuro,  and 
treated  it  twice  in  an  etching,  each 
time  historically.”  Lady  Eastlake. 

Ecce  Homo . A jucture  by  Jan 
van  Mabuse  (1499-1562  ?),  a Flem- 
ish painter.  It  is  in  the  Museum 
at  Antwerp,  Belgium. 

Ecce  Homo.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Titian  (1477-1576),  which 
includes  portraits  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  in  armor,  of  the  Sul- 
tan Solyman,  and  of  the  painter 
himself.  The  picture  formerly 
belonged  to  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land, and  was  sold  by  Oliver 
Cromwell.  Now  in  the  Belvedere 
Gallery  at  Vienna,  Austria. 

Ecce  Homo.  An  admired  pic- 
ture by  Francesco  Barbieri,  called 
Guercino  (1590-1666).  In  the  Pa- 
lazzo Corsini,  Rome. 

4®=*  “ A painting  which,  notwith- 
standing the  painful  nature  of  the  sub- 
ject and  all  its  hackneyed  representa- 
tions, is  full  of  such  deep  and  powerful 
expression,  and  so  faultless  in  its  exe- 
cution, that  it  awakens  our  highest  ad- 
miration.” Eaton. 

Eccentrics,  The.  A convivial  club 
in  London,  which  first  met  about 
1800  in  a tavern  in  Chandos  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  and  afterwards 
removed  to  St.  Martin’s  Lane, 
where  they  met  till  1840.  It  was 
an  offshoot  of  The  Brilliants. 

4®=*  “Amongst  the  members  were 
many  celebrities  of  the  literary  and 
political  world,  they  were  always 
treated  with  indulgence  by  the  authori- 
ties. . . . From  its  commencement  the 
Eccentrics  are  said  to  have  numbered 
upwards  of  40,000  members,  many  of 
them  holding  high  social  position : 
among  others,  Fox,  Sheridan,  Lord 
Melbourne,  and  Lord  Brougham.  On 
the  same  memorable  night  that  Sheri- 
dan and  Lord  Petersham  were  admitted, 
Hook  was  also  enrolled.”  Timbs. 

Echo  Canon.  A remarkable  and 
famous  ravine  forming  a gateway 
through  the  Wahsatcli  range  of 
mountains  in  Utah  Territory.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  astonishing 
natural  spectacles  to  be  found  in 
the  West.  The  trains  of  the  Un- 
ion Pacific  Railroad  pass  through 
this  gorge. 

Echo  Lake.  A picturesque  little 
lake  a short  distance  north  of  the 


ECH 


15T 


EGY 


Profile  House  in  the  Franconia 
Mountains,  N.H.,  so  named  from 
the  remarkable  echoes  which  can 
he  heard  here.  “ Franconia  is 
more  fortunate  in  its  little  tarn 
that  is  rimmed  by  the  undis- 
turbed wilderness,  and  watched 
by  the  grizzly  peak  of  Lafayette, 
than  in  the  Old  Stone  Face  from 
which  it  has  gained  so  much 
celebrity.” 

Echo  River.  A partly  subterra- 
nean river  in  Kentucky.  It  flows 
for  three-quarters  of  a mile  with- 
in the  Mammoth  Cave,  and  finally 
empties  into  Green  River. 

Ecluse.  See  Fort  de  l’Ecluse. 

Ecole  Polytechnique.  [Polytech- 
nic School.]  A celebrated  insti- 
tution in  Paris,  founded  in  1795. 
The  pupils  are  admitted  only  on 
examination.  The  candidates 
must  be  between  16  and  20  years 
of  age.  The  pupils  are  examined 
at  the  end  of  the  course,  which 
is  two  years  in  length,  and  are 
assigned  to  various  positions  in 
the  public  service,  according  to 
their  proficiency.  They  have 
more  than  once  shown  themselves 
ardent  politicians. 

Ecstasy  of  St.  Francis.  A picture 
by  Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641). 
In  the  gallery  at  Vienna,  Austria. 

Eddystone  Light-house.  The 

“ Eddystone  ” is  the  name  of  the 
highest  part  of  a perilous  reef 
about  14  miles  south-west  of  the 
harbor  of  Plymouth,  England. 
The  first  light-house  upon  this 
dangerous  rock  was  begun  in  1696 
by  Henry  Winstanley.  Several 
years  after  the  completion  of  this 
structure,  which  resembled  a 
“ Chinese  pagoda,  with  open  gal- 
leries and  fantastic  projections,” 
it  was  entirely  carried  away. 
Another  light-house,  built  of 
stone  and  timber,  was  completed 
by  Mr.  Rudyerd  in  1709,  and 
burned  in  1755.  The  third  and 
present  light-house  upon  the  Ed- 
dystone rock  was  begun  by  John 
Smeaton  in  1756,  and  finished  in 
1759.  It  is  built  of  stone,  and  the 
separate  stones  are  securely  fas- 
tened together  (and  the  lower 


courses  to  the  ledge)  by  an  ingen- 
ious system  of  dovetailing.  It  is 
100  feet  in  height  and  26  feet  in 
diameter.  Over  the  door  of  the 
lantern  is  the  inscription:  “24th 
Aug.,  1759.  Laus  Deo.” 

Eden  Hall.  The  ancient  seat  of 
the  celebrated  Border  clan  of  the 
Musgraves,  near  Penrith,  in  Cum- 
berland, England.  An  interest- 
ing legend  is  connected  with  a 
curious  drinking-cup,  an  heir- 
loom in  the  family.  See  Luck 
of  Edenhall. 

Eden  Park.  A pleasure-ground  of 
160  acres  on  an  eminence  east  of 
Cincinnati,  O. 

Edgecumbe.  See  Mount  Edge- 
cumbe. 

Edinburgh  Castle.  A celebrated 
fortress  in  the  form  of  an  irregu- 
lar pile  of  buildings  on  an  emi- 
nence in  the  city  of  Edinburgh, 
Scotland.  As  a royal  residence 
it  dates  back  to  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. It  was  taken  by  Cromwell 
after  the  battle  of  Dunbar. 

Edouard,  Enfans  d\  See  Enfans 
d’  Edouard. 

Edward  the  Confessor’s  Chapel. 
An  ancient  chapel  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  London,  in  which  are 
the  tombs  of  many  of  the  early 
kings  and  queens  of  England, 
with  their  families. 

Egeria.  See  Fountain  of  Egeria. 

Eglinton  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Eglinton,  near  Irvine, 
Scotland. 

Egypt.  See  Flight  into  Egypt 
and  Repose  in  Egypt. 

Egyptian  Hall.  1.  The  principal 
room  in  the  Mansion  House,  Lon- 
don, so  named  from  being  built 
in  accordance  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  Egyptian  Hall  given 
by  Vitruvius. 

A playful  fancy  could  have  carried  the 
matter  further,  could  have  depicted  the 
feast  in  the  Egyptian  Mali , the  ministers, 
chief  justices,  and  right  reverend  prelates 
taking  their  seats  round  about  liis  lord.-h  p, 
the  turtle  and  otner  delicious  viands. 

Thackeray. 

2.  An  edifice  known  as  Egyp- 
tian Hall,  and  containing  lecture- 


EGY 


158 


ELE 


rooms,  a bazaar,  and  gallery  of 
curiosities,  is  situated  in  Picca- 
dilly, London 

Egyptian  Museum.  The  collec- 
tion of  this  museum,  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome,  was  begun  by  Pius 
VII. 

Ehrenberg.  A fine  relic  of  medi- 
aeval times,  situated  on  a rochy 
height  near  the  Moselle.  It  is 
thought  to  surpass  in  beauty  any 
of  the  castles  on  the  Rhine. 
Ehrenbreitstein.  [Broad  Stone  of 
Honor.]  This  fortress,  called  the 
Gibraltar  of  the  Rhine,  is  situated 
on  a precipitous  rock,  377  feet 
above  the  river.  During  the 
French  Revolutionary  War  it  was 
besieged  four  times,  and  surren- 
dered in  1799.  The  French  sub- 
sequently blew  it  up,  and  desert- 
ed it  in  1801.  The  fortress  was 
restored  at  great  expense  by  the 
Prussians,  and  is  much  admired. 
The  view  from  the  summit  is  one 
of  the  finest  on  the  Rhine.  Eh- 
renbreitstein, at  first  a Roman 
castrum,  was  a refuge  for  the 
electors  of  Treves  in  mediaeval 
times. 

j “ Apart  from  its  magnitude  and 
almost  impregnable  situation  on  a per- 
pendicular rock,  it  is  filled  by  the  rec- 
ollections of  history,  and  hallowed  by 
the  voice  of  poetry.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Here  Ehrenbreitstein , with  her  shattered 
wall 

Black  with  the  miner’s  blast  upon  her 
height, 

Yet  shows  of  what  she  wras,  when  shell 
and  ball 

Itebounding  idly  on  herstrength  did  light : 
A tower  of  victory  ! from  whence  the 
flight 

Of  baffled  foes  was  watched  along  the 
plain ; 

But  Peace  destroyed  what  War  could 
never  blight. 

And  laid  those  proud  roofs  bare  to  sum- 
mer’s rain, 

On  which  the  iron  shower  for  years  had 
poured  in  vain.  Byron. 

Ehrenfels.  [Rock  of  Honor.]  A 
ruined  castle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  near  Bingen  on  the 
Rhine. 

Eiehelstein.  [The  Acorn.]  The 
popular  name  of  the  old  Roman 
structure  at  Mayence,  otherwise 
known  as  the  Toiver  of  Drusus. 
See  Drusus,  Tower  of. 


1807.  A picture  by  Jean  Louis 
Ernest  Meissonier  (b,  1813).  The 
artist  is  said  to  have  labored  15 
years  upon  this  picture,  which 
was  purchased  by  the  late  A.  T. 
Stewart  of  New  York  for  more 
than  300,000  francs. 

1814.  A picture  by  Jean  Louis 
Ernest  Meissonier  (b.  1813),  the 
eminent  French  painter. 

Eildon  Hall.  A seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Buccleuch,  near  Newton  St. 
Boswells,  Scotland. 

Einsiedeln  Abbey.  A famous 
Benedictine  abbey  in  the  town  of 
Einsiedeln,  Switzerland,  after  Lo- 
reto, in  Italy,  the  most  celebrated 
resort  for  pilgrims  in  Europe. 
It  is  estimated  that  more  than 
150,000  persons  visit  this  shrine  of 
the  Virgin  annually  on  the  14tli 
of  September. 

J0G8T*  “ I was  astonished  at  the  splen- 
dor of  this  church  situated  in  a lonely 
and  unproductive  Alpine  valley.  The 
lofty  arches  of  the  ceiling,  which  are 
covered  with  superb  fresco-paintings, 
rest  on  enormous  pillars  of  granite, 
and  every  image  and  shrine  is  richly 
ornamented  with  gold.  . . . Many  of 
the  pilgrims  came  from  a long  dis- 
tance.” Bayard  Taylor. 

Eiserne  Jungfrau.  See  Iron  Vir- 
gin. 

Eleanor  Crosses.  A popular  name 
of  memorials,  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  erected  to  Queen  Eleanor 
of  England  by  order  of  her  hus- 
band, King  Edward,  “ in  every 
place  and  town  where  the  corpse 
rested  (on  its  way  from  Hardby 
to  Westminster).”  Fifteen  crosses 
are  believed  to  have  been  origi- 
nally erected,  of  which  only  three 
now  remain,  the  principal  and 
best  known  being  those  at  North- 
ampton and  at  Waltham.  See 
Charing  Cross. 

Time  must  destroy  those  crosses 
Raised  by  the  Poet-King, 

But  as  long  as  the  blue  sea  tosses, 

As  long  as  the  skylarks  sing, 

As  long  as  London's  river 
Glides  stately  down  to  the  Nore, 

Men  shall  remember  ever 
How  lie  loved  Queen  Eleanore. 

Mortimer  Collins. 

Electors  of  Treves,  Castle  of  the. 
A vast  mediaeval  palace  (built 


ELE 


159 


ELL 


1280)  near  Coblenz,  on  the  Rhine. 
It  has  been  converted  into  a man- 
ufactory. 

Elephant,  The.  An  old  London 
tavern  in  Fenchurch  Street,  of 
earlier  date  than  the  Great  Fire 
of  1666,  taken  down  in  the  first 
part  of  this  century  and  rebuilt. 

Elephanta,  Cave-temples  of. 

These  celebrated  remains  are 
situated  upon  the  island  of  Ele- 
phanta, about  seven  miles  from 
Bombay,  in  India.  In  one  of  the 
caves  is  a colossal  figure  of  the 
Hindoo  Trinity,  called  the  Tri- 
murti.  The  largest  temple-cave 
is  130  feet  long  by  123  feet  in 
breadth. 

“ The  Portuguese,  in  their  zeal 
for  destroying  heathen  idols,  planted 
cannon  before  the  entrance  of  the  cave, 
and  destroyed  many  of  the  columns 
and  sculptured  panels,  but  the  faces  of 
the  colossal  Trinity  have  escaped  mu- 
tilation. This.,  the  Trimurti,  is  a 
grand  and  imposing  piece  of  sculpture, 
not  unworthy  of  the  best  period  of 
Egyptian  art.  It  is  a triple  bust,  and 
with  the  richly  adorned  mitres  that 
crown  the  heads,  rises  to  the  height  of 
twelve  feet.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Elevation  of  the  Cross.  A colos- 
sal picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  In  the  Cathedral  of 
Antwerp,  Belgium. 

J£g=*  “Rubens  stands  forth  in  all  his 
Titanic  greatness  as  the  painter  of  vio- 
lent and  agitated  scenes.  The  effect  of 
this  picture  [the  Elevation  of  the  Cross] 
is  something  overpowering,  but  in  all 
other  respects  it  bears  no  comparison 
with  the  Descent  from  the  Cross 
Handbook  of  Painting. 

This  subject  has  been  treated 
by  painters  of  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  by  Vandyck,  Le- 
brun, Largilliere,  and  others. 

Elgin  Cathedral.  This  ancient 
cathedral,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Lassie,  was  founded  in  1224.  It 
has  been  repeatedly  injured  by 
fire,  and  plundered,  and  rebuilt. 
Though  not  harmonious,  different 
portions  being  of  different  styles 
of  architecture,  its  remains  are 
on  the  whole  the  most  magnificent 
ecclesiastical  ruins  in  Scotland. 


Elgin  Marbles.  A collection  of 
sculptures  brought  from  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens  by  the  Earl  of 
Elgin,  and  now  deposited  in  the 
British  Museum,  London.  In 
1801  Lord  Elgin,  who  had  gone 
to  Athens  for  the  purpose,  re- 
ceived permission  from  the  Turk- 
ish Government  to  take  away  any 
stones  that  might  be  interesting 
to  him;  and  the  result  of  his  la- 
bors was  the  collection  which  has 
since  borne  his  name.  The  mar- 
bles were  purchased  by  the  Brit- 
ish Government  in  1816. 

JgG§=-“Were  the  Elgin  Marbles  lost, 
there  would  be  as  great  a gap  in  art  as 
there  would  be  in  philosophy  if  Newton 
had  never  existed.”  Hay  don. 

4SP  “ We  possess  in  England  the 
most  precious  examples  of  Grecian 
power  in  the  sculpture  of  animals.  The 
horses  of  the  frieze  in  the  Elgin  collec- 
tion appear  to  live  and  move,  to  roll 
their  eyes,  to  gallop,  prance,  and  cur- 
vet ; the  veins  of  their  faces  and  legs 
seem  distended  with  circulation;  in 
them  are  distinguished  the  hardness 
and  decision  of  bony  forms,  from  the 
elasticity  of  tendon  and  the  softness  of 
flesh.”  Flaxman. 

“ Lord  Elgin,  at  Athens,  saw 
the  imminent  ruin  of  the  Greek  re- 
mains, set  up  his  scaffoldings,  in  spite 
of  epigrams,  and,  after  five  years’  labor 
to  collect  them,  got  his  marbles  on  ship- 
board. The  ship  struck  a rock,  and 
went  to  the  bottom.  He  had  them  all 
fished  up,  by  divers,  at  a vast  expense, 
and  brought  to  London ; not  knowing 
that  Haydon,  Fuseli,  and  Canova,  and 
all  good  heads  in  all  the  world,  were  to 
be  his  applauders.”  Emerson. 

It  is  ’Change  time,  and  I am  strangely 
among  the  Elgin  Marbles. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Elijah  in  the  Wilderness.  A 
picture  by  Washington  Allston 
(1779-1843),  the  American  paint- 
er. Now  in  England. 

Eliodoro,  Stanza  d\  See  Stanze 
of  Raphael. 

Elisius,  St.  See  St.  Elisius. 

Elizabeth.  See  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary. 

Ellen’s  Isle.  An  island  in  Loch 
Katrine,  Scotland,  celebrated  in 
the  legendary  history  of  Scotland, 
and  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  poena 


ELL 


160 


ELY 


of  “The  Lady  of  the  Lake,”  as 
the  scene  of  the  interview  be- 
tween Fitz  James  and  the  hero- 
ine. 

4Sr“It  is  a little  island,  but  very 
famous  in  Romance  land ; for  Ellen,  as 
almost  everybody  knows,  was  the 
Lady  of  the  Lake.  ...  A more  poetic, 
romantic  retreat  could  hardly  be  ima- 
gined : it  is  unique.” 

J.  F.  Hunnewell. 
u A beautiful  little  turquoise  in 
the  silver  setting  of  Loch  Katrine.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Ellisland.  A farm  near  Holywood 
on  the  river  Nith,  in  Scotland, 
formerly  rented  by  the  poet 
Burns,  and  where  he  wrote  some 
of  his  most-admired  pieces,  such 
as  “Tam  O’Shanter,”  and  “ To 
Mary  in  Heaven.”  “On  a win- 
dow in  the  house  may  still  be  seen, 
scratched  by  Burns  upon  the 
glass,  ‘ An  honest  man’s  the  no- 
blest work  of  God.’  ” 

Ellora,  Cave-temples  of.  A series 
of  remarkable  and  celebrated 
sculptured  caverns  or  rock-tem- 
ples at  Ellora  in  the  Deccan,  In- 
dia, which  are  classed  among  the 
greatest  wonders  of  architecture. 

H®5*  “ Their  character  is  antique,  but 
their  date  is  uncertain : all  that  can 
be  conjectured  being  that  the  more  an- 
cient portion  of  them  belong  to  the 
ages  before  Christ.  They  are  conse- 
crated to  several  divinities  of  the  Brah- 
minic  Pantheon.  The  hills  of  Ellora 
extend  a length  of  two  miles  in  the 
form  of  a crescent.  Their  flanks  are 
pierced  with  subterranean  galleries  not 
less  than  two  leagues  in  extent.  Here 
is  to  be  found  a great  hall,  nearly 
square,  which  is  180  feet  long,  150  feet 
broad,  and  18  feet  high.  The  roof  is 
supported  by  28  columns.  Certain  of 
the  excavations  disclose  many  stories 
which  communicate  with  each  other.” 
Lefevre , Trans.  Donald. 

Ellsworth,  Fort.  See  Fort  Ells- 
worth. 

Elmo,  St.  See  St.  Elmo. 

Elmwood.  An  ancient  colonial 
house  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  near 
Mount  Auburn  Cemetery,  the 
home  of  James  Russell  Lowell. 

Eltham  Castle.  An  ancient  royal 
palace  in  England,  near  London, 
built  by  Edward  IV.  It  was  a 


frequent  residence  of  the  English 
sovereigns  before  Henry  VIII., 
and  here  they  held  their  great 
Christmas  feasts.  It  is  now  a 
ruin,  and  used  only  as  a barn. 

Ely  Cathedral.  The  old  convent- 
ual church  of  Ely,  near  Cam- 
bridge, England,  was  converted 
into  the  present  structure  by 
Henry  VIII.  Of  the  existing 
edifice  the  oldest  part  was  erected 
in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus. 
Merrily  sang  the  monks  within  Ely 
When  Canute  the  King  rowed  thereby; 
(Row  me,  Knights,  the  shore  along, 

And  listen  to  these  monks’  song). 

Old  Ballad. 

Ely  House.  An  ancient  palace  in 
London,  where  “ old  John  of 
Gaunt,  time-honored  Lancaster,” 
died.  It  is  alluded  to  in  the  plays 
of  Shakespeare. 

My  lord  of  Ely,  when  I was  last  in  IIol- 
born, 

I saw  good  strawberries  in  your  garden 
there; 

I do  beseech  you  send  for  some  of  them. 

Richard  III. 

Elymas  the  Sorcerer  struck  with 
Blindness.  One  of  the  famous 
cartoons  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  from  which  the  tapestries 
in  the  Vatican  were  executed. 

Elysee  Bourbon.  See  Elysee, 
Palais. 

Elysees.  See  Champs  Elysees. 

Elysee  Napoleon.  See  Elysee, 
Palais. 

Elysee,  Palais.  A celebrated  his- 
toric house,  Rue  du  Faubourg 
St.  Honore,  Paris,  built  in  1718. 
Here  at  different  times  lived  the 
Duchess  of  Bourbon  (from  whom 
it  was  called  Elysee  Bourbon ), 
Murat,  Napoleon  i.,  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  Napoleon  III.  Here 
Napoleon  I.  signed  his  abdica- 
tion, and  here  he  passed  his  last 
night  in  Paris.  [It  was  also  for- 
merly called  Elysee  Napole'on .] 

Elysian  Fields.  A region  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Bai^e,  in  South- 
ern Italy,  covered  with  gardens 
and  vineyards,  and  which  is 
thought  to  correspond  with  the 
description  of  Elysium  given  by 
Virgil.  See  also  Champs  Ely- 
sees. 


ELZ 


161 


END 


Elz  Castle.  A fine  relic  of  feudal 
times  near  Carden  in  Rhenish 
Prussia,  pronounced  “an  almost 
solitary  example  of  a feudal  resi- 
dence spared  by  fire,  war,  and 
time,  and  remaining  in  nearly  the 
same  condition  that  it  was  two  or 
three  centuries  ago.”  It  is  in- 
habited, and  contains  a curious 
collection  of  antiquities. 

Elzevir  Editions.  A name  applied 
to  certain  carefully  printed  and 
elegant  editions  of  the  works  of 
Latin  and  Greek  authors,  issued 
by  printers  of  the  name  of  Elze- 
vir in  Amsterdam  and  Leyden, 
Holland,  and  mostly  published 
between  1595  and  1680. 

The  old,  dead  authors  thronged  him  round 
about, 

And  Elzevir* s gray  ghosts  from  leathern 
graves  looked  out.  Whittier. 

Emancipation  Proclamation.  A 
picture  by  Francis  Bicknell  Car- 
penter (b.  1830),  and  well  known 
through  the  engraving  by  Ritchie. 
This  painting  was  purchased  and 
presented  to  Congress  in  1877.  It 
is  now  in  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives in  the  National  Capitol, 
Washington. 

Emanuel.  See  Temple  Emanuel. 

Emanuel  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1584." 

Embarkation  of  St.  Ursula.  A 

picture  by  Vittore  Carpaccio  (1450- 
1520?).  In  the  Accademia  della 
Belle  Arti  at  Venice,  Italy. 

Embarkation  of  the  Pilgrims.  A 
picture  in  one  of  the  panels  of  the 
Rotunda  in  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington, representing  the  depart- 
ure of  the  pilgrims  from  Hol- 
land. It  was  painted  by  Robert 
Weir  (b.  1803),  and  was  completed 
and  placed  in  position  during  the 
administration  of  President  Polk. 
The  artist  is  considered  to  have 
sacrificed  historical  truth  in  order 
that  he  might  produce  a picture 
full  of  strong  effects.  The  sum 
of  ten  thousand  dollars  was  paid 
for  this  work.  Familiar  from  its 
reproduction  upon  bills  of  the 
national  currency. 


Embarkation  of  the  Queen  of 
Sheba.  A celebrated  picture  by 
Claude  Lorrain  (1600-1682).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Emma  Mine.  A mine  of  precious 
ore  in  Utah  Territory,  south-east 
of  Salt  Lake  City.  The  sale  of 
this  mine  to  a stock-company, 
some  years  ago,  most  of  the  stock 
being  held  in  London,  was  a mat- 
ter of  great  notoriety,  and  caused 
much  sensation. 

Emperor  of  Bells.  [Russian,  Tzar 
Kolokol.]  A renowned  bell  pre- 
served in  the  Kremlin  at  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  cast  by  order  of  the 
Empress  Anne  in  1730.  It  was 
broken  a few  years  afterward  by 
the  burning  of  the  wooden  tower 
in  which  it  was  suspended.  It  is 
said  to  be  over  21  feet  in  height, 
about  22  feet  in  diameter  at  the 
bottom,  to  weigh  between  100  and 
200  tons,  and  to  contain  an 
amount  of  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, estimated  to  be  worth  $1,500,- 
000.  The  “New  Bell”  of  Mos- 
cow is  21  feet  in  height,  and  18 
feet  in  diameter. 

45^“  From  the  time  of  Herodotus, 
the  Scythians  were  great  casters  of 
metal,  and  famous  for  their  bells.  The 
specimens  of  casting  of  this  sort  in  Rus- 
sia reduce  all  the  great  bells  of  West- 
ern Europe  to  comparative  insignifi- 
cance. It  of  course  became  necessary 
to  provide  places  in  which  to  hang 
these  bells;  and  as  nothing  in  Byzan- 
tine or  Armenian  architecture  afforded 
a hint  for  amalgamating  the  belfry  with 
the  church,  they  went  to  work  in  their 
own  way,  and  constructed  towers  whol- 
ly independent  of  the  churches.” 

Fergus  son. 

Emperors,  Hall  of  the.  See  Hall 
of  the  Emperors. 

Empire.  See  Course  of  Empire 
and  Star  of  Empire. 

Endowment  House.  A building 
in  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Territory, 
in  which  many  of  the  rites  of 
the  Mormon  worship,  such  as 
“ sealings,”  and  baptisms  for  the 
dead,  are  performed,  and  where 
they  claim  to  receive  their  “ en- 
dowments ” from  heaven.  The 
edifice  is  constructed  of  unburnt 
brick. 


162 


ENT 


ENE 

Enfans  d’  Edouard.  [Edward’s 
Children.]  A picture  by  Paul 
Delaroche  (1797-1856). 

4®=  “ The  ‘ Enfans  d’  Edouard  ’ is 
renowned  over  Europe,  and  has  ap- 
peared in  a hundred  different  ways  in 
print.  It  is  properly  pathetic  and 
gloomy,  and  merits  fully  its  high  repu- 
tation.” Thackeray. 

Engelberg  Abbey.  A noted  Ben- 
edictine abbey  near  the  town  cf 
the  same  name  in  Switzerland. 
It  was  founded  in  the  twelfth 
century,  but  the  present  building 
was  erected  in  the  early  part  of 
the  last  century.  There  is  a tra- 
dition that  angels  chose  the  site 
of  the  monastery. 

Whose  authentic  lay 
Sung  from  that  heavenly  ground  in  mid- 
dle air, 

Made  known  the  spot  where  Piety  should 
raise 

A holy  structure  to  th’  Almighty’s  praise. 

Wordsworth. 

Englanderhiibel.  [English  Hill- 
ock.] A mound  in  Switzerland, 
about  11  miles  from  Lucerne, 
containing  the  bones  of  3,000 
Englishmen,  followers  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  who  were  de- 
feated in  battle  while  devastating 
the  Swiss  cantons. 

English  Coasts.  See  Our  English 
Coasts. 

English  Opera  House.  See  Ly- 
ceum Theatre . 

Enterprise,  The.  1.  An  Arctic 
exploring  ship  which  sailed  to  the 
Northern  seas  under  Sir  James 
Boss  in  1848. 

2.  An  armor-plated  ship  of  the 
British  navy,  launched  Feb.  9, 
1864. 

Entombment,  The.  A subject 
very  often  treated  by  the  great 
religious  painters  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  exhibiting  the  burial  of 
Christ  in  accordance  with  the 
Scriptural  account  of  that  event. 
Of  the  great  number  of  pictures 
upon  this  subject,  among  the 
more  celebrated  are  those  given 
below. 

Entombment , The.  A picture 
by  Giotto  di  Bondone  (1276-1336). 
In  the  Chapel  of  the  Arena,  Pad- 
ua, Italy. 


Entombment , The . A magnifi- 
cent picture  by  Taddeo  Gaddi 
(1300-1366  ?),  executed  for  the 
church  of  Or-San-Michele.  Now 
in  the  Academy  at  Florence,  It- 
aly. 

Entombment , The.  A picture 
by  Pietro  Perugino  (1446-1524). 
In  the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Entombment , The.  A picture 
by  Jan  Mostaert  (1474-1555),  the 
Flemish  painter.  It  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Bev.  Mr.  Heath 
at  Enfield,  England. 

Entombment,  The.  A famous 
picture  by  Titian  (1477-1576),  rep- 
resenting this  well-known  sub- 
ject. It  is  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
There  is  a copy  in  the  Manfrin 
Gallery,  Venice,  Italy. 

4®"  “ An  instance  of  the  manner  in 
which  all  subjects  ministered  to  his 
favorite  forms  of  dignity  and  tranquil- 
lity. The  grief  of  such  noble  beings  as 
support  the  half-concealed  body  of  the 
Lord  is  one  of  the  most  dignified  and 
impressive  things  in  this  world.  Though 
all  intent  on  the  sacred  object  they 
bear,  the  fact  of  their  bearing  it  is  a 
fiction.  Such  strength  and  strain  as 
would  actually  have  been  needed, 
would  have  overturned  all  the  gravity 
which  was  Titian’s  chief  aim,  and  the 
cloth  by  which  they  sustain  the  great 
weight  of  a well-developed  body  is  not 
even  drawn  tight  beneath  their  grasp.” 
Eastlake. 

Entombment , The.  A celebrated 
altar-piece  by  Baphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  painted  for  the  church 
of  S.  Francesco  at  Perugia,  Italy, 
and  now  in  the  Borghese  Gallery 
at  Borne. 

4®=*  “ This  is  the  first  of  Raphael’s 
compositions  in  which  a historical  sub- 
ject is  dramatically  treated;  and,  as  is 
evident  from  the  number  of  designs 
and  studies  he  made  for  the  picture,  it 
tasked  his  powers  to  the  utmost.” 

Eastlake. 

4®=  “The  Virgin  Mother  is  always 
introduced  [in  an  “Entombment”]. 
Either  she  swoons,  which  is  the  ancient 
Greek  conception,  or  she  follows  with 
streaming  eyes  and  clasped  hands  the 
pious  disciples  who  bear  the  dead  form 
of  her  Son,  as  in  Raphael’s  wonderful 
picture  in  the  Borghese  Palace,  and 
Titian’s  hardly  less  beautiful  in  the 
Louvre.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 


ENT 


1G3 


ERE 


“ This  picture  belongs  indisput- 
ably  among  the  chief  works  of  Raphael ; 
and  we  may  even  assign  it  the  pre- 
eminence over  all  the  oil-paintings  of 
this  master  in  Rome,  not  even  excepting 
the  renowned  Transfiguration  and  the 
so-called  Madonna  di  Foligno.” 

Plainer , Trans. 

“In  Raphael’s  Entombment  of 
Christ,  we  perceive  the  first  traces  of 
Michael  Angelo’s  influence.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

Entombment , The.  A picture 
by  Roger  van  der  Weyden  the 
Younger  (d.  1529). 

j GOT  “ The  picture  of  the  Entomb- 
ment by  him  [van  der  Weyden],  in  the 
National  Gallery,  is  as  much  more  sad 
to  the  heart  than  the  passionate  Italian 
conception,  as  a deep  sigh  sometimes, 
than  a flood  of  tears.  No  finer  concep- 
tion of  manly  sorrow,  sternly  repressed, 
exists  than  in  the  heads  of  Nicodemus 
and  Joseph  of  Arimathea.” 

Lady  Eastlake. 

Entombment , The.  A picture  by 
Paul  Veronese  (1530-1588),  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  his  chefs  d'muvre. 
In  the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia. 

Entombment,  The.  A picture 
by  Michelangelo  Amerighi,  sur- 
named  Caravaggio  (1569-1609), 
and  his  most  famous  work.  In 
the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Entombment,  The.  A picture  by 
Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641). 
In  the  Antwerp  Museum. 

Entresol,  Societe  d\  A French 
club  established  by  the  Abbe 
Alari  at  Paris  in  1724. 

Epiphany,  The.  A picture  by 
Gheerardt  David  (1484-1523),  the 
Flemish  painter.  Now  at  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria.  A replica  of  the 
same  in  the  gallery  of  Brussels, 
Belgium. 

Epping  Forest.  Formerly  a very 
large  district,  extending  from  Ep- 
ping almost  to  London.  It  was 
known  under  the  name  of  Wal- 
tham Forest.  In  the  same  neigh- 
borhood was  Hainault,  which 
contains  more  beautiful  scenery 
than  any  other  forest  in  England. 
Great  inroads  have  been  made 
upon  Epping  Forest,  and  it  now 
contains  not  more  than  4,000  acres. 
It  is  much  resorted  to  by  the 


inhabitants  of  London.  In  the 
forest,  about  a mile  from  Epping, 
is  Queen  Elizabeth’s  “Hunting 
Lodge,”  which  commands  a beau- 
tiful prospect. 

The  Cambridge  scholars  trembled  [sev- 
enteenth century]  when  they  approached 
Epping  Forest , even  in  broad  day. 

Macaulay. 

Erasmus.  1.  A portrait  by  Hans 
Holbein  the  Younger  (1498-1543), 
and  considered  one  of  his  most 
admirable  works.  It  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Lord  Radnor, 
at  Longford  Castle,  England. 
This  picture  is  said  to  have  been 
sent  by  Erasmus  to  Sir  Thomas 
More  in  1525.  There  is  also 
another  portrait  of  Erasmus  by 
Holbein  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

2.  A bronze  statue  of  the  great 
scholar  in  Rotterdam,  where  he 
was  born. 

Erasmus.  See  Martyrdom  of  St. 
Erasmus. 

Erbach  Castle.  An  old  family 
mansion  at  Erbach  in  the  Oden- 
wald,  containing  a rare  collection 
of  antiquities. 

Ercole  Farnese.  See  Farnese 
Hercules. 

Erebus,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
vessel  which  sailed  from  England 
under  Sir  John  Franklin  in  May, 
1845,  and  never  returned.  A 
document  dated  April  25,  1848, 
was  discovered  in  a cairn  on  the 
shore  of  King  William’s  Land  by 
Capt.  McClintock  of  the  British 
expedition  sent  out  by  Lady 
Franklin,  in  which  document  it 
was  stated  that  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin died  June  11,  1847;  that  the 
Erebus  and  her  companion  ship, 
the  Terror,  were  abandoned  April 
22,  1848;  and  that  the  survivors 
had  started  for  the  Great  Fish 
River. 

Ereehtheum.  ['Epexfleum.]  This,  the 
most  yenerable  of  the  sanctua- 
ries of  Greece,  and  closely  linked 
with  the  early  legends  of  Attica, 
was  situated  upon  the  Acropolis, 
and  was  so  called  from  being  the 
place  of  interment  of  Erechtheus, 
who  holds  an  important  place  in 
the  Athenian  religion.  The  ori- 
ginal Ereehtheum  was  burnt  by 


ERE 


164 


ESB 


the  Persians ; but  the  new  temple, 
built  upon  the  ancient  site,  was  a 
very  beautiful  structure,  and  one 
of  the  chief  works  of  Athenian 
architecture.  It  was  of  the  Ionic 
order,  and  was  situated  to  the 
north  of  the  Parthenon,  and  near 
the  northern  wall  of  the  Acrop- 
olis. The  appearance  of  the  ex- 
terior can  be  judged  from  the 
existing  ruins,  but  the  interior 
presents  nothing  but  a heap  of 
confusing  ruins. 

4®=*  “ It  contained  several  objects  of 
the  greatest  interest  to  every  Athenian. 
Here  was  the  most  ancient  statue  of 
Athena  Polias,  that  is,  Athena,  the 
guardian  of  the  city.  This  statue  was 
made  of  olive-wood,  and  was  said  to 
have  fallen  down  from  heaven.  Here 
was  the  sacred  olive-tree,  which  Athena 
called  forth  from  the  earth  in  her  con- 
test with  Poseidon  for  the  possession  of 
Attica ; lfere  also  was  the  well  of  salt 
water  which  Poseidon  produced  by  the 
stroke  of  his  trident,  the  impression  of 
which  was  seen  upon  the  rock;  and 
here,  lastly,  was  the  tomb  of  Cecrops 
as  well  as  that  of  Erechtheus.  . . . The 
form  of  the  Erechtheium  differs  from 
every  other  known  example  of  a Gre- 
cian temple.  Usually  a Grecian  tem- 
ple was  an  oblong  figure,  with  two 
porticos,  one  at  its  eastern,  and  the 
other  at  its  western,  end.  The  Erech- 
theium, on  the  contrary,  though  oblong 
in  shape  and  having  a portico  at  the 
eastern  front,  had  no  portico  at  its  west- 
ern end ; but  from  either  side  of  the 
latter  a portico  projected  to  the  north 
and  south,  thus  forming  a kind  of  tran- 
sept. Consequently,  the  temple  had 
three  porticos.”  Smith's  Did. 

4®=“  “ Nowhere  did  the  exquisite 
taste  and  skill  of  the  Athenians  show 
themselves  to  greater  advantage  than 
here ; for,  though  every  detail  of  the 
order  may  be  traced  back  to  Nineveh 
or  Persepolis,  all  are  so  purified,  so  im- 
bued with  purely  Grecian  taste  and 
feeling,  that  they  have  become  essen- 
tial parts  of  a far  more  beautiful  order 
than  ever  existed  in  the  land  in  which 
they  had  their  origin.  . . . Owing  to 
the  Erechtheium  having  been  convert- 
ed into  a Byzantine  church  during  the 
Middle  Ages,  almost  all  traces  of  its 
original  internal  arrangements  have 
been  obliterated;  and  this,  with  the 
peculiar  combination  of  three  temples 
in  one,  makes  it  more  than  usually  diffi- 
cult to  restore.”  Fergusson. 

Erectheum,  The.  A London  club, 
founded  in  1836,  and  afterwards 


joined  with  the  Parthenon  Club. 
See  Parthenon. 

Eremitage.  A palace  in  Bayreuth, 
Germany,  erected  by  the  mar- 
graves, in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century. 

Eremo,  Sacro  (or  Santo).  See  Sa- 
cro  Eremo. 

Ericsson,  The.  A vessel  built  by 
John  Ericsson  (b.  1803),  and 
named  after  him.  She  was  in- 
tended to  be  propelled  by  hot  air 
instead  of  steam;  but,  after  some 
experimental  trials,  the  caloric- 
engine  was  taken  out  in  1855,  and 
ref3laced  by  steam-engines. 

Erythraean  Sibyl.  A figure  in  one 
of  the  frescos  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  Rome,  executed  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo  (1475-1564). 

Esarhaddon’s  Palace.  A celebrat- 
ed Assyrian  palace,  commonly 
known  as  the  South-West  Palace 
at  Nimroud.  It  was  destroyed 
by  fire;  and  the  existing  remains 
consist  of  the  entrance  or  south- 
ern hall,  the  dimensions  of  which 
are  165  feet  in  length  by  62  feet  in 
width.  It  is  the  largest  hall  yet 
discovered  in  Assyria. 

Esbekeeyah,  The.  The  great 
square  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  contain- 
ing about  450,000  square  feet.  On 
it  are  the  principal  hotels  and 
other  prominent  buildings.  It 
was  formerly  inundated  during 
the  annual  rise  of  the  Nile,  and  a 
canal  was  cut  around  it  to  pre- 
vent this  disaster;  but  since  1866 
this  canal  has  been  filled  up, 
some  of  the  ancient  houses  have 
been  removed  and  replaced  by 
new  ones,  and  a central  space  has 
been  enclosed  as  a public  garden, 
with  cafes,  theatres,  etc.  [Writ- 
ten also  Fzbekeyieh.] 

4@"  “ The  great  square  of  the  Ezbe- 
keeyeh  is  always  gay  on  Sundays, 
when  the  Franks  walk  there  after 
church,  and  the  Mohammedans  sit 
smoking  in  groups  to  watch  them. 

. . . The  Eastern  and  Western  groups, 
— the  turbans  and  burnooses  here,  and 
the  French  bonnets  and  mantles  there,— 
all  among  the  dark  acacias,  or  crossing 
the  gleams  of  bright  sunshine,  make  a 
strange  picture,  not  to  be  likened  to 
any  thing  I saw  afterwards.” 

Miss  Martineau. 


ESC 


165 


ESQ 


Eschernheim  Tower.  A pictur- 
esque and  admired  watch-tower 
in  Frankfort-on-tlie-Main. 

Escorial.  An  immense  pile  of 
buildings  situated  near  Madrid, 
Spain,  which  has  sometimes  been 
called  the  eighth  wonder  of  the 
world.  It  was  built  by  Philip  II., 
as  a mausoleum,  in  accordance 
with  the  will  of  his  father,  and 
served  at  once  many  purposes,  as 
a palace,  convent,  treasury,  tomb- 
house,  and  museum.  It  was  be- 
gun by  Juan  Bautista  de  Toledo 
in  1565,  and  finished  in  1584.  Its 
name,  according  to  some,  is  de- 
rived from  Escorioe , the  dross  of 
iron-mines  which  still  exist  here. 
The  building  was  begun  upon  the 
anniversary  of  St.  Lawrence,  and, 
according  to  the  tradition,  was 
made  to  assume  the  shape  of  a 
gridiron,  the  instrument  upon 
which  that  saint  is  recorded  to 
have  suffered  martyrdom.  This 
story,  however,  is  now  believed 
to  be  an  invention  of  later  date. 
The  huge  and  sombre  structure, 
standing  at  an  elevation  of  2,700 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is 
part  and  parcel  of  the  mountain 
out  of  which  it  has  been  con- 
structed. It  is  built  of  granite  in 
the  Doric  order,  and  was  till  lately 
the  country  palace  and  mauso- 
leum of  the  Spanish  sovereigns, 
a part  of  the  edifice  being  used 
for  educational  purposes.  It  is 
now,  however,  but  a mere  wreck, 
and  being  deprived  of  its  monks 
and  revenues,  and  exposed  to  the 
mountain  storms,  is  constantly 
subject  to  injury.  [Written  also 
Escurial.] 

“ The  Escorial  is  as  vulgar  a 
name  as  the  Tuileries.  It  signifies  the 
place  where  scoria  are  thrown  ; and  it 
was  so  called  because  there  was  an  iron 
manufactory  near  that  threw  its  scoria 
on  the  spot.  Its  more  just  name  is  San 
Lorenzo  el  Reale,  since  it  is  a royal 
convent  dedicated  to  St.  Lorenzo.  It 
is  a monument  of  the  magnificence,  the 
splendor,  the  superstition,  and  perhaps 
the  personal  fears,  of  Philip  II.  . . . 
The  convent  itself  is  worthy  of  the 
severest  influences  of  the  most  monkish 
ages.  It  is  the  only  establishment  I 
have  ever  met  that  satisfied  all  the  ideas 
I had  formed  of  the  size  of  a monastery 


such  as  Mrs.  Radcliffe  or  Dennis  Jas- 
per Murphy  describes,  and  which  is 
here  so  immense  that,  in  the  space  oc- 
cupied by  its  chief  staircase  alone,  a 
large  house  might  be  built.” 

George  Ticknor. 

The  romance  of  Tom  Jones,  that  exqui- 
site picture  of  human  manners,  will  out- 
live the  palace  of  the  Escurial  ami  the 
imperial  eagle  of  Austria.  Gibbon. 

It  [Wolfert’s  Roost]  is  said,  in  fact,  to 
have  been  modelled  alter  the  cocked  hat 
of  Peter  the  Headstrong,  as  the  Escurial 
was  modelled  after  the  gridiron  of  the 
blessed  St.  Lawrence.  Irving. 

No  house,  though  it  were  the  Tuileries. 
or  the  Escurial , is  good  for  any  tliii  g with- 
out a master.  Emerson. 

Set  as  a challenge  at  the  mountain’s  side, 
Afar  the  dark  Escurial  is  descried. 

Three  hundred  feet  from  earth  uplifting 
thus 

On  its  colossal  shoulder  firmly  braced, 
Huge  elephant,  the  cupola  defaced, 
Granite  debauch  of  Spain’s  Tiberius. 

T.  Gautier,  Trans. 

Escurial.  See  Escorial. 

Esher  (or  Asher)  Place.  A lovely 
spot  in  one  of  the  most  pictur- 
esque vales  of  the  county  of  Sur- 
rey, England,  noted  as  having 
been  the  residence  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey  after  his  fall  and  retire- 
ment from  court.  An  old  brick 
tower  is  still  standing,  which 
formed  part  of  the  palace  when 
it  belonged  to  the  See  of  Win- 
chester. The  place  is  covered 
with  fine  groves  of  fir  and  beech, 
oaks  and  elms. 

Esplanade,  The.  A magnificent 
promenade  in  Calcutta,  Hindos- 
tan,  being  an  open  space  of  three 
or  four  miles  in  length  and  nearly 
a mile  in  breadth,  extending 
along  the  banks  of  the  Hoogly, 
lined  with  stately  mansions,  and 
crowded  with  fine  equipages. 

Esquiline  Hill.  [Lat.  Mons  Esqvi - 
limts.]  One  of  the  seven  hills  of 
ancient  Rome,  of  wide  extent  and 
undefined  form,  and  now  covered 
with  ruins.  It  is  less  $ distinct 
hill  than  a projection  of  the  Cam- 
pagna.  The  name  is  derived  by 
Varro  from  excvltus,  because  of 
the  ornamental  groves  which  were 
planted  upon  it.  In  the  later 
days  of  the  republic  and  in  the 
time  of  the  empire,  the  Esquiline 
was  a fashionable  place  for  resi- 


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166 


ETO 


dence.  The  section  known  as  the 
Carinaz  was  upon  the  slope  of  the 
hill  towards  the  Coliseum.  Con- 
suls and  emperors  lived  upon  the 
Esquiline.  There  were  the  house 
and  gardens  of  Maecenas,  and  of 
Virgil,  and  possibly  of  Horace, 
a part  of  Kero’s  Golden  House, 
the  Baths  of  Titus,  and  many 
other  structures,  now  in  ruins. 

Suffice  it  now  the  Esquilian  mount  to 
reach 

With  weary  wing,  and  seek  the  sacred  rests 
Of  Maro’s  humble  tenement.  John  Dyer. 

Essex,  The.  A noted  frigate  of 
the  United  States  navy,  in  ser- 
vice in  the  war  of  1812.  She  was 
built  in  1812.  The  Essex  surren- 
dered to  the  British  ships  Phcebe 
and  Cherub,  March  28,  1814. 

Our  Kogers  on  the  President 
Will  burn,  sink,  and  destroy; 

The  Congress  on  the  Brazil  coast 
Your  commerce  will  annoy. 

The  Essex  on  the  South  Sea 
Will  put  out  all  your  lights: 

The  flag  she  wears  at  mast-head 

Is  kk  Free  Trade  and  Sailors’  Rights.*’ 
Old  Song. 

Essex  Head.  This  club  in  London 
was  formed  in  1783  by  Dr.  John- 
son, who  writes  to  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  that  “ the  company  is 
numerous,  and,  as  you  will  see 
by  the  list,  miscellaneous.  The 
terms  are  lax,  and  the  expenses 
light.  . . . We  meet  twice  a 
week,  and  he  who  misses  forfeits 
twopence.”  The  club  was  con- 
tinued for  some  time  after  Dr. 
Johnson’s  death.  Boswell,  de- 
scribing the  formation  of  the 
club,  says,  that,  notwithstanding 
“ the  complication  of  disorders 
under  which  Johnson  now  la- 
bored, he  did  not  resign  himself 
to  despondency  and  discontent, 
but  with  wisdom  and  spirit  en- 
deavored to  console  and  amuse 
his  mind  with  as  many  innocent 
enjoyments  as  he  could  procure. 
Sir  John  Hawkins  has  mentioned 
the  cordiality  with  which  he  in- 
sisted that  such  of  the  members 
of  the  old  club  in  Ivy  Lane  as  sur- 
vived, should  meet  again  and 
dine  together,  which  they  did, 
twice  at  a tavern,  and  once  at  his 
house;  and,  in  order  to  insure 
himself  in  the  evening  for  three 


days  in  the  week,  Johnson  insti- 
tuted a club  at  the  Essex  Head, 
in  Essex  Street. 

^©"“But,  turning  to  Essex  Street, 
and  not  many  doors  down  on  the  left, 
at  the  corner  of  a little  cross-passage 
leading  to  the  pretty  Temple  gate  with 
its  light  iron-work,  we  come  on  the 
Essex  Head  Tavern,  an  old,  mean  pub- 
lic house  of  well-grimed  brick.  It  was 
here,  in  his  decay,  that  Johnson  set 
up  a kind  of  superior  club,  the  Ivy 
Lane.  Boswell  is  angry  with  Hawkins 
for  calling  it  an  ale-house,  as  if  in  con- 
tempt ; but  certainly,  while  the  Cheshire 
Cheese,  the  Mitre,  and  the  Cock  are 
taverns,  this  seems  to  have  been  more 
within  the  category  of  an  ale  or  public 
house.  It  has  been  so  re-arranged  and 
altered  to  suit  the  intentions  and  pur- 
poses of  the  modern  public,  that  there 
is  no  tracing  its  former  shape.” 

Fitzgerald. 

Essex  House.  A noble  mansion 
in  London,  of  which  only  a few 
relics  now  remain,  the  residence 
of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  the  favor- 
ite of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Next  whereunto  there  standes  a stately 
place 

Where  oft  I gayned  giftes  and  goodly 
grace 

Of  that  great  lord  which  therein  wront  to 
dwell.  Spenser. 

Estes  Park.  A picture  by  Albert 
Bierstadt  (b.  1829).  Now  in  pos- 
session of  the  Earl  of  Dunraven. 

Etienne,  St.  See  St.  Etienne. 

Etoile,  Arc  de  1*.  See  Anc  de 
l’Etoile. 

Eton  College.  A famous  educa- 
tional establishment  in  the  town 
of  Eton,  England.  It  was  found- 
ed in  1440  by  Henry  VI.  It  has 
long  been  a favorite  place  of  edu- 
cation for  the  sons  of  the  nobility 
and  gentry.  Among  the  great 
men  who  have  studied  at  Eton 
may  be  mentioned  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  the  Earl  of  Chatham, 
Gray,  Walpole,  West,  Fox,  Can- 
ning, Hallam  the  historian,  and 
the  Duke  of  Wellington.  The 
buildings  form  two  quadrangles, 
and  consist  of  towers,  cloisters, 
and  a fine  Gothic  chapel. 

The  habit  of  brag  runs  through  all 
classes,  from  the  Times  newspaper 
through  politicians  and  poets,  through 
Wordsworth,  Carlyle,  Mill,  and  Sydney 
Smith,  down  to  the  boys  of  Eton. 

Emerson. 


ETO 


167 


EVE 


Ye  distant  spires,  ye  antique  towers, 
That  crown  the  watery  glade. 

Where  grateful  Science  still  adores 
Her  Henry’s  holy  shade.  Gray. 

Eton  Montem.  A celebration  held 
annually  at  first,  then  biennially, 
and  at  last  triennially,  by  the 
boys  of  the  school  at  Eton,  Eng- 
land. They  formed  a procession, 
and  inarched,  arrayed  in  military 
costume,  to  Salt  Hill  or  Mount, 
where  they  dined,  returning  to 
their  school  at  evening.  Some  of 
the  boys,  in  fancy  costumes,  way- 
laid travellers  upon  the  roads, 
and  levied  a tax  for  the  benefit 
of  their  captain.  In  return  they 
bestowed  a small  quantity  of  salt 
upon  each  contributor.  The  fes- 
tival was  abolished  in  1817. 

Ettrick  Forest.  An  ancient  wood- 
land, forming  part  of  the  great 
Caledonian  forest,  situated  on 
the  borders  of  the  river  Ettrick, 
in  Scotland.  Only  scanty  rem- 
nants of  it  are  now  left.  See  Cal- 
edonian Foxiest. 

Ettrick  Forest  is  a fair  forest, 

In  it  grows  many  a seemly  tree; 

The  hart,  the  hind,  the  doe,  the  roe, 
And  of  all  wild  beasts  great  plentie. 

On  Ettrick  Forest's  mountains  dun, 

’I  is  blithe  to  hear  the  sportsman’s  gun, 
And  seek  the  heatli-frequenting  brood 
Far  through  the  noonday  solitude. 

Scott. 

Ettrick  House.  A farm  in  the  par- 
ish of  Ettrick,  Scotland,  the  birth- 
place of  James  Hogg,the  “Ettrick 
Shepherd.” 

Etruscan  Museum  (Museo  Grego- 
riano).  A splendid  museum  of 
Etruscan  antiquities,  collected 
by  the  efforts  of  Gregory  XVI., 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Euclid  Avenue.  A noted  street  in 
Cleveland,  Q.,  considered  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  country. 

I was  going  to  compare  the  roads  on 
these  islands  [near  St.  Petersburg]  to  the 
eastern  part  of  Euclid  Street  in  Cleveland, 
0.;  but  tli 're  the  dwellings  and  grounds 
are  altogether  of  a more  stately  character. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Eudoxian  Basilica.  See  San  Pie- 
tro in  Vincoli. 

Eugubine  Tables.  Celebrated 
bronze  tablets,  discovered  in  1444, 
bearing  inscriptions  which  have 


given  rise  to  much  antiquarian 
dispute.  They  are  preserved  in 
the  town  of  Gubbio,  Italy,  near 
which  place  they  were  discovered, 
and  whence  they  derive  their 
name. 

Eulenspiegel.  A famous  engrav- 
ing by  Luc  Jacobsz,  commonly 
called  Lucas  van  Leyden  (1494- 
1533),  the  Flemish  artist,  cele- 
brated in  part  for  its  great  rarity. 
It  is  said  that  “ not  more  than  six 
original  impressions  are  in  exist- 
ence, though  there  are  many 
copies.”  One  of  the  originals  is 
in  the  British  Museum.  [Also 
called  The  Peasants  Travelling .] 

Europa,  Rape  of.  See  Rape  of 
Europa. 

Eustache,  St.  See  St.  Eustache. 

Euston  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London,  Eng- 
land. 

Evangelists.  See  Four  Evangel- 
ists. 

Eve.  A well-known  statue  by 
Thorwaldsen  (1770-1844).  In  Staf- 
ford House,  London. 

Eve.  A statue  by  Hiram  Powers 
(1805-1873). 

J8@=-“His  [Powers’s]  Eve  is  un- 
doubtedly his  masterpiece  among  ideal 
figures,  although  his  ‘ Greek  Slave  ’ has 
attained  larger  popularity  simply  from 
being  more  widely  known.” 

Art  Journal . 

4SP-  “ The  essential  character  of  the 
Eve  of  Powers  is  that  he  so  long  ago 
imagined  and  proposed  to  embody ; 
that  is,  he  represents  the  mother  of  our 
race  under  the  new-born  sense  of  evil 
and  wrong,  the  disturbance  of  that 
moral  equilibrium  that  held  her  soul  at 
first  in  tranquil  self-poise  ...  it  is 
Eve,  beautiful,  loving,  grandly  mater- 
nal, tender,  confiding,  but  tried  and 
tempted.”  Tuckerman. 

A faultless  being  from  the  marble  sprung, 

She  stands  in  beauty  there ! 

As  when  the  grace  of  Eden  ’round  her 
clung,— 

Fairest,  where  all  was  fair. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Eve.  See  Repentant  Eve. 

Eve  of  St.  Agnes.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  John  E.  Millais  (b.  1829). 
In  London. 


EYE 


168 


EXP 


j&iT’  “ In  the  Eve  of  St.  Agnes  of 
Millais,  a lady  in  a low-bodied  evening- 
dress  is  represented  through  the  me- 
dium of  a studied  effect  of  twilight  as 
having  the  appearance  of  a corpse-like 
green ; and  the  chamber  is  of  the  same 
hue.”  Taine , Trans. 

Evening,  The.  [Ital.  II  Crepuscolo.] 
One  of  four  colossal  figures  exe- 
cuted by  Michael  Angelo  Buona- 
rotti  (1475-1561).  In  the  church 
of  S.  Lorenzo,  Florence,  Italy. 

Evening  School.  A picture  by 
Gerhard  Dow,  or  Douw  (1613- 
1680),  and  one  of  his  best.  In  the 
Museum  of  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Event  in  the  Forest.  A picture 
by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803- 
1873),  the  most  celebrated  modern 
painter  of  animals. 

Exchange,  Royal.  See  Royal 
Exchange. 

Exeter  Cathedral.  A noble  church 
edifice  in  Exeter,  England.  It  is 
of  high  antiquity,  cruciform,  408 
feet  in  length,  and  has  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  facades  in  Europe. 

Exeter  Change.  Situated  upon 
the  site  of  Exeter  House,  Lon- 
don, built  as  a sort  of  bazaar, 
afterwards  occupied  as  a mena- 
gerie, and  taken  down  in  1829. 

Exeter  Hall.  A large  proprietary 
establishment,  situated  on  the 
Strand,  London,  and  originally 
intended  for  religious  and  chari- 
table societies,  and  their  meet- 
ings. From  April  to  the  end  of 
May,  various  religious  societies 
hold  their  anniversaries  here. 
The  Great  Hall  is  also  used  for 
the  Sacred  Harmonic  Society’s, 
and  other  concerts.  The  works 
of  Handel,  Haydn,  and  Mozart 
are  here  given  with  great  effect. 

“The  independent  and  mutu- 
ally repelling  bodies  who  congregate  in 
Exeter  Hall  are  one  in  spirit  with  all 
their  differences.  Without  a pervading 
organization  they  are  a church.” 

The  Spectator. 

The  fanaticism  and  hypocrisy  create 
satire.  Punch  finds  an  inexhaustible  ma- 
terial. Dickens  writes  novels  on  Exeter- 
Hall  humanity.  Thackeray  exposes  the 
heartless  high  life.  Emerson . 

Exeter  House.  A noble  mansion  | 


which  formerly  stood  in  the 
Strand,  London,  the  residence  of 
the  celebrated  Lord  Burleigh. 

Exeter  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don, so  named  after  Exeter  House. 
See  Exeter  House. 

He  [Johnson]  enters  quite  quietly,  with 
some  copper  half-pence  in  his  pocket; 
creeps  into  lodgings  in  Exeter  Street , 
Strand;  and  has  a Coronation  Pontiff 
also,  of  not  less  peculiar  equipment, 
whom,  with  all  submissiveness,  he  must 
wait  upon,  in  his  Vatican  of  St.  Join  "s 
Gate.  Carlyle. 

Expulsion  from  Paradise.  A pic- 
ture by  Masaccio  ( Tommaso  Guidi) 
(1402-i429?).  In  the  church  of 
S.  M.  del  Carmine,  Florence,  It- 
aly. 

Expulsion  from  Paradise.  See 
Fall  and  Expulsion. 

Expulsion  of  Hagar.  A picture 
by  Francesco  Barbieri,  called 
Guercino  (1590-1666).  In  the  Bre- 
ra,  at  Milan,  Italy. 

Expulsion  of  Heliodorus.  A cel- 
ebrated fresco  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  the  ex- 
pulsion of  Heliodorus  from  the 
Temple  at  Jerusalem,  which  he 
had  attempted  to  plunder,  and 
allegorically  typifying  the  deliv- 
erance of  the  States  of  the  Church 
from  the  enemies  of  the  Pope. 
“ The  picture  is  a spirited  devel- 
opment of  an  extended  action,” 
and  is  considered,  together  with 
the  other  works  in  the  same 
room,  as  perhaps  the  finest  exam- 
ple of  the  art  of  fresco-painting. 
It  is  in  the  Stanza  of  the  Heliodo- 
rus (so  called  after  this,  the  prin- 
cipal picture  in  the  room)  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome. 

flStT  “ The  chastisement  of  Heliodo- 
rus has  given  occasion  to  the  sublimest 
composition  in  which  human  genius 
ever  attempted  to  embody  the  concep- 
tion of  the  supernatural,  — Raphael’s 
fresco  in  the  Vatican.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

jgSIr’  “ In  line  pictures  the  head  sheds 
on  the  limbs  the  expression  of  the  face. 
In  Raphael’s  Angel  driving  Heliodorus 
from  the  Temple,  the  crest  of  the  hel- 
met is  so  remarkable,  that,  but  for  the 
extraordinary  energy  of  the  face,  it 
would  draw  the  eye  too  much  ; but  the 
countenance  of  the  celestial  messenger 
subordinates  it,  and  we  see  it  not.” 

Emerson. 


EXT 


169 


EZE 


Exton  Hall.  The  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Gainsborough  near  Stamford, 
Lincolnshire,  England. 

Ezbekeyieh.  See  Esbekeeyah. 

Ezekiel’s  Tomb.  A building  near 
Bagdad,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  tra- 


ditionally held  to  be  the  tomb  of 
the  prophet.  It  is  of  much  inter- 
est, and  is  a very  striking  object; 
but  its  date  has  not  been  satisfac- 
torily determined. 

Ezekiel,  Vision  of.  See  Vision  of 
Ezekiel. 


FAG 


170 


FAM 


F. 


Fagot,  Le.  A picture  by  Nikolaas 
(or  Claes  Pietersz)  Bergliem  (1624- 
1683),  the  Dutch  painter,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  his  best.  In  the 
collection  of  Lord  Ashburton, 
England. 

Fair,  The.  A picture  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). * In  the 
Louvre  at  Paris. 

Fair,  The.  A picture  by  David 
Teniers  the  Younger  (1610-1694), 
the  Belgian  genre- painter.  Of 
numerous  pictures  upon  this  sub- 
ject, perhaps  the  best  specimen  is 
at  Vienna,  Austria. 

Fair  Oaks.  A locality  four  miles 
from  Richmond,  Va.,  where  a se- 
vere but  indecisive  battle  took 
place,  May  31,  1862,  between  the 
Union  and  Confederate  forces. 

Fairlop  Oak.  A famous  tree  in 
Hainault  Forest,  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land. It  is  said  to  have  been  36 
feet  in  circumference,  and  to  have 
had  17  branches,  each  as  large 
as  an  ordinary  oak.  For  many 
years  an  annual  fair,  or  festival, 
was  held  under  and  around  this 
tree,  in  July,  which  was  attend- 
ed by  crowds  of  the  country  peo- 
ple. 

Fairmount  Park.  A vast  and 
noble  pleasure-ground  in  Phila- 
delphia, Penn.  It  includes  near- 
ly 3,000  acres,  and  is  larger  than 
most,  if  not  any,  of  the  great  parks 
of  Europe  and  America.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  river  Schuylkill 
and  by  the  Wissahickon  Creek. 
In  natural  capabilities  and  in  the 
improvements  made  upon  them, 
this  park  must  be  ranked  among 
the  finest  in  the  world.  The  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition  of  1876  was 
held  here. 

Falaise  Castle.  A grand  old  ruin 
in  Falaise,  France,  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  dukes  of  Normandy, 
and  the  birthplace  of  William 
the  Conqueror. 


Falkenstein.  1.  An  imposing  ruin 
among  the  Taunus  Mountains,  in 
Germany,  not  far  from  Frank- 
fort. 

2.  A mediaeval  fortress  among 
the  Harz  Mountains,  in  Germany. 

Fall  and  Expulsion  from  Para- 
dise. One  of  the  frescos  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo  (1475-1564)  in  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Fall  of  Adam  and  Eve.  A picture 
by  Filippino  Lippi  (1460-1505).  In 
the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  del 
Carmine,  Florence,  Italy. 

Fall  of  Schaffhausen.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Mallord  William  Tur- 
ner (1775-1851),  the  English  land- 
scape painter,  and  regarded  as 
one  of  liis  best. 

Fall  of  the  Angels.  1.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Peter  Paul  Ru- 
bens (1577-1640).  In  the  gallery 
at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

“ Though  this  famous  picture 
is  called  the  Fall  of  the  Angels , I have 
some  doubts  as  to  whether  this  was  the 
intention  of  the  painter;  whether  he 
did  not  mean  to  express  the  fall  of  sin- 
ners, flung  by  the  angel  of  judgment 
into  the  abyss  of  wrath  and  perdition.” 
Mrs.  Jameson . 

2 . A picture  by  Frans  de 
Vriendt,  called  Frans  Floris 
(1520-1570),  a Flemish  painter, 
and  considered  his  masterpiece. 
It  is  in  the  Antwerp  Museum. 

Fall  of  the  Damned.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  In  the  Pinakothek, 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

“ It  is  impossible  to  form  an  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  powers  of  Rubens 
without  having  seen  this  picture.” 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds . 

4®"  “ The  most  surprising  of  Ru- 
bens’s labors.”  Wilkie . 

Fallen  Angels.  See  Fall  of  the 
Damned. 

Fame,  Torre  della.  See  Torre 
della  Fame. 


FAM 


171 


FAR 


Family  of  Darius  before  Alexan- 
der. A picture  by  Paul  Veronese 
(1530-1588),  and  liis  grandest  work. 
Formerly  in  tlie  Pisani  Palace, 
Venice,  but  purchased  by  the 
British  Government  in  1857,  and 
now  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don. 

Famine.  See  Seven  Years  of 
Famine. 

Faneuil  Hall.  A public  edifice  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  famous  as  the 
place  where  the  stirring  speeches 
of  the  Revolutionary  orators  were 
made,  which  incited  the  people 
to  resist  British  oppression  and 
secure  their  independence.  The 
building  was  erected  in  1742  by 
Peter  Faneuil,  a Huguenot  mer- 
chant. It  was  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1761,  but  rebuilt  three  years 
later.  During  the  siege  of  Boston 
in  1775-76,  it  was  converted  into 
a theatre.  It  has  a capacious  hall, 
containing  portraits  of  eminent 
Americans. 

They  like  to  go  to  the  theatre  and  be 
made  to  weep;  to  Faneuil  Hall , and  be 
taught  by  Otis,  Webster,  or  Kossuth,  or 
Phillips,  what  great  hearts  they  have, 
wliat  tears,  what  possible  enlargements  to 
their  narrow  horizons.  Emerson. 

Athens  and  the  Acropolis.  Rome  and 
the  Capitol,  are  not  more  associated  ideas 
than  are  Boston  and  Faneuil  Hall. 

G.  S.  Hillard. 

The  resistance  to  the  Stamp  Act  was  of 
the  same  kind  as  the  resistance  to  the  ship- 
money;  and  in  our  Revolutionary  war 
there' were  as  eloquent  defences  of  our 
principles  and  course  heard  in  the  British 
Parliament  as  echoed  in  Fanueil  Hall. 

Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe. 

Let  the  sounds  of  traffic  die : 

Shut  the  mill-gate.  — leave  the  stall,  — 
Fling  the  axe  and  hammer  by, — 

Throng  to  Faneuil  Hall.  Whittier. 

Forgets  she  how  the  Bay  State,  in  answer 
to  the  call 

Of  her  old  House  of  Burgesses,  spoke  out 
from  Faneuil  Hall  ? Whittier. 

Farmyard,  The.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Paul  Potter  (1625-1654), 
the  Dutch  painter.  It  was  for- 
merly in  the  gallery  at  Cassel, 
Germany,  but  is  now  in  that  of 
St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Farnese  Bull.  [Ital.  Toro  Farnese.] 
A celebrated  work  of  ancient 
sculpture,  representing  the  pun- 
ishment of  Dirce.  Now  in  the 


Museo  Borbonico  at  Naples,  Italy. 
It  is  described  by  Pliny  as  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  monuments 
of  antiquity.  It  was  found  in 
the  Baths  of  Caracalla  at  Rome, 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  was 
placed  by  Michael  Angelo  in  the 
inner  court  of  the  Farnese  Palace, 
whence  its  name.  In  1786  it  was 
removed  to  Naples.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  work  of  the 
brothers  Apollonius  and  Tauris- 
cus,  who  probably  fived  in  the 
first  century  after  Christ. 

4®=*  “The  celebrated  group  of  the 
Farnese  Bull  is  a noble  work,  in  which 
the  intellectual  conception  of  the  artist 
is  not  at  all  overlaid  by  the  weight  and 
bulk  of  the  material.”  Ilillard. 

Farnese  Cup.  See  Tazza  Far- 
nese. 

Farnese  Flora.  See  Flora. 

Farnese  Hercules.  A celebrated 
ancient  statue  representing  Her- 
cules resting  upon  his  club.  At 
the  foot  of  the  club  is  inscribed 
the  name  of  the  Greek  sculptor, 
Glycon.  This  statue  was  found 
at  Rome  in  the  Baths  of  Cara- 
calla, in  1540,  and  subsequently 
removed  to  Naples,  Italy,  where 
it  is  now  deposited  in  the  Museum. 
The  right  hand  is  modern.  By 
some  this  statue  is  supposed  to 
be  a copy  of  the  Hercules  of  Ly- 
sippus. See  Hercules. 

4®^  “ The  indication  of  nerves  and 
muscles,  or  their  absolute  suppression, 
is  what  distinguishes  a Hercules  who  is 
destined  to  light  monsters  and  brigands, 
and  still  be  far  from  the  end  of  his 
labors,  from  the  Hercules  who  is  puri- 
fied of  the  grosser  corporeal  parts,  and 
admitted  to  the  felicity  of  the  immortal 
gods.  It  is  thus  that  we  recognize  the 
man  in  the  Farnese  Hercules,  and  the 
god  in  the  Hercules  of  the  Belvedere. 
It  may  even  be  said  that  this  last  ap- 
proaches nearer  to  the  sublime  period 
in  art  than  the  Apollo  itself.” 

Winckelmann , Trans. 

The  tenor  is  a spasmodic  buffoon,  a sort 
of  ugly  Farnese  Hercules , wearing  one  of 
those  old  chin-clasping  casques  which  is 
onlv  met  with  amongst  classic  rubbish. 

Taine,  Trans. 

Farnese  Mercury.  An  ancient 
statue,  now  in  tlie  British  Mu- 
seum, London.  Purchased  in 
1865. 


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Farnese  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Farnese.']  A magnificent  Roman 
palace  of  immense  size,  begun 
by  Paul  III.,  one  of  the  Farnese 
family.  Michael  Angelo  was  one 
of  its  architects.  The  materials 
were  taken  from  the  Coliseum 
and  other  ruins  of  ancient  Rome. 
The  great  hall  or  gallery  is  paint- 
ed in  fresco  by  Caracci  and  his 
scholars.  The  palace  fell  by  de- 
scent to  the  Bourbon  kings  of 
Naples,  and  within  the  last  few 
years  the  exiled  court  have  made 
it  their  place  of  residence.  The 
Farnese  gallery  of  sculpture  was 
formerly" celebrated;  but  the  best 
pieces  have  been  removed,  and 
are  now  at  Naples,  Italy. 

4®"  “ The  Palazzo  Farnese,  one  of 
the  finest  palaces  in  Rome,  is  a shame- 
less receiver  of  stolen  goods.  . . . The 
great  hall,  or  gallery,  is  painted  in  fresco 
by  Annibale  and  Agostino  Caracci,  and 
their  scholars.  . . . About  half  of  Lem- 
priere’s  Classical  Dictionary  is  painted 
on  the  walls  and  ceiling  of  the  hall.” 

Hillard. 

4®=*  “ Of  all  these  fossils,  the  grand- 
est, noblest,  most  imposing  and  rigidly 
magnificent,  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  Far- 
nese Palace.  Alone,  in  the  middle  of  a 
dark  square,  rises  the  enormous  palace, 
lofty  and  massive,  like  a fortress  capa- 
ble of  giving  and  receiving  the  heaviest 
ordnance.  It  belongs  to  the  grand  era. 
It  is  indeed  akin  to  the  torsos  of  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  You  feel  in  it  the  in- 
spiration of  the  great  pagan  epoch.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Farnesina.  A beautiful  villa  in 
Rome,  built  in  1506  for  Agostino 
Chigi,  a great  banker  and  patron 
of  art.  It  contains  some  of  the 
most  beautiful  frescos  of  Raphael. 
Chigi  was  famed  for  his  display 
of  princely  magnificence  and  lux- 
ury. He  gave  here  — the  build- 
ing is  said  to  have  been  built 
expressly  for  the  purpose  — most 
extravagant  entertainments.  On 
the  occasion  of  a sumptuous  ban- 
quet to  Leo  X.  and  the  cardinals, 
three  fish  served  upon  the  table 
are  said  to  have  cost  250  crowns, 
and  the  gold  and  silver  plate  to 
have  been  thrown  into  the  Tiber 
as  soon  as  used. 

4SP  “ The  Palazzo  Farnesina,  the 
splendid  monument  of  the  taste  and 


magnificence  of  Agostino  Chigi,  is  a 
pilgrim -shrine  in  art,  because  it  con- 
tains the  finest  expression  of  Raphael’s 
genius,  when  manifesting  itself  in  pure- 
ly secular  forms.”  Hillard. 

4®=*  “ Peruzzi’s  most  beautiful  build- 
ing is  the  Farnesina.  Vasari  says  just- 
ly that  it  seems  not  formed  by  masonry, 
but  born  out  of  the  ground,  so  com- 
plete does  it  stand  therein  its  charming 
solitariness.  At  the  present  day  it  is 
forsaken,  its  open  halls  are  walled  up, 
the  paintings  on  the  outer  walls  are 
faded  or  fallen  away  with  the  mortar. 
But  by  degrees,  as  we  become  absorbed 
in  the  paintings,  the  feeling  of  transi- 
toriness vanishes.”  Grimm , Trans. 

Note.  — The  Farnesina  has  been 
recently  restored  to  an  elegant 
and  habitable  condition.  See 
Galatea. 

Farringdon  Market.  A market  in 
London,  erected  in  place  of  Fleet 
Market,  opened  in  1829.  See 
Fleet  Market. 

Fast  Castle.  This  ancient  fortress 
in  Scotland  is  the  original  of 
“Wolf’s  Crag,”  in  Scott’s  novel 
of  the  “Bride  of  Lammermoor.” 

Fasti  Consulares.  Famous  tablets 
containing  a list  of  all  the  consuls 
and  public  officers  of  Rome  to  the 
time  of  Augustus.  They  are  still 
legible,  though  much  mutilated. 
In  the  Hall  of  the  Conservators, 
Rome. 

Fata  Morgana.  A singular  atmos- 
pheric phenomenon,  quite  similar 
to  the  mirage,  which,  under  cer- 
tain conditions  of  the  elements, 
is  observed  in  the  Straits  of  Mes- 
sina, between  the  coasts  of  Cala- 
bria and  Sicily,  and  which  is  some- 
times, though  rarely,  seen  upon 
other  coasts.  It  consists  of  mul- 
tiplied images  in  the  air  of  the 
hills,  groves,  buildings,  people, 
and  other  objects  on  the  sur- 
rounding coasts.  These  images 
are  inverted,  and  the  whole  forms 
a sort  of  moving  spectacle.  It  is 
popularly  thought  to  be  the  work 
of  the  fairy  of  the  same  name. 

4£g=*  “ On  Calabria’s  side  lay  Reggio, 
which  a few  weeks  previously  had 
suffered  terribly  from  an  earthquake. 
Now  every  thing  lay  in  a warm,  smiling 
sunlight  ; yet  the  smile  of  the  coast 
here  has  in  it  something  like  witch- 
craft. My  thoughts  were  on  the  mil- 


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1 


l o 


lions  whose  hearts  have  heat  with  the 
fear  of  death  and  longing  for  life  under 
these  coasts,  the  millions  who  have 
sailed  here,  from  the  time  Ulysses 
sailed  past  the  cavern  of  Polyphemus, 
until  now  that  our  arrowy  steamer 
glided  over  the  watery  mirror,  where 
Fata  Morgana  shows  her  airy  palace ; 
but  no  colonnades  of  rays,  no  fantastic 
cupola  and  Gothic  towers,  arose  on  the 
blue  waters.  Yet  the  coast  itself  was  a 
Fata  Morgana  for  the  eye  and  thought.” 
Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

But  what  must  he  thought  of  the  fe- 
male dramatist,  who,  lor  eighteen  long 
months,  can  exhibit  the  beautifullest  Fata- 
morgana  to  a flush  cardinal,  wide  awake, 
with  fifty  years  on  h s head;  and  so  lap 
him  in  her  scenic  illusion  tint  he  never 
doubts  but  it  is  all  firm  earth,  and  the 
pasteboard  coulisse-trees  are  producing 
llesperides  apples  ? Carlyle. 

Fates.  See  Three  Fates. 

Faubourg  St.  Antoine.  A quarter 
of  Paris  inhabited  by  the  working- 
classes,  and  famous  in  the  Revo- 
lution of  1789  as  the  source  and 
headquarters  of  the  insurrection- 
ary elements  in  the  city.  It  has 
been  since  the  time  of  the  Fronde 
the  seat  of  disturbances.  From 
1880  to  1851  many  riots  and  bloody 
fights  gave  a disagreeable  charac- 
ter to  this  quarter,  but  since  1851 
a change  lias  taken  place  in  this 
respect.  Here  and  in  the  vicinity 
are  some  of  the  chief  manufacto- 
ries of  the  city. 

Faubourg  St.  Germain.  A fash- 
ionable quarter  of  Paris  in  which 
the  ancient  nobility  resided. 
Many  of  the  houses  of  the  old 
noblesse  are  still  standing. 

Germain  is  full  of  these 
princely,  aristocratic  mansions,  mourn- 
fully beautiful,  desolately  grand.” 

C.  Beecher. 

Everybody  knows  something  of  a hand- 
some and  very  elegant  }’oung  baron  of  the 
Faubourg  St.  Germain , who,  with  small 
fortune,  very  great  taste,  and  greater 
credit  contrived  to  get  on  very  swimming- 
ly* as  n i adorable  roue  and  vaurien  till 
he  was  hard  upon  twenty-five. 

N.  P.  Willis. 

The  microscopic  Faubourg  St.  Germain 
of  the  little  place  thought  of  raisi  g the 
quarantine  f r Monsieur  Madeleine,  the 
probable  relative  of  a bishop. 

Victor  Hugo , Trans. 

The  strong  men  usually  give  some  al- 
lowance, even  to  the  pctulancesoffashion, 
for  that  affinity  they  find  in  it.  Napoleon, 
child  of  the  revolution,  destroyer  of  the 


old  noblesse,  never  ceased  to  court  the 
Faubourg  St-  Germain , doubtless  with 
the  feeling  that  fashion  is  a homage  to 
men  of  Ills  stamp  Emerson 

Faun,  The  [of  Praxiteles].  A cele- 
brated ancient  statue.  Now  in 
the  Capitol,  Rome. 

“ It  is  the  marble  image  of  a 
young  man,  leaning  his  right  arm  upon 
the  trunk  or  stump  of  a tree.  ...  It  is 
impossible  to  gaze  long  at  this  stone 
image  without  conceiving  a kindly  sen- 
timent towards  it,  as  if  its  substance 
were  warm  to  the  touch,  and  imbued 
with  actual  life.”  Hawthorne. 

The  shepherd  asleep  on  a sheltered  bank 
under  the  rocks,  is  already  a Faun  of 
Praxiteles , and  might  be  a Theseus  or  a 
l’erseus,  Bayard  Taylor. 

Faun.  See  Barberini  Faun,  Dan- 
cing Faun,  Drunken  Faun,  Ron- 
dinini  Faun,  Sleeping  Faun,  etc. 

Favorite,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
July  5,  18G1. 

Fawkes’s  Cellar.  See  Guy 
Fawkes’s  Cellar. 

Feast  of  Roses.  A picture  by  Al- 
bert Diirer  (1471-1528).  In  the 
monastery  Stralioff  at  Prague, 
Austria. 

Feast  of  the  Gods.  A large  fresco 
in  the  Farnesina,  Rome,  repre- 
senting the  gods  as  deciding  the 
dispute  between  Venus  and  Cu- 
pid, designed  by  Raphael  (1483- 
1520),  but  chiefly  executed  by  liis 
pupil  Giulio  Romano. 

Feast  of  the  Gods.  A noted  pic- 
ture begun  by  Giovanni  Bellini 
(1426-1516),  but  completed  by 
Titian  (1477-1570),  now  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland at  Alnwick  Castle,  Eng- 
land. There  is  a copy,  thought 
to  he  by  Poussin,  in  the  Scotch 
Academy. 

Feast  of  the  King  of  the  Beans. 
A picture  by  Gabriel  Metsu  (b. 
1630),  a Dutch  f/enre- painter.  In 
the  Gallery  of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Feast  of  the  Levite.  A picture 
of  great  size  by  Paul  Veronese 
(1530-1588).  It  was  formerly  in 
the  refectory  of  SS.  Giovanni  e 
Paolo,  now  in  the  Accademia 
delle  Belle  Arti,  Venice,  Italy. 


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174 


FIE 


Fecundidad,  La.  [Offering  to  the 
Goddess  of  Fecundity.]  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Titian  (1477- 
1570).  In  the  gallery  at  Madrid, 
Spain. 

Federal  Hill.  An  eminence  south 
of  the  centre  of  the  city  of  Balti- 
more, Md.  It  was  a place  of 
much  interest  during  the  civil 
war,  having  been  seized  and  oc- 
cupied by  Gen.  Butler,  and  heav- 
ily fortified  to  protect  the  city, 
and  to  overawe  internal  sedi- 
tion. 

Feldmasser,  Die.  [The  Land  Sur- 
veyors.] See  Geometricians, 
The. 

Felix,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
ship  which  sailed  to  the  northern 
seas  under  Sir  John  Ross  in 
1850. 

Fellows  Marbles.  A collection  of 
sculptures  in  the  British  Museum, 
London,  brought  from  the  ancient 
city  of  Xantlius. 

Fclsenmeer.  [Sea  of  Rocks.]  1. 
A remarkable  accumulation  of 
syenitic  rocks  in  the  Odenwald, 
not  far  from  Darmstadt,  Ger- 
many. 

2.  A natural  curiosity  in  the 
form  of  an  immense  mass  of  de- 
tached rocks,  near  Hemar,  in 
Y/estphalia, 

Fenchurch  Street.  A street  in 
London,  which  derives  its  name 
from  a fen,  or  bog,  caused  by  the 
overflow  of  a small  stream  which 
ran  into  the  Thames. 

Fernay.  This  chateau,  four  and 
one-lialf  miles  north  of  Geneva, 
was  built  by  Voltaire,  and  be- 
came his  residence.  He  also 
erected  a church,  and  founded 
the  little  village  about  it,  by  pro- 
moting manufactures. 

This  and  several  subsequent  appeals  of 
the  sa  ne  sort  are  among  the  best  points 
in  the  conduct  of  the  Philosopher  of  Fer- 
nay. Spalding. 

Fernihurst.  A Scottish  fortress  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  near  Jed- 
burgh. 

Ferrara  Castle.  A noted  mediaeval 
fortress  in  Ferrara,  Italy,  once 


the  residence  of  the  dukes  of 
Ferrara.  It  is  considered  one 
of  the  finest  relics  of  feudal 
times. 

Ferriter’s  Castle.  An  ancient  ru- 
ined stronghold,  situated  in  a 
wild  spot,  almost  on  the  verge  of 
the  Atlantic,  in  the  county  of 
Kerry,  Ireland. 

Ferroniere,  La  Belle.  See  Belle 
Ferroniere. 

Festival  of  Venus  in  the  Isle  of 
Cy  there  a.  A picture  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1040).  Now  in 
the  Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Feuillant  Club.  A political  asso- 
ciation in  Paris  established  dur- 
ing the  Revolution.  It  was  origi- 
nally called  the  Club  of  1789.  It 
derived  its  name  from  the  con- 
vent of  the  Feuillants  in  which 
its  meetings  were  held. 

Feuillants  [Elglise  des],  A fine 
church  in  Bordeaux,  France.  It 
contains  the  tomb  of  Montaigne. 

Field  Lane.  A street  in  London 
which  has  now  mostly  disap- 
peared. It  was  inhabited  by  a 
wretched,  criminal  class. 

“In  its  filthy  shops  are  exposed 
for  sale  huge  bunches  of  second-hand 
silk  handkerchiefs  of  all  sizes  and  pat- 
terns ; for  here  reside  the  traders  who 
purchase  them  from  the  pickpockets. 
Hundreds  of  these  handkerchiefs  hang 
dangling  from  pegs  outside  the  win- 
dows, or  flaunting  from  the  door-posts ; 
and  the  shelves  within  are  piled  with 
them.  Confined  as  the  limits  of  Field 
Lane  are,  it  has  its  barber,  its  coffee- 
shop,  its  beer-shop,  and  its  fried-fish 
warehouse.  It  is  a commercial  colony 
of  itself,  the  emporium  of  petty  lar- 
ceny.” Dickens . 

Field  of  Blood.  A tract  in  Italy, 
now  occupied  by  the  village  of 
Canne,  and  still  called  “ Campo 
di  Sangue,”  Field  of  Blood.  It 
is  the  site  of  the  ancient  battle- 
field of  Cannae,  where  Hannibal 
gained  a great  victory  over  the 
Romans,  B.C.  216. 

Field  of  Blood.  See  Aceldama. 

Field  of  Flodden.  See  FloddeN 
Field. 


FIE 


175 


FIJ 


Field  of  Forty  Footsteps.  A re- 
gion in  Bloomsbury,  London,  for- 
merly noted  as  a resort  for  low 
characters,  and  famous  as  the 
scene  of  a legendary  conflict  be- 
tween two  brothers,  whose  foot- 
steps remained  impressed  in  the 
soil,  and  over  which  no  grass 
would  grow.  Upon  this  legend 
Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter 
based  one  of  their  popular  ro- 
mances. 

“ The  steps  are  of  the  size  of  a 
large  human  foot,  about  three  inches 
deep.  We  counted  only  seventy-six, 
but  were  not  exact  in  counting.  The 
place  where  one  or  both  of  the  brothers 
is  supposed  to  have  fallen  is  still  bare 
of  grass.”  Southey. 

June  16,  1800.  Went  into  the  fields  at 
the  back  of  Montague  House,  and  there 
saw,  for  the  first  time,  the  forty  footsteps; 
the  building  materials  are  there  ready  to 
cover  them  from  the  sight  of  man.  1 
counted  more  than  forty,  but  they  might 
be  the  footprints  of  the  workmen. 

Joseph  Moser , Commonplace  Book. 

Field  of  March.  See  Champ  de 
Maks. 

Field  of  Mars.  See  Campus  Mar- 

TIUS. 

Field  of  Peterloo.  The  popular 
name  of  St.  Peter’s  Field,  near 
Manchester,  England,  where, 
Aug.  16,  1819,  a riot  occurred. 
The  name  was  derisively  imitat- 
ed from  Waterloo. 

Bridges  of  Lodi,  retreats  of  Moscow, 
Waterloos,  Ptterloos , ten-pound  fran- 
chises, tar-barrels,  and  guillotines. 

Carlyle. 

Field  of  Rakos.  [Hung.  Rakos 
Mezo.]  A celebrated  plain  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Pesth,  Hungary,  in  which  the 
Diet,  or  great  national  assembly, 
of  the  Hungarians,  was  formerly 
held  in  the  open  air. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  A 

celebrated  plain  near  the  town  of 
Ardres  in  Northern  France.  It 
is  known  by  this  name  in  conse- 
quence of  the  meeting  on  this 
spot  in  1520  between  Henry  VIII. 
of  England  and  Francis  I.  of 
France  with  their  retinues,  and 
the  cloth  of  gold  with  which  the 
tents  of  the  two  sovereigns  were 
covered. 


I supposed  you  must  have  served  as  a 
yeoman  of  the  guard  since  Bluff  King 
Henry's  time,  and  expected  to  hear  some- 
thing from  you  about  the  Field  of  the  Cloth 
of  Gold.  Scott. 

They  [Petrarch's  finer  poems]  differ 
from  them  [his  interior  ones]  as  a May-day 
procession  of  chimney-sweepers  differs 
from  the  Field  of  the  doth  of  Gold. 

Macaulay. 

Fifth  Avenue.  A famous  street  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  beginning 
at  Washington  Square  and  ex- 
pending to  Central  Park.  It  is 
lined  with  costly  edifices,  the 
homes  of  wealthy  citizens,  and 
is  the  most  splendid  street  of 
residences  in  America,  and  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  world. 

jgQjp  “ Fifth  Avenue  is  the  Belgrave 
Square,  the  Park  Lane,  and  the  Pall 
Mall  of  New  York.  It  is  certainly  a 
very  fine  street.  The  houses  in  it  are 
magnificent,  not  having  that  aristocratic 
look  which  some  of  our  detached  Lon- 
don residences  enjoy,  but  an  air  of  com- 
fortable luxury  and  commercial  wealth 
which  is  not  excelled  by  the  best  houses 
of  any  other  town  that  I know.” 

Anthony  Trollope . 

Fifth-Avenue  Theatre.  In  New 
York.  A small  but  elegant  place 
of  amusement. 

Fighting  Gladiator.  A well- 
known  Greek  statue  in  the  Lou- 
vre, Paris. 

“There  is  a left  arm  again, 
though;  no,— -that  is  from  the  ‘ Fight- 
ing Gladiator,’  — the  ‘ Jeune  Ileron 
combatant’  of  the  Louvre;  there  is 
the  broad  ring  of  the  shield.  . . . [The 
separate  casts  of  the  ‘ Gladiator’s  ’ arm 
look  immense ; but  in  its  place  the  limb 
looks  light,  almost  slender, — such  is 
the  perfection  of  that  miraculous  mar- 
ble. I never  felt  as  if  I touched  the 
life  of  the  old  Greeks  until  I looked  on 
that  statue].”  Holmes. 

Welcome,  O Fighting  Gladiator,  and 
Recumbent  Cleopatra,  and  Dying  Warrior, 
whose  classic  outlines  (reproduced  in  the 
calcined  mineral  of  Lutetia)  crown  my 
loaded  shelves ! Holmes. 

Fighting  Temeraire.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Maliord  William  Tur- 
ner (1775-1851),  the  English  land- 
scape painter,  and  regarded  one 
of  his  best  works.  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London. 

Fijah.  A noted  fountain  in  the 
vicinity  of  Damascus,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  remarkable  in 
Syria. 


FIL 


176 


FIS 


Filatrice,  The.  An  admired  statue 
by  Johann  Gottfried  Schadow 
(1764-1850). 

Filles  du  Calvaire,  Boulevart  des. 
One  of  the  Parisian  boulevards, 
so  named  from  a convent.  See 
Boulevards. 

Finchley  Common.  Formerly  an 
open  tract  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, England,  much  frequent- 
ed by  highwaymen. 

His  enemies  affirmed  . . . that  he 
[George  Porter J sometimes  got  on  horse- 
back late  in  the  evening,  and  stole  out  in 
disguise,  and  that  when  he  returned  from 
these  mysterious  excursions,  his  appear- 
ance justified  the  suspicion  that  he  had 
been  doing  business  on  Hounslow  Heath 
or  Finchley  Common . Macaulay. 

Finchley,  March  to.  See  March 
to  Finchley. 

FingaPs  Cave.  A famous  and  ro- 
mantic cavern  in  the  island  of 
Staff  a,  Scotland.  It  is  227  feet 
long,  and  66  feet  in  height  above 
the  water  at  mean  tide.  It  is 
composed  of  pentangular  or  hex- 
agon columns  of  black  basaltic 
rock,  erect,  inclining,  and  curved, 
and  irregularly  jointed. 

There  all  unknown  its  columns  rose 
Where  dark  and  undisturbed  repose 
The  cormorant  had  found, 

And  the  shy  seal  had  quiet  home, 

And  weltered  in  that  wondrous  dome; 
Where,  as  to  shame  the  temples  decked 
By  skill  of  earthly  architect, 

Nature  herself,  it  seemed,  would  raise 
A minster  to  her  Maker’s  praise.  Scott. 

Ye  sliadowv  Beings,  that  have  rights  and 
claims 

In  every  cell  of  FingaVs  mystic  grot, 
Where  are  ye  ? Wordsworth. 

Not  Aladdin  magian 
Ever  such  a work  began ; 

Not  the  wizard  of  the  Dee 
Ever  such  a dream  could  see; 

Not  Saint  John  in  Patinos’ isle, 

In  the  passion  of  his  toil. 

When  lie  saw  the  churches  seven, 
Golden-aisled,  built  up  in  heaven, 
Gazed  at  such  a rugged  wonder 

Keats. 

Finsbury.  A now  populous  bor- 
ough of  London,  including  the 
old  district  of  Moorfields.  Cun- 
ningham says  that  Finsbury  was 
a popular  place  for  Sunday  walks 
in  the  times  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  James.  Shadwell  says  that 
you  could  here  see  “ Haberdash- 
ers walking  with  their  whole  fire- 


side.” According  to  tradition,  the 
name  Finsbury  is  derived  from 
two  daughters  of  one  of  the  Cru- 
saders, as  expressed  in  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  an  old  ballad:  — 

Old  Sir  John  Fines  he  had  the  name. 
Being  buried  in  that  place, 

Now,  since  then,  called  Finsbury , 

To  his  renown  and  grace; 

Which  time  to  come  shall  not  outwear, 
Nor  yet  the  same  deface. 

And  likewise  when  those  maidens  died 
They  gave  those  pleasant  fields 
Unto  our  London  citizens. 

Which  they  most  bravely  hield; 

And  now  they  are  made  most  pleasant 
walks, 

That  great  contentment  yield. 

Old  Ballad . 

4SP*  “ Moorgate  opens  to  the  moor, 
or  fen,  — hence  the  district  name  Fin , 
or  Fensbury.”  Athenaeum. 

And  giv’st  such  sarcenet  surety  for  thy 
oaths. 

As  if  thou  never  walk’st  farther  than  Fins- 
bury. Shakespeare. 

Finsbury  Park.  A pleasure-ground 
in  London,  opened  in  1869. 

Finstermiinz.  A magnificent  pass 
or  defile  in  the  Tyrolese  Alps, 
second  in  point  of  grandeur  only 
to  the  Via  Mala. 

First  Lesson.  A picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873)" 

Fish- Street  Hill.  In  London. 
Here  is  the  monument  built,  from 
designs  by  Wren,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  great  fire  of  1666.  The 
Black  Prince  had  a palace  on  Fish- 
street  Hill. 

A friend  of  mine,  who  was  sitting  un- 
moved at  one  of  the  sentimental  pieces, 
was  asked  how  he  could  be  so  indifferent. 
“ Why,  truly,”  says  he,  “ as  the  hero  is 
but  a tradesman,  it  is  indifferent  to  me 
whether  he  be  turned  ontof  his  counting- 
house  on  Fish-street  Hill , since  he  will 
still  have  enough  left  to  open  shop  in  St. 
Giles’s.  Goldsmith. 

I find  myself  before  a fine  picture  in  the 
morning.  Was  it  ever  otherwise?  What 
is  become  of  Fish  Street  Hill. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Twelve  columns  like  the  monument  on 
Fish  Street  Hill  might  give  the  reader  some 
idea  of  the  vastness  of  these  pillars  [in 
the  palace  of  Karnac].  Lefevre,  Trans. 

Fisher,  Fort.  See  Fort  Fisher. 

Fisher  Boy.  A statue  by  Hiram 
Powers  (1805-1873). 


FIS 


177 


FLE 


4dP  “ Then  came  a lithe,  graceful,  im- 
mature figure  of  the  Fisher  Boy,  hold- 
ing a shell  to  his  ear;  the  expression, 
the  whole  air  and  aspect,  suggestive  of 
the  mystery  of  life  that  connects  its 
outset  with  eternity.”  Tuckerman. 

Fisherman  presenting  the  King 
of  St.  Mark  to  the  Doge  of 
Venice.  A famous  picture  by 
Paris  Bordone  (1500-1576).  In 
the  Accademia  delle  Belle  Arti, 
Venice,  Italy. 

“ A grand  piece  of  scenic  deco- 
ration. The  numerous  figures,  the 
vivid  color,  the  luxuriant  architec- 
ture, remind  us  of  Paul  Veronese,  with, 
however,  more  delicacy,  both  in  color 
and  execution.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Fishmongers’  Hall.  A celebrated 
hall  in  London,  belonging  to  one 
of  the  great  city  guilds,  "or  com- 
panies, situated  near  London 
Bridge.  This  company  has  num- 
bered about  50  lord  mayors, 
and  on  July  10,  1864,  had  "been 
incorporated  500  years. 

Five  Forks.  A famous  locality  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Petersburg, 
Va.,  where  a last  stand  was  made 
by  Gen.  Lee’s  troops,  who  being 
repulsed  at  this  point,  Lee  con- 
cluded to  evacuate  the  city  of 
Richmond,  April  2,  1865. 

Five  Points.  A district  in  the  city 
of  New  York  near  the  Tombs, 
and  at  the  intersection  of  Baxter, 
Park,  and  Worth  streets,  former- 
ly noted  as  being  one  of  the  most 
wretched  and  dangerous  quarters 
in  the  metropolis.  Its  character 
has  somewhat  improved  of  late. 

There  are  many  by-streets  (in  New 
York)  almost  as  neutral  in  clean  colors, 
anti  positive  in  dirty  ones,  as  by-streets 
in  London;  and  there  is  one  quarter, 
commonly  called  the  Five  Points , which, 
in  respect  of  filth  and  wretchedness,  may 
be  safely  backed  against  Seven  Dials,  or 
any  other  part  of  famed  St.  Giles’s. 

Dickens. 

Flagellation,  The.  A picture  by 
Giovanni  Antonio  Bazzi,  called  II 
Sodoma  (1479-1549).  In  the  Insti- 
tute of  Fine  Arts  at  Siena,  Italy. 

4®^  “ This  hallowed  work  of  genius 
shows  what  pictorial  art,  devoutly  ex- 
ercised, might  effect  in  behalf  of  reli- 
gious truth.”  Hawthorne . 

4®"  “At  last  we  came  to  a picture 
by  Sodoma,  the  most  illustrious  repre- 


sentative of  the  Sienese  school.  It 
was  a fresco,  — Christ  bound  to  the  pil- 
lar after  having  been  scourged.  1 do 
believe  that  painting  has  never  done 
any  thing  better,  so  far  as  expression  is 
concerned,  than  this  figure.  In  all 
these  generations  since  it  was  painted, 
it  must  have  softened  thousands  of 
hearts,  drawn  down  rivers  of  tears, 
been  more  effectual  than  a million  of 
sermons.  Really  it  is  a thingto  stand  and 
weep  at.  No  other  painter  has  done 
any  thing  that  can  deserve  to  be  com- 
pared with  this.”  Hawthorn ( . 

Flagellation,  Column  of  the.  See 
Column  of  the  Flagellation. 

Flaminia,  Porta.  See  Porta  Fla- 

MINIA. 

Flaminian  Way.  See  Via  Fla- 
minia. 

Flavian  Amphitheatre.  See  Col- 
iseum. 

The  Flavian  Amphitheatre  and  the 
Baths  of  Caracalla  enable  us  to  realize 
imperial  Rome  more  vividly  than  e\en 
the  glowing  pages  of  Tacitus. 

James  Fergusson. 

Fleece,  The.  Formerly  a tavern 
in  Covent  Garden,  London,  the 
scene  of  numerous  disorderly  dis- 
putes, and,  as  Aubrey  expresses 
it,  “ very  unfortunate  for  homi- 
cides.” 

Fleet,  The.  A famous  prison  in 
London,  named  from  the  creek,  or 
stream,  of  the  Fleet,  upon  the 
bank  of  which  it  was  erected. 
After  an  existence  of  nearly  eight 
centuries,  it  was  abolished,  and 
removed  about  1845.  It  has  been 
tenanted  by  many  distinguished 
victims.  Pope  calls  it  the  “ Haunt 
of  the  Muses,”  from  the  number 
of  poets  who  have  been  confined 
here.  The  prisoners  were  sub- 
jected in  many  cases  to  most 
cruel  and  outrageous  treatment. 
The  horrors  of  the  Fleet  were 
brought  to  public  notice  in  1726 
by  the  trial  of  the  warden  for 
murder.  The  prison  and  its  im- 
mediate neighborhood  were  no- 
torious for  the  so-called  “ Fleet 
Marriages,”  which  were  per- 
formed by  clergymen  imprisoned 
for  debt.  Great  numbers  of  these 
marriages  were  solemnized,  as 
the  clergymen  could  of  course 
defy  the  fine  for  performing  clan- 


FLE 


178 


FLI 


destine  and  irregular  marriages. 
The  practice  was  put  a stop  to  by 
act  of  Parliament  in  1754.  The 
day  before  this  act  went  into 
operation,  217  marriages  were  re- 
corded in  one  register  alone. 
Dickens  describes  the  latter  days 
of  the  Fleet  in  the  “ Pickwick 
Papers.”  See  Flex  a. 

Scarce  had  the  coach  discharged  its  trusty 
fare. 

But  gaping  crowds  surround  tli’  amorous 
pair. 

The  busy  pljrers  make  a mighty  stir, 

And  whispering,  cry,  ‘’D’ye  want  the 
parson,  sir  ? ” 

Humours  of  the  Fleet. 
Fleet  Ditch.  Formerly  an  open 
ditch  in  London,  between  Hol- 
born  and  the  Thames,  so  called 
from  the  Fleet  River,  the  supply 
of  water  from  which  being  di- 
verted, the  ditch  became  stag- 
nant, and  a receptacle  for  all  sorts 
of  offal  and  filth.  Ben  Jonson, 
Pope,  Swift,  and  Gay  have  with 
minute  detail  described  this  pes- 
tilential nuisance.  It  is  now 
arched  over,  and  serves  as  the 
Cloaca  Maxima  of  London. 

To  where  Fleet-ditch , with  disemboguing 
streams 

Rolls  the  large  tribute  of  dead  dogs  to 
Thames, 

The  king  of  dykes!  than  whom  no  sluice 
of  mud 

With  deeper  sable  blots  the  silver  flood. 

Pope. 

Now  from  all  parts  the  swelling  kennels 
flow, 

And  bear  their  trophies  with  them  as  they 

go; 

Filth  of  all  hues  and  odors  seem  to  tell 
What  street  they  sail’d  from  by  their  sight 
and  smell. 

They,  as  each  torrent  drives  its  rapid 
force. 

From  Smithfield  to  St.  Tulchre’s  shape 
their  course. 

And,  in  huge  confluence  joined  at  Snowhill 
ridge, 

Fall  from  the  Conduit  prone  to  Holborn 
Bridge; 

Sweepings  from  butchers’ stalls,  . . . 

Dead  cats,  and  turnip-tops,  come  tum- 
bling down  the  flood.  Swift. 

By  what  methods,  by  what  gifts  of  eye 
and  hand,  does  a heroic  Samuel  Johnson, 
now  when  cast  forth  into  that  waste  chaos 
of  authorship,  maddest  of  things,  a min- 
gled Phlegethon  and  Fleet-ditch , with  its 
floating  lumber,  and  sea-krakens,  and  mud- 
spectres,  — shape  himself  a voyage;  of 
the  transient  driftwood,  and  the  enduring 
iron,  built  him  a seaworthy  life-boat,  and 
sail  therein,  undrowned,  unpolluted, 
through  the  roaring  “ mother  of  dead 
dogs,”  onwards  to  an  eternal  landmark, 
and  city  that  hath  foundations  ? Carlyle. 


Fleet  Market.  A meat  and  vege- 
table market  in  London,  estab- 
lished over  Fleet  Ditch  in  1737. 
Farringdon  Market  — occupying 
nearly  the  same  place  and  opened 
in  1829  — now  takes  its  place. 

“ Fleet  Market,  at  that  time  [No 
Popery  Riots],  was  a long  irregular  row 
of  wooden  sheds  and  pent-houses,  oc- 
cupying the  centre  of  what  is  now  called 
Farringdon  Street.  They  were  jumbled 
together  in  a most  unsightly  fashion  in 
the  middle  of  the  road,  to  the  great  ob- 
struction of  the  thoroughfare  and  the 
annoyance  of  passengers,  who  were  fain 
to  make  their  way  as  best  they  could 
among  carts,  baskets,  barrows,  trucks, 
casks,  bulks,  and  benches,  and  to  jostle 
with  porters,  hucksters,  waggoners,  and 
a motley  crowd  of  buyers,  sellers,  pick- 
pockets, vagrants,  and  idlers.  ...  It 
was  indispensable  to  most  public  con- 
veniences in  those  days  that  they  should 
be  public  nuisances  likewise,  and  Fleet 
Market  maintained  the  principle  toad- 
miration.”  Dickens. 

Fleet  Street.  An  ancient  and  cele- 
brated thoroughfare  in  London, 
so  called  from  the  stream  of  the 
same  name.  For  centuries  it  has 
been  famous  for  its  exhibitions 
and  processions,  its  printers  and 
booksellers,  its  coffee-houses  and 
taverns,  and  its  banking-houses. 

The  foaming  pots  which  the  best  tap  of 
Fleet  St.  supplies.  T N.  Talfourd. 

Cheapside,  the  Strand,  Fleet  Street , and 
Ludgate  Hill, 

Each  name  a very  story  in  itself. 

Robert  Leighton. 

Fleta.  A Latinized  appellation  of 
the  noted  Fleet  prison,  formerly 
situated  in  London.  John  Sei- 
den  (1584-1654)  published  a work 
entitled  “ Fleta.”  See  Fleet, 
The. 

jgQjf*  “In  1647  he  [Selden]  published 
from  a manuscript  in  the  Cotton  library 
the  valuable  old  law  treatise  entitled 
‘ Fleta,’  so  named  from  being  compiled 
by  its  anonymous  author  while  confined 
in  the  Fleet  prison,  most  probably  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.”  Singer. 

Fleurs,  Chateau  des.  See  Cha- 
teau des  Fleurs. 

Flight  into  Egypt.  [Ital.  La  Fu- 

c/a  in  Egitto , Fr.  La  Fuite  de  la 
Sainte  Famille  en  Ecjypte  ] Of  the 
compositions  treating  of  this  inci- 
dent in  the  life  of  the  infant  Sa- 


FLO 


179 


FON 


viour,  the  following  are  among 
the  better  known.  See  also  Re- 
pose in  Egypt. 

Flight  into  Egypt.  An  admired 
picture  by  Guadenzio  Ferrari 
(1484-1550).  In  the  church  of  the 
Minorites  at  Varallo,  Italy. 

Flight  into  Egypt.  A beautiful 
fresco  by  Bernardin  Pinturicchio 
(1454-1513).  In  the  church  of  St. 
Onofrio  at  Rome. 

Flight  into  Egypt  A picture 
by  Joachim  Patenier  ( — d.  1524), 
a Flemish  painter.  It  is  now  in 
the  museum  at  Antwerp,  Bel- 
gium. 

Flight  into  Egypt.  See  Return 
from  the  Flight  into  Egypt. 

Flodden  Field.  A locality  in  Scot- 
land, in  the  county  of  Northum- 
berland, near  Cornhill,  where,  on 
the  9th  of  September,  1513,  was 
fought  the  famous  battle  between 
the  English  and  Scotch,  which  is 
described  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
“ Marmion.” 

Floors  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Roxburghe,  near  Kelso 
in  Scotland. 

Flora.  A famous  colossal  statue, 
found  in  the  Baths  of  Caracalla 
at  Rome,  and  regarded  as  a mas- 
terpiece of  art.  It  has  been  va- 
riously considered  as  representing 
a Venus,  a Hebe,  and  Hope.  By 
Winckelmann  it  was  thought  to 
be  one  of  the  Muses.  Now  in  the 
museum  at  Naples.  [Also  called 
the  Farnese  Flora.] 

“ I always  returned  to  a colos- 
sal Flora,  standing  in  the  middle  of  the 
hall,  draped  so  as  to  reveal  her  forms, 
but  of  such  an  austere,  dignified  sim- 
plicity. She  is  a veritable  goddess.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Flora.  A beautiful  picture  by  Ti- 
tian (1477-1576),  or,  as  some  think, 
by  Jacopo  Palma,  called  Palma 
Vecchio  (1480-1528),  representing 
a woman  in  white,  with  flowing 
hair,  holding  flowers.  In  the 
Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence. 

Flora.  A statue  by  Thomas  Craw- 
ford (1814-1857).  In  Central  Park, 
New  York. 

Florida,  The.  A Confederate  pri- 
vateer, built  by  Laird  of  Liver- 


pool, and  commanded  by  John 
Moffit.  She  was  captured  in  San 
Salvador  Bay,  Brazil,  Oct.  6, 1864, 
by  the  United  States  ship  Wachu- 
sett. 

“ The  Confederates,  encouraged 
by  British  favors,  employed  a British 
ship  builder  (Mr.  Laird,  a member  of 
Parliament)  to  construct  vessels  for 
them  for  privateering  purposes.  The 
Oreto  was  sent  to  sea  in  disguise,  sailed 
for  the  British  port  of  Nassau,  and 
early  in  September  appeared  off  the 
harbor  of  Mobile  flying  British  colors. 
She  ran  into  Mobile  Harbor,  eluding 
the  blockading  fleet,  and  escaped  late 
in  December,  when  she  bore  the  name 
of  Florida.  She  hovered  most  of  the 
time  on  the  American  coast,  but  was 
closely  watched  by  national  vessels. 
She  managed  to  elude  them.  Finally 
she  ran  into  the  Brazilian  port  of  Ba- 
hia or  San  Salvador,  after  capturing  a 
barque;  and  there  she  was  captured 
by  the  Wachusett , Capt.  Collins.  This 
capture  was  a violation  of  neutrality, 
and  occasioned  a good  deal  of  excite- 
ment. The  captain  and  prize  soon 
after  appeared  in  Hampton  Roads,  and 
not  long  after  the  Florida  was  sunk 
near  Newport  News.”  Lossing. 

Flume,  The.  A remarkable  ravine 
700  feet  long  iu  the  Franconia 
mountains,  N.H.,  through  which 
flows  the  Flume  cascade.  The 
rocky  walls  which  enclose  the 
canon  are  some  65  feet  in  height. 
At  one  point,  where  the  passage 
is  only  ten  feet  in  width,  an 
enormous  granite  bowlder  is  sus- 
pended. 

Foligno  Madonna.  See  Madonna 
di  Foligno. 

Fontaine  des  Innocents.  A fa- 
mous fountain  in  Paris,  built  in 
1550  by  Pierre  Lescot,  with  stat- 
ues and  bas-reliefs  by  Jean  Gou- 
jon. 

Fontaine  Moliere.  A public  foun- 
tain in  Paris,  in  the  Rue  de 
Richelieu,  with  the  statue  of  Mo- 
liere, and  near  the  house  where 
that  great  dramatist  died. 

Fontainebleau.  A vast  and  ir- 
regularly shaped  palace  at  Fon- 
tainebleau [fountain  of  beautiful 
water],  France,  about  37  miles 
from  Paris.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  royal  residences  in 
Europe,  and  associated  with 


FON 


180 


FON 


many  historical  events  of  in- 
terest. The  present  palace  was 
chiefly  the  work  of  Francis  I. 
Large  additions  were  made  to  it 
by  Henry  IV.  It  was  here  that 
Napoleon  signed  his  abdication 
in  1814.  Under  Louis  Philippe 
the  palace  was  much  improved, 
and  restored  to  something  like 
its  early  condition.  It  has  a 
magnificent  park  kept  with  great 
care  like  a garden.  The  forest  of 
Fontainebleau  covers  84  English 
miles. 

1644,  7 March.  1 went  with  some  com- 
pany toward^  Fontainebleau , a sumptuous 
palace  of  the  King’s,  like  ours  of  Hampton 
Court,  about  14  leagues  from  the  city. 
By  the  way,  we  pass  through  a forest  so 
prodigiously  encompassed  with  hideous 
rocks  of  whitish  hard  stone,  heaped  one 
on  another  in  mountainous  heights;  but 
1 think  the  like  is  not  to  be  found  else- 
where. It  abounds  with  stags,  wolves, 
boars;  and  not  long  after  a lynx,  or  ounce, 
was  killed  amongst  them,  which  had  de- 
voured some  passengers.  . . . This  house 
is  nothing  so  stately  and  uniforme  as 
Hampton  Court.  John  Evelyn , Diary 

For  such  it  was,  when  long  ago 

I sat  in  my  leafy  studio 

In  the  dear  old  Forest  of  Fontainebleau. 

C.  F.  Cranch. 

In  the  h»ne  brakes  of  Fontainebleau , 

Or  chalets  near  the  Alpine  snow. 

Matthew  Arnold. 

Fontana  della  Barcaccia.  A well- 
known  fountain  in  the  Piazza  di 
Spagna,  Rome,  designed  by  Ber- 
nini (1598-1880).  It  is  in  the  form 
of  a boat  (barcaccia),  whence  the 
name. 

Fontana  di  Trevi.  [Fountain  of 
Trevi.]  A large  and  celebrated 
fountain  in  Rome,  built  by  Clem- 
ent XII.,  in  1735,  from  designs  of 
Niccolb  Salvi,  with  a statue  of 
Neptune  and  other  figures  by  Pi- 
etro Bracchi.  The  fountain  is 
supplied  by  the  aqueduct  of  the 
Acqua  Vergine. 

4QP  “The  Fontana  di  Trevi  is  in 
the  heart  of  Rome.  A mass  of  rocks 
is  tumbled  together  at  the  base  of  the 
facade  of  an  immense  palace.  In  a 
large  niche  in  the  centre  of  the  fagade 
is  a statue  of  Neptune  in  his  car,  the 
horses  of  which,  with  their  attendant 
Tritons,  are  pawing  and  sprawling 
among  the  rocks.  All  this  is  in  bad 
taste,  an  incongruous  blending  of  fact 
and  fable,  chilled  by  the  coldest  of 
allegories;  but  it  sounds  worse  in  de- 


scription than  it  looks  to  the  eye.  The 
water  gushes  up  in  sparkling  and 
copious  masses  from  the  crevices  be- 
tween the  rocks,  spouts  from  the  nos- 
trils of  the  horses  and  the  conchs  of 
the  Tritons,  and  gives  to  the  whole 
scene  its  own  dancing  and  glittering 
beauty.  . . . As  we  look,  we  begin  with 
criticism;  but  we  end  with  admira- 
tion.” Hillard. 

“ In  the  daytime  there  is  hardly 
a livelier  scene  in  Rome  than  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  fountain  of  Trevi ; . . . 
for  the  water  of  Trevi  is  in  request  far 
and  wide  as  the  most  refreshing 
draught  for  feverish  lips,  and  the 
wholesomest  to  drink  that  can  any- 
where be  found.  Tradition  goes  that  a 
parting  draught  at  the  fountain  of  Tre- 
vi ensures  a traveller’s  return  to  Rome 
whatever  obstacles  and  improbabilities 
may  seem  to  beset  him.”  Hawthorne. 

Till,  Trajan's  whispering  forum  passed, 
We  hear  t lie  waters,  showering  bright. 

Of  Trevi" s ancient  fountain , cast 
Tlieir  woven  music  on  tue  night. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Fontana  Paolina.  [The  Pauline 
Fountain.]  One  of  the  largest 
and  most  imposing  fountains  in 
Rome,  on  the  Janiculum,  and 
built  to  resemble  the  facade  of 
a church.  It  was  erected  by 
Pope  Paul  V.  in  1612,  and  was  de- 
signed by  Fontana;  so  that  by 
a whimsical  coincidence  both 
names  are  perpetuated  in  that  of 
the  fountain  itself. 

Fonthill  Abbey.  A showy  monas- 
tic building,  erected  at  great  ex- 
pense, at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  near  Salisbury, 
Wilts,  England,  by  William 
Beckford,  the  celebrated  author 
of  “ Vatliek.”  The  building  was 
constructed  in  fantastic  style,  in 
the  utmost  haste  and  passion, 
shrouded  with  great  mystery,  the 
grounds  being  enclosed  by  a wall 
12  feet  high  and  seven  miles  long. 
At  one  time  500  men  were  em- 
ployed by  day  and  night.  A 
wooden  tower  400  feet  high  was 
capriciously  built,  merely  to  see 
the  effect  of  such  a structure,  and, 
being  taken  down,  was  replaced 
by  a tower  of  stone.  Twent3T- 
five  years  later,  in  1825,  this  lat- 
ter fell,  owing  to  imperfect  con- 
struction; and  the  estate  being 
sold,  the  buildings  were  demob 


FOO 


181 


FOR 


ished.  In  this  mansion  Mr. 
Beckford  resided  for  over  20 
years.  The  property  is  said  to 
have  brought  £350,000  at  the  sale. 

The  mighty  master  waved  his  wand,  and 
lo ! 

On  the  astonished  eye  the  glorious  show 
Burst  like  a vision  ! 

Ascend  the  steps!  the  high  and  fretted 
roof 

Is  woven  by  some  elfin  hand  aloof : 

Whilst  from  the  painted  windows’  long 
array 

A mellow  light  is  shed,  as  not  of  day 
How  gorgeous  ali ! W.  L.  Bowles. 

Fools,  Order  of.  See  Order  of 
Fools. 

Force,  La.  A noted  prison  in  Par- 
is, and  the  principal  one  in  the 
city.  It  is  situated  on  the  Bou- 
levard MazaSv 

“They  are,”  Mr  Lorry  whispered  the 
words,  glancing  fearfully  round  at  the 
locked  room,  k<  murdering  the  prisoners. 
If  yo  i are  sure  of  what  you  say;  if  you 
really  have  the  power  you  think  you 
have,  — as  1 believe  you  have,  — make 
yourself  known  to  these  devils,  and  get 
taken  to  La  Force.'*  Dickens. 

Ford’s.  1.  Formerly  a theatre  in 
Washington,  and  noted  as  the 
building  within  which  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  was  assassinated, 
April  19,  1865,  by  John  Wilkes 
Booth.  The  building  was  pur- 
chased by  the  United-States  Gov- 
ernment, closed  as  a theatre,  and 
appropriated  to  the  purposes  of 
an  army  medical  museum,  which 
is  said  to  be  the  finest  of  its  kind 
in  the  world. 

2.  A grand  opera-house  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.  It  has  an  elegant 
auditorium,  and  accommodates 
2,500  persons. 

Forefathers’  Rock.  See  Plym- 
outh Rock. 

Forest  Hills.  A large  cemetery  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Boston, 
Mass.  It  contains  some  fine  mon- 
uments. 

Forester’s  Family.  A picture  by 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873), 
the  most  celebrated  modern 
painter  of  animals. 

Forfarshire,  The.  A British  steam- 
er wrecked  Sept.  6,  1838,  on  the 
voyage  from  Hull  to  Dundee. 
Nine  persons  were  saved  from 


the  wreck  by  the  heroic  exertions 
of  Grace  Darling,  daughter  of  the 
lighthouse-keeper  on  one  of  the 
Fame  Islands,  who  rowed  with 
her  father  in  a small  boat  through 
the  heavy  sea  to  the  sinking  ship. 

Forge  of  Vulcan.  A drawing  by 
Annibale  Caracci  (1560-1609).  In 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Forge  of  Vulcan.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Diego  Rodriguez  de 
Silva  y Velasquez  (1599-1660),  the 
Spanish  painter.  In  the  Museum 
of  Madrid,  Spain. 

Forge  of  Vulcan.  A picture  by 
Jacopo  Robusti,  called  Tintoret- 
to (1512-1594).  In  the  Ducal  Pal- 
ace, Venice,  Italy. 

Fornarina,  La.  The  name  given 
to  several  portraits  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520).  There  is  much 
doubt,  both  as  to  the  name  itself, 
and  the  person  represented;  but 
the  latter  is  generally  considered 
to  have  been  Raphael’s  mistress. 
It  has  been  surmised  that  the 
name  was  invented  to  suit  a story 
of  the  painter’s  having  attached 
himself  to  a potter’s  daughter, 
but  there  is  no  authentic  evidence 
in  the  case.  The  portrait  bearing 
this  name,  in  the  Barberini  Pal- 
ace, in  Rome,  is  regarded  as  the 
earlier  work.  There  is  another 
somewhat  resembling  it  in  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  which  is 
thought  to  have  served  as  a model 
for  the  Sistine  Madonna.  There 
is  still  another  portrait,  also  called 
La  Fornarina,  in  the  Tribune  of 
the  Uffizi  at  Florence,  which  has 
usually  been  ascribed  to  Raphael, 
but  is  now  supposed  to  be  the 
work  of  Sebastian  del  Piotnbo 
(1485-1547),  and  has  been  various- 
ly adjudged  to  represent  either 
the  improvvisatrice  Beatrice  da 
Ferrara,  or  Vittoria  Colon  na, 
Marchesa  di  Pescara,  Michael 
Angelo’s  friend.  Besides  the 
foregoing,  there  are  several  oth- 
er female  portraits  bearing  the 
name  of  La  Fornarina.  One  in 
particular,  which  is  also  called 
Dorothea,  dated  1512,  and  now 
generally  ascribed  to  Sebastian 
del  Piombo,  is  at  Blenheim,  Eng- 
land. 


FOR 


182 


FOR 


J0S®  “ It  is  now  no  secret  among  con- 
noisseurs that  the  so-called  Fornarina 
in  the  Tribune  of  the  Uffizi,  and  a por- 
trait named  Dorothea,  at  Blenheim, 
both  supplemented  with  the  title  of 
Raphael’s  Mistress,  are  by  the  hand  of 
Sebastian.” 

Eastlake , Hand-book  of  Painting. 

“ The  portrait  of  the  young  girl, 
or  woman,  in  the  Barberini  Palace,  is 
a wonderful  painting.  I call  it  so  be- 
cause it  bears  about  it  in  a high  degree 
the  character  of  mysterious  unfathom- 
ableness.” Grimm,  Trans. 

Foro  Trajano.  See  Forum  of 
Trajan. 

Forsyth  Place.  A well-known 
public  park  in  Savannah,  Ga. 

Fort  Adams.  One  of  the  strongest 
defences  on  the  United-States 
coast,  near  Newport,  R.I.  It 
mounts  468  cannon,  and  requires 
a garrison  of  3,000  men. 

Fort  Albany.  A ruined  earthwork 
south  of  Arlington,  Va.,  one  of 
the  great  fortifications  by  which 
Washington  was  defended  during 
the  civil  war 

Fort  Bowyer.  A fortification  near 
Mobile,  Ala.,  taken  by  the  Brit- 
ish, Feb.  11,  1815,  and  the  scene 
of  the  last  encounter  in  the  sec- 
ond war  between  England  and 
the  United  States. 

Fort  Caroll.  A strong  United 
States  fortification  on  an  artificial 
island  a few  miles  below  Balti- 
more, Md  It  commands  the  Pa- 
tapsco  River 

Fort  Caswell.  A fortification  of 
brick  on  the  Cape-Fear  River, 
N.C.  It  was  seized  by  the  Con- 
federates in  1861,  and  destroyed 
by  them  in  1865. 

Fort  Clinton.  An  old  fortification 
on  the  Hudson,  a part  of  the  de- 
fences which  were  designed  to 
close  the  river  against  the  British 
fleet  in  1777. 

Fort  Columbus.  A United  States 
fortification  on  Governor's  Island 
in  the  harbor  of  New  York 

Fort  Dearborn.  A stockade  fort 
built  by  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment in  1803  upon  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  Chicago.  It 
was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the 
Indians. 


Fort  de  l’Ecluse.  A celebrated 
French  fortress  on  the  borders  of 
Switzerland,  not  far  from  Geneva. 

Fort  Donelson.  A Confederate 
stronghold  in  Kentucky  during 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  It  was 
taken  by  Gen.  Grant  and  Com- 
modore Foote,  Feb.  16,  1862. 

The  brave  men  who  besieged  Donelson , 
and  who,  after  fighting  through  the  day 
for  three  consecutive  days,  lay  each  night 
on  the  ground  without  shelter’  exposed  to 
the  rain  and  sleet,  were  chiefly  Illinoisans. 
It  was  there  that  rebellion  received  the 
heavy  blow  which  has  staggered  it  ever 
since.  L.  Trumbull. 

An’  how,  sence  Fort  Donelson.  winnin’  the 
day 

Consists  in  triumphantly  gittin  away. 

Lowell , Biglow  Papers. 

Fort  du  Quesne.  An  old  French 
fort  and  trading-post  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  site  where  the 
city  of  Pittsburg,  Penn.,  now 
stands.  After  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  British,  another  fort 
was  built  on  the  same  spot,  and 
named  Fort  Pitt. 

Fort  Ellsworth.  A ruined  earth- 
work near  Alexandria,  Ya. , one 
of  the  great  fortifications  by 
which  Washington  was  defended 
during  the  civil  war. 

Fort  Fisher.  A fortification  on 
the  Cape-Fear  River,  and  the 
principal  defence  of  Wilmington, 
N.C ,,  during  the  war  of  the  Re- 
bellion. It  was  taken  by  the 
Federal  troops  under  Gen.  Terry, 
Jan.  15,  1865. 

Fort  Frederick.  A ruined  fortifi- 
cation near  Martinsburg,  Ya., 
built  by  the  province  in  1755  as  a 
frontier  fortress.  It  is  a quadran- 
gular structure  of  stone. 

Fort  George.  A citadel  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, Scotland,  constructed 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  considered  the  most 
important  fortress  in  Scotland. 

Fort  Griswold.  A ruined  fortifi- 
cation near  New  London,  Conn. 
It  was  attacked  and  taken  by  the 
British  in  September,  1781. 

Fort  Hamilton.  A strong  fortress 
on  the  Narrows,  protecting  the 
approaches  to  New  York. 


FOR 


183 


FOR 


Fort  Hill.  An  eminence  near  Mys- 
tic, Conn.,  the  seat  of  Sassacus, 
the  sachem  of  the  Pequot  tribe  of 
Indians,  who  had  here  his  royal 
fort. 

Fcrt  Hill.  An  ancient  fortifica- 
tion near  Geneva,  N.Y.,  believed 
to  have  been  erected  by  the 
“ mound-builders.”  A hundred 
years  ago  it  was  covered  with 
large  and  ancient  trees. 

Fort  Hill.  One  of  the  historical 
three  hills  upon  which  the  city  of 
Boston  (Trimountain),  Mass.,  was 
built.  It  is  no  longer  in  existence, 
having  been  levelled  for  building 
purposes. 

Fort  Independence.  A strong 
granite  fort,  but  recently  finished, 
in  the  harbor  of  Boston,  Mass. 
The  first  fortifications  on  this  site 
were  built  in  1634.  The  battery 
was  called  Castle  William  at  the 
time  of  the  coronation  of  King 
William.  It  was  strengthened 
by  the  British,  who  destroyed  it 
when  they  evacuated  Boston ; but 
it  was  afterwards  repaired  by  the 
Americans,  and  received  its  pres- 
ent name  in  1798. 

Fort  Lafayette.  A strong  fortifi- 
cation on  the  Narrows,  defending 
the  approaches  to  New  York.  It 
was  a famous  prison  for  state 
criminals  in  the  war  of  the  Re- 
bellion. 

Fort  McHenry.  A United  States 
fortification  on  Whetstone  Point 
near  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  com- 
manding the  harbor  approaches. 

Fort  Mifflin.  A strong  fortifica- 
tion just  below  Philadelphia,  and 
guarding  the  approaches  to  the 
city. 

Fort  Montgomery.  An  old  forti- 
fication on  the  Hudson,  of  which 
some  ruins  still  remain.  It  was 
a part  of  the  system  of  defences 
designed  to  close  the  upper  part 
of  the  river  against  the  approach 
of  the  British  fleet  in  1777. 

Fort  Moultrie.  A fortification  on 
Sullivan’s  Island,  protecting  the 
approaches  to  Charleston,  S.C. 
It  stands  on  the  site  of  an  older 
fortress  of  the  same  name,  which 
was  built  of  palmetto  logs,  and 


was  celebrated  for  its  successful 
resistance  to  a British  attack  in 
1776. 

As  from  Moultrie , close  at  hand, 

And  the  batteries  on  the  land. 

Round  its  taint  but  fearless  band 
Shot  and  shell 

Raining  hid  the  doubtful  light. 

R.  H.  Stoddard. 

Fort  Monroe.  A strong  United 
States  fortification  at  Old  Point 
Comfort,  Va.  It  remained  in  the 
possession  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment at  the  time  of  the  attempted 
secessionof  the  State,  and  through 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

Say,  pilot,  what  this  fort  may  be, 

Whose  sentinels  look  down 
From  moated  walls  that  show  the  sea 
Their  deep  embrasures’  frown  ? 

The  rebel  host  claims  all  the  coast; 

But  these  are  friends,  we  know. 

Whose  footprints  spoil  the  “ sacred  soil,” 
And  this  is  ? — Fort  Monroe ! 

0.  W Holmes. 

Fort  Ontario.  A strong  fortifica- 
tion at  Oswego,  N.Y.,  command- 
ing the  harbor. 

Fort  Pillow.  1.  A Confederate  for- 
tification on  the  Mississippi,  in 
the  State  of  Tennessee,  taken  by 
Federal  gun-boats,  June  4,  1862. 

2.  A Federal  fortification  in 
Kentucky,  garrisoned  mainly  by 
negroes,  taken  by  the  Confeder- 
ates, April  12,  1864. 

Fort  Pitt.  See  Fort  du  Quesne. 

Fort  Preble.  A strong  fortifica- 
tion commanding  the  approaches 
to  the  harbor  of  Portland,  Me. 

Fort  Richmond.  A strong  fortifi- 
cation on  the  Narrows,  a part  of 
the  system  of  defences  which  pro- 
tect the  approaches  to  New  York. 

Fort  St.  Marks.  An  old  Spanish 
fortress  in  St.  Augustine,  Fla. 
According  to  an  inscription  over 
the  gateway  it  was  finished  in 
1756,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a 
hundred  years  in  building.  With 
its  castellated  battlements,  its 
portcullis  and  drawbridge,  it  was 
more  like  a European  mediaeval 
stronghold  than  any  other  on  this 
continent. 

Fort  Schuyler.  A strong  fortifica- 
tion commanding  the  entrance 
to  New  York  from  Long  Island 
Sound. 


FOR 


184 


FOR 


Fort  Sumter.  A brick  fortress 
begun  in  1829,  situated  in  the  har- 
bor of  Charleston,  S.C.  Memor- 
able as  the  scene  of  the  first 
encounter  in  the  war  of  the  Re- 
bellion. 

“ The  first  gun  that  spat  its  iron 
insult  at  Fort  Sumter,  smote  every  loyal 
American  full  in  the  face.  As  when 
the  foul  witch  used  to  torture  her  min- 
iature image,  the  person  it  represented 
suffered  all  that  she  inflicted  on  his 
waxen  counterpart,  so  every  buffet  that 
fell  on  the  smoking  fortress  was  felt  by 
the  sovereign  nation  of  which  that  was 
the  representative.  Robbery  could  go 
no  farther,  for  every  loyal  man  of  the 
North  was  despoiled  in  that  single  act 
as  much  as  if  a footpad  had  laid  hands 
upon  him  to  take  from  him  his  father’s 
staff  and  his  mother’s  Bible.  Insult 
could  go  no  farther;  for  over  those  bat- 
tered walls  waved  the  precious  symbol 
of  all  we  most  value  in  the  past  and 
hope  for  in  the  future,  — the  banner 
under  which  we  became  a nation,  and 
which,  next  to  the  cross  of  the  Redeem- 
er, is  the  dearest  object  of  love  and 
honor  to  all  who  toil  or  march  or  sail 
beneath  its  waving  folds  of  glory.” 

0.  W.  Holmes. 

For  this  blasted  spot  of  earth 
Where  Rebellion  had  its  birth 
Is  its  tomb  ! 

And  when  Sumter  sinks  at  last 
From  the  heavens,  that  shrink  aghast, 
Hell  shall  rise  in  grim  derision  and  make 
room  ! R.  H.  Stoddard. 

What  strange,  glad  voice  is  that  which 
calL 

From  VV  agner’s  grave  and  Sumter’s  walls  ? 

Whittier. 

Fort  Ticonderoga.  A ruined  for- 
tification standing  on  a peninsula 
in  Lake  Champlain,  memorable  as 
one  of  the  historic  battle-grounds 
of  North  America. 

Fort  Trumbull.  A strong  fortifi- 
cation on  the  Thames,  near  New 
London,  Conn. 

Fort  Wagner.  One  of  the  defences 
of  Charleston,  S.C.,  during  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion.  It  was  sit- 
uated on  Morris  Island. 

Fort  Warren.  A modern  fort 
(1833-1850)  in  the  harbor  of  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  built  of  Quincy  gran- 
ite. Many  Confederates  were 
imprisoned  here  during  the  Re- 
bellion. Here  the  noted  Mason 
«id  Slidell  were  confined. 


Fort  Washington.  1.  The  princi- 
pal eminence  on  Manhattan  Is- 
land, near  High  Bridge,  and  the 
site  of  the  ancient  fort  which  was 
taken  by  the  British  Nov.  16, 
1776.  The  Americans  lost  100  in 
killed  and  wounded,  and  2,600 
taken  prisoners. 

2.  An  old  stone  fort  on  the  Po- 
tomac, a few  miles  below  Wash- 
ington. It  was  destroyed  by  the 
British  in  the  war  of  1812. 

Fort  William.  An  immense  fort- 
ress about  one  mile  from  the  city 
of  Calcutta,  India.  It  was  erect- 
ed in  1757  by  Lord  Clive,  and  has 
cost  over  $10,000,000. 

Fort  William  Henry.  A ruined 
fortification  on  Lake  George,  in 
the  State  of  New  York,  near  the 
village  of  Caldwell. 

Fort  Wmthrop.  A fortification 
on  Governor’s  Island,  in  the  har- 
bor of  Boston,  Mass.,  forming  one 
of  the  defences  of  the  city. 

Fort  Wooster.  A ruined  fort  near 
New  Haven,  Conn. 

Fortuna  Virilis,  Temple  of.  See 
Temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis. 

Fortune.  A picture  by  Guido 
Reni  (1575-1642),  of  which  there 
are  numerous  repetitions  ; in  the 
gallery  of  the  Capitol  at  Rome,  at 
Munich,  in  the  Museum  of  Berlin, 
and  elsewhere. 

Fortune  Theatre.  A former  the- 
atre of  London,  opened  in  1601, 
and  so  called  from  its  sign. 

The  picture  of  Dame  Fortune 
Before  the  Fortune  playhouse. 

Heywood. 

Fortune-teller,  The.  A picture 
by  Michelangelo  Amerighi,  sur- 
named  Caravaggio  (1469-1609), 
and  one  of  his  masterpieces.  In 
the  gallery  of  the  Capitol,  Rome. 

Forty  Footsteps,  Field  of.  See 
Field  of  Forty  Footsteps. 

Forum  of  Trajan.  [Ital.  Foro  Tra- 
jano.]  A magnificent  forum  of 
ancient  Rome,  between  the  Capi- 
toline  and  Quirinal  hills,  built  by 
the  emperor  Trajan  after  his  re- 
turn from  the  wars  on  the  Dan- 
ube. Apollodorus  was  the  archi- 
tect. A height  of  land  connecting 


FOR 


185 


FOS 


the  two  hills  (the  Capitoline  and 
Qnirinal)  was  cut  away  to  the 
depth  of  a little  more  than  100 
Roman  feet,  and  the  forum  was 
placed  in  the  valley  thus  formed. 
Portions  of  the  buried  ruins  of 
this  once  magnificent,  forum  were 
brought  to  light  in  the  sixteenth 
century  by  Paul  III  , and  by  the 
French  in  1812;  but  much  stiil  lies 
buried  beneath  the  streets  and 
houses  which  surround  the  pres- 
ent area  of  excavation.  The  cel- 
ebrated and  beautiful  Column  of 
Trajan  still  stands  in  the  midst 
of  the  ruins  of  the  forum.  See 
Trajan’s  Column. 

4ST  “ My  feeble  description  can 
scarcely  give  the  faintest  idea  of  the 
unparalleled  splendor  of  this  forum. 
Beside^  the  famous  equestrian  statue  of 
Trajan  in  bronze,  which  excited  the 
envy  and  admiration  of  Constantine, 
who,  on  viewing  it,  uttered  the  vain 
wish  “ that  he  had  such  a horse,”  and 
was  told  in  return  “ that  he  must  first 
build  him  such  a stable,”  it  was 
crowded  with  statues  of  marble,  of 
bronze,  and  of  ivory,  of  the  great  and 
the  learned,  of  heroes  and  gods.” 

Eaton. 

4®" “The  area  was  adorned  with 
numerous  statues  in  which  the  figure 
of  Trajan  was  frequently  repeated ; and 
among  its  decorations  were  groups  in 
bronze  or  marble,  representing  his 
most  illustrious  actions.  Here  stood 
the  great  equestrian  statue  of  the  em- 
peror, here  was  the  triumphal  arch 
decreed  him  by  the  Senate,  adorned 
with  sculpture,  which  Constantine,  two 
centuries  later,  transferred  without  a 
blush  to  his  own,  a barbarous  act  of 
this  first  Christian  emperor,  to  which, 
however,  we  probably  owe  their  pres- 
ervation to  this  day  from  more  barbar- 
ous spoliation.”  Merivale. 

1644,  Feb  20.  Ascending  the  hill,  we 
came  to  the  Forum  Trajanum , where  his 
column  stands  yet  intire,  wrought  with 
admirable  basso-rilievo  recording  the  Da- 
cian war  . The  sculpture  of  this  stu- 
pendous pillar  is  thought  to  be  the  work 
of  Apollodorits , but  what  is  very  observ- 
able is  the  descent  to  the  plinth  of  the 
pedestale.  shewing  how  this  ancient  Citt.y 
now  lyes  buried  in  her  mines,  this  monu- 
ment being  at  first  set  up  on  a rising 
ground.  John  Evelyn. 

Forum  Romanum,  [Roman  Fo- 

rum.] An  area  of  irregular  out- 
line at  the  base  of  the  Capitoline 
and  Palatine  bills  in  Rome  is  the 
site  of  the  Roman  Forum,  now 
the  Campo  Vaccino,  q.v.  The 


greater  part  of  the  ancient  Forum 
is  now  covered  by  a deep  accu- 
mulation of  soil;  and  the  true 
boundaries  of  the  ground  and  the 
true  situation  of  the  numerous 
buildings  said  to  have  been  erect- 
ed there,  have  for  centuries  been 
matters  of  dispute  and  uncer- 
tainty among  antiquaries.  The 
sites  of  many  of  the  edifices  seem 
now,  however,  to  be  determined 
with  tolerable  probability. 

4®=*  “ No  spot  on  earth  is  more 
imposing,  for  it  is  overshadowed  with 
the  power  and  majesty  of  the  Roman 
people.  . . Nothing  gives  a stronger 
impression  of  the  shattering  blows 
which  have  fallen  upon  the  Eternal 
City  than  the  present  condition  of  the 
Forum.  . . . Every  foot  of  ground  has 
been  the  field  of  antiquarian  contro- 
versy. Every  ruin  has  changed  its 
name  two  or  three  times.  The  reason 
of  this  confusion  and  ignorance  is  to 
be  found  in  two  circumstances : one 
that  the  buildings  were  very  numerous 
in  proportion  to  the  small  space  which 
they  occupied ; and  the  other,  that  the 
original  space  has  been  covered  to  the 
depth  of  12  or  15  feet  by  the  accumu- 
lated soil  of  Jfges,  so  that  the  founda- 
tions of  the  structures  are  no  longer  to 
be  seen.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

Yes;  and  in  yon  field  below, 

A thousand  years  of  silenced  factions 
sleep, — 

The  Forum , where  the  immortal  accents 
glow. 

And  still  the  eloquent  air  breathes  — burns 
— with  Cicero ! Byron. 

It  was  once 

And  long,  the  centre  of  their  Universe, 
The  Forum.  — whence  a mandate,  eagle- 
winged, 

Went  to  the  ends  of  the  earth.  Rogers. 

Herds  are  feeding  on  the  Forum,  as  in  old 
Evander's  time ; 

Tumbled  from  the  steep  Tarpeian  all  the 
towers  that  sprang  sublime. 

T.  W.  Parsons. 

The  Capitol  and  the  Forum  impress  us 
with  less  awe  than  our  own  Westminster 
Hall  and  Westminster  Abbey,  the  place 
where  the  great  men  of  twentv  genera- 
tions have  contended,  the  place  where 
they  sleep  together!  Macaulay. 

Foscari  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Fos- 
cari .]  A splendid  palace  situated 
on  the  Grand  Canal,  in  Venice, 
Italy.  It  was  erected  near  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Fosse,  The.  An  ancient  Roman 
road  in  Britain,  extending  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tyne  to  Wales. 
[Also  called  Ryknield  Street.] 


FOT 


186 


FOU 


Fotheringay  Castle.  An  ancient 
castle  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng- 
land, belonging  to  the  house  of 
York,  and  made  memorable  by 
the  confinement  of  Mar.y,  Queen 
of  Scots,  who  ended  her  life  here 
in  1587. 

Fouarre,  Hue  du.  See  Straw 
Street. 

Fount  of  Salvation.  A celebrated 
picture  in  the  Museum  of  Madrid, 
representing  the  Almighty  with 
the  Immaculate  Lamb  at  his  feet, 
“ whom  he  made  an  offering  for 
the  sins  of  the  world.  Below, 
this  offering  is  seen  in  the  form 
of  a stream  of  water,  in  which 
the  sacramental  wafers  are  float- 
ing, flowing  into  a little  flower- 
garden,  where  six  angels  are  cele- 
brating the  glory  of  God  on  dif- 
ferent instruments.”  The  mean- 
ing of  the  stream  of  water  is 
indicated  by  an  inscription  in 
Latin  which  refers  to  the  passage 
in  the  Song  of  Solomon  (iv.  15),  — 
“A  fountain  of  gardens,  a well 
of  living  waters.”  There  are 
many  other  symbolic  representa- 
tions connected  with  the  picture, 
which  has  been  attributed  to  one 
of  the  two  brothers  van  Eyck, 
the  distinguished  Flemish  paint- 
ers. Dr.  Waagen  holds  that  it 
is  the  production  of  the  elder, 
Hubert  van  Eyck  (1366-1426); 
but,  it  is  asserted,  the  weight  of 
critical  judgment  is  against  this 
opinion.  It  is  also  called  “ The 
Triumph  of  the  Church.” 

Fountain  Court.  A well-known 
court  in  the  Middle  Temple,  one 
of  the  four  Inns  of  Court  in  Lon- 
don. 

Coming  through  the  Fountain  Court , 
he  [Tom  Pinch]  was  just  to  glance  down 
the  steps  leading  into  Garden  Court,  and 
to  look  once  all  round  him,  and  if  Ruth 
had  come  to  meet  him;  there  lie  would 
see  her,  not  sauntering,  you  understand 
(on  account  of  the  clerks),  but  coming 
briskly  up  with  the  best  little  laugh  on 
her  face  that  ever  played  in  opposition  to 
the  fountain,  and  beat  it  all  to  nothing. 

Dickens. 

It  looks  out  upon  a garden  about  the 
size  of  Fountain  Court.  Thqckeray. 

Fountain  of  Arethusa.  Anciently 
a famous  fountain  in  Syracuse, 
Sicily.  Cicero  speaks  of  it  as  “a 


fountain  of  fresh  water,  which 
bears  the  name  of  Arethusa,  of 
incredible  magnitude,  and  full  of 
fish:  this  would  be  wholly  over- 
flowed and  covered  by  the  waves, 
were  it  not  separated  from  the 
sea  by  a stronglv-built  barrier  of 
stone.”  Homer’s  fountain  of  Are- 
thusa is  traditionally  identified 
with  a never-failing  reservoir  on 
the  south-east  part  of  the  island 
of  Ithaca. 

Far,  far  and  wide  along  the  Italian  shores, 

That  holy  joy  extends ; 

Sardinian  mothers  pav  their  vows  ful- 
filled; 

And  lwmns  are  heard  beside  thy  banks, 
O Fountain  Arethuse!  Southey. 

Fountain  of  Castalia.  A fountain 
in  Greece,  falling  from  Parnassus 
down  the  slope  where  Delphi 
stood  into  the  river  Pleistus.  A 
small  chapel  has  been  erected 
over  the  spring.  According  to 
Murray’s  Handbook,  during  the 
earthquake  of  1870  a fragment 
of  rock  falling  from  the  cliff  above 
completely  crushed  the  basin,  and 
covered  with  rubbish  and  buried 
from  sight  even  the  water. 

“It  still  flows  on,  while  the 
Temple  of  Apollo,  and  the  Council  Hall 
of  the  Amphictyons,  the  Treasure- 
house  of  Croesus,  and  the  three  thou- 
sand statues  which  crowded  the  build- 
ings and  streets  of  Delphi,  even  in  the 
time  of  Pliny,  have  all  vanished  as 
though  they  had  never  been.” 

C.  Wordsworth. 

Fountain  of  Egeria.  A name  given 
to  a vaulted  chamber  of  brick- 
work in  the  valley  of  the  Almo, 
about  a mile  from  Rome.  It  de- 
rives its  fame  from  the  belief  that 
it  is  the  site  of  the  grove  and  sa- 
cred fountain  where  Numa  held 
his  nightly  meetings  with  the 
nymph  Egeria.  Modern  discov- 
eries have,  however,  determined 
that  the  nymplueum  which  has 
so  long  been  regarded  as  the 
Grotto  of  Egeria  is  not  the  place 
which  Numa  visited,  and  has 
placed  the  true  fountain  and  val- 
ley within  the  present  walls  of 
the  city,  near  where  the  Via  Ap- 
pia  crosses  the  Almo  (Maranna), 
not  far  from  the  ancient  Porta 
Capena. 


FOU 


187 


FOU 


4ST  “ About  a mile  from  the  Porta 
San  Sebastiano  is  a pretty  pastoral  val- 
ley, or  gorge,  as  quiet  and  secluded  as 
if  in  the  heart  of  the  Apennines.  On 
one  side  is  a wooded  hill,  crowned  with 
the  ruins  of  a temple  of  Bacchus ; and 
on  the  other,  at  some  distance,  a gentle 
elevation  on  which  there  is  a graceful 
structure  which  some  call  a temple,  and 
some  a tomb.  This  is  the  valley  of 
Egcria,  — the  spot  where  Numa  met 
his  shadowy  counsellor.  We  must 
draw  near  to  it  in  the  spirit  of  faith, 
and  let  no  clouds  of  doubt  darken  its 
tranquil  beauty.  . . . The  fountain,  so 
called,  is  a vaulted  grotto  scooped  out 
of  the  hill-side,  lined  and  floored  with 
brick,  with  three  niches  on  either  side, 
and  a larger  one  at  the  extremity  con- 
taining a mutilated  statue.  At  this 
extremity  the  water  flows  through  a 
slender  orifice,  and  is  received  into  a 
small  shell-like  basin,  from  which,  fall- 
ing upon  the  floor,  it  glides  down  into 
the  valley,  and,  swelled  by  tributes 
from  the  moist  soil,  forms  a rivulet, 
takes  the  name  of  the  Almo,  and  finally 
mingles  with  the  Tiber.  . . . The  le- 
gend of  Numa  is  one  of  the  most  genu- 
ine flowers  of  poetry  that  ever  started 
from  the  hard  rock  of  the  Roman 
mind.”  Ilillard. 

The  mosses  of  thy  fountain  still  are  sprin- 
kled 

With  thine  Elysian  water-drops;  the 
face 

Of  thy  cave-guarded  spring,  with  years 
unwrinkled, 

Reflects  the  meek-eyed  genius  of  the 
place.  Byron. 

Here  didst  thou  dwell,  in  this  enchanted 
cover, 

Egeria ! thy  all-heavenly  bosom  beating 
For  the  far  footsteps  of  thy  mortal  lover. 

Ibid. 

A goddess,  who  there  deigned  to  meet 
A mortal  from  Rome’s  regal  seat. 

And,  o’er  the  gushing  of  her  fount. 
Mysterious  truths  divine  to  earthly  ear  re- 
count. William  Sotheby. 

The  wonders  of  the  outer  world,  the 
Tagus  with  the  mighty  fleets  of  England 
riding  on  its  bosom,  . . . the  sweet  Lake 
of  Leman,  the  dell  of  Egeria , with  its 
summer-birds  and  rustling  lizards,  the 
shapeless  ruins  of  Rome,  . . . all  were 
mere  accessories,  the  background  to  one 
dark  and  melancholy  figure.  Macaulay. 

Fountain  of  Life.  A remarkable 
picture  by  Hans  Holbein  the 
Younger  (1494-1513).  In  the  pal- 
ace of  the  King  of  Portugal  at 
Lisbon. 

Fountain  of  the  Virgin.  A pic- 
turesque fountain  at  Jerusalem, 
issuing  from  a cave  some  30  feet 


in  depth,  and  associated  with 
many  legends  of  the  Virgin.  It 
is  an  intermittent  spring,  and  by 
some  it  has  been  identified  with 
the  pool  of  Betliesda. 

Fountain  of  Trevi.  See  Fontana 

di  Trevi. 

Fountain  of  Vaucluse.  A cele- 
brated fountain  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  same  name  in  South- 
ern France. 

4Si"  “ The  glen  seems  as  if  struck 
into  the  mountain’s  depths  by  one  blow 
of  the  enchanter’s  wand;  and  just  at 
the  end,  where  the  rod  might  have 
rested  in  its  downward  sweep,  is  the 
fathomless  well  whose  overbrimming 
fulness  gives  birth  to  the  Sorgues.  It 
was  the  most  absolute  solitude.  The 
rocks  towered  above  to  the  height  of 
600  feet,  and  the  gray  walls  of  the  wild 
glen  below  shut  out  all  appearance  of 
life.  ...  I never  visted  a place  to  which 
the  fancy  clung  more  suddenly  and 
fondly.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

It  would  be  the  labor  of  a week  to  find 
in  all  the  vast  mass  of  Mr.  Southey’s  poe- 
try, a single  passage  indicating  any  sym 
pathv  with  those  feelings  which  have  con- 
secrated ihe  shades  of  Vaucluse. 

Macaulay . 

Fountain  Tavern.  A former  bouse 
of  entertainment  in  the  Strand, 
London. 

Fountains  Abbey.  The  venerable 
remains  of  this  abbey,  said  to  be 
the  most  perfect  monastery  in 
England,  are  situated  about  three 
miles  from  Ripon.  It  was  founds 
ed  in  1204,  and  became  one  of  the 
wealthiest  monastic  institutions 
in  the  kingdom.  It  originally 
covered  ten  acres,  of  which  the 
ruins  now  occupy  about  two. 

4^  “ Travellers  who  can  visit  but 
one  monastic  relic  in  England  .should 
perhaps  select  this;  for  no  other  sur- 
passes its  combination  of  completeness, 
size,  beauty  of  position,  and  architec- 
tural interest.  In  all  Britain  there  is 
probably  now  no  religious  or  benevo- 
lent institution,  except  the  national  hos- 
pital at  Greenwich,  that  could  compare 
in  extent  and  grandeur  with  this  abbey 
as  it  was  during  the  days  of  its  glory.” 
J.  F.  Hunnewell. 

Abbey  ! forever  smiling  pensively. 

How  like  a thing  of  Nature  dost  thou  rise. 
Amid  her  loveliest  works  ! as  if  the.  skies. 
Clouded  with  grief,  were  arched  thy  roof 
to  be. 

And  the  tall  trees  were  copied'  all  from 
thee.  Ebenezer  Elliott . 


FOG 


188 


FOU 


Fountains  of  Moses.  [Arab. 

Ayoon  Moosa , or,  more  commonly, 
Ain  Moosa.]  These  “Wells”  in 
Egypt  are  a collection  of  springs, 
forming  an  oasis.  They  are 
reached  from  the  town  of  Suez. 
There  is  a tradition  that  here 
Moses  and  Miriam  and  the  chil- 
dren of  Israel  sang  their  song  of 
triumph. 

And,  like  the  Coptic  monks  b}r  Mousa's 
wells . 

We  dream  of  wonders  past, 

Vague  as  the  tales  the  wandering  Arab 
tells 

Each  drowsier  than  the  last.  Whittier. 

Four  Elements.  Celebrated  pic- 
tures by  Francesco  Albani  (1578- 
1600).  In  the  Borghese  palace  at 
Itome,  and  also  at  Turin,  Italy. 

Four  Evangelists.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Bubens 
(1577-1640).  In  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  London. 

“As  a striking  instance  of  this 
mistaken  style  of  treatment  [too  rigid 
adherence  to  nature],  we  may  turn  to 
the  famous  group  of  the  Four  Evange- 
lists by  Rubens,  grand,  colossal,  stand- 
ing, or  rather  moving  figures,  each  with 
his  emblem,  if  emblems  they  can  be 
called,  which  are  almost  as  full  of 
reality  as  nature  itself.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Four-in-Hand  Club.  The  most 
prosperous  days  of  this  London 
club  were  in  the  time  of  George 
the  Fourth  (1820-1830).  The  noted 
Lord  Onslow  was  a member,  — 
ridiculed  in  the  following  epi- 
gram : — 

What  can  Tommy  Onslow  do  ? 

He  can  drive  a coach  and  two. 

Can  Tommy  Onslow  do  no  more  ? 

lie  can  drive  a coach  and  four. 

4SP  “ The  vehicles  of  the  Club  which 
were  formerly  used  are  described  as  of 
a hybrid  class,  quite  as  elegant  as  pri- 
vate carriages,  and  lighter  than  even 
the  mails.  They  were  horsed  with  the 
finest  animals  that  money  could  secure. 
. . . The  master  generally  drove  the 
team,  often  a nobleman  of  high  rank, 
who  commonly  copied  the  dress  of  a 
mail  coachman.  The  company  usually 
rode  outside;  but  two  footmen  in  rich 
liveries  were  indispensable  on  the  back 
seat,  nor  was  it  at  all  uncommon  to  see 
some  splendidly  attired  female  on  the 
box.  A rule  of  the  Club  was,  that  all 
members  should  turn  out  three  times  a 


week  ; and  the  start  was  made  at  mid- 
day, from  the  neighborhood  of  Picca- 
dilly, through  which  they  passed  to 
the  Windsor-road,  — the  attendants  of 
each  carriage  playing  on  their  silver 
bugles.  From  12  to  20  of  these  hand- 
some vehicles  often  left  London  to- 
gether.” Timbs . 

Four  Marys.  An  admired  and 
celebrated  picture  by  Annibale 
Caracci  (1560-1609).  " At  Castle 
Howard,  England. 

4®=*  “ On  comparing  this  with  Ra- 
phael’s conception,  wre  find  more  of 
common  nature,  quite  as  much  pathos, 
but  in  the  forms  less  of  that  pure  po- 
etic grace  which  softens  at  once  and 
heightens  the  tragic  effect.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

Four  Philosophers.  A celebrated 
portrait-picture  by  Peter  Paul 
Bubens  (1577-1640),  in  the  Pitti 
Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Four  Quarters  of  the  World.  A 

picture  by  Peter  Paul  Bubens 
(1577-1640),  in  the  gallery  of  Vi- 
enna, and  considered  one  of  his 
most  admirable  works. 

Four  Seasons.  1.  A well-known 
picture  by  Francesco  Albani  (1578- 
1660).  In  the  Palazzo  Borghese, 
Borne. 

“ The  Seasons , by  Francesco 
Albani,  were  beyond  all  others  my  fa- 
vorite pieces.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

2.  A picture  by  Antoine  Fran- 
qois  Callet  (1741-1823).  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Four  Sibyls.  A series  of  well- 
known  pictures  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520),  representing  the 
Sibyls,  with  angels  holding  tab- 
lets. They  were  painted  for  the 
Chigi  Chapel  in  the  church  of  S. 
Maria  della  Pace,  Borne. 

“ These  are  among  the  most 
perfect  specimens  of  Raphael’s  ma- 
turer  pencil,  combining  equal  grandeur 
and  grace.  An  interesting  comparison 
may  be  instituted  between  this  work 
and  the  Sibyls  of  Michael  Angelo.  In 
each  we  find  the  peculiar  excellence 
of  the  two  great  masters;  for  while 
Michael  Angelo’s  figures  are  sublime, 
profound,  and  entirely  new,  the  fresco 
of  the  Pace  bears  the  impress  of  Ra- 
phael’s more  serene  and  sympathetic 
grace.”  Eastlake. 


FOU 


189 


FRA 


**  Solemn,  tranquil,  elevated 
like  antique  goddesses  above  human 
action,  they  are  truly  superhuman 
creations:  theirs  is  not  a diffused  or 
transitory  being,  but  one  ever  existing 
immutably  in  an  eternal  present” 

Taine,  Trans. 

Four  Temperaments.  The  name 
sometimes  given  to  pictures  of 
the  four  apostles,  John  and  Pe- 
ter, Paul  and  Mark,  by  Albert 
Diirer  (1471-1528).  In  the  Pina- 
kothek,  at  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Fourth  Street.  1.  The  fashion- 
able promenade  of  Cincinnati,  O. 

2.  The  fashionable  promenade 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Fox,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
ship  which  sailed  for  the  North- 
ern seas,  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  M‘01intock,  in  the  expe- 
dition fitted  out  by  Lady  Frank- 
lin in  1857  to  discover  traces  of 
her  husband,  Sir  John  Franklin, 
the  lost  navigator. 

Francesca  da  Rimini.  A cele- 
brated picture  from  Dante  by 
Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858),  widely 
known  through  reproductions. 

Francesco,  San.  See  San  Fran- 
cesco. 

Franchimont.  A ruined  castle 
near  Liege  in  Belgium,  associated 
with  legendary  traditions. 

The  towers  of  Franchimont, 
Which,  like  an  eagle’s  nest  in  air, 

Hang  o’er  the  stream  and  hamlet  fair. 

Scott. 

Francis,  St.  See  St.  Francis. 

Francois  I.,  Maison  de.  See  Mai- 
son  de  Francois  I. 

Franconia  Notch.  A picturesque 
and  beautiful  valley,  or  pass,  in 
the  Franconia  Mountains  (White 
Mountain  range),  New  Hamp- 
shire. Near  the  head  of  this 
Notch  is  the  famous  Profile,  or 
Old  Man  of  the  Mountain.  See 
Notch,  The,  and  also  Profile, 
The. 

“ The  narrow  district  thus  en- 
closed contains  more  objects  of  interest 
to  the  mass  of  travellers  than  any  other 
region  of  equal  extent  within  the  com- 
pass of  the  usual  White-Mountain  tour. 
In  the  way  of  rock-sculpture  and  water- 
falls it  is  a huge  mass  of  curiosities.” 
Starr  King. 


Frankenberg.  A ruined  ivy-cov- 
ered castle  near  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Rhenish  Prussia,  in  which,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  Fastrada, 
the  wife  of  Charlemagne,  died 
and  was  buried. 

Franklin,  The.  A noted  Boston 
privateer  during  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  In  May,  1776,  she 
was  grounded  on  Point  Shirley, 
and  attacked  by  13  British  man- 
of-war  boats,  but  finally  es- 
caped. 

Franzenburg.  A modern  castle, 
built  in  imitation  of  a mediaeval 
fortress,  containing  a museum  of 
antiquities,  situated  in  the  park 
of  the  Palace  of  Laxenburg,  near 
Vienna,  Austria. 

Frari,  Santa  Maria  Gloriosa  dei. 
A noted  church  of  the  thirteenth 
century  in  Venice,  Italy. 

jgGgp’  “ The  internal  effect  of  the 
church  is  much  finer  than  its  west  front 
would  lead  one  to  expect.  . . . The 
nave  and  aisles  measure  about  230  feet 
by  104,  and  the  transept  160  feet  by  48, 
— magnificent  dimensions,  undoubted- 
ly. The  columns  are  simple,  cylindri- 
cal, and  very  lofty.”  Street. 

“ It  always  causes  a sensation 
to  walk  from  the  blazing  sun  and  la- 
boring life  into  these  solemn  enclos- 
ures. Here  are  the  tombs  of  the  doges 
resting  from  their  rule.  They  seem 
pondering  still  as  they  lie  carved  in 
stately  marble  death,  contemplating 
the  past  with  their  calm  brows  and 
their  hooked  noses.  The  great  church 
is  piled  arch  upon  arch,  tomb  upon 
tomb;  some  of  these  monuments  hang 
in  the  nave  high  over  the  heads  of  the 
people  as  they  kneel,  above  the  city 
and  its  cries  and  its  circling  life,  and 
the  steps  of  the  easy-going  Venetians.” 
Miss  Thackeray. 

Frascati.  A house  in  Paris  at  the 
corner  of  the  Rue  de  Rivoli.  The 
boulevard  was  called  by  this 
name  until  gaming  was  forbid- 
den in  1837.  It  was  the  most  ar- 
istocratic gambling-house  of  the 
time  in  Paris,  Women  were  ad- 
mitted to  it. 

46^=“  About  half-past  ten  I went 
with  a couple  of  friends  to  the  great 
gambling-house  which  passes  under  the 
name  of  Frascati.  It  was  the  first  time 
in  my  life  I was  ever  in  a large  estab- 
lishment of  this  sort,  or,  indeed,  at 


FRA 


190 


FRI 


any,  except  such  as  are  seen  at  water- 
ing-places ; and  I shall  probably  never 
see  another;  for  it  is  one  of  the  good 
deeds  of  Louis  Philippe’s  government, 
that,  after  having  abolished  lotteries,  it 
has  now  ordered  all  public  gaming- 
houses to  be  closed  from  Jan.  1, 1838, — 
that  is,  in  two  days.  This  evening  we 
found  the  rooms  full,  but  not  crowded.” 
George  Ticknor. 

4®=  “As  we  drove  from  the  court,  my 
companion, pulling  the  cordon,  ordered 
to  Frascati's.  This,  you  know,  of 
course,  is  the  fashionable  place  of 
ruin ; and  here  the  heroes  of  all  novels, 
and  the  rakes  of  all  comedies,  mar  or 
make  their  fortunes.  An  evening  dress 
and  the  look  of  a gentleman  are  the 
only  required  passport.  Four  large 
rooms,  plainly  but  handsomely  fur- 
nished, opened  into  each  other,  three 
of  which  were  devoted  to  play  and 
crowded  with  players.”  F P.  Willis . 

Frauenkirehe,  Die.  [The  Church 
of  Our  Lady.]  A noted  church 
in  Dresden,  Saxony.  Its  stone 
dome  withstood  the  heaviest 
bomhs  during  the  war  with  Fred- 
erick the  Great. 

Frederick,  Fort.  See  Fort  Fred- 
erick. 

Frederick  the  Great.  An  eques- 
trian statue  in  bronze,  modelled 
by  Christian  Rauch  (1777-1857), 
and  upon  which  he  was  employed 
10  years.  It  was  erected  in  the 
Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin,  in 
1851.  The  statue  is  17  feet  in 
height  upon  a pedestal  of  25  feet 
in  height,  and  upon  the  four  sides 
of  this  pedestal  are  31  portrait- 
figures  of  the  size  of  life.  This 
statue  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
iinest  monuments  in  Europe. 

Freemasons’  Tavern.  A noted 
tavern  in  London,  used  among 
other  purposes  for  public  meet- 
ings. 

What  Act  of  Parliament,  debate  at  St. 
Stephen’s,  on  the  hustings  or  elsewhere, 
was  it  that  brought  this  Shakespeare  into 
being?  Us  dining  at  Freemasons'  Tavern , 
opening  subscription-lists,  selling  of 
shares,  and  infinite  other  jangling,  and 
true  or  f.dse  endeavoring ! Carlyle. 

Freiburg  Minster.  One  of  the 
noblest  Gothic  churches  in  Ger- 
many. It  is  a grand  and  gloomy 
pile,  dating  from  the  eleventh 
century,  with  a tower  of  beauti- 
ful fretwork,  rising  to  the  height 
of  395  feet. 


French  Academy.  See  Academie 

Fraxcaise. 

Freshwater  Cave.  A romantic 
and  curious  cavern  on  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  much  frequented  by 
tourists. 

Friar  Bacon’s  Brazen  Head.  The 
most  famous  of  all  brazen  heads 
was  that  of  Roger  Bacon,  a monk 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  Ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  Bacon  was 
occupied  for  seven  years  in  con- 
structing such  a head;  and  he 
expected  to  be  told  by  it  how 
he  could  make  a wall  of  brass 
around  the  whole  island  of. Great 
Britain.  The  head  was  war- 
ranted to  speak  within  a month 
after  it  was  finished,  but  no  par- 
ticular time  was  named  for  its 
doing  so.  Bacon’s  man  was 
therefore  set  to  watch,  with 
orders  to  call  his  master  if  the 
head  should  speak.  At  the  end 
of  half  an  hour  after  the  man 
was  left  alone  with  the  head,  he 
heard  it  say,  “Time  is;”  at  the 
expiration  of  another  half-hour, 
“ Time  was;  ” and  at  the  end  of 
a third  half-hour,  “ Time’s  past,” 
when  it  fell  down  with  a loud 
crash,  and  was  shivered  to  pieces; 
but  the  stupid  servant  neglected 
to  awake  his  master,  thinking 
that  he  would  be  very  angry  to 
be  disturbed  for  such  trifles;  and 
so  the  wall  of  brass  has  never 
been  built. 

4®=-  In  the  Middle  Ages  there  was 
a pretty  wide-spread  belief  in  the  ex- 
istence of  a talking  brazen  head,  the 
invention  of  which  was  variously  as- 
cribed to  persons  living  at  different 
times  and  in  different  countries.  Wil- 
liam of  Malmesbury,  an  old  monkish 
historian,  says  that  Gerbert,  a famous 
French  ecclesiastic,  made  such  a head, 
which  would  speak  when  spoken  to,  and 
would  give  oracular  answers  to  what- 
ever questions  were  propounded  to  it. 
He  relates,  moreover,  that  Gerbert  in- 
quired of  it  whether  be  would  ever  be 
pope,  and  that  the  head  told  him  he 
would.  The  prediction  happened  to 
prove  true ; for  Gerbert  afterwards  be- 
came pope,  under  the  name  of  Silvester 
the  Second.  In  another  instance,  how- 
ever, the  oracle  made  a most  unfortu- 
nate blunder;  for  it  foretold  that  Sil- 
vester should  not  die  until  he  had  sung 
mass  in  Jerusalem,  whereas  he  actually 


FBI 


191 


FUR 


died  in  Rome,  with  the  prophecy  un- 
fulfilled. Albertus  Magnus,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  the  old  schoolmen,  is  alleged 
to  have  made  an  entire  man  out  of 
brass,  which  not  only  answered  ques- 
tions very  readily  and  correctly,  but 
was  so  loquacious  that  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas, a reserved  and  contemplative  per- 
son,— at  that  time  a pupil  to  Albertus 
Magnus,  and  subsequently  an  illus- 
trious doctor  of  the  church,  — knocked 
the  image  to  pieces  merely  to  stop  its 
talking. 

But  the  thing  we  meant  to  enforce,  was 
this  comfortable  fact,  that  no  known 
Head  was  so  wooden,  but  there  might  be 
other  heads  to  which  it  were  a genius  and 
Friar  Bacon's  Oracle.  Carlyle. 

Friedrich  Strasse.  [Frederick 
Street.]  An  important  street  and 
thoroughfare  in  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Frog-Pond.  A small  basin  of 
water  in  Boston  Common,  re- 
garded by  the  inhabitants  with 
an  esteem  disproportioned  to  its 
size. 

4®=-  “ There  are  those  who  speak 
lightly  of  this  small  aqueous  expanse, 
the  eye  of  the  sacred  enclosure,  which 
has  looked  unwinking  on  the  happy 
faces  of  so  many  natives  and  the  curi- 
ous features  of  so  many  strangers.  The 
music  of  its  twilight  minstrels  has  long 
ceased,  but  their  memory  lingers  like 
an  echo  in  the  name  it  bears.  . . . For 
art  thou  not  the  Palladium  of  our  Troy  ? 
Didst  thou  not,  like  the  Divine  image 
which  was  the  safeguard  of  Ilium,  fall 
from  the  skies,  and  if  the  Trojan  could 
look  with  pride  upon  the  heaven-de- 
scended form  of  the  Goddess  of  'Wis- 
dom, cannot  he  who  dwells  by  thy 
shining  oval  look  in  that  mirror  and 
contemplate  Himself,  — the  Native  of 
Boston  ? ” Holmes. 

After  a man  begins  to  attack  the  State- 
House,  when  he  gets  bitter  about  the 
Frog-pond,  you  may  be  sure  there  is  not 
much  left  of  him.  Holmes. 

Frogmore.  A favorite  residence 
of  members  of  the  royal  family 
near  Windsor,  England. 

Frolic,  The.  A British  war-sloop 
taken  by  the  American  sloop-of- 
war,  the  Wasp,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Capt.  Jacob  Jones,  in 
1812.  This  victory  of  the  latter 
caused  great  exultation  through- 
out the  United  States.  Congress 
voted  Jones  the  thanks  of  the 
nation  and  a gold  medal. 


Frugal  Meal.  An  admired  picture 
by  John  Frederick  Herring  (1794- 
1865).  In  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Fruit-venders,  The.  A picture 
by  Bartolome  Esteban  Murillo 
(1618-1682).  In  the  Pinakothek, 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Fuentes.  A ruined  fort  on  a rocky 
eminence  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Como,  Italy. 

Fuentes  once  harbored  the  good  and  the 
brave, 

Nor  to  her  was  the  dance  of  soft  pleasure 
unknown ; 

Her  banners  for  festal  enjoyment  did  wave 
While  the  thrill  of  her  fifes  through  the 
mountains  Avas  bloAvn. 

Wordsworth . 

Fuite  de  Jacob.  [Jacob’s  Flight.] 
A picture  by  Adrian  van  derYelde 
(1639-1672),  the  Dutch  painter. 
In  Sir  R.  Wallace’s  collection,  at 
Bethnal  Green,  London. 

Fulham  Palace.  An  ancient  man- 
sion, the  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  London. 

Fuller’s  Field.  A locality  in  Je- 
rusalem mentioned  in  the  Scrip- 
tures (Isa.  vii.  3;  2 Kings,  xviii.  17), 
and  which  is  believed  to  be  iden- 
tified with  a road,  or  tract,  lying 
along  the  pool  now  called  by  the 
Arabs  B irket-el-M amilla. 

Fulton  Street.  The  main  thor- 
oughfare of  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Fulton’s  Folly.  See  Clermont. 

Furculae  Caudinse.  See  Caudine 
Forks. 

Furlo  Pass.  A celebrated  pass  in 
the  Apennines,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Urbino,  Italy. 

Furness  Abbey.  A beautiful 
ruined  monastery,  near  Ulver- 
ston,  in  the  “Lake  District”  of 
England.  It  was  founded  by 
King  Stephen  in  1127.  The  re- 
mains of  this  once  magnificent 
abbey  are  now  the  property  of 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

God,  Avith  a mighty  and  an  outstretched 
hand, 

Stays  thee  from  sinking,  and  ordains  to  be 
Hi**  witness  lifted  ’twixt  the  Irish  Sea 
And  that  still  beauteous,  once  faiih-hal- 
loAved  land. 

Stand  as  a sign,  monastic  prophet  stand ! 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 


run 


192 


FYV 


Furnival’s  Inn.  Formerly  an  Inn 
of  Chancery  in  London,  so  called 
from  Sir  William  Furnival,  a for- 
mer owner  of  the  land.  This  Inn 
of  Chancery  was  attached  to  Lin- 
coln’s Inn.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1818. 
Sir  Thomas  More  was  a “ reader  ” 
here.  Dickens  began  the  “ Pick- 
wick Papers  ” in  chambers  at 
Furnival’s  Inn. 


Fury,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
ship  which  sailed  from  England 
in  1821  under  the  command  of 
Sir  William  Edward  Parry  (1790- 
1855).  She  was  wrecked  in  the 
northern  seas. 

Fyvie  Castle.  An  ancient  and  in- 
teresting mansion,  with  many  his- 
torical associations,  near  Fyvie, 
in  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 


GAD 


193 


GAL 


Gh 


Gadshill.  The  residence  of  the  late 
Charles  Dickens  (1812-1870),  and 
the  scene  of  FalstafPs  famous  ex- 
ploit, at  a town  of  the  same  name 
near  Rochester,  England, 

Seamen  who  had  just  been  paid  off  at 
Chatham  were  often  compelled  to  deliver 
their  purses  on  Gadshill , celebrated  near  a 
hundred  years  earlier  by  the  greatest  of 
poets  as  the  scene  of  the  depredations  of 
Poinsand  Falstaff.  Macaulay . 

Gaillard.  The  famous  castle  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  situated 
on  a high  rock  on  the  hank  of  the 
Seine,  near  Gaillon  in  France. 
It  is  now  an  imposing  ruin. 

45^=*  “This  magnificent  ruin  of  the 
favorite  castle  of  Richard  I.  is  on  the 
banks  of  the  Seine,  near  Les  Andelys, 
the  birthplace  of  Poussin,  and  the  re- 
treat  of  Thomas  Corneille.  A single 
year  sufficed  to  form  its  immense  fosses, 
and  to  raise  those  walls  which  might 
seem  to  be  the  structure  of  a lifetime. 
When  Cceur  de  Lion  saw  it  finished,  he 
is  said  to  have  exclaimed  with  exulta- 
tion, ‘ How  beautiful  she  is,  this  daugh- 
ter of  a year ! ’ ” 

Longfellow’s  Poems  of  Places . 
The  two  long  years  had  passed  away, 

When  castle  Gaillard  rose, 

As  built  at  once  by  elfin  hands, 

And  scorning  time  or  foes. 

It  might  be  thought  that  Merlin’s  imps 
Were  tasked  to  raise  the  wall, 

Th  it  unheard  axes  fell  the  woods, 

While  unseen  hammers  fall. 

W L-  Bowles. 

Galatea.  A beautiful  fresco  in 
the  Farnesina,  Rome,  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  representing 
the  goddess  borne  over  the  waves 
in  a shell  drawn  by  dolphins, 
with  tritons  and  nymphs  playing 
around  her. 

“ This  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful compositions  that  art  has  pro- 
duced, imbued  with  a sense  of  life  and 
enjoyment  that  is  perfectly  enchant- 
ing.” Eastlake , Handbook  of  Painting . 

4®=*  “ His  * Galatea’  is  a work  which 
explains  the  diversity  between  Michael 
Angelo  and  Raphael,  manifesting  the 
exquisite  refinement  of  the  latter,  and 
his  tendency  toward  that  pure,  noble, 
graceful  manner  which  constituted  the 
beau-ideal  of  the  ancient  Greeks.” 

Quatremere  de  Quincy,  i 


4®=*  “ Raphael  net  only  designed  but 
executed  this  fresco ; and  faded  as  is  its 
coloring,  the  mind  must  be  dead  to  the 
highest  beauties  of  painting  that  can 
contemplate  it  without  admiration. 
The  spirit  and  beauty  of  the  composi- 
tion, the  pure  and  perfect  design,  the 
flowing  outline,  the  soft  and  graceful 
contours,  and  the  sentiment  and  sweet- 
ness of  the  expression,  all  remain  un- 
changed;  for  time,  till  it  totally  oblit- 
erates, has  no  power  to  injure  them.” 
C.  A.  Eaton. 

Galatea  is  an  image  of  beaut}'  of  soul 
united  to  that  of  the  body.  It  is  indeed  a 
sort  of  glorified  human  nature,  or  rather 
a goddess  clad  in  human  form.  Passavant. 

I must  not  omit  that  incomparable  ta- 
ble of  Galatea  (so  I remember)  carefully 
preserved  to  protect  it  from  the  air,  being 
a most  lively  painting.  John  Evelyn . 1644. 

On  the  maternal  side  I inherit  the  love- 
liest silver-mounted  tobacco-stopper  you 
ever  saw.  It  is  a little  box-wTood  Triton, 
carved  with  charming  liveliness  and  truth. 
1 have  often  compared  it  to  a figure  in 
Raphael’s  Triumph  of  Galatea.  Holmes. 

Galerie  d’ Apollon.  A magnificent 
and  profusely  decorated  gallery 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  It  was  first 
built  by  Charles  IX.,  burnt  in  the 
time  of  Louis  XIV.,  afterwards 
rebuilt,  and  finally  completed  by 
Napoleon  III.  in  1851.  Here  is 
the  collection  of  the  Musee  des 
Bijoux. 

Galerie  de  la  Colonnade.  Three 
fine  halls  in  the  east  wing  of  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  Here  are  placed 
the  paintings  of  the  Musee  Na- 
poleon III.,  bought  by  the  Gov- 
ernment from  the  Marquis  Cam- 
pana. 

Galerie  des  Glaces.  [ Grand  Gal- 
erie de  Louis  XIVJ\  An  elegant 
room  — one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent in  the  world — in  the  centre 
of  the  palace  of  V ersailles,  France. 
It  is  239  feet  long,  33  feet  wide,  23 
feet  high,  and  is  profusely  orna- 
mented. Upon  the  walls  are 
paintings  in  honor  of  the  glory  of 
Louis  XIV.  Balls  and  fetes  were 
held  here  until  the  Revolution, 
and  on  great  occasions  the  throne 


GAL 


194 


GAR 


was  moved  into  this  room.  The 
last  hall  given  here  was  opened 
by  Queen  Victoria  (in  whose 
honor  it  was  held)  and  the  empe- 
ror, in  August,  1855. 

4Kg=*  “ ‘ Look  at  this  Galerie  des  Gla- 
ces,’  cries  Monsieur  Vatout,  staggering 
with  surprise  at  the  appearance  of  the 
room,  two  hundred  and  forty-two  feet 
long,  and  forty  high.  ‘ Here  it  was 
that  Louis  displayed  all  the  grandeur 
of  royalty ; and  such  was  the  splendor 
of  his  court,  and  the  luxury  of  the 
times,  that  this  immense  room  could 
hardly  contain  the  crowd  of  courtiers 
that  pressed  around  the  monarch. 
Wonderful!  wonderful!  Eight  thou- 
sand four  hundred  and  sixty  square 
feet  of  courtiers ! Give  a square  yard 
to  each,  and  you  have  a matter  of  three 
thousand  of  them.  Think  of  three 
thousand  courtiers  per  day,  and  all  the 
chopping  and  changing  of  them  for 
near  forty  years;  some  dying,  some 
getting  their  wishes  and  retiring  to 
their  provinces  to  enjoy  their  plunder, 
some  disgraced  and  going  home  to 
pine  away  out  of  the  light  of  the  sun ; 
new  ones  perpetually  arriving,  — push- 
ing, squeezing,  for  their  place  in  the 
crowded  Galerie  des  Glaces.’  ” 

Thackeray. 

Galilee  Porch.  The  name  given 
to  an  entrance  vestibule  of  the 
Cathedral  of  Durham  in  England, 
regarded  as  one  of  the  archaeo- 
logical and  art  treasures  of  Great 
Britain. 

J 0^=*  “ This  unusual  apartment,  the 
Lady  Chapel  practically,  was  built  es- 
pecially as  a place  of  worship  for  wo- 
men, who  were  not  admitted  into  the 
main  church,  on  account  of  a violent 
antipathy  for  the  sex  felt  by  its  patron 
saint,  the  reputed  Anthony-like-tempt- 
cd  Cuthbert.”  J.  F.  Hunnewell. 

Galileo’s  Tower.  [Ital.  Torre  del 
Gcdlo.]  A structure  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Florence,  Italy, 
thought  to  have  been  the  tow- 
er from  which  Galileo  made  as- 
tronomical observations. 

The  towering  Campanile's  height 
Where  Galileo  found  his  starry  chair. 

J.  E.  Reade. 

Galla  Placidia,  Mausoleum  of. 
See  Mausoleum  of  Galla  Pla- 
cidia. 

Galleria  Lapidaria.  [Lapidary 
Gallery,  or  Gallery  of  Inscrip- 
tions.] A corridor  in  the  Vati- 
can Palace,  Rome,  of  great  length, 


the  sides  of  which  are  covered 
with  pagan  and  with  early  Chris- 
tian inscriptions.  The  walls  of 
this  corridor  are  also  lined  with 
sarcophagi,  funeral  urns,  and  oth- 
er ornaments. 

Galleria  Vittorio  Emanuele.  A 

beautiful  and  costly  edifice  in 
Milan,  Italy.  Used  for  purposes 
of  trade. 

Gallery  of  Gondo.  This  gallery, 
or  tunnel,  on  the  Simplon  road 
through  the  Alps,  is  cut  through 
a solid  rock.  The  work  was  ac- 
complished by  18  months  of  un- 
intermitted labor,  day  and  night. 
The  gallery  is  683  feet  in  length, 
and  bears  the  inscription  “ Aere 
Italo  1805  Nap.  Imp,” 

Gallienus,  Palace  of.  A ruined 
palace,  and  relic  of  Roman  times, 
in  Bordeaux,  France. 

Gallows  Hill.  A hill  near  Salem, 
Mass.,  where  19  of  the  so-called 
witches  were  put  to  death  in  the 
time  of  the  witchcraft  delusion  in 
1692. 

Ganymede  and  the  Eagle.  An 
admired  relic  of  ancient  sculp- 
ture. In  the  Museum  at  Naples, 
Italy. 

Ganymede,  Rape  of.  See  Rape 
of  Ganymede. 

Garaye.  A picturesque  ruined 
chateau  in  the  environs  of  Dinan, 
France.  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Nor- 
ton has  an  admired  poem,  en- 
titled “ The  Lady  of  Garaye,” 
the  story  of  which  is  associated 
with  these  ruins. 

Garden  of  Love.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640), 
now  in  the  gallery  at  Madrid, 
“ representing  various  couples, 
elegantly  dressed,  and  enjoying 
the  pleasures  of  music  and  dalli- 
ance in  the  open  air.”  There  is 
a copy  of  this  picture  in  the  Dres- 
den Gallery. 

Garden  of  Plants.  See  Jardin 
des  Pl-antes. 

Garden  Reach.  A celebrated 
promenade  in  Calcutta,  India. 
It  is  laid  out  like  a park,  with 
fine  trees  and  tropical  plants,  and 
is  occupied  by  the  Europeans. 


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Gardens  of  Sallust,  Ruins  of.  See 

Sallust’s  House  and  Gardens. 

Garisenda,  La.  A noted  leaning 
tower  in  Bologna,  Italy,  which 
derives  its  name  from  that  of  its 
builders,  the  brothers  Garisendi. 
The  height  of  this  tower  is  130 
feet,  and  the  deviation  from  the 
perpendicular  is  eight  feet  to- 
wards the  south  and  three  feet 
towards  the  east.  There  is  a 
companion  tower  called  the  Torre 
degli  Asinelli.  The  cause  of  the 
inclination  of  these  towers  has 
been  a subject  in  dispute,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  more  celebrated 
Leaning  Tower  of  Pisa.  Eustace 
remarks  of  these  in  Bologna  that 
they  are  “remarkable  only  for 
their  unmeaning  elevation  and 
dangerous  deviation  from  the 
perpendicular.”  See  Torre  de- 
gli Asinelli. 

As  seems  the  Garisenda , to  behold 
Beneath  the  leaning  side,  when  goes  a 
cloud 

Above  it  so  that  opposite  it  hangs; 

Such  did  Antaeus  seem  to  me. 

Dante , Inferno , Longfellow’ s Trans. 

Garraway’s.  A noted  coffee-house 
in  Change  Alley,  Cornhill,  Lon- 
don. Here  tea  was  first  sold  in 
England.  Garraway’s  was  much 
resorted  to  during  the  time  of 
the  South-Sea  Bubble,  and  was 
at  all  times  a scene  of  great 
mercantile  transactions.  It  was 
taken  down  in  1866. 

Meanwhile,  secure  on  Garway’s  cliffs, 

A savage  race  by  shipwrecks  fed, 

Lie  waiting  for  the  founder’d  skiffs, 

And  strip  the  bodies  of  the  dead. 

Swift  ( Ballad  on  the  South-Sea  Scheme ). 

The  Cits  met  to  discuss  the  rise  and  fall 
of  stocks,  and  to  settle  the  rate  of  insur- 
ances, at  Garraway's  or  Jonathan’s. 

National  Review. 

Doctor  John  Radcliffe,  who  in  the  year 
1685  rose  to  the  largest  practice  in  Lon- 
don. came  daily,  at  the  hour  when  the 
Exchange  was  f ail,  from  bis  house  in  Bow 
Street,  then  a fashionable  part  of  the 
capital,  to  Garraway’s,  and  was  to  be 
found  surrounded  hy  surgeons  and  apothe- 
caries, at  a particular  table.  Macaulay. 

Let  me  read  the  first:  “ Garraway's , 
twelve  o'clock.  Dear  Mrs.  B.,  — Chops 
and  tomato  sauce.  Yours,  Pickwick.” 
Gentlemen,  what  does  this  mean  ? Chops 
and  tomato  sauce.  Yours,  Pickwick! 
Chons!  Gracious  heavens ! and  tomato 
sauce  ! Gentlemen,  is  the  happiness  of  a 
sensitive  and  confiding  female  to  be 
trifled  away  by  such  shallow  artifices  as 
these  ? Dickens. 


Garrick  Club.  A famous  club  in  Co- 
vent Garden,  London,  founded  in 
1831,  with  the  object  “ of  bringing 
together  the  patrons  of  the  drama 
and  its  professors,  and  also  for 
offering  literary  men  a rendez- 
vous.” The  club  derived  its 
name  from  that  of  the  distin- 
guished actor  ; and  many  noted 
men,  from  James  Smith  (“Re- 
jected Addresses”)  to  Thackeray, 
have  made  it  a favorite  resort. 
The  club  has  an  interesting  col- 
lection of  theatrical  portraits. 

J 8®^  “ Among  my  great  pleasures  at 
the  Garrick  Club  was  the  sight  of  the 
large  and  very  interesting  collection 
of  dramatic  portraits  that  has  accumu- 
lated there  in  the  course  of  many  years. 
Almost  every  thing  fine  of  this  sort  has 
gravitated  there  lately,  as  if  by  the 
operation  of  natural  law.” 

Richard  Grant  White, 

Garry  Castle.  A striking  ruin  in 
Kings  County,  Ireland. 

Garter,  The.  An  old  English  inn 
which  figures  in  Shakespeare’s 
comedy  of  “ The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor,”  and  in  which  is  laid 
the  scene  of  the  third  act  of  that 
play. 

Falstaff.  Mine  host  of  the  Garter. 

Shakespeare. 

Gaspee,  The.  A British  sloop-of- 
war  captured  and  burned  by  a 
band  of  men  from  Providence, 
R.  I.,  on  the  night  of  June  17, 
1772. 

Gaston  de  Foix.  A portrait,  with 
mirrors  repeating  the  figure,  by 
Girolamo  Savoldo,  a Brescian 
painter.  This  picture  is  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris;  and  there  is  an 
original  repetition  of  it  in  Hamp- 
ton Court. 

Gate  of  Alcala.  See  Puerta  de 
Alcala. 

Gate  of  the  Lions.  A celebrated 
gateway  in  the  wrall  of  the  citadel 
of  Mykeme,  Greece.  The  ruins 
have  recently  been  entirely  re- 
moved from  around  this  gate- 
way. 

Pausanias  says,  “Among  other  parts 
of  the  enclosure  which  still  remain,  a 
gate  is  perceived  with  lions  standing 
on  it;  and  they  report  these  were  the 
works  of  the  Cyclops,  who  also  mad© 
for  Proetus  the  walls  of  Tiryns.” 


GAT 


196 


GET. 


4^  “ The  blocks  forming  this  [Gate 
of  Lions]  are  enormous  in  size,  quad- 
rangular, and  horizontal.  They  are  15 
feet  high  and  9 feet  broad;  and  the 
opening  is  surmounted  by  a huge  lintel, 
of  which  the  three  dimensions  are  15 
feet  long,  6 feet  broad,  and  3 feet  thick. 
A bas-relief,  7 feet  high,  and  10  feet 
broad  at  the  base,  forms  a sort  of  tri- 
angular pediment  at  the  gate,  within 
which  are  sculptured  two  lions  stand- 
ing on  their  hind-feet,  resting  their 
fore-paws  upon  a pillar  placed  between 
them  so  as  to  face  each  other.  Their 
heads,  which  have  been  broken,  former- 
ly reached  the  height  of  the  capital  of 
the  pillar.  This  pillar  increases  gradu- 
ally in  diameter  from  base  to  summit; 
and  its  capital  is  supported  upon  four 
disks,  which  are  supposed  to  represent 
the  billets  of  wood  meant  to  maintain 
the  sacred  tire.  The  Gate  of  Lions 
formed  the  chief  entrance  to  the  Acro- 
polis.” Lefevre,  Trans. 

Gate  of  the  Sun.  See  Puerta 
del  Sol. 

Gates,  Iron.  See  Iron  Gates. 

Gates  of  Calais.  A well-known 
picture  by  William  Hogartli  (1697- 
1764). 

Gates  of  Paradise.  See  Bronze 
Gates,  etc. 

Generalife.  A beautiful  Moorish 
palace,  surrounded  with  foun- 
tains and  gardens,  in  Granada, 
Spain. 

Genevieve,  St.  See  Pantheon  (2). 

Genius  of  the  Vatican.  A cele- 
brated half-figure  in  Parian  mar- 
ble, bearing  this  name,  in  the 
Vatican,  Home.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  the  Cupid  of  Praxiteles.  It 
was  found  on  the  Via  Labicana, 
outside  of  the  Porta  Maggiore. 

We’ll  take,  say,  that  most  perfect  of  an- 
tiques, 

They  call  the  Genius  of  the  Vatican , 

Which  seems  too  beauteous  to  endure  it- 
self 

In  this  mixed  world,  and  fasten  it  for  once 
Upon  the  torso  of  the  Drunken  Faun 
(Who  might  limp  surely,  if  he  did  not 
dance) 

Instead  of  Buonarroti's  mask : what  then  ? 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Geometricians,  The.  A celebrated 
allegorical  picture  by  Giorgio 
Barbarelli,  called  Giorgione  (1477— 
1511),  the  exact  signification  of 
which  has  been  a matter  of  dis- 
pute. In  the  Belvedere  Gallery, 


Vienna.  [Called  also  sometimes 
The  Astrologers , or  The  Philoso- 
phers.] 

4QP  “I  have  myself  no  doubt  that 
this  beautiful  picture  represents  the 
‘ Three  wise  men  of  the  East,’  watch- 
ing on  the  Chaldean  hills  the  appear- 
ance of  the  miraculous  star,  and  that 
the  light  breaking  in  the  far  horizon, 
called  in  the  German  description  the 
rising  sun,  is  intended  to  express  the 
rising  of  the  Star  of  Jacob.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Geometry.  A picture  by  Caravag- 
gio (1569-1609),  representing  a 
ragged  girl  playing  with  a pair  of 
compasses.  In  the  Spada  palace, 
Rome. 

George  d’Amboise.  A famous  bell 
which  formerly  hung  in  the  tower 
of  the  Cathedral  of  Rouen.  It 
was  taken  down  and  melted  in 
the  time  of  the  Revolution. 

George,  Fort.  See  Fort  George. 

George  Square.  A fine  park  and 
pleasure-ground  in  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, surrounded  by  the  finest 
buildings  in  the  city. 

George’s.  1.  An  old  London  Club. 
It  was  accustomed  to  meet  on  St. 
George’s  Day,  April  23. 

2.  A coffee-house  in  the  Strand, 
London,  famous  and  much  fre- 
quented in  this  and  the  last  cen- 
tury. 

A certain  young  fellow  at  George's , 
whenever  he  had  occasion  to  ask  his  friend 
for  a guinea,  used  to  preclude  his  request 
as  if  he  wanted  200,  and  talked  so  famil- 
iarly of  large  sums,  that  none  could  ever 
think  he  wanted  a small  one.  Goldsmith. 

George,  St.  See  St.  George. 

George’s,  St.  See  St.  George’s. 

Georgia  Augusta.  The  name 
given  to  the  University  of  Got- 
tingen, Germany,  from  its  found- 
er, George  II.  of  England,  who 
established  it  in  1737. 

Germain  des  Pres,  St.  See  St. 

Germain  des  Pres. 

Germain  1’ Auxerrois,  St.  See  St. 
Germain  l’Auxerrois. 

Germanicus.  An  ancient  statue 
called  by  this  name,  but  repre- 
senting a Roman  orator,  and  sup- 


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197 


GTA 


posed  to  be  the  work  of  the  Greek 
sculptor  Cleomenes.  It  is  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Gervais,  St.  See  St.  Gervais. 

Gethsemane.  A small  square  en- 
closure of  about  200  feet,  sur- 
rounded by  a high  wall,  a little 
way  out  of  Jerusalem,  below  St. 
Stephen’s  Gate,  and  near  the  foot 
of  the  Mount  of  Olives.  It  is 
traditionally  identified  with  the 
scene  of  the  closing  events  in  the 
life  of  Jesus  as  recorded  in  Matt, 
xxvi.  30-50,  Mark  xiv.  20-52, 
Luke  xxii.  39-53,  and  John  xviii. 
1-14.  There  is  no  intrinsic  im- 
probability in  the  monastic  tradi- 
tions concerning  it.  It  is  now  a 
desolate  spot,  containing  a few 
very  old  and  shattered  olive-trees, 
the  trunks  of  which  are  supported 
by  stones,  though  some  of  the 
branches  are  flourishing.  The 
garden  belongs  to  the  Latin  Chris- 
tians, and  the  Greek  Church  has 
fixed  upon  another  locality  as  the 
true  site  of  Gethsemane. 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of.  See  Bat- 
tle of  Gettysburg. 

Gezeereh,  Palace  of.  A modern 
palace  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  so  called 
from  the  ground  which  it  occu- 
pies having  been  formerly  an  is- 
land (gezeereh)  between  branches 
of  the  Nile. 

Gherardesca,  Villa.  See  Villa 
Gherardesca. 

Ghetto.  [Jews’ Quarter.]  An  en- 
closure in  Borne  formerly  set 
apart  for  the  residence  of  the 
Jews.  They  have,  until  recent- 
ly, been  confined  to  this  crowded 
and  dirty  section  since  the  time 
of  Pope  Paul  IV.,  who  first  com- 
pelled them  to  live  within  the 
walls  of  the  Ghetto,  and  forbade 
their  appearance  outside  of  that 
quarter,  unless  the  men  were  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Christians 
by  a yellow  hat,  and  the  women 
by  a veil  of  the  same  color.  The 
Jews  suffered  much  persecution, 
and  were  governed  by  many  ar- 
bitrary regulations  while  confined 
to  this  crowded  region;  but  now 
the  limits  of  the  Ghetto  are  re- 
moved, and  the  oppressive  regu- 


lations revoked.  The  name  Ghet- 
to is  derived  by  some  from  the 
Hebrew  word  chat,  meaning  “ bro- 
ken ” or  “ destroyed.”  The  pres- 
ent population  of  the  Ghetto  is 
estimated  at  3,800. 

JgQr’  “ The  Ghetto,  from  its  appear- 
ance, its  filthy  and  narrow  streets, 
would  seem  to  be  the  very  hot-bed  of 
disease.  Here  we  should  expect  to 
find  all  the  plagues  and  pestilences 
which  have  desolated  the  earth  in  for- 
mer ages  preserved  as  in  a morbid 
museum.  But  the  reverse  is  the  fact. 
It  is  in  some  respects  the  healthiest 
part  of  the  city.”  Hillard. 

I went  to  the  Ghetto , where  the  Jews 
dwell,  as  in  a suburb  by  themselves,  being 
invited  by  a Jew  of  my  acquaintance. 
Being  invironed  by  walls,  they  are  locked 
up  every  night.  In  tlys  place  remains  yet 
part  of  a stately  fabric,  which  my  Jew 
told  me  had  been  a palace  of  theirs  for 
the  ambassador  of  their  nation,  when 
their  country  was  subject  to  the  Romans. 

John  Evelyn , 1644. 
’Tis  called  the  Ghetto ; and  the  pious  towns- 
man 

Shuns  it,  unless  his  piety  lie  deep 
Enough  to  teach  him  not  to  turn  aside 
From  any  form  of  human  brotherhood: 
Hard  by  the  muddy  Tiber’s  idle  flow, 
Beyond  the  shadow  of  the  Vatican, 

Yet  within  sound,  almost,  of  choirs  that 
chant 

Morning  and  evening  to  a Christian  organ. 
Its  prison-like  ai.d  ragged  houses  rise. 

Parsons. 

Ghirlandina,  La.  [The  Garland.] 
A noted  tower  in  Modena,  Italy, 
forming  the  campanile,  or  bell- 
tower,  of  the  cathedral.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  encircling 
sculptures  which  adorn  it.  See 
Secchia  Rapita. 

Giant’s  Castle.  A famous  struc- 
ture on  the  summit  of  a mountain 
near  Cassel,  Germany.  On  the 
top  of  the  castle  is  a pyramid  96 
feet  high,  supporting  a statue  of 
Hercules  (a  copy  of  the  Farnese) 
31  feet  in  height.  This  castle  in- 
cludes a system  of  water-works 
connected  with  the  grounds  of 
Wilhelmshohe,  which  is,  perhaps, 
unequalled.  The  fountain  sup- 
plied by  these  water-works  rises 
in  a column  12  inches  in  diameter 
to  the  height  of  190  feet. 

Giant’s  Causeway.  A celebrated 
mass  of  basaltic  columns,  of  all 
forms  from  triangular  to  octago- 
nal, on  the  northern  coast  of  Ire- 
land, extending  into  the  sea. 


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jgSi=“Iwas  somewhat  disappointed 
at  first,  having  supposed  the  causeway 
to  be  of  great  height;  but  I found  the 
Giant’s  Loom,  which  is  the  highest  part 
of  it,  to  be  about  50  feet  from  the  water. 
The  singular  appearance  of  the  columns, 
and  the  many  strange  forms  which  they 
assume,  render  it,  nevertheless,  an  ob- 
ject of  the  greatest  interest.” 

Bayard  Taylor . 

Giant’s  Colonnade.  An  interest- 
ing natural  curiosity,  not  far  from 
Fingal’s  Cave  in  Scotland,  being 
a cluster  of  columns  placed  upon 
a row  of  curved  pillars,  and  form- 
ing a little  island  about  30  feet 
high. 

Giant’s  Column.  A massive  block 
of  granite  in  the  Odenwald,  Ger- 
many, 32  feet  long,  and  3 or  4 
feet  in  diameter.  It  still  bears 
the  mark  of  the  chisel. 

4®=  “ When  or  by  whom  it  was 
made,  remains  a mystery.  Some  have 
supposed  it  was  intended  to  be  erected 
for  the  worship  of  the  sun  by  the  wild 
Teutonic  tribes  who  inhabited  this  for- 
est; it  is  more  probably  the  work  of 
the  Romans.  A project  was  once  start- 
ed to  erect  it  as  a monument  on  the 
battle-field  of  Leipsic,  but  it  was  found 
too  difficult  to  carry  into  execution.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

Giants,  Destruction  of  the.  See 
Destruction  of  the  Giants. 

Giant’s  Organ.  The  name  given, 
from  its  very  striking  resem- 
blance to  that  instrument,  to  a 
magnificent  colonnade  of  basaltic 
pillars  in  the  Giant’s  Causeway, 
Ireland.  See  Giant’s  Causeway. 

Giant’s  Staircase.  [Ital.  Scala  del 
Giganti.]  1.  A celebrated  stair- 
case in  the  Doge’s  Palace  at  Ven- 
ice, so  called  after  two  statues  of 
the  Greek  gods,  Mars  and  Nep- 
tune, which  are  of  immense  size. 

J&gr’*1  Touching  the  Giant’s  Stairs  in 
the  court  of  the  palace,  the  inexorable 
dates  would  not  permit  me  to  rest  in 
the  delusion  that  the  head  of  Marin  Fa- 
lier  had  once  bloodily  stained  them  as 
it  rolled  to  the  ground,  — at  the  end 
of  Lord  Byron’s  tragedy.” 

IF.  D.  Ilowells. 

As  doge,  clad  in  tlie  ducal  robes  and  cap, 
Thou  sbalt  be  led  hence' to  the  Giants' 
Staircase , 

Where  thou  and  all  our  princes  are  in- 
vested; 


And  there,  the  ducal  crown  being  first 
resumed 

Upon  the  spot  where  it  was  first  assumed, 
Thy  head  shall  be  struck  off.  Byron. 

He  [Xicolo  Tron]  might  have  been  pres- 
ent, with  a countenance  of  pity,  when 
Foscari,  with  feeble  and  tottering  steps, 
descended  the  Giant's  Staircase , and 
fainted  at  the  sound  of  the  bell  which  an- 
nounced the  election  of  a successor. 

Hillard. 

A poet  on  thy  Giant  Stair  to-day 

Lingers  beside  each  wondrous  balcony, 

His  tribute  of  a fruitless  tear  to  pay. 

Graf  von  Platen , Trans. 

2.  A singular  freak  of  nature 
near  Cork,  Ireland.  Fifteen  or 
16  huge  knobs  of  rock  rise  one 
above  another  up  the  face  of  a 
very  steep  ascent,  with  nearly 
the  regularity  of  a flight  of  steps. 

Giant’s  Tower.  An  ancient  circu- 
lar building  of  Cyclopean  archi- 
tecture at  Gozo,  one  of  the  Mal- 
tese islands.  Human  bones  have 
been  found  in  and  about  it.  “ Its 
history  is  lost  in  the  mist  of  an- 
tiquity.” 

Giaour,  The.  A picture  by  Ary 
Scheffer  (1795-1858). 

Gibbon’s  Tennis-Court  Theatre. 

A former  theatre  of  London,  in 
Gibbon’s  Court,  Clare  Market. 
Pepys,  in  1660,  wrote,  “It  is  the 
finest  play-house,  I believe,  that 
ever  was  in  England.” 

Gibraltar.  See  Rock  of  Gibral- 
tar, and  Sortie  from  Gibral- 
tar. 

Giebichenstein.  A ruined  castle 
near  Halle,  Germany,  once  a 
state  prison  of  the  German  Em- 
perors. 

Giessbach,  The.  A noted  water- 
fall near  Brienz  in  Switzerland. 

Giles’s  St.  See  St.  Giles’s. 

C-iltspur  Street  Compter.  A Lon- 
don prison,  or  City  House  of  Cor- 
rection, built  in  1791,  closed  in 
1854,  and  since  removed.  About 
6,000  persons  were  yearly  impris- 
oned there. 

Ginger- Cake  Rock.  A natural 
curiosity  in  Burke  County,  N.C. 
It  is  an  inverted  stone  pyramid 
about  30  feet  in  height,  seeming 
just  ready  to  fall,  but  in  reality 
perfectly  secure. 


GIO 


199 


GIR 


Giorgio,  San.  See  San  Giorgio. 

Giorno,  II.  See  Day  and  St.  Je- 
rome. 

Giotto’s  Campanile.  The  famous 
and  admired  bell-tower  of  the 
cathedral,  or  Duomo,  of  Florence, 
Italy.  It  was  erected  by  Giotto 
(1276-1336),  about  the  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  century. 

4®=-  “ The  characteristics  of  Power 
and  Beauty  occur  more  or  less  in  dif- 
ferent buildings,  some  in  one  and  some 
in  another.  But  all  together,  and  all  in 
their  highest  possible  relative  degrees, 
they  exist,  as  far  as  I know,  only  in  one 
building  of  the  world,  the  Campanile  of 
Giotto.  . . . Not  within  the  walls  of 
Florence,  but  among  the  far-away  fields 
of  her  lilies,  was  the  child  trained  who 
was  to  raise  that  head-stone  of  Beauty 
above  her  towers  of  watch  and  war.” 
Buskin. 

The  mountains  from  without 
Listen  in  silence  for  the  word  said  next, 
(What  word  will  men  say?)  here  where 
Giotto  planted 

His  campanile , like  an  unperplexed 
Question  to  Heaven,  concerning  the  things 
granted 

To  a great  people,  who,  being  greatly  vexed 
In  act,  in  aspiration  keep  undaunted  ! 

Mrs.  Browning. 

In  the  old  Tuscan  town  stands  Giotto's 
tower , 

The  lily  of  Florence  blossoming  in  stone,  — 
A vi-ion,  a delight,  and  a desire,— 
rl  liebuilder’s  perfect andcentennialflower, 
’\  hat  in  the  night  of  ages  bloomed  alone, 
But  wanting  still  the  glory  of  the  spire. 

Longfellow. 

But  behold 

The  graceful  tower  of  Giotto  there, 

And  Duomo’s  cross  of  freshened  gold. 

W.  S.  Landor. 

Tbit  fall  [Niagara]  is  more  graceful 
than  Giotto's  tower , more  noble  than  the 
Apollo.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Giotto’s  Chapel.  See  Arena 
Chapel. 

Giovanni,  San.  See  San  Giovan- 
ni, Baptistery  of  San  Giovan- 
ni, and  Porta  San  Giovanni. 

Giralda,  La.  The  tower  of  the 
Cathedral  of  Seville,  Spain,  so 
called  from  its  vane  que  girci 
(which  turns  round).  It  is  an  old 
Moorish  minaret,  built  in  1196, 
and  held  in  great  veneration. 

4®"  “ This  is  a more  massive  tower 
than  is,  as  I believe,  to  be  found  any- 
where else  as  the  work  of  a Moslem 
architect.  ...  It  contrasts  pleasingly 


with  the  contemporary  campanile  at 
Venice,  which,  though  very  nearly  of 
the  same  dimensions,  is  lean  and  bald 
compared  with  this  tower  at  Seville. 
So,  indeed,  are  most  of  the  Italian  towers 
of  the  same  age.  All  these  towers 
seem  to  have  been  erected  for  very 
analogous  purposes;  for  the  Giralda 
can  never  have  been  meant  as  the  min- 
aret of  a mosque,  to  be  used  for  the  call 
to  prayer : nor  can  we  admit  the  dis- 
tinction sometimes  ascribed  to  it  by 
those  who  surmise  that  it  may  have 
been  merely  meant  for  an  observatory. 
Most  probably  it  was  a pillar  of  victory, 
or  a tower  symbolical  of  dominion  and 
power,  like  many  others.  Indeed,  the 
tradition  is,  that  it  was  built  by  King 
Yousouf  to  celebrate  his  famous  victory 
of  Alarcos,  gained  in  the  year  1129,  in 
which  its  construction  was  commenced. 
As  such,  it  is  superior  to  most  of  those 
constructed  in  the  Middle  Ages.” 

Fergusson. 

Girandola.  Celebrated  fireworks 
formerly  exhibited  from  the  Cas- 
tle of  San  Angelo,  Rome,  at  East- 
er and  at  the  Festival  of  St.  Peter. 
This  magnificent  display,  consid- 
ered the  grandest  exhibition  of 
fireworks  in  the  world,  and  only 
surpassed  by  the  illumination  of 
St.  Peter’s,  is  now  made  upon  the 
Monte  Pincio. 

4®=*  “ The  show  began  with  a tre- 
mendous discharge  of  cannon ; and 
then,  for  twenty  minutes  or  half  an 
hour,  the  whole  castle  was  one  inces- 
sant sheet  of  fire,  and  labyrinth  of 
blazing  wheels  of  every  color,  size,  and 
speed;  while  rockets  streamed  into  the 
sky,  not  by  ones  or  twos  or  scores,  but 
hundreds  at  a time.  The  concluding 
burst  — the  Girandola  — was  like  the 
blowing  up  into  the  air  of  the  whole 
massive  castle  without  smoke  or  dust.” 
Dickens. 

4®"  “ We  did  not,  however,  drive  to 
the  Trinita  de  Monti  till  after  the  exhi- 
bition of  the  Girandola,  or  great  fire- 
works from  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
which  commenced  by  a tremendous 
explosion,  which  represented  the  raging 
eruption  of  a volcano.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  incessant  and  complicated 
display  of  every  device  that  imagina- 
tion could  figure,  one  changed  into 
another,  and  the  beauty  of  the  first 
effaced  by  that  of  the  last.  Hundreds 
of  immense  wheels  turned  rpund  with 
a velocity  that  almost  seemed  as  if  de- 
mons were  whirling  them,  letting  fall 
thousands  of  hissing  dragons  and  scor- 
pions and  fiery  snakes,  whose  long  con 


GIR 


200 


GLA 


volutions,  darting  forward  as  far  as  the 
eye  could  reach  in  every  direction,  at 
length  vanished  into  air.  Fountains 
and  jets  of  lire  threw  up  their  blazing 
cascades  into  the  sky.  The  whole  vault 
of  heaven  shone  with  the  vivid  fires.” 
Eaton. 

Girard  College.  A grand  and  im- 
posing building  in  Philadelphia, 
Penn.  It  is  constructed  of  white 
marble  in  the  Corinthian  style 
of  architecture.  Adjoining  the 
main  building  are  other  marble 
buildings  used  as  dormitories,  re- 
fectories, etc.  The  college  was 
founded  by  Stephen  Girard  (1750- 
1831),  a Philadelphia  merchant, 
who  left  $2,000,000  and  45  acres 
for  “ the  endowment  of  a college 
for  poor  white  male  children 
without  fathers  and  between  six 
and  ten  years  of  age.”  The 
course  of  instruction  continues 
eight  years.  By  the  terms  of  the 
will,  clergymen  of  every  denomi- 
nation are  forbidden  to  enter  the 
college  grounds. 

Girondists  in  Prison.  An  admired 
picture  by  Paul  Delaroche  (1797- 
185(5),  the  celebrated  French  his- 
torical painter. 

Giudecca,  La.  A broad  canal  in 
Venice  which  separates  the  prin- 
cipal island  from  the  rest  of  the 
city.  The  island  is  also  itself 
known  by  this  name.  See  also 
Canal  of  the  Giudecca. 

“ The  islands  near  Venice  are  all 
small,  except  the  Giudecca  (which  is 
properly  a part  of  the  city),  the  Lido, 
and  Murano.  The  Giudecca,  from  being 
anciently  the  bounds  in  which  certain 
factious  nobles  were  confined,  was 
later  laid  out  in  pleasure-gardens  and 
built  up  with  summer  palaces.  The 
gardens  still  remain  to  some  extent, 
but  they  are  now  chiefly  turned  to 
practical  account  in  raising  vegetables 
and  fruits  for  the  Venetian  market ; and 
the  palaces  have  been  converted  into 
warehouses  and  factories.” 

W.  D.  Howells. 

Giulio  Romano.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1492- 
1546).  In  the  collection  of  auto- 
graph portraits  in  the  Ufifizi, 
^Florence,  Italy. 

Giustiniani  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Giustiniani.]  A noted  palace  in 
Genoa,  Italy. 


Glaces,  Galerie  des.  See  Galerie 
des  Glaces. 

Glacier  de  Boisson.  A well-known 
Alpine  glacier  in  the  vicinity  of 
Chamouni,  Savoy. 

Gladiator.  See  Borghese  Gladia- 
tor, Dying  Gladiator,  Wound- 
ed Gladiator. 

Gladiators,  The.  A picture  by 
Jean  Leon  Gcrome  (b.  1827),  the 
French  painter. 

Glamis  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Strathmore,  near  the 
town  of  the  same  name  in  Scot- 
land, considered  one  of  the  finest 
existing  specimens  of  the  old 
Scottish  baronial  castles.  It  is  es- 
pecially interesting  from  its  asso- 
ciations with  Shakespeare’s  play 
of  “Macbeth,”  the  “Thane  of 
Glamis.”  The  scene  of  Duncan’s 
murder  is  pointed  out  in  a room 
of  the  castle. 

“ It  is  still  an  inhabited  dwell- 
ing; though,  much  to  the  regret  of  anti- 
quarians and.  lovers  of  the  picturesque, 
the  characteristic  outworks  and  de- 
fences of  the  feudal  ages  which  sur- 
rounded it  have  been  levelled,  and 
velvet  lawns  and  gravel-walks  carried 
to  the  very  door.  Scott,  who  passed  a 
night  there  in  1793,  while  it  was  yet  in 
its  pristine  condition,  comments  on  the 
change  mournfully,  as  undoubtedly  a 
true  lover  of  the  past  would.  . . . Scott 
says  in  his  ‘Demonology,’  that  he  never 
came  anywhere  near  to  being  over- 
come with  a superstitious  feeling,  ex- 
cept twice  in  his  life,  and  one  was  on 
the  night  when  he  slept  in  Glamis 
Castle.  . . . Scarcely  ever  a man  had 
so  much  relish  for  the  supernatural, 
and  so  little  faith  in  it.  One  must  con- 
fess, however,  that  the  most  sceptical 
might  have  been  overcome  at  Glamis 
Castle;  for  its  appearance,  by  all  ac- 
counts, is  weird  and  strange,  and  ghost- 
ly enough  to  start  the  dullest  imagina- 
tion.” Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Glasgow  Cathedral.  An  ancient 
church,  dating  from  the  twelfth 
century,  and  considered  the  finest 
Gothic  church  in  Scotland. 

46 gr*  “ A brave  kirk,  — a’  solid,  wcel- 
jointed  mason  wark,  that  will  stand  as 
lang  as  the  world,  keep  hands  and  gun- 
powther  aff  it.”  Scott. 

Glastonbury  Abbey.  A famous 
ruined  monastery  in  the  town  of 
that  name  in  England,  formerly 


GLA 


201 


GLO 


one  of  the  richest  and  most  pow- 
erful institutions  of  the  kind  in 
the  kingdom.  The  ashes  of  King 
Arthur,  King  Edgar,  and  many 
distinguished  nobles  are  said  to 
be  contained  in  the  ruins  of  this 
abbey.  It  is  thought  to  stand  on 
the  spot  where  the  first  Christian 
church  in  England  was  erected. 

Glastonbury  Thorn.  A famous 
hawthorn  tree  which  once  grew 
at  Glastonbury,  Somerset,  Eng- 
land, fabled  to  have  sprung  from 
the  staff  which  Joseph  of  Arima- 
thea  stuck  into  the  ground.  The 
tradition  is,  that  it  blossomed 
every  Christmas  Day ; and  so 
highly  prized  were  the  blossoms 
that  they  were  exported  by  the 
merchants  of  Bristol  to  foreign 
parts.  In  the  time  of  Queen  Eli- 
zabeth one  trunk  of  the  double- 
bodied tree  was  cut  down  by 
some  Puritans,  and  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.  the  other  was  de- 
stroyed, but  slips  from  the  tree 
are  still  flourishing.  It  is  said 
to  be  the  fact,  that  the  shrub  blos- 
soms some  months  earlier  than 
elsewhere,  and  occasionally  as 
early  as  Christmas;  which  circum- 
stance is  explained  by  some  on 
the  supposition  that  the  monks 
of  Glastonbury  brought  the  tree 
from  Palestine,  and  that  in  its 
adopted  soil  it  retained  the  hab- 
its of  its  native  place. 

It  is  the  winter  deep,  and  all 
The  glittering  fields  that  morn 
In  Avalon’s  isle  were  ovtrsnowed 
The  day  the  Lord  was  born; 

And  as  they  cross  the  northward  brow, 
See  white,  but  not  with  snow, 

The  mystic  thorn  beside  their  path 
Its  holy  blossoms  show.  Henry  Alford. 

Glen,  The.  The  name  by  which  is 
familiarly  known  an  interesting 
spot  in  the  White-Mountain  re- 
gion, New  Hampshire,  a favorite 
resort  of  tourists.  It  is  situated 
at  the  very  base  of  Mount  Wash- 
ington, with  Adams,  Jefferson, 
Clay,  and  Madison  in  full  and 
unobstructed  view.  It  is  the 
point  from  which  the  carriage- 
road  up  Mount  Washington  be- 
gins its  ascent. 

Glen  Almond.  A lovely  glen  on 
the  river  Almond  in  Scotland,  | 


and  supposed  to  be  the  burial* 
place  of  Ossian. 

In  this  still  place,  remote  from  men, 
Sleeps  Ossian  in  the  narrow  glen. 

Wordsworth. 

Glen-Ellis  Pall.  A picturesque 
cataract  in  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  not  far  from 
the  “Glen”  and  the  base  of 
Mount  Washington.  It  is  re- 
garded as  the  finest  cascade  in 
the  whole  region. 

Glen  Gnoko.  A mountain  ravine 
near  Mauch  Chunk,  Penn.,  with 
attractive  rock  and  forest  scenery 
and  many  cascades.  It  is  a place 
of  much  resort. 

Glenarm  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Antrim,  in  the  county  of 
Antrim,  Ireland. 

Glencoe.  A celebrated  glen,  or 
pass,  in  the  county  of  Argyle, 
Scotland. 

“ In  the  Gaelic  tongue,  Glencoe 
signifies  the  Glen  of  Weeping;  and, 
in  truth,  that  pass  is  the  most  dreary 
and  melancholy  of  all  the  Scottish  pass- 
es,— the  very  Valley  of  the  Shadow 
of  Death.  Mists  and  storms  brood 
over  it  through  the  greater  part  of  the 
finest  summer.  Huge  precipices  of  na- 
ked stone  frown  on  both  sides.  Mile 
after  mile  the  only  sound  that  indicates 
life  is  the  faint  cry  of  a bird  of  prey. 
The  progress  of  civilization,  which  has 
turned  so  many  wastes  into  fields  yel- 
low with  harvest  or  gay  with  apple- 
blossoms,  has  only  made  Glencoe  more 
desolate.”  Macaulay. 

Globe,  The.  1.  A noted  theatre  in 
Southwark,  London,  built  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  burnt  in  1613, 
and  rebuilt  the  following  year. 
A patent  was  granted  by  James 
I.  to  Shakespeare  and  his  com- 
panions to  play  “ as  within  their 
then  usuall  house,  called  the 
Globe,  in  the  county  of  Surry,  as 
elsewhere.”  It  is  represented  in 
an  old  print  as  resembling  a high 
martello  tower,  with  very  narrow 
windows,  and  surmounted  by  a 
turret  and  a flag.  Ben  Jonson 
speaks  of  the  Globe  as  the  “ glory 
of  the  Bank,  and  the  fort  of  the 
whole  parish.”  The  exterior  was 
hexagonal  in  shape,  and  the  inte- 
rior circular,  with  an  open  roof. 


GLO 


202 


GOE 


It  was  burned  down  by  the  acci- 
dental lighting  of  the  thatch,  oc- 
casioned by  the  discharge  of  a 
piece  of  ordnance  during  the  rep- 
resentation of  the  play  of  Henry 
VIII.,  June  29,  1613.  It  was  re- 
built during  the  reign  of  King 
James,  and  was  finally  taken 
down  April  15,  1644. 

Alas  ! Shakespeare  had  to  write  for  the 
Globe  Playhouse,  — his  great  soul  had  to 
crush  itself,  as  it  could,  into  that  and  no 
other  mould.  It  was  with  him  then,  as 
it  is  with  us  all.  No  man  works  save  un- 
der conditions.  Carlyle. 

2.  A theatre  in  Boston,  Mass. 

Globe  Tavern.  A house  of  enter- 
tainment, now  closed,  in  Fleet 
Street,  London,  frequented  in 
the  last  century. 

Gloom.  See  Castle  Campbell. 

Gloriette.  An  open  pillared  hall, 
300  feet  long,  and  commanding  a 
magnificent  view,  in  the  gardens 
of  Schonbrunn,  near  Vienna. 

Gloucester  Cathedral.  One  of  the 
finest  ecclesiastical  structures  in 
England,  in  Gloucester,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  built  in  1047,  and 
was  formerly  a rich  Benedictine 
abbey. 

Gloucester  House.  A noble  house 
in  Piccadilly,  London,  belonging 
to  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 

Glyptothek.  [Gr.  y\vnr6s,  carved, 
0^77,  collection.]  A famous  gal- 
lery of  sculpture  in  Munich,  Ba- 
varia, regarded  as  the  finest  col- 
lection, with  the  exception  of 
that  in  the  British  Museum,  north 
of  the  Alps.  The  building,  which 
forms  a hollow  square,  lighted 
entirely  from  the  inner  side,  with 
an  Ionic  portico  of  white  marble, 
was  finished  by  Klenze  in  1830. 

fggr  “ The  Glyptothek  — an  affect- 
ed name  for  a statue-gallery  — is,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  beautiful,  merely  beau- 
tiful building  1 ever  saw;  and  there  is 
a school  of  painting  there,  which  for 
the  wideness  and  boldness  of  its  range, 
and  the  number  of  artists  attached  to 
it,  is  a.  phenomenon  the  world  has  not 
seen  since  the  days  of  Raffaelle  and 
Michael  Angelo.”  Georye  Tidcnor. 

4^  “ In  the  Glyptothek  we  wander 
amongst  the  most  beautiful  produc- 
tions of  art,  brought  together  from  the 


four  corners  of  the  world.  In  the  Glyp* 
tothek  stand  the  immortal  figures  by 
Scopas,  Thorwaldsen,  and  Canova ; and 
the  walls  are  resplendent  with  colors 
that  will  tell  posterity  of  Cornelius, 
Zimmermann,  and  Schlotthauer.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Nowhere,  not  even  on  a gala-day  in  the 
Pope's  Cliurdh  of  St.  Peter,  is  there  such 
an  explosion  of  intolerable  hypocrisy,  on 
the  part  of  poor  mankind,  as  when  you 
admit  them  into  their  Royal  Picture  gal- 
lery, Glyptothek , museum,  or  other  divine 
temple  of  the  fine  arts.  Carlyle. 

Gobelins.  A famous  carpet  man- 
ufactory in  Paris,  so  called  from 
its  founder,  Jean  Gobelin  (1450). 
The  state  purchased  the  present 
site  in  1662.  Here  are  executed 
with  the  needle  splendid  speci- 
mens of  carpets  and  tapestry. 
Some  of  the  pieces  of  work  have 
cost  as  much  as  £6,000,  requiring 
the  labor  of  5 or  10  years.  The 
building,  looms,  and  many  pieces 
of  tapestry  were  destroyed  by  the 
Commune  in  1871.  Here  were 
made  the  tapestries  and  carpets 
which  adorn  the  various  palaces, 
or  have  been  presented  to  royal 
foreigners. 

“ The  famous  manufactory  of 
the  Gobelins  was  established  by  Louis 
XIV.,  who  purchased  the  premises  of 
some  clever  dyers  of  that  name  (Gobe- 
lin) about  1666;  and  the  productions 
of  the  Hotel  Royal  des  Gobelins  are 
said  to  have  attained  the  highest  degree 
of  perfection  in  the  time  of  Louis’s 
great  minister,  Colbert,  and  his  suc- 
cessor, Louvois.”  L . Jewitt. 

God  appearing  to  Noah.  A fres- 
co by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520). 
In  tiie  Stanza  of  the  Heliodorus, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Godolphin  Park.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Leeds,  near  St.  Breague, 
England. 

Gods,  Feast  of  the.  See  Feast 
of  the  Gods. 

God’s  Gift.  A name  given  to  Dul- 
wich College,  in  England.  The 
college  was  founded  by  Edward 
Alleyne,  an  actor  in  the  age  of 
Elizabeth. 

Goethe  Monument.  A magnifi- 
cent bronze  monument  to  the 
poet,  modelled  by  the  sculptor 
Schwantlialer  (1802-1848),  and 
standing  in  an  open  square  in  the 


GOG 


203 


GOL 


city  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
The  Lronze  pedestal  contains 
bas-reliefs  representing  scenes  in 
Goethe’s  poems. 

Gog  and  Magog.  Names  applied 
to  two  huge  figures  of  wood,  about 
14  feet  in  height,  in  the  Guild- 
hall, London.  These  celebrated 
statues  are  thought  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  Gotmagot  and 
Corinseus  of  the  Armorican  chron- 
icle which  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
quotes,  from  the  former  of  which 
names  both  the  modern  appella- 
tions are  supposed  to  be  derived. 
Hawthorne  says  that  they  look 
like  enormous  playthings  for  the 
children  of  giants.  Mother  Ship- 
ton  has  a prophecy  that  when 
these  statues  fall,  London  will 
also  fall. 

J “ Our  Guildhall  giants  boast  of 
almost  as  high  an  antiquity  as  the  Gog 
and  Magog  of  the  Scriptures;  as  they, 
or  their  living  prototypes,  are  said  to 
have  been  found  in  Britain  by  Brute,  a 
younger  son  of  Anthenor  of  Troy,  who 
invaded  Albion,  and  founded  the  city 
of  London  (at  first  called  Troy-novant), 
3,000  years  ago.  However  the  fact  may 
have  been,  the  two  giants  have  been 
the  pride  of  London  from  time  imme- 
morial. . . . There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  these  civic  giants  are  exaggerated 
representatives  of  real  persons  and 
events.”  Chambers. 

4®^  “These  absurd  monsters  look 
like  painted  and  gilded  toys,  made  to 
please  the  boys  of  Brobdignag.  Words 
can  hardly  express  their  gigantic  child- 
ishness. Why  they  are  retained  in 
their  present  position,  and  how  they 
ever  came  there,  seem  to  be  beyond 
conjecture.  They  have  not  even  the 
glamour  of  antiquity  upon  them.  . . . 
They  stand  there,  wonderful  and  ridic- 
ulous witnesses  to  the  immobility  of 
British  Philistinism.” 

Richard  Grant  White. 

Nor  had  Fancy  fed 

With  less  delight  upon  that  other  class 
Of  marvels,  broad-day  wonders  perma- 
nent: 

The  river  proudly  bridged;  the  dizzy  top 
And  Whispering  Gallery  of  St.  Paul’s;  the 
tombs 

Of  Westminster;  the  giants  of  Guildhall. 

Wordsworth. 

Going  to  Market.  A large  land- 
scape picture,  so  called,  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  now  in 
Windsor  Castle,  England. 


Golden  Gate.  An  ancient  gate 
in  Constantinople  (Byzantium), 
much  celebrated  by  the  Byzan- 
tine writers,  but  which  is  now 
“sought  for  in  vain;  though  a 
gate,  now  wholly  blocked  up, 
with  two  mean  pillars  supporting 
a low  arch,  is  sometimes  shown 
to  travellers  for  it.” 

Golden  Gate.  An  ancient  portal 
bearing  this  name,  in  the  Hararn 
at  Jerusalem  occupying  the  site 
of  the  Jewish  Temple. 

Golden  Gate.  A portal  in  the 
Mosque  of  Omar  at  Jerusalem. 

4®=*  “Well  walled  up,  and  constant- 
ly guarded;  the  Mohammedans  having 
a tradition  that  if  ever  they  are  driven 
out  from  possession,  it  will  be  by  the 
Jews  or  Christians  entering  at  this 
gate.”  Miss  Martineau. 

Golden  Gate.  A celebrated  strait 
connecting  the  harbor  of  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  with  the  ocean. 

Up  the  long  western  steppes  the  blighting 
steals; 

Down  t lie  Pacific  slope  the  evil  Fate 
Glides  like  a shadow  t<>  the  Golden  Gate: 
From  sea  to  sea  the  drear  eclipse  is  thrown. 

fyhit  lie*'. 

The  air  is  chill,  and  the  da3r  grows  late, 
And  the  clouds  come  in  through  the  Gold- 
en Gate: 

Phantom  fleets  they  seem  to  me. 

From  a shoreless  and  unsounded  se<t. 

E.  Polloci* 

Within  this  Golden  Gate , the  noblest, 
surely. 

Of  all  the  entrances  of  all  the  seas, 

The  Asian  barks-of-hope  float  in  securely. 

And  furl  their  lateen  sails,  and  ride  at 
ease.  11.  Morford. 

A truce  to  moralizing,  for  we  are  ap- 
proaching the  Golden  Gate.  Smiles. 

Golden  Grove.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Cawdor  in  Caermarthen- 
sliire,  Wrales.  The  present  build- 
ing is  modern;  but  the  former 
house  was  memorable  from  its 
associations  with  Jeremy  Taylor, 
who  resided  here  for  a time,  and 
composed  some  of  his  chief  works, 
one  of  which  was  entitled  the 
“Golden  Grove.” 

Golden  Hind.  The  vessel  in  which 
Sir  Francis  Drake  (1540?-1595) 
circumnavigated  the  globe,  reach- 
ing home  in  1579. 


GO  L 


204 


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Golden  Horn.  A famous  inlet  of 
the  Bosporus  at  Constantinople, 
Turkey.  The  city  lies  between 
the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Bos- 
porus on  the  south  and  east,  and 
the  Golden  Horn  on  the  north. 

We  swept  around  the  Golden  Horn,  . . . 
and  now  lay  in  the  harbor  which  extends 
into  tlie  sweet  v,  aters. 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Golden  House.  [Lat.  Aiirect  Da- 
mns.]  The  celebrated  palace  of 
Nero  upon  the  Palatine,  Esqui- 
line,  and  Coelian  Hills,  at  Rome. 
Merivale  says  that  it  was  the 
old  mansion  of  Augustus  and  the 
house  of  Maecenas,  connected  by 
a long  series  of  arches  and  col- 
umns. Titus  and  Trajan  erected 
baths  upon  a part  of  the  same 
site,  and  the  ruins  of  these  and 
other  buildings  are  now  mingled 
in  inextricable  confusion.  We 
are  told  by  Suetonius  and  others 
of  the  great  magnificence  of  Ne- 
ro’s palace:  that  its  whole  inte- 
rior was  covered  with  gold  and 
with  gems;  that  it  was  adorned 
with  the  finest  paintings  and 
statues  the  world  could  furnish; 
that  it  had  triple  porticos  a mile 
in  length,  and  a circular  banquet- 
hall  which  perpetually  revolved 
in  imitation  of  the  motion  of  the 
sun.  We  read,  also,  of  vaulted 
ivory  ceilings  which  opened  and 
scattered  flowers  upon  the  guests, 
and  of  golden  pipes  that  poured 
over  them  showers  of  soft  per- 
fumes. It  is  related  that  when 
Nero  surveyed  its  costliness  and 
immense  extent  he  declared  that 
he  should  now  “ be  lodged  like  a 
man.”  See  Palace  of  the  Cae- 
sars. 

“ To  give  an  idea  of  the  extent 
and  beauty  of  this  edifice,  it  is  sufficient 
to  mention  that  in  its  vestibule  was 
placed  his  [Nero’s]  colossal  statue,  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  height.  It 
has  a triple  portico,  supported  by  a 
thousand  columns,  with  a lake  like  a 
little  sea,  surrounded  by  buildings 
which  resemble  cities.  It  contained 
pasture-grounds  and  groves  in  which 
were  all  descriptions  of  animals,  wild 
and  tame.”  Suetonius , Trans . 

Without  it,  proud  Versailles!  tliy  glory 
falls ; 

And  Nero's  terraces  desert  their  walls. 

Pope. 


Hark  ! the  owlet’s  crv. 
That,  like  a muttering  sibyl,  makes  her 
cell 

Mid  Nero's  house  of  gold , with  clustering 
bats 

And  gliding  lizards.  L.  II.  Sigourney. 

Golden  Rose.  In  former  times 
the  golden  rose  was  sent  annual- 
ly from  Rome  by  the  popes  to 
sovereign  princes.  The  conse- 
cration of  it  took  place  in  the  Ba- 
silica of  Sta.  Croce  in  Gerusa- 
lemine,  Rome.  It  was  regarded 
as  a gift  of  peculiar  mystery  and 
sanctity,  “ representing  by  its 
gold,  its  odor,  and  its  balm,  the 
godhead,  the  body  and  the  soul 
of  the  Redeemer,  and  was  only 
bestowed  by  the  popes  upon  sov- 
ereigns who  were  the  most  loyal 
servants  of  the  church . ’ ’ Leo  the 
Ninth,  who  was  elected  pope  in 
1048,  is  said  to  have  entered  into 
a compact  with  the  monastery  of 
Sainte  Croix  in  Alsace,  by  which 
the  monastery  was  bound  to  send 
a golden  rose  every  year  to  the 
head  of  the  Roman  Church.  The 
ceremony  of  the  benediction  of 
the  rose  takes  place  on  the  fourth 
Sunday  in  Lent. 

Golden  Square.  A district  in  Lon- 
don made  famous  by  Charles 
Dickens  in  his  novel  of  “Nicho- 
las Nickleby.” 

“ It  is  one  of  the  squares  that 
have  been,  — a quarter  of  the  town  that 
has  gone  down  in  the  world,  and  taken 
to  letting  lodgings.”  Dickens . 

Golden  Staircase.  [Ital.  Scald 
cVOro.]  A celebrated  staircase 
in  the  Doge’s  Palace,  Venice,  It- 
aly. It  derives  its  name  from  the 
elaborate  way  in  which  it  is 
adorned. 

Golden  Tree.  See  Albero  d’Oro. 

Goldene  Aue.  [The  Golden  Mead- 
ow.] A beautiful  valley,  so 
called,  not  far  from  Nordhau- 
sen  in  Germany.  It  is  watered 
by  the  river  Helme. 

Goldsmiths’  Hall.  A building  in 
Cheapside,  London,  belonging  to 
the  Company  of  Goldsmiths,  one 
of  the  ancient  city  guilds.  It  was 
built  after  a design  by  Philip 
Hardwick,  and  was  opened  for 
use  in  July,  1835. 


GOI 


205 


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Golgotha.  See  Calvary. 

Goliath’s  Castle.  The  foundations 
of  a ruined  tower  in  Jerusalem, 
now  called  Kul’  at-el-Jalud,  the 
castle  of  Goliath. 

Gondo.  See  Gallery  of  Gondo 
and  Gorge  of  Gondo. 

Good  Samaritan.  A picture  by 
Rembrandt  van  Ryn  (1606-1669), 
the  Dutch  painter.  It  is  now  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Goodman’s  Fields  Theatre.  A 
theatre  in  London,  first  opened 
in  1729,  and  taken  down  about 
1746.  Garrick  first  appeared  in 
London  at  this  theatre,  in  1741,  as 
Richard  III. 

Did  I tell  you  about  Mr.  Garrick,  that 
the  town  are  horn  mad  after?  There  are 
a dozen  dukes  of  a night  in  Goodman's 
Fields  sometimes.  Gray. 

His  [Johnson’s]  pupil,  David  Garrick, 
had,  in  1741,  made  his  appearance  on  a 
humble  stage  in  Goodman's  Fields , had  at 
once  risen  to  the  first  place  among  actors, 
and  was  now.  after  several  years  of  al- 
most uninterrupted  success,  manager  of 
Drury  Lane  Theatre.  Macaulay. 

Goodwood.  The  splendid.  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Richmond,  near  Chi- 
chester, England. 

Goosetree’s  Club.  See  Almack’s 
Club. 

Gordon  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond,  near  Focha- 
bers, Scotland.  It  is  the  chief 
mansion  in  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Gore  Hall.  A granite  building 
containing  the  library  of  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass.  It 
was  designed  to  be  a copy  of  the 
famous  King’s  College  Chapel  in 
Cambridge,  England  ; but  the 
recent  addition  of  a wing,  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  the  capacity 
of  the  building,  has  impaired  the 
resemblance. 

Gorge  of  Gondo.  On  the  route  of 
the  Simplon  pass,  Switzerland. 
This  is  one  of  the  wildest  and 
grandest  ravines  among  the  Alps. 
Its  precipitous  walls  completely 
overhang  the  road. 

46gp  “ Few  scenes  in  Europe  are 
more  impressive  than  the  Gorge  of 
Gondo.  The  dizzy  plunge  of  the 
snow-white  torrent,  the  steep,  dark 


rocks  of  slate,  crested  with  trees,  and 
the  thread-like  stream  winding  away 
far  below  over  its  pebbly  bed,  derive 
new  beauty  and  significance  from  the 
work  of  human  skill  which  enables  the 
traveller  to  observe  them  so  safely  and 
so  completely.”  Hillard. 

Gorge  of  Pfaffers.  An  extraordi- 
nary chasm  or  ravine  near  Ra- 
gatz,  Switzerland. 

Gorges  du  Trient.  A remarkable 
chasm  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Martigny,  Switzerland,  some- 
what resembling  the  Gorge  of 
Pfaffers. 

Gorner  Glacier.  A famous  Alpine 
glacier  in  Switzerland.  This  gla- 
cier is  more  extensive  than  the 
Mer  de  Glace  at  Cliamouni,  and 
is  joined  in  its  course  by  ten  other 
glaciers. 

Gorner  Grat.  A rocky  ridge  in 
Switzerland.  It  commands  a most 
magnificent  prospect.  Monte  Ro- 
sa and  the  Matterhorn  are  in  full 
view,  and  the  spectator  is  sur- 
rounded by  glaciers  and  snow- 
peaks. 

Gosford  House.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Wemyss,  near  Berwick, 
Scotland. 

Goswell  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don. Dickens,  in  the  “ Pickwick 
Papers,”  places  here  the  house 
of  Mrs.  Bardell. 

Goswell  Street  was  at  his  [Pickwick’s] 
feet,  Goswell  Street  was  on  his  right  hand, 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach  Goswell  Street 
extended  on  bis  left,  and  the  opposite  side 
of  Goswell  Street  was  over  the  way. 

Dickens. 

With  this  little  bo}r,  the  only  pledge  of 
her  departed  exciseman,  Mrs.  Bardell 
shrunk  from  the  world,  and  courted  the 
retirement  and  tranquillity  of  Goswell 
Street ; and  here  she  placed  in  her  front- 
parlor  window  a written  placard,  bearing 
this  inscription,  “Apartments  furnished 
for  a single  gentleman.  Enquire  within.” 
Dickens. 

Gothard.  See  Dogs  of  St.  Goth- 
ard,  and  Hospice  of  the  St. 
Gothard.  . 

Gough  Square.  See  note  under 
Johnson’s  Court. 

jgGif’  “ It  is,  perhaps,  Gough  Square, 
to  Vvdiich  one  of  the  little  passages  out 
of  Fleet  Street  leads,  that  most  faith- 
fully preserves  the  memory  of  John- 
son. It  is  rather  a court  than  a square; 


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206 


GBA 


so  small  is  it  that  carriages  could  never 
have  entered,  and  it  is  surrounded  with 
good  old  brick  houses  that  in  their  day 
were  of  some  pretensions.  A worthy 
society  has  fixed  a tablet  in  the  wall, 
recording  that  here  lived  Samuel 
Johnson.  There  is  a pleasant  flavor 
of  grave  old  fashion  and  retirement 
about  the  place ; and  little  has,  as  yet, 
been  touched  or  pulled  down.  John- 
son’s house  faces  us,  and  is  about  the 
most  conspicuous.  He  had,  of  course, 
merely  rooms;  as  it  is  a rather  large 
mansion,  a little  shaken  and  awry, 
queerly  shaped  about  the  upper  story, 
but  snug  and  compact.”  Fitzgerald. 

Gouxnont.  See  Hougoumont. 

Government  Street.  The  principal 
avenue  and  favorite  promenade 
in  Mobile,  Ala. 

Graben.  A noted  street  in  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Grace  Church.  This  church,  with 
its  rectory,  on  Broadway,  New 
York,  is  built  of  marble  in  a florid 
Gothic  style.  It  has  a tall  and 
graceful  spire. 

Grace,  Val  de.  See  Val  de  Grace. 

Graces.  See  Three  Graces. 

Grafenburg.  A castle  in  Bhenisli 
Prussia,  near  Trarbach,  once  one 
of  the  strongest  fortresses  on  the 
Moselle. 

Grafton  House.  An  ancient  ma- 
nor house,  and  historically  one 
of  the  most  interesting  of  the 
English  halls;  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Grafton,  near  Toweester. 

Graham’s  Dike.  The  name  popu- 
larly given  in  Scotland  to  the  re- 
mains of  the  old  Eoman  Wall  of 
Antoninus.  See  Wall  of  An- 
toninus. 

Gran  Duca,  Piazza  del.  See  Pi- 

azza DELLA  SlGNORIA. 

Granary,  The.  An  ancient  burial- 
ground  in  Boston,  Mass.,  situated 
on  Tremont  Street,  adjoining 
Park-street  Church.  Here  are 
buried  Peter  Faneuil,  Paul  Be- 
vere,  Chief  Justice  Sewall,  John 
Hancock,  and  Samuel  Adams,  as 
well  as  several  of  the  old  colonial 
governors  of  Massachusetts.  On 
the  street  bordering  this  ceme- 
tery formerly  stood  the  Paddock 


elms,  transplanted  from  England 
and  placed  here  in  1762,  but  late- 
ly removed. 

Grand  Canal.  [Ital.  Can cde Grande.] 
The  principal  canal  and  main 
water- thoroughfare  of  Venice, 
Italy. 

4®"  “ Nay,  what  potenter  magic 
needs  my  Venice  to  revivify  her  past 
whenever  she  will,  than  the  serpent 
cunning  of  her  Grand  Canal.  Launched 
upon  this  great  S,  have  I not  seen  hard- 
ened travellers  grow  sentimental,  and 
has  not  this  prodigious  sibilant,  in  my 
hearing,  inspired  white-haired  Puritan 
ministers  of  the  gospel  to  quote  out  of 
the  guide-book  ‘that  line  from  Byron.’ 
For  myself  I must  count  as  half-lost 
the  year  spent  in  Venice  before  I took 
a house  upon  the  Grand  Canal.  There 
alone  can  existence  have  the  perfect 
local  flavor.  But  by  what  witchery 
touched,  one’s  being  suffers  the  com- 
mon sea-change  till  life  at  last  seems  to 
ebb  and  flow  with  the  tide  in  that 
wonder-avenue  of  palaces,  it  would  be 
idle  to  attempt  to  tell.”  W.  D.  Howells. 

4®"  “ As  we  are  borne  along  the 
Grand  Canal  the  attention  is  every  mo- 
ment attracted  by  the  splendid  show 
on  either  side.  The  long  wave  which 
the  prow  turns  over  is  dashed  against 
a wall  of  marble-fronted  palaces,  the 
names  of  which,  carelessly  mentioned 
by  the  gondolier,  awaken  trails  of 
golden  memories  in  the  mind.” 

Ilillard. 

4SP*  “We  procured  four  or  five 
gondoliers,  and,  embarking  just  at  dark, 
rowed  down  the  Grand  Canal  towards 
the  Lagune.  As  soon  as  we  were  fair- 
ly in  motion  they  began  to  sing.  They 
took  at  first  Tasso,  and  began  in  a sort 
of  recitative,  and  in  their  soft  Venetian 
dialect  to  chant  the  Episode  of  Armida. 
At  first  it  did  not  produce  much  effect; 
but  the  recurrence  of  the  same  melody 
in  the  recitative  soon  got  the  command 
of  our  feelings,  and  it  became  striking. 
Wordsworth,  who  was  with  us,  enjoyed 
it  very  much.”  George  Ticknor. 

Grand  Canal  at  Venice.  A fine 
picture  by  Antonio  Canaletto 
(1697-1768).  Now  in  the  Soane 
Museum,  London. 

Grand  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone. 
A picture  by  Thomas  Moran  (b. 
1837).  Purchased  by  Congress, 
and  now  in  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Grand  Galerie  de  Louis  XIV. 
See  Galerie  des  Graces. 


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207 


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Grand  Trianon.  A charming  res- 
idence near  the  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles, built  in  1688  by  Louis 

XIV.  It  contains  valuable  paint- 
ings and  portraits  of  several  of 
the  kings  and  queens  of  France. 
It  has  been  occupied  by  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  Louis  XIV.,  Louis 

XV. ,  and  Louis  XVI  , and  by 
Napoleon.  It  is  like  an  Italian 
palace,  with  the  rooms  all  on  one 
floor.  There  was  also  another 
chateau  in  the  park  of  Versailles, 
called  Trianon  de  porcelaine.  This 
was  demolished  in  1687.  See  Pe- 
tit Trianon. 

“ The  Grand  Trianon  built  for 
Madame  Maintenon  is  a very  lovely  spot, 
made  more  interesting  by  the  prefer- 
ence given  to  it  over  all  other  places  by 
Marie  Antoinette.  Here  she  amused 
herself  with  her  Swiss  village.  The 
cottages  and  artificial  ‘ mountains  ’ (10 
feet  high,  perhaps)  are  exceedingly 
pretty  models  in  miniature,  and  proba- 
bly illustrate  very  fairly  the  ideas  of  a 
palace-bred  fancy  upon  natural  scenery. 
There  are  glens  and  grottos  and  rocky 
beds  for  brooks  that  run  at  Will  (‘  les 
rivieres  a volonte’,  the  guide  calls 
them),  and  trees  set  out  upon  the  crags 
at  most  uncomfortable  angles,  and  ev- 
ery contrivance  to  make  a lovely  lawn 
as  inconveniently  like  nature  as  pos- 
sible. The  Swiss  families,  however, 
must  have  been  very  amusing.  Brought 
fresh  from  their  wild  country,  and  set 
down  in  these  pretty  mock  cottages 
with  orders  to  live  just  as  they  did  in 
their  own  mountains,  they  must  have 
been  charmingly  puzzled.” 

V.  P.  Willis. 

Behold  him  [Rohan]  even,  with  his  red 
stockings,  at  dusk,  in  the  Garden  of  Tria- 
non: lie  has  bribed  the.  Concierge;  will  see 
her  Majesty  in  spite  of  Etiquette  and  Fate; 
perad vent ure.  pitying  his  long  sad  king’s- 
evil,  she  will  touch  him,  and  heal  him. 

Carlyle. 

She  [Marie  Antoinette]  indeed  discarded 
Et  quette;  once,  when  her  carriage  broke 
down,  she  even  entered  a hackney-coach. 
She  would  w;  Ik.  too,  at  Trianon,  in  mere 
straw  hat,  and,  perhaps,  muslin  gown  ! 

Carlyle. 

Grande  Chartreuse.  A celebrated 
monastery,  founded  in  1137,  situ- 
ated in  a wild  mountain  region 
on  the  borders  of  Savoy.  The 
buildings  consist  of  an  immense 
mass  of  masonry,  towers,  and 
roofs,  surrounded  by  a wall  ex- 
tending more  than  a mile  in  cir- 


cumference. The  monks  are  of 
the  order  of  La  Trappe,  and  the 
discipline  which  enjoins  silence 
is  of  the  severest  kind. 

4ST  “ On  my  way  from  the  Pyrenees 
to  Germany,  I turned  aside  from  the 
Rhone  highway  of  travel  to  make  ac. 
quaintance  with  a place  of  which  every- 
body has  heard,  yet  which  seems  to 
have  been  partly  dropped  from  the 
rapid  itineraries  which  have  come  into 
fashion  with  railways.  This  is  the  cele- 
brated monastery  called  the  ‘ Grande 
Chartreuse.5  . . . During  the  last  cen- 
tury, when  Gray  and  Horace  Walpole 
penetrated  into  those  solitudes,  it  was 
a well-known  point  of  interest  in  the 
‘grand  tour;5  but  it  seems  to  have 
been  neglected  duiing  and  since  the 
great  upheaval  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion and  the  Napoleonic  empire.  The 
name,  however,  is  kept  alive  on  the 
tongues  of  gourmands  by  a certain 
greenish,  pungent,  perfumed  liquor, 
which  comes  upon  their  tables  at  the 
end  of  dinner.55  Bayard  Taylor. 

And  now,  emerging  from  the  forest’s 
gloom, 

I greet  thee,  Chartreuse , while  I mourn 
thy  doom. 

Whither  is  fled  that  power  whose  frown 
severe 

Awed  sober  Reason  till  she  crouched  in 
fear?  Wordsworth. 

Grandes  Reliques.  [The  Grand 
Relics.]  A name  of  general  ap- 
plication, but  commonly  and  fa- 
miliarly applied  to  the  sacred 
relics  preserved  in  the  treasury,  or 
sacristy,  of  the  Cathedral  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  in  Rhenish  Prussia. 
These  relics  are  publicly  exhib- 
ited once  in  seven  years.  So  great 
is  the  curiosity  to  see  them  that 
it  is  said  more  than  180,000  visi- 
tors flocked  to  the  spot  in  a single 
year.  They  comprise,  among 
other  things,  the  skull  of  Charle- 
magne, and  his  hunting-horn,  the 
leathern  girdle  of  Christ,  a nail 
of  the  cross,  the  sponge  that  was 
dipped  in  vinegar,  the  cotton  robe 
worn  by  the  Virgin  Mary  at  the 
Nativity,  the  swaddling-clothes 
of  the  infant  Saviour,  the  cloth 
on  which  the  head  of  John  the 
Baptist  was  laid,  and  so  forth. 
These  relics,  with  the  exception 
of  the  first  two,  are  said  to  have 
been  presented  to  Charlemagne 
by  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem 
and  by  the  celebrated  Haroun-al- 
Raschid . 


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208 


GEE 


Grands  Mulets.  The  name  given 
to  a mass  of  black  rocks  on  the 
side  of  Mont  Blanc,  well  known 
to  A I [due  travellers,  who,  when 
making  the  ascent  of  the  moun- 
tain, are  accustomed  to  pass  the 
night  here. 

Granja,  La.  [The  Grange.]  A 
royal  palace  in  Spain,  near  Ma- 
drid, built  by  Philip  V.  in  the 
style  of  a French  chateau.  It 
stands  at  an  elevation  of  3,840 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
amid  wild  mountain  scenery.  It 
derives  its  name  from  a grange, 
or  farmhouse,  of  monks  which 
formerly  occupied  the  site.  [Also 
called  San  Ilclefonso.] 

“ St.  Ildefonso,  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly called  here,  La  Granja,  is  situ- 
ated where  no  other  monarch’s  palace 
is,  in  the  region  of  the  clouds;  since  it 
is  higher  up  than  the  crater  of  Vesu- 
vius, and  precisely  at  that  elevation 
where  the  great  clouds  are  commonly 
formed  in  summer.  . . . Philip  was  a 
Frenchman,  who  knew  of  nothing  and 
conceived  of  nothing  more  beautiful 
than  Versailles.  La  Granja,  therefore, 
is  its  miniature.”  George  Ticknor. 

And  in  tbe  vale  below, 
Where  yonder  steeples  flash  like  lifted 
halberds, 

San  Ildefonso,  from  its  noisy  belfries, 
Sends  up  a salutation  to  the  morn. 

As  if  an  armv  smote  their  brazen  shields, 
And  shouted  victory  ! Longfellow. 

Grange,  The.  An  old  mansion  — 
the  home  of  Alexander  Hamilton 
— near  High  Bridge,  on  the  Har- 
lem River,  N.Y.  Near  the  house 
is  a cluster  of  thirteen  trees  which 
he  planted,  and  named  after  the 
thirteen  original  States.  It  is  said 
that  the  South-Carolina  tree  is 
the  only  one  that  grew  up  crook- 
ed. 

Grange,  New.  See  New  Grange. 

Granville,  Grotto  of.  See  Grotto 
of  Granville. 

Gray’s  Inn.  One  of  the  Inns  of 
Court  in  London.  Lord  Bacon 
was  a member  of  Gray’s  Inn,  and 
here  sketched  his  great  work,  the 
“ Orgarmm,”  though  law  was  his 
principal  study.  He  dedicated 
his  essays  “ from  my  chamber  at 
Graie’s  inn,  this  30  of  Januarie, 
1597.”  This  inn,  which  Stow  says 


has  been  “a  goodly  house  since 
Edward  III.’s  time,”  was  so 
(idled  from  Edmund,  Lord  Gray 
» ' Wilton  (time  of  Henry  VII  ). 
The  Hail  was  finished  in  1510. 
The  men  of  Gray’s  Inn  had  their 
revels,  masques,  and  interludes. 
The  Society  of  Gray’s  Inn  drink 
publicly  only  one  toast,  — “ to  the 
glorious,  pious,  and  immortal 
memory  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ” 
Dickens,  in  his  “Uncommercial 
Traveller,”  gives  a description  of 
Gray’s  Inn.  See  Inner  Temple. 

MOT  “ Gray’s  Inn  is  a great  quiet 
domain,  quadrangle  beyond  quadran- 
gle, close  beside  llolborn,  and  a large 
space  of  greensward  enclosed  within 
it.  . . . Nothing  else  in  London  is  so 
like  the  effect  of  a spell,  as  to  pass  un- 
der one  of  these  archways,  and  find 
yourself  transported  from  the  jumble, 
rush,  tumult,  uproar,  as  of  an  age  of 
week-days  condensed  into  the  present 
hour,  into  what  seems  an  eternal  Sab- 
bath.” Hawthorne * 

Gray’s-Inn  Gardens.  A fashion- 
able promenade  in  London  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II.  Lord  Bacon 
originally  planted  the  trees  in 
Gray’s-Inn  Gardens,  though  the 
same  trees  are  not  now  standing. 

When  church  was  done,  my  wife  and 
I walked  to  Graye's  Inne,  to  observe  the 
fashions  of  the  ladies,  because  of  my  wife’s 
making  some  clothes.  Pepys,  May , 1662. 

Gray's  Inn  for  walks,  Lincoln’s  Inn  for 
wall, 

The  Inner  Temple  for  a garden,  and  the 
Middle  for  a hall. 

Grazie,  Ponte  alle.  See  Ponte 
alle  Grazie. 

Great  Bed  of  Ware.  In  Shake- 
speare’s comedy  of  “ Twelfth 
Night,”  the  jolly  Sir  Toby  Belch 
says  to  that  charming  simpleton 
Sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek,  who  is 
about  t<5  write  a challenge,  “ As 
many  lies  as  will  lie  in  thy  sheet 
of  paper,  although  the  sheet  were 
big  enough  for  the  bed  of  Ware  in 
England,  set  ’em  down.”  The 
piece  of  furniture  here  alluded 
to  is  a very  curious,  carved, 
oaken  bedstead,  still  preserved 
in  an  inn  called  the  “ Saracen’s 
Head,”  at  Ware.  It  bears  the 
date  1460,  but  is  said  by  antiqua- 
rians to  be  not  older  than  the 


GKE 


209 


GKE 


time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (1558— 
1608);  so  that  it  must  have  been 
comparatively  new  in  1601,  when 
Shakespeare  is  supposed  to  have 
written  the  “ Twelfth  Night.” 
It  measures  twelve  feet  square, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a heavy 
roof,  or  canopy,  supported  by  a 
very  high  head-board,  and  by 
elaborately  turned  and  carved 
posts  at  the  foot.  A few  years 
ago  it  was  put  up  for  sale  by  auc- 
tion, and  Charles  Dickens  offered 
100  guineas  ($500)  for  it;  but  it 
was  valued  at  a higher  sum,  and 
was  consequently  bid  in  by  the 
owner. 

Great  Bell  of  Moscow.  See  Em- 
peror of  Bells. 

Great  Bell  of  St.  Paul’s.  This 
bell  of  London  is  only  used  at  the 
death  and  funeral  of  members  of 
the  royal  family,  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese,  the  dean  of  the  ca- 
thedral, and  the  lord-mayor  of 
London  (while  holding  office). 
It  was  cast  in  1716,  weighs  5 
tons  4 cwt.,  and  is  6 feet  10J 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  inoutln 

Little  P.ritain  has  its  long  catalogue  of 
city  wonders,  which  its  inhabitants  con- 
sider the  wonders  of  the  wor  d;  such  as 
the  Great  Bell  of  St.  Paul's , which  sours 
all  the  beer  when  it  tolls.  Irving. 

Great  Comstock  Lode.  See  Com- 
stock Lode. 

Great  Conception  of  Seville.  A 
celebrated  picture  by  Bartolome 
Esteban  Murillo  (1617-1682),  rep- 
resenting the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception of  the  Virgin,  called  “ the 
Great  Conception,”  from  its  co- 
lossal size.  In  the  gallery  at  Se- 
ville, Spain. 

Great  Eastern.  A well-known 
mammoth  steamship,  without 
doubt  the  largest  vessel  ever 
built,  originally  designed  for  the 
Australian  trade  around  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  The  vessel  was 
intended  to  transport  1,000  pas- 
sengers, 5,000  tons  of  merchan- 
dise, and  15,000  tons  of  coal  for 
fuel.  She  was  several  years 
building,  and  was  launched  in 
1857-58  with  the  broadside 
toward  the  river,  but  not  un- 
til after  various  unsuccessful 


efforts  had  been  made,  with  an 
expenditure  of  some  $800,000. 
For  a year  she  plied  between 
England  and  the  United  States, 
but  without  earning  sufficient  to 
pay  the  running  expenses.  In 
1861  she  was  employed  to  convey 
2,000  troops  from  England  to 
Canada.  In  1864  she  was  em- 
ployed to  lay  the  Atlantic  cable, 
and  has  since  been  repeatedly 
used  for  the  same  purpose.  For 
ordinary  traffic  she  has  proved  an 
expensive  luxury,  having  cost, 
so  far,  it  is  said,  some  $25,000,000, 
including  repairs,  and  has  never 
returned  a quarter  of  that  sum. 

What,  must  be  the  natural  excellence  of 
the  harbor  of  Portland  will  be  understood 
when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  the  Great 
Eastern  can  enter  it  at  all  times,  and  that 
it  can  la}r  along  the  wharves  at  any  hour 
of  the  tide.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Great  Gun  of  Moscow.  A famous 
piece  of  ordnance  preserved  in 
the  Kremlin  at  Moscow,  Russia, 
and  popularly  called  the  “ pocket- 
piece  ” of  the  Empress  Anne. 
The  diameter  of  the  bore  is  three 
feet,  but  the  gun  is  said  never  to 
have  been  used. 

Great  Harry.  This  was  the  first 
double-decked  vessel,  and  the 
first  war-vessel  of  any  size,  built 
in  England.  She  was  construct- 
ed in  1509,  by  order  of  King  Hen- 
ry the  Seventh,  in  honor  of  whom 
she  was  named.  She  was  of  1,000 
tons’  burden,  measured  188  feet 
in  length  and  88  feet  in  breadth, 
from  outside  to  outside,  carried 
80  guns,  and  cost  upwards  of 
£14,000.  Her  stem  and  stern 
were  very  lofty;  and  she  carried 
four  masts,  according  to  the  fash- 
ion of  the  time.  She  had  three 
Hush-decks,  a forecastle,  half- 
deck, quarter-deck,  and  round- 
house. Down  to  the  year  1545, 
the  Great  Barry  was  the  only 
vessel  of  her  kind  in  the  British 
service.  She  was  accidentally 
burned  at  Woolwich  in  1558,  in 
her  forty-fifth  year. 

And  above  them  all,  and  strangest  of  all. 
Towered  the  Great  Harry , crank  and  tail, 
Whose  picture  was  hanging  on  the  wall, 
With  bows  and  stein  raised  high  in  air, 
And  balconies  hanging  here  and  there, 


GRE 


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GRE 


And  signal-lanterns  and  flags  afloat, 

And  eight  round  towers,  like  those  that 
frown 

From  some  old  castle,  looking  down 
Upon  the  drawbridge  and  the  moat. 

Longfellow. 

Great  Mogul,  Court  of  the.  See 

Court  of  the  Great  Mogul. 

Great  Peter.  1.  The  oldest  of  the 
existing  great  hells  in  England  is 
Great  Peter  of  Exeter.  Its  pre- 
decessor was  of  the  date  of  1184. 
The  present  bell  was  cast  in  1676, 
weighs  6 tons  5 cwt.,  and  is  6 
feet  4 inches  in  diameter  at  the 
mouth. 

2.  Great  “ Peter  of  York  ” was 
cast  in  1845,  weighs  12  tons  10 
cwt.,  and  is  8 feet  4 inches  in 
diameter  at  the  mouth. 

Great  Pyramid.  This  oldest  monu- 
ment of  Egypt  and  of  the  world, 
near  Gheezeh  and  Cairo,  was 
founded  about  5,000  years  ago  by 
Cheops,  or  Suphis,  who  is  said 
to  have  employed  100,000  men  at 
a time  on  the  work,  who  were  re- 
lieved by  the  same  number  every 
three  months.  The  work  occu- 
pied twenty  years,  besides  ten 
for  constructing  the  causeway 
by  which  the  immense  stones 
were  conveyed  from  the  Arabian 
hills.  It  was  undoubtedly  de- 
signed for  a tomb  as  well  as  for 
astronomical  purposes.  It  cov- 
ers an  area  of  577,600  square  feet, 
and  is  484  feet  in  perpendicular 
height.  The  view  from  the  sum- 
mit is  extensive  and  interesting, 
including  as  it  does  the  Nile,  the 
minarets  of  Cairo,  the  pyramids 
of  Abooseer,  Sakkara  and  Das- 
lioor,  and  a wide  expanse  of  des- 
ert. The  principal  apartment  in 
the  pyramid  is  called  the  King’s 
Chamber:  in  it  is  a sarcophagus, 
which  is  without  sculptures  or 
hieroglyphics.  There  are  also 
many  other  apartments,  one  of 
which  is  called  the  Queen’s 
Chamber.  It  is  said  that  the 
pyramid  was  first  opened  by  the 
Caliph  Mamoon,  about  the  year 
820  A.D.;  but  it  is  quite  probable 
that  it  had  been  previously 
opened.  Arab  historians  relate 
that  a statue  enclosing  a body 
supposed  to  be  that  of  the  king, 


was  found  in  the  sarcophagus; 
but  this  statement  is  not  wholly 
trustworthy.  The  second  pyra- 
mid, as  it  is  called,  near  the  Great 
Pyramid,  contains  one  main 
chamber  in  which  is  a sarcopha- 
gus. The  third  pyramid,  though 
much  smaller  than  the  others, 
excels  them  by  having  a coating 
of  beautiful  red  granite  from 
Syene. 

4®=  “ The  area  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid is  more  than  twice  the  extent  of 
that  at  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome,  or  of  any 
other  building  in  the  world.  Its  height 
is  equal  to  the  highest  spire  of  any 
cathedral  in  Europe ; for  though  it  has 
been  attempted  to  erect  higher  build- 
ings, in  no  instance  has  this  yet  been 
successfully  achieved.  Even  the  third 
pyramid  covers  more  ground  than  any 
Gothic  cathedral,  and  the  mass  of  ma- 
terials it  contains  far  surpasses  that  of 
any  erection  we  possess  in  Europe.” 

Fergusson. 

4®"*  “ Profound  as  is  the  impression 
created  at  the  foot  of  the  pyramid, — 
where  the  spectator,  face  to  face  with 
the  enormous  mass,  loses  the  full  view 
of  the  angles  and  the  summit,  — it  :s 
only  after  ascending  to  the  top  that  he 
obtains  a just  idea  of  the  whole,  and 
finds  expectation  eclipsed  by  reality. 
From  the  summit  the  eye  might  traverse 
a distance  of  36  miles  were  the  human 
vision  capable  of  distinguishing  ob- 
jects so  far  away.  A stone  thrown 
with  the  greatest  possible  force  does 
not  clear  the  base,  but  usually  falls 
upon  some  of  the  lower  steps.  Owing 
to  a common  optical  illusion,  he  who 
casts  the  stone  imagines  that  he  has 
sent  his  missile  to  a great  distance  : but 
as  the  eye  follows  it,  the  stone  seems 
to  turn  back;  and  it  falls  only  at  the 
foot  of  the  vast  structure.” 

Lefevre , Trans. 

A man  shall  sit  down  with  his  friend  at 
the  foot  of  tin'  Great  Pyramid ; and  they 
will  take  up  the  question  they  had  been 
talking  about  under  “ the  great  elm,”  and 
forget  all  about  Egypt.  Holmes. 

At  last,  our  short  noon-shadows  hid 
The  top-stone,  bare  and  brown, 

Fmm  whence,  like  Gizeh's pyramid. 

The  rough  mass  slanted  down. 

Whittier. 

Great  Seal  (of  England).  A pair 
of  dies  made  of  silver  into  which, 
when  closed,  melted  wax  is 
poured.  “ The  impression  of  the 
seal  is  six  inches  in  diameter  and 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  thick. 


GRE 


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GRE 


On  every  accession  to  the  throne 
a new  seal  is  struck;  and  the  old 
one  is  cut  into  four  pieces,  and  de- 
posited in  the  Tower  of  London.” 

Nav,  more;  I can  say  and  will  say, 
t liar,  as  a Peer  of  Parliament,  as  a Speaker 
of  this  right  honorable  House,  as  Keeper 
of  the  Great  Seal , as  Guardian  of  bis  Maj- 
esty’s conscience,  as  Lord  High  Chancel- 
lor of  England,  — nay,  even  in  that  char- 
acter alone,  in  which  the  noble  Duke 
would  think  it  an  affront  to  be  considered, 
but  which  character  none  can  deny  me, — 
as  a man,  — I am,  at  this  moment,  as  re- 
spectable—I beg  leave  to  add,  1 am  as 
much  respected— as  the  proudest,  peer  1 
now  look  down  upon.  Lord  Thurlow. 

Great  Square.  See  Place  Mehe- 
met  Ali  and  Plaza  Mayor. 

Great  Stone  Face.  See  Profile, 
The. 

Great  Tom.  1.  A famous  hell  in 
the  tower  of  Christ  Church  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  England.  It  was 
cast  in  1681,  weighs  17,000  pounds, 
and  is  seven  feet  in  diameter  at 
the  mouth.  The  original  hell  be- 
longed to  Osney  Abbey,  and  was 
inscribed,  “ In  Thomse  laude 
res  on  o Bim  Bom  sine  fraude.” 

One  hundred  and  one  times  the  mighty 
sound, 

Such  as  when  Vulcan  forged  the  war- 
god’s  shield, 

Startled  the  Lemnian  shepherd  in  his 
field, 

Hath  Christ-church  giant  bell  swung  out 
around, 

And  the  night  songster’s  voice  melodious 
drowned.  J.  B.  Norton. 

2.  A famous  bell,  formerly  in 
'Westminster  Palace,  London, 
afterwards  given  or  sold  by  Wil- 
liam III.  to  dean  and  chapter  of 
St.  Paul’s,  and  then  broken  and 
recast.  See  Big  Ben. 

46^**  There  was  formerly  a * Great 
Tom  of  Westminster,’  which  was  sold 
for  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral  in  1698;  but,  as 
though  he  determined  never  to  give 
out  a sound  of  his  voice  away  from  his 
own  place,  as  he  was  being  conveyed 
by  Temple  Bar  — the  boundary  of 
Westminster  and  London  — he  rolled 
off  the  carriage  and  was  broken.  In 
1708  he  was  recast  by  Philip  Wight- 
man.”  L.Jeivitt. 

3.  [of  Lincoln.]  The  celebrat- 
ed bell  of  this  name  was  cast, 
with  additional  material,  from  a 
still  older  bell,  in  1610.  This 
“ Tom  ” was  the  predecessor  of 


the  present  bell,  which  was  cast 
in  1834,  weighs  5 tons  8 cwt.,  and 
is  6 feet  10^  inches  in  diameter  at 
the  mouthT 

4.  A celebrated  bell  in  the 
tower  of  St.  Peter’s  Cathedral, 
in  Exeter,  England.  This  bell 
weighs  12,500  pounds. 

Great  Tun  of  Heidelberg.  See 

Tun  of  Heidelberg. 

Great  Wall  of  China.  A famous 
structure  traversing  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  Chinese  empire, 
carried  over  hills,  valleys,  and 
rivers.  Its  length  is  over  1,200 
miles,  its  height  20  feet,  its  thick- 
ness 25  feet  at  the  base,  and  15 
feet  at  the  top.  At  intervals  of 
100  feet  are  towers.  For  a good 
part  of  its  length,  the  wall  is  now 
but  a heap  of  rubbish.  This  great 
structure  was  built  about  200 
B.C.  as  a defence  against  the 
Tartars. 

There  standetli  a building  which  ages  have 
tried: 

It  is  not  a dwelling,  it  is  not  a fane. 

A hundred  days  round  it  the  rider  may 
ride, 

And  ride,  if  to  compass  its  measure,  in 
vain ; 

And  years  told  in  hundreds  against  it  have 
striven. 

By  time  never  sapped,  and  by  storm 
never  bowed, 

Still  sublimely  it  stands  in  the  rainbow  of 
heaven, 

Reaching  now  to  the  ocean  and  now  to 
the  cloud. 

Not  constructed  a boast  to  vainglory  to 
yield, 

It  serves  as  defender,  to  save  and  to 
shield ; 

And  nowhere  its  like  on  the  earth  is  sur- 
veyed ; 

And  yet  by  the  labors  of  man  it  was 
made ! Schiller , Trans. 

Mr.  Hue,  I think  it  is,  who  tells  us  some 
very  good  stories  about  the  wav  in  which 
two  Chinese  gentlemen  contrive  to  keep 
up  a long  talk  without  saying  a word 
which  has  any  meaning  in  it.  Something 
like  this  is  occasionally  heard  on  this  side 
of  the  Great  Wall.  Holmes. 

Great  Western.  One  of  the  early 
steam-propelled  vessels  of  the 
British  merchant- marine.  She 
left  Bristol  April  7,  1838,  and 
reached  New  York  in  15  days. 

Greater  and  the  Lesser  Passion. 

See  Passion,  etc. 

Grecian,  The.  A former  coffee- 
house of  London,  in  Devereux 


GRE 


212 


GRE 


Court,  Strand,  so  called  after  the 
“ Grecian  ” (one  Constantine)  by 
whom  it  was  kept.  The  Grecian 
figures  in  “The  Tatler”  and 
“ Spectator,”  and  was  resorted 
to  by  Goldsmith,  Foote,  and  by 
Fellows  of  the  Royal  Society.  It 
was  closed  in  1843. 

The  coffee-house  was  the  Londoner’s 
house;  and  those  who  wished  to  tind  a 
gentleman,  commonly  asked,  not  whether 
he  lived  in  Fleet  Street  or  Chancery 
Lane,  but  whether  he  frequented  “the 
Grecian  ” or  **  the  Rainbow. ” Macaulay. 

Grecian  Theatre.  A theatre  near 
the  garden  of  the  Eagle  Tavern, 
City  Road,  London,  devoted  to 
the  melo-drama,  farce,  and  ballet. 
Greek  Cross,  Hall  of  the.  See 
Sala  a Croce  Greca. 

Greek  Slave.  A celebrated  statue 
by  Hiram  Powers  (1805-1873).  It 
was  finished  in  1873,  and  several 
copies  came  from  the  artist’s  stu- 
dio. One  is  now  in  the  gallery  of 
the  Duke  of  Cleveland,  England, 
another  in  the  Corcoran  Gallery, 
Washington,  a third  in  the  pos- 
session of  Earl  Dudley,  and  oth- 
ers elsewhere. 

They  say  Ideal  Beauty  cannot  enter 
The  house  of  anguish.  On  the  threshold 
stands 

An  alien  Image  with  the  shackled  hands, 
Called  the  Greek  Slave:  as  if  the  artist 
meant  In  r 

(That  passionless  perfection  which  he 
lent  her, 

Shadowed,  not  darkened,  where  the  sill 
expands) 

To  so  confront  man’s  crimes  in  different 
lands 

With  man’s  ideal  sense.  Tierce  to  the 
centre, 

Art’s  fiery  finger! — and  break  up  ere 
long 

The  serfdom  of  this  world  ! Appeal,  fair 
stone, 

From  God’s  pure  heights  of  beauty,  against 
man's  wrong ! 

Catch  up  in  thy  divine  face,  not  alone 
East  griefs  but  west,  and  strike  and 
shame  the  strong. 

By  thunders  oi  white  silence  overthrown. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

I mean  no  disrespect  to  Gibson  or  Pow- 
ers; . . . but  I think  the  world  would  be 
all  the  richer  if  their  Yenuses,  tlieir  Greek 
Slaves,  their  Eves,  were  burnt  into  quick- 
lime, leaving  us  only  this  statue  [the 
Venus  de  Aiedici]  as  our  image  of  the 
beautiful.  Hawthorne. 

Green,  The.  A central  square  in 
the  city  of  New  Haven,  Conn., 
generally  known  by  this  name. 


It  was  laid  out  in  1G38  by  John 
Davenport  of  London,  the  found- 
er of  the  city  and  colony. 

Green  Gallery.  [Ger.  Das  grilne 
Geivolbe.]  A collection  of  jew- 
els and  costly  articles  in  the  pal- 
ace of  the  elector  of  Saxony,  at 
Dresden,  Germany.  This  collec- 
tion is  unsurpassed  in  Europe. 

Green  Grotto.  A celebrated  cav- 
ern in  the  isle  of  Capri,  near  Na- 
ples. 

Under  these  amazing  crags, 
over  a smooth,  sunny  sea,  we  sped 
along  towards  a point  where  the  boat- 
man said  we  should  find  the  Green 
Grotto.  It  lies  inside  a short  project- 
ing cape  of  the  perpendicular  shore, 
and  our  approach  to  it  was  denoted  by 
a streak  of  emerald  fire  flashing  along 
the  shaded  water  at  the  base  of  the 
rocks.  A few  more  strokes  on  the 
oars  carried  us  under  an  arch  twenty 
feet  high,  which  opened  into  a rocky 
cave  beyond.  The  water  being  shallow, 
the  white  bottom  shone  like  silver;  and 
the  pure  green  hue  of  the  waves,  filled 
and  flooded  with  the  splendor  of  the 
sun,  was  thrown  upon  the  interior  fa- 
cings of  the  rocks,  making  the  cavern 
gleam  like  transparent  glass.  It  was  a 
marvellous  surprise.  . . . The  bright- 
ness of  the  day  increased  the  illusion, 
and  made  the  incredible  beauty  of  the 
cavern  all  the  more  startling,  because 
devoid  of  gloom  and  mystery.  It  was 
an  idyl  of  the  sea,  born  of  the  god-lore 
of  Greece.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

jgSgp  “ The  so-called  Green  Grotto 
has  the  beauty  of  moss-agate  in  its 
liquid  floor;  . . . and  where  there  is  no 
other  charm  to  notice,  endless  beauty 
maybe  found  in  the  play  of  sunlight 
upon  roofs  of  limestone  . . . mossed 
over,  hung  with  fern,  and  catching  tones 
of  blue  or  green  from  the  still  deeps 
beneath.”  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Green  Park.  An  area  of  60  acres 
in  London,  situated  between  Pic- 
cadilly and  St.  James’s  Park,  Con- 
stitution Hill,  and  the  houses  of 
Arlington  Street  and  St  James’s 
Place.  It  was  formerly  called 
Little  St.  James’s  Park.  Stafford 
House,  Bridgewater  House,  and 
Spencer  House  are  upon  the  east 
side  of  the  park. 

Greenmount.  A cemetery  near 
Baltimore,  Md.,  established  in 
1838.  The  grounds  are  laid  out 
with  much  taste  and  skill,  and 
contain  many  fine  monuments. 


GRE 


213 


GRE 


Greenway  Court.  A decayed  man- 
sion near  Berry  ville,  Va.,  once 
the  residence  of  Lord  Fairfax. 

Greenwich  Hospital.  An  asylum 
for  old  and  disabled  seamen  on 
the  Thames,  a few  miles  below 
London.  It  was  opened  in  1705. 

Macaulay  says  in  liis  sketch 
of  the  death  of  Mary  II.,  “ The  affec- 
tion with  which  her  husband  cherished 
her  memory  was  attested  by  a monu- 
ment the  most  superb  that  was  ever 
erected  to  any  sovereign.  No  scheme 
had  been  so  much  her  own,  none  had 
been  so  near  her  heart,  as  that  of  con- 
verting the  palace  at  Greenwich  into  a 
retreat  for  seamen.  It  had  occurred  to 
her  when  she  had  found  it  difficult  to 
provide  good  shelter  and  good  attend- 
ance for  the  thousands  of  brave  men 
who  had  come  back  to  England  wound- 
ed after  the  battle  of  La  Hogue.  While 
she  lived,  scarcely  any  step  was  taken 
towards  the  accomplishing  of  her  favor- 
ite design.  But  it  should  seem,  that, 
as  soon  as  her  husband  had  lost  her,  he 
began  to  reproach  himself  for  having 
neglected  her  wishes.  No  time  was 
lost.  A plan  was  furnished  by  Wren; 
and  soon  an  edifice,  surpassing  that 
asylum  which  the  magnificent  Lewis 
had  provided  for  his  soldiers,  rose  on 
the  margin  of  the  Thames.  . . . Few 
of  those  who  now  gaze  on  the  noblest 
of  European  hospitals,  are  aware  that 
it  is  a memorial  of  the  virtues  of  the 
good  Queen  Mary,  of  the  love  and  sor- 
row of  William,  and  of  the  great  victory 
of  La  Hogue.” 

Greenwich  Park.  A royal  de- 
mesne at  Greenwich,  near  Lon- 
don, much  resorted  to  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  metropolis.  It 
was  enclosed  as  a park  by  Duke 
Humphrey  of  Gloucester  in  the 
reign  of  Hemy  VI. 

Greenwood.  A beautiful  cemetery 
three  miles  from  Fulton  Ferry, 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  containing  242 
acres  of  land,  and  ornamented 
with  winding  paths,  forests,  and 
lakes. 

Gregorio,  San.  See  San  Grego- 
rio. 

Greifenstein.  A picturesque  med- 
iaeval stronghold,  now  in  ruins, 
near  Rudolstadt  in  Germany. 

Grenan,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Grenan. 


Gresham  College.  This  institu- 
tion in  London  stood  on  Bishops- 
gate  Street,  and  was  so  called 
after  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  in 
whose  honor  it  was  established. 
The  Royal  Society  originated  here 
in  1645.  After  1710  the  college 
fell  into  decay,  and  in  1768  the 
building  was  sold.  A handsome 
stone  structure,  Basinghall  Street, 
was  opened  in  1843  for  the  Gresh- 
am Lectures. 

Greta  Hall.  The  former  residence 
of  the  poet  Southey,  situated  on 
a slight  eminence  near  the  town 
of  Keswick,  in  what  is  called  the 
Lake  District  of  England. 

Gretna  Green.  A little  village  in 
Scotland  much  resorted  to  for- 
merly by  runaway  couples  from 
England.  Marriages  were  here 
celebrated  with  very  little  cere- 
mony, but  of  late  they  have  been 
prohibited  by  Act  of  Parliament. 

Once  in  my  life  I married  a wife, 

And  where  do  you  think  I found  her? 

On  Gretna  Green,  in  a velvet  sheen, 

And  I took  up  a stick  to  pound  her. 

She  jumped  over  a barberry  bush, 

Arid  1 jumped  over  a timber; 

I showed  her  a gay  gold  ring, 

And  she  sliowea  me  her  finger. 

Mother  Goose. 

Greve,  Place  de.  See  Place  de 
l’ Hotel  de  Ville. 

Grey  Abbey.  A picturesque  ru- 
ined monastery  in  the  county  of 
Down,  Ireland. 

Grey  Friars.  This  important  mon- 
astery in  London  was  established 
by  the  early  Franciscans  who 
came  to  England  in  the  time  of 
Henry  III.  It  was  a favorite 
place  of  interment  for  royal  per- 
sonages. Nothing  but  a few 
arches  now  remains  of  the  monas- 
tery, upon  the  site  of  which  was 
founded  Christ’s  Hospital. 

How  often  have  I seen  the  casual  passer 
through  the  cloisters  stand  still,  entrain  ed 
with  admiration  . . . to  hear  thee  [Coler- 
idge] unfold,  in  thy  deep  and  sweet  into- 
nations, the  mysteries  of  Jamblicus  or 
T loti nus,  . . . while  the  walls  ot  the  old 
Grey  Friars  re-echoed  to  the  accents  of 
the  inspired  charity  boy  ! Charles  Lamb. 

Grey  Mare’s  Tail.  A cataract  is- 
suing from  the  Loch  Skene  in 
Scotland.  It  is  one  of  the  loftiest 
cascades  in  the  country. 


GRI 


214 


GRO 


Whore  deep,  deep  down,  and  far  within, 
Toils  with  the  rocks  the  roaring  linn  ; 

Then  issuing  forth  one  foaming  wave. 

And  wheeling  round  the  Giant’s  Grave 
White  as  ihe  snowy  charger’s  tail, 

Drives  down  the  pass  of  Moffatdale. 

Scott. 

46^“  A rather  narrow  stream,  whit- 
ened in  plunges  over  rough  rocks,  pours, 
in  one  broad  broken  sheet,  over  a pre- 
cipitous crag  of  jagged,  eccentrically 
stratified,  gray  rock.  . . . The  entire 
height  of  the  fall  is  about  350  feet.  It  is 
part  of  a capital  example  of  peculiarly 
Scottish  scenery.”  J.  F.  Hunnewell. 

Grillo,  Torre  del.  See  Torre  del 
Grillo. 

Grimani  Breviary.  A celebrated 
illuminated  service-book,  con- 
taining beautiful  miniatures.  In 
the  library  of  the  Ducal  Palace, 
Venice. 

Grimani  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Grimani. ~\  A noble  palace  in 
Venice,  Italy,  fronting  on  the 
Grand  Canal.  It  was  built  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  is  now 
used  as  the  post-office.  It  was 
formerly  decorated  with  frescos 
of  Tintoretto  which  have  disap- 
peared. 

4®=*  “ San  Mieheli’s  masterpiece  is 
the  design  of  the  Grimani  Palace.  The 
proportions  of  the  whole  fagade  are 
good,  and  its  dimensions  give  it  a dig- 
nity which  renders  it  one  of  the  most 
striking  facades  on  the  Grand  Canal; 
while  the  judgment  displayed  in  the 
design  elevates  it  into  being  one  of  the 
best  buildings  of  the  age  in  which  it 
was  erected.”  Fergusaori. 

Grimes’s  Dike.  See  Graham’s 
Dike. 

Grimsel.  See  Hospice  of  the 
Grimsel. 

Griper,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land under  Commander  Lyon  in 
1824. 

Griswold,  Fort.  See  Fort  Gris- 
wold. 

Grizzly  Giant.  A famous  tree  in 
Mariposa  County,  Cal.,  the  lar- 
gest of  a remarkable  grove  of 
trees  of  the  Sequoia  gig  ante  a spe- 
cies. This  tree  is  107  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, and  in  one  place  is 
34  feet  in  diameter.  It  reaches  a 


height  of  200  feet  before  throwing 
out  a branch,  and  the  first  branch 
is  eight  feet  in  diameter. 

Grocers’  Hall.  A building  in  Lon- 
don belonging  to  the  Company  of 
Grocers,  one  of  the  great  city 
guilds.  The  original  hall  was 
built  in  1427,  but  was  seriously 
damaged  by  the  great  fire  of  1006. 
It  was  restored  in  1668-09,  but  in 
1681  was  again  in  ruins.  The 
present  building  was  erected  in 
1802,  and  repaired  in  1827. 

Gros  Bourdon.  The  largest  bell 
in  America,  hung  in  one  of  the 
towers  of  the  church  of  Notre 
Dame  at  Montreal,  Canada.  Its 
weight  is  nearly  fifteen  tons. 

Grosse  Garten.  [The  Great  Gar- 
den.] A fine  public  park  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Dresden,  Ger- 
many. It  is  five  miles  in  circum- 
ference. 

Grosvenor  Gallery.  See  Grosve- 
nor House. 

Grosvenor  House.  The  city  resi- 
dence of  the  Marquis  of  West- 
minster, London.  Formerly,  as 
Gloucester  House,  it  was  inhab- 
ited by  the  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
brother  of  George  III.  It  con- 
tains a fine  collection  of  paint- 
ings,— the  celebrated  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  — including  some  of  the 
best  works  of  Claude  and  Ru- 
bens. 

Grosvenor  Square.  An  area  of 
six  acres  in  London,  built  1723- 
1730,  and  so  called  from  Sir  Rich- 
ard Grosvenor  (d.  1732).  One  of 
the  most  aristocratic  quarters  in 
London. 

They  [certain  writers]  conceived  oi 
liberty  as  monks  conceive  of  love,  as 
cockneys  conceive  of  the  happiness  and 
innocence  of  rural  life,  as  novel-reading 
sempstresses  conceive  of  Almack’s  and 
Grosvenor  Square,  accomplished  marquess- 
es and  handsome  colonels  of  the  Guards. 

Macaulay. 

Let  Stott,  Carlisle,  Matilda,  and  the  rest 
Of  Grub  Street,  and  of  Grosvenor-place 
the  best, 

Scrawl  on,  ’till  death  release  us  from  the 
strain, 

Or  Common  Sense  assert  her  rights  again. 

Byron. 

Grotta  Azzura.  See  Blue  Grotto. 


GEO 


215 


GEO 


Grotta  del  Cane.  [Grotto  of  the 
Dog.]  A celebrated  but  small 
cave  at  the  base  of  a rocky  hill 
on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Lake 
Agnano  near  Naples.  The  cav- 
ern is  constantly  emitting  from 
its  sides  and  floor  quantities  of 
vapor  mingled  with  carbonic-acid 
gas.  The  latter,  being  the  heav- 
ier, accumulates  at  the  bottom, 
leaving  the  upper  part  of  the 
cave  free  from  gas.  The  cave 
derives  its  name  from  the  com- 
mon experiment  of  subjecting  a 
dog  to  the  effects  of  the  gas,  and 
afterwards  restoring  him  by  ex- 
posure to  the  air. 

We  tried  the  old  experiment  of  a dog  in 
the  Grotto  del  Cane,  or  Charon’s  Cave;  it 
is  not  above  three  or  four  paces  deepe,  and 
about  the  height  of  a man,  nor  very  broad. 
Whatever  having  life  enters  it  presently 
expires.  . . . This  experiment  has  been 
tried  on  men,  as  on  that  poor  creature 
whom  Peter  of  Toledo  caus'd  to  go  in ; 
likewise  on  some  Turkish  slaves,  two  sol- 
diers, and  other  foole-hardy  persons,  who 
all  perished,  and  could  never  be  recovered 
by  the  water  of  the  lake,  as  are  doggs;  for 
which  many  learned  reasons  have  been 
offered,  as  Simon  Majolus  in  his  booke  of 
the  Canicular  days  has  mentioned. 

John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Grotta  della  Sibylla.  See  Sibyl’s 
Cave. 

Grotta  di  Posilipo.  [Grotto  of  Po- 
silipo.]  An  excavation  in  the  vol- 
canic soil  near  Naples,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  street  called  the 
Chiaja.  The  earliest  mention  of 
it  was  in  the  time  of  Nero.  It 
was  enlarged  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury by  Alfonso  I.  In  the  centre 
of  the  tunnel  is  a recess,  forming 
the  chapel  of  the  Virgin,  before 
which  a lamp  is  always  burning. 
Near  the  top  of  the  east  entrance 
to  the  grotto  is  the  Roman  colum- 
barium, or  sepulchre,  known  as 
the  tomb  of  Virgil.  See  Virgil’s 
Tomb. 

4®=“  Above  the  grotto  are  the  re- 
mains of  a columbarium,  which,  time 
out  of  mind,  has  enjoyed  the  honor  of 
being  called  the  tomb  of  Virgil.  Nor 
is  it  by  any  means  impossible  that  it  is 
so,  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  the 
weight  of  evidence  is  against  the  claim. 
But  there  is  quite  enough  of  interest 
clinging  round  it  from  the  fact  that  a 
long  line  of  poets  and  scholars,  begin- 
ning with  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio,  have 


visited  the  spot  more  in  the  spirit  of 
faith  than  of  scepticism.  There  is 
nothing  at  all  remarkable  in  the  struc- 
ture itself,  which  is  of  brick,  shattered 
by  time,  and  overgrown  with  myrtle, 
wild  vines,  and  grass.  Whether  Vir- 
gil were  really  buried  here  or  not,  it  is 
certainly  a spot  which  a poet  might 
well  choose  for  his  last  repose.” 

Hillard. 

Ah ! precious  every  drape  of  myrtle 
bloom 

And  leaf  of  laurel  crowning  Virgil's  tomb  ! 

Through  the  steep 

Is  hewn  Posilipo’s  most  marvellous  grot ; 
And  to  the  prince  of  Roman  bards,  whose 
sleep 

Is  in  this  singular  and  lonely  spot, 

Doth  a wild  rumor  give  a wizard’s  name, 
Linking  a tunnelled  road  to  Maro’s  fame  ! 

W.  Gibson. 

Grotto  de  la  Vierge.  [Grotto  of 
the  Virgin.]  A noted  place  of  pil- 
grimage in  the  present  century  at 
Lourdes, France.  Its  celebrity  be- 
gan in  1858  through  the  declara- 
tions of  a girl  who  affirmed  that 
the  Holy  Virgin  had  appeared  to 
her.  In  the  following  year  over 
200,000  persons  visited  the  spot. 
In  the  cavern  is  a spring  which 
is  believed  to  possess  miraculous 
properties  of  healing. 

Grotto  of  Adelsberg.  A celebrat- 
ed grotto,  or  cave,  in  the  lime- 
stone rock  near  Adelsberg  in 
Styria,  Southern  Austria.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
extensive  in  the  world,  and  is 
hung  with  the  most  beautiful  sta- 
lactites. 

Grotto  of  Antiparos.  A celebrat- 
ed stalactitic  cavern  on  the  isl- 
and of  Oliaros  (Antiparo),  in  the 
Aegean  Sea. 

Grotto  of  Egeria.  See  Fountain 
of  Egeria. 

Grotto  of  Granville.  A natural 
curiosity  in  Southern  France, 
near  Le  Bugue.  It  is  a cavern 
extending  a mile  in  a straight 
line,  and,  with  its  branches,  meas- 
uring some  two  or  three  miles. 

Grotto  of  Jeremiah.  A spacious 
cave  near  the  Damascus  Gate  of 
Jerusalem. 

Grotto  of  St.  John.  A cavern,  or 
grotto,  belonging  to  the  monas- 
tery of  St.  John  in  the  island  of 


GRO 


216 


GUE 


Patmos,  off  the  west  coast  of 
Asia  Minor.  It  is  the  supposed 
abode  of  the  apostle  John,  who 
had  been  banished  to  this  island, 
A.D.  94,  by  the  Roman  emperor, 
Domitian,  and  who  is  reported 
to  here  have  had  the  visions  re- 
corded in  the  Book  of  Revelation. 

Grottos  of  Beni  Hassan.  See 
Beni  Hassan. 

Growler,  The.  A United  States 
vessel  of  war  captured  by  the 
British,  June  3,  1813. 

Grub  Street.  The  former  title  of 
Milton  Street,  Cripplegate,  Lon- 
don, which  was  once  the  resi- 
dence of  authors  of  the  less  fortu- 
nate class,  and  the  jest  of  the 
more  favored.  From  its  being 
inhabited  by  these  literary  hacks, 
the  name  was  familiarly  used  to 
characterize  any  worthless  author 
or  any  poor  production.  This 
character  it  seems  to  have  ob- 
tained as  far  back  as  the  time  of 
Cromwell,  when  the  street  con- 
sisted of  low  and  mean  houses, 
which  were  let  out  in  lodgings, 
in  many  instances  to  persons 
whose  occupation  was  publishing 
anonymously  what  were  then 
deemed  libellous  or  treasonable 
works.  John  Foxe  the  martyr- 
ologist,  Speed  the  historian,  and 
other  authors,  resided  in  Grub 
Street.  Memoirs  of  the  Society  of 
Grub  Street  appeared  in  1737.  Its 
name  was  changed  to  Milton 
Street  in  1830.  The  name  Grub 
Street,  as  a term  of  reproach  or 
contempt,  is  said  to  have  been  first 
used  with  reference  to  the  works 
of  Foxe.  The  present  designa- 
tion of  the  street  is  taken  from 
the  name  of  one  Milton,  a build- 
er, and  not,  as  might  naturally  be 
conjectured, from  that  of  the  poet. 

J “ Pope’s  arrows  are  so  sharp, 
and  his  slaughter  so  wholesale,  that 
the  reader’s  sympathies  are  often  en- 
listed on  the  side  of  the  devoted  inhab- 
itants of  Grub  Street.  He  it  was  who 
brought  the  notion  of  a vile  Grub 
Street  before  the  minds  of  the  general 
public;  he  it  was  who  created  such  as- 
sociations as  author  and  rags,  author 
and  dirt,  author  ami  gin.  The  occupa- 
tion of  authorship  became  ignoble 
through  his  graphic  description  of  mis- 


ery, and  the  literary  profession  was 
for  a long  time  destroyed.” 

Thackeray. 

Our  theatres  are  now'  open,  and  all  Grub- 
street  is  preparing  its  advice  to  the  man- 
agers. We  shall  undoubtedly  hear  learn- 
ed disquisitions  on  the  structure  of  one 
actor's  legs,  and  another’s  eyebrow's.  Y\  e 
shall  be  told  much  of  enunciations,  tones, 
and  attitudes,  and  shall  have  our  lighten 
pleasures  commented  upon  bv  cidmtic 
dulness.  'Goldsmith 

When  wre  first  visited  Grub-strtet  ami 
with  bared  head  did  reverence  to  tin 
genius  of  the  place,  with  a “ Salvo,  mag- 
na  parens!  ” we  were  astonished  to  1 am. 
on  inquiry,  that  the  authors  did  not  dw  ell 
there  now,  but  had  all  removed,  % a < 
ago,  to  a sort  of  “ High  Life  below  Stairs. " 
far  in  the  w'est.  Carlyle. 

Let  Bud  gel  charge  low  Grub-street  with 
his  quill. 

And  write  whate’er  he  please,  — except 
my  w ill.  Pope. 

Not  with  less  glory  mighty  Dulness 
crown’d, 

Shall  take  through  Grub-street  her  tri- 
umphant round. 

And  her  Parnassus  glancing  o’er  at  once, 
Behold  a hundred  sons,  and  each  a dunce. 

Pope . 

I’d  sooner  ballads  write,  and  Grub-street 
lays.  Gay. 

Grime  Gewolbe.  See  Green  Gal- 
lery. 

Grlitli.  A meadow  on  the  shore  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  Switzer- 
land, famous  as  the  meeting- place 
of  the  three  mythical  heroes  of 
Switzerland,  Werner  Stauffacher, 
Erni  of  Melchthal,  and  Walter 
Fiirst  of  Uri,  who  are  said  to 
have  assembled  here  in  the  night, 
and  formed  plans  for  the  deliver- 
ance of  their  country  from  the 
Austrian  yoke.  This  spot  is  now 
the  property  of  the  Swiss  Repub- 
lic, having  been  purchased  in  1859 
by  subscriptions. 

Guards.  See  Horse  Guards. 

Guards’  Club.  A London  club, 
founded  in  1810,  and  confined  to 
officers  of  the  regiments  of  Foot- 
Guards  who  distinguished  them- 
selves at  Waterloo  and  in  the 
Crimea.  The  club-house  is  in 
Pall  Mall. 

Guelfa,  Torre.  See  Torre  Guel- 
fa. 

Guernica,  Oak  of.  See  Oak  of 
Guernica. 


GUE 


217 


GUY 


Guerri&re,  La.  A British  frigate 
captured  during  the  war  of  1812 
by  the  United  States  vessel  Con- 
stitution. 

Long  the  tyrant  of  our  coast 
Reigned  the  famous  Guerriere. 

Our  little  navy  she  defied, 

Public  ship  and  privateer. 

On  her  sails  in  letters  red 
To  our  captains  were  displayed 

Words  of  warning,  words  of  dread,  — 

“ All  who  meet  me  have  a care, 

I am  England’s  Guerriere .” 

Old  Song. 

“The  wand  of  British  invincibility  was 
broken  when  the  flag  of  the  Guerriere 
came  down.  That  one  event  was  worth 
more  to  the  Republic  than  all  the  money 
which  has  ever  been  expended  for  the 
navy.  R.  F.  Stockton. 

Guildhall,  The.  A name  of  gen- 
eral application,  hut  specially 
used  to  designate  the  Town-Hall 
of  the  city  of  London,  where  the 
principal  corporation  business  is 
transacted,  and  its  hospitality 
exercised.  The  Guildhall  will 
contain  between  8,000  and  7,000 
persons.  The  inauguration  din- 
ners of  the  lord-mayors  have 
been  held  here  since  1501.  It  is 
magnificently  decorated  upon  the 
occasion  of  royal  entertainments. 
The  present,  or  third  Guildhall, 
was  first  built  in  1411,  though  but 
little  more  than  the  walls  of  the 
original  building  now  remain. 
See  Gog  and  Magog. 

4®=-  “ The  building  itself  is  a strange 
architectural  medley.  . . . The  great 
hall,  however,  has  the  grandeur  which, 
in  architecture,  is  always  given,  in  a 
certain  degree,  by  size.  It  is  150  feet 
long.  The  building  has  its  name  from 
the  fact  that  it  was  erected  by  the  united 
efforts  of  the  various  guilds  of  the  city, 
— associations,  or  rather  trading  and 
social  institutions,  of  which  the  very 
germ  seems  not  to  have  crossed  the 
ocean.”  Richard  Grant  White. 

Our  great,  fault  with  writers  used  to  be, 
not  that  they  were  intrinsically  more  or 
less  completed  Dolts,  with  no  eye  or  ear 
for  the  “open  secret”  of  the  world,  or  for 
any  thing  save  the  “ open  display  ” of  the 
world,  — for  its  gilt  ceilings,  marketable 
pleasures,  war-chariots,  and  all  manner, 
to  the  highest  manner,  of  Lord-Mayor 
shows  and  Guildhall  dinner-*,  and  their 
own  small  part  and  lot  therein:  but  the 
head  and  front  of  their  offence  lay  in  this, 
that  they  had  not  “frequented  the  society 
of  the  upper  classes.”  Carlyle. 


Gloster.  Go  after,  after,  Cousin  Buck* 
mgham. 

The  Mayor  towards  Guildhall  hies  him  in 
all  post : 

There,  at  your  meetest  vantage  of  the  time, 
infer  the  bastardy  of  Edward's  children: 
Tell  them  how  Edward  put  to  death  a cit- 
izen, 

Only  for  saying  he  would  make  his  son 
Heir  to  the  crown;  meaning,  indeed,  his 
house, 

Which,  by  the  sign  thereof,  was  termed  so- 

Buck.  I go;  and,  towards  three  or  four 
o'clock, 

Look  for  the  news  that  the  Guildhall  af- 
fords. 

Shakespeare. 

Gutenberg.  A bronze  statue  of 
the  inventor,  modelled  by  Albert 
Bertel  Thorwaldsen  (1770-1844), 
erected  in  1837  at  Mayence,  the 
expense  being  defrayed  by  sub- 
scriptions from  all  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Gutenfels.  A well-known  stately 
castle  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
near  the  town  of  Caub.  It  is  al- 
luded to  as  early  as  1257.  In  1504 
it  was  besieged  for  six  weeks  by 
the  Landgrave  William  of  Hes- 
sen, but  without  success.  It  re- 
mained in  a habitable  condition 
till  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  when,  in  1805,  it  was  de- 
molished by  order  of  Napoleon, 
and  is  now  but  a picturesque  ruin. 

Guy  Fawkes’s  Cellar.  An  under- 
ground apartment,  which  former- 
ly served  as  a kitchen,  in  the  old 
palace  at  Westminster,  and  into 
which  the  conspirators  obtained 
entrance  from  an  adjoining  house. 
The  Parliament  chamber  above 
this  vault  was  taken  down  about 
the  year  1823. 

Guy’s  Cliff.  A noted  spot,  the  re- 
treat of  the  famous  Earl  Guy  of 
Warwick,  where  he  and  his  coun- 
tess are  supposed  to  be  buried, 
about  a mile  from  Warwick  Cas- 
tle, in  England.  It  has  a fine 
mansion  and  a romantic  cavern, 
and  is  one  of  the  places  generally 
visited  by  tourists. 

Guy’s  Hospital.  An  institution 
for  the  sick  and  lame,  near  Lon- 
don Bridge,  in  Southwark,  Lon- 
don, founded  by  Thomas  Guv  (b 
1645). 


GYM 


218 


GYZ 


Gymnasium  of  Ptolemy,  or  Stoa 
of  Attains.  A marble  building 
in  ancient  Athens.  Pausanias 
says,  that  in  the  Gymnasium, 
“ which  is  not  far  from  the  Ago- 
ra, and  is  called  Ptolemseum  from 
him  who  built  it,  are  Herrnse  of 


stone  worth  inspection.”  See 
Hermje. 

Gyzen  George.  A remarkable  por- 
trait by  Hans  Holbein  the  Young- 
er (1498 ?— 1543),  pronounced  by 
Ruskin  “ inexhaustible.”  Now 
in  Berlin,  Prussia. 


HAB 


219 


HAD 


H. 


Habsburg  Castle.  [Habichtsburg, 
Hawk’s  Castle.]  An  ancient 
ruined  castle  of  which  little  now 
remains,  the  old  seat  of  the  Im- 
perial House  of  Austria,  near 
Brugg,  in  Switzerland. 

Hackney.  A thickly  populated 
district  in  London. 

4®"  Hackney  coaches  were  not  so 
called,  as  sometimes  stated,  after  this 
district. 

Haddon  Hall.  An  ancient  man- 
sion, the  seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Rutland,  near  Ashbourne  and 
Bakewell,  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land. The  various  portions  are  of 
different  orders  of  architecture,  — 
pointed  Gothic,  Tudor,  and  Eliza- 
bethan. No  part  of  the  building 
is  of  later  date  than  the  sixteenth 
century.  It  is  in  good  preserva- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the  curiosities 
of  the  Peak  Country. 

Not  fond  displays  of  cost,  nor  pampered 
train 

Of  idle  menials,  me  so  much  delight. 

As  these  time-honored  walls  crowning  the 
plain 

With  their  gray  battlements ; within  be- 
dight 

With  ancient  trophies  of  baronial  might. 

Henry  Alford . 

Hadrian’s  Gate,  or  Arch.  See 
Arch  of  Hadrian. 

Hadrian’s  Mausoleum  (Mole,  or 
Tomb).  See  St.  Angelo. 

The  highest  part  [of  a monument  at  St. 
RdmiJ  is  a circular  colonnade,  a miniature 
copy  of  that  which  we  know  to  have  once 
encircled  Hadrian's  Mole.  Fergusson. 

Hadrian’s  Villa.  [Ital.  Villa  Adri- 
ana.]  A famous  and  wonderful 
relic  of  imperial  times  on  a plain 
at  the  foot  of  the  hill  of  Tivoli, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome. 
The  emperor  Hadrian  having  re- 
solved to  reproduce  all  the  most 
striking  objects  which  he  had 
seen  in  his  extensive  travels, 
chose  for  the  purpose  a spot 
singularly  favorable  by  its  natu- 
ral advantages;  and  in  a short 


time,  with  the  immense  resources 
at  his  command,  he  covered  the 
ground  with  a vast  number  of 
costly  and  extensive  structures. 
He  is  said  to  have  enclosed  in 
this  way  a space  eight  or  ten 
miles  in  circuit.  At  the  present 
day  the  ruins  present  the  appear- 
ance of  a confused  mass  of  build- 
ings going  to  decay.  "Within 
seventy  years  after  the  death  of 
Hadrian,  many  of  the  precious 
marbles  used  in  the  construction 
of  these  buildings  were  carried 
by  Caracal  la  to  Rome  to  deco- 
rate the  Baths  which  he  had  then 
begun. 

4®"  “ It  rather  resembled  a city  in 
itself  than  a single  mansion.  . . . 
These  proud  imperial  ruins  are  now 
lost  among  thick  olive-groves;  their 
floors,  instead  of  being  paved  with 
pictured  mosaics,  are  overgrown  with 
grass;  their  once  magnificent  halls  are 
filled  with  thickets  of  aged  ilex;  yet 
enough  still  remains  to  attest  their 
former  extent  and  splendor.”  Eaton. 

4®"  “ Before  quitting  the  Villa  Adri- 
ana, I filled  my  pockets  with  bits  of 
porphyry,  alabaster,  verd  antique,  and 
pieces  of  stucco  and  mosaic,  all  which 
I afterwards  threw  away.  Many  trav- 
ellers who  have  gone  before  me  have 
written  their  names  on  the  marbles  of 
the  Villa  Adriana.  They  have  hoped 
to  prolong  their  existence  by  attaching 
a memorial  of  their  fleeting  presence 
to  celebrated  spots;  but  they  have 
been  deceived.  While  I was  attempt- 
ing to  decipher  a name  newly  written 
in  pencil,  a bird  started  from  a tuft  of 
ivy,  and  a few  drops  of  the  recent 
shower  were  shaken  from  its  leaves, 
and,  falling  upon  the  name,  blotted  it 
out  forever.  Chateaubriand , Trans. 

Hadrian’s  Wall.  This  wall  ex- 
tended from  Bowness  ( Tunno - 
celuw)  on  the  Solway  Firth,  a 
distance  of  nearly  70  miles,  to 
Wallsend  {Segedmium)  on  the 
Tyne.  There  were  23  towns  on 
its  line;  and  between  these  towns, 
at  intervals  of  a Roman  mile, 
were  fortresses,  or  “ mile-cas- 
tles.” The  common  opinion 


HAG 


220 


HAL 


tends  to  the  belief  that  Hadri- 
an built  (A.  D.  121)  an  earthen 
rampart,  and  that  Severus,  to 
strengthen  it,  constructed  a stone 
wall  (A.D.  208).  [Also  called  the 
Piets’  Wall.] 

4£§=“  “ Of  the  wall  itself  (which  was 
a huge  work  of  masonry  varying  from 
18  to  20  feet  in  height,  and  from  6 to  10 
feet  in  thickness,  with  fosse  and  vallum 
on  either  side),  and  of  these  towers, 
etc.,  extensive  and  wonderful  remains 
exist  at  the  present  day,  and  have,  from 
the  inscribed  stones  and  other  relics 
they  have  furnished,  proved  a rich 
storehouse  of  valuable  knowledge.” 

L.  Jewitt. 

Hagar  and  Ishmael.  A picture 
by  Giovanni  Francesco  Barbieri, 
surnamed  Guercino  (1590-1666). 
In  the  Brera  at  Milan,  Italy. 

45T  “ The  severity  of  the  patriarch, 
the  half-concealed  triumph  of  Sarah, 
and  the  broken-hearted  expression  of 
the  beautiful  victim,  produce  altogether 
an  effect  which  places  it  among  the 
very  first  pictures  in  the  world.” 

George  Ticknor. 

“ The  famous  Guercino  is  at  Milan, 
however,  the  ‘ Ilagar  ’ which  Byron 
talks  of  so  enthusiastically*.  The  pic- 
ture catches  your  eye  on  your  first  en- 
trance. There  is  that  harmony  and 
effect  in  the  color  that  mark  a master- 
piece even  in  a passing  glance.  It  is  a 
piece  of  powerful  and  passionate  po- 
etry. The  eyes  get  warm  and  the 
heart  beats  quick ; and,  as  you  walk 
away,  you  feel  as  if  a load  of  oppres- 
sive sympathy  was  lifting  from  your 
heart.”  iV.  P.  Willis. 

Hagar,  Expulsion  of.  See  Expul- 
sion of  Hagar. 

Hagley  Park.  A noble  mansion, 
the  seat  of  Lord  Lyttelton,  in 
Worcestershire,  England.  It  is 
especially  memorable  as  having 
been  the  favorite  resort  of  the 
English  poets,  Thomson,  Shen- 
stone,  and  Pope. 

Courting  the  Muse,  through  Hagley  Parle 
you  stray : 

Thy  British  Tempe ! there  along  the  dale. 
With  woods  o’erhung,  and  shagged  with 
mossy  rocks 

Whence  on  each  hand  the  gushing  waters 
play. 

And  down  the  rough  cascade  white-dash- 
ing fall. 

You  silent  steal.  James  Thomson. 

Hakem.  See  Mosque  of  Sultan 
el  Hakf.m. 


Half-Moon,  The.  The  ship  in 
which  Henry  Hudson  sailed  for 
America  in  the  service  of  the 
Dutch  East  India  Company,  in 
1609.  In  this  ship  he  began  to 
explore  the  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land for  an  open  channel  to  the 
South  Sea,  and  ascended  the  river 
afterwards  called  by  his  name. 

4®=*  “In  the  ever-memorable  year 
of  our  Lord,  1609,  on  a Saturday  morn- 
ing, the  five-and-twentieth  day  of 
March,  old  style,  did  that  ‘ worthy  and 
irrecoverable  discoverer  (as  he  has 
justly  been  called),  Master  Henry  Hud- 
son,’ set  sail  from  Holland  in  a stout 
vessel  called  the  Half -Moon,  being  em- 
ployed by  the  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany, to  seek  a north-west  passage  to 
China.”  Irving. 

While  drinking  in  the  scene, 

My  mind  goes  back  upon  the  tide  of  years. 
And  lo,  a vision  ! On  its  upward  path 
Tne  Half-Moon  glides.  A.  B.  Street. 

Others  held  that  it  was  Hendrick  Hud- 
son and  the  shadowy  crew  of  the  Half- 
Moon  sailing  to  their  weird  revels  in  the 
Catskills.  Washington  Irving. 

Half-Moon  Tavern.  See  Shake- 
speare’s House. 

Halidon  Hill.  An  eminence  near 
Berwick,  in  Scotland,  memorable 
for  a sanguinary  battle  between 
the  English  and  Scotch  forces  in 
1333,  when  the  former,  under 
Edward  III.,  defeated  the  Scotch 
army  under  the  regent  Archibald 
Douglas.  Sir  Waiter  Scott  pub- 
lished in  1822  a dramatic  tale 
called  “ Halidon  Hill.” 

Aye,  but  King  Edward  sent  a haughty 

message. 

Defying  us  to  battle  on  this  field, 

This  very  hill  of  Halidon.  Scott. 

Halifax  Gibbet,  See  Maiden. 

Hall  of  Animals.  See  Sala  DEGLr 
Animali. 

Hall  of  Columns.  A magnificent 
colonnade  in  the  palace  of  Kar- 
nac,  on  the  Nile,  Egypt. 

4®=*  “ A symmetrical  forest  of  oaks 
and  beeches  ten  centuries  old  would 
not  give  an  adequate  idea  of  its  thirty 
parallel  ranks  of  columns.  No  tree,  for 
instance,  could  attain  the  diameter,  or 
the  height  even,  of  the  twelve  great 
columns  that  form  the  axis  of  the  hall. 
. . . The  enormous  monolith  capitals 
— heavy  enough,  one  would  think,  to 


HAL 


221 


HAM 


crush  any  pillar  — oppress  the  imagina- 
tion with  their  size.  A hundred  men 
could  stand  on  one  of  them  without 
crowding.  Never  have  greater  masses 
of  stone  been  laid  than  these.  . . . The 
hall  itself  is  422  feet  long  by  165  feet 
broad.  The  stones  of  the  ceiling  rest 
upon  architraves  supported  by  134  col- 
umns which  are  still  standing,  and  of 
which  the  largest  measures  10  feet  in 
diameter,  and  more  than  72  feet  in 
height.  Sesostris  and  his  two  prede- 
cessors constructed  the  hall  of  columns, 
and  the  date  of  its  construction  was 
about  the  fourteenth  and  thirteenth 
centuries  before  Christ.” 

Ltfevre , Trans.  Donald. 

Hall  of  Fame,  The  Bavarian. 
[Ger.  Die  baierisclie  BvhmesJialle.] 
A famous  structure  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  Munich, 
the  capital  of  Bavaria,  consisting 
of  “ a Doric  portico  forming  three 
sides  of  a quadrangle,  in  the  cen- 
tre of  whose  open  side  rises  the 
colossal  statue  of  Bavaria,”  q.v. 
The  building  contains  the  statues 
of  distinguished  Bavarians. 

Hall  of  the  Biga.  See  Sala  della 
Big  a. 

Hall  of  the  Emperors.  A hall  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Capitol,  Rome, 
so  called  because  around  the  room 
is  arranged  a very  valuable  col- 
lection of  83  busts  of  Roman  em- 
perors, their  wives  and  relations. 

Hall  of  the  Greek  Cross.  See  Sa- 
la a Croce  Greca. 

Hall  of  the  Vase.  An  apartment 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Capitol, 
Rome,  so  called  from  a fine  vase 
of  white  marble  in  the  middle  of 
the  room. 

Hall  of  Xerxes.  See  Xerxes. 

Halles,  Les.  A building  of  the 
fourteenth  century  in  the  market- 
place of  Bruges,  Belgium,  with  a 
lofty  belfry-tower  containing  the 
finest  chimes  in  Europe,  which 
are  played  four  times  an  hour  by 
machinery. 

In  the  market-place  of  Bruges  stands  the 
belfry  old  and  brown, 

Thrice  consumed  and  thrice  rebuilded,  still 
it  watches  o’er  the  town. 

m Longfellow . 

Halloren,  The.  A name  applied 
to  a cluster  of  families,  some  fifty 
in  number,  in  Halle,  Germany, 


who  herd  together,  and  gain  a 
poor  subsistence  in  the  salt- 
mines by  teaching  swimming 
and  by  catching  larks.  They  are 
curious  as  being  probably  the 
last  remnant  of  the  ancient 
Wendish  people,  who  have  re- 
tained their  peculiar  dress  and 
customs  from  the  time  of  Charle- 
magne to  the  present. 

Ham  Citadel.  A celebrated  politi- 
cal prison  in  the  little  town  of 
Ham,  France.  It  was  built  in 
1470.  The  central  tower  is  100 
feet  high,  and  the  walls  are  36 
feet  thick.  Many  noted  prisoners 
have  been  confined  here,  among 
others  Louis  Napoleon,  who,  after 
his  failure  at  Boulogne  in  1840, 
remained  here  for  six  years  until 
he  succeeded  in  making  his  es- 
cape. 

Even  now%  w'hen  the  other  accusations 
against  her  [Marie  Antoinette]  have  sunk 
down  to  oblivion  and  the  Father  of  Lies, 
this  of  wanting  etiquette  survives  her. 
In  the  Castle  of  Ham , at  this  hour  [1831], 
M de  Polignac  and  Company  may  be 
wringing  their  hands,  not  without  an  ob- 
lique glance  at  her  for  bringing  them 
thither  Carlyle. 

Ham  House.  The  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Dysart.  A residence  of  the 
time  of  James  I.  at  Twickenham 
near  London,  where  the  “ Cabal” 
ministers  of  Charles  II.  used  to 
meet. 

The  more  than  Italian  luxury  of  Ham , 
with  its  busts,  fountains,  and  aviaiies, 
were  among  the  many  signs  which  indi- 
cated what  was  the  shortest  road  to 
boundless  wealth.  Macaulay. 

Hambye.  A beautiful  ruined  mon- 
astery near  Coutances,  France. 
It  was  founded  in  1145. 

Hamilton,  Fort.  See  Fort  Ham- 
ilton. 

Hamilton  Palace.  An  old  feudal 
mansion  of  much  historic  inter- 
est, the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Ham- 
ilton, in  the  town  of  the  same 
name  in  Scotland.  The  old  pal- 
ace was  rebuilt  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  has  received  large 
additions  in  the  present  century. 
It  contains  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able private  collections  of  paint- 
ings and  other  works  of  art  in 
Great  Britain. 


HAM 


222 


HAR 


Hamlet  and  Ophelia.  A picture 
by  Benjamin  West  (1738-1820). 
In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Long- 
worth,  at  Cincinnati,  O. 

Hampton  Court  Palace.  The  re- 
nowned palace  built  in  the  parish 
of  Hampton,  near  London,  by 
Cardinal  Wolsev,  and  by  him  re- 
signed to  his  sovereign,  Henry 
VIII.  Two  of  the  original  quad- 
rangles still  remain.  The  later 
buildings  erected  by  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren  for  William  III.  con- 
tain the  famous  state-rooms,  por- 
trait-galleries, and  cartoons  of 
Raphael. 

46§T  “ Hampton  Court  is  a large  gar- 
den in  the  French  style,  laid  out  in  the 
time  of  William  III.  Our  style  was 
then  the  reigning  one  in  Europe.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Ttwas  idle  to  expect  that  old  sailors, 
familiar  with  the  hurricanes  ot  the  trop- 
ics and  with  the  icebergs  of  the  Arctic 
Circle,  would  pay  prompt  and  respectful 
obedience  to  a chief  who  knew  no  more 
ot  winds  and  waves  than  could  be  learned 
in  a gilded  barge  between  Whitehall  Stairs 
and  Hampton  Court.  Macaulay. 

For  ever  curs'd  be  this  detested  day, 
Which  snatch’d  my  best,  my  favourite 
curl  away: 

Happy  ! ah  ten  times  happy  had  I been. 

If  Hampton  Court  these  eyes  had  never 
seen ! * Pope. 

Hancock  House.  A famous  old 
mansion  which  stood  until  within 
a few  years  in  Boston,  Mass.  It 
was  erected  in  1787,  and  was  the 
residence  of  Governor  John  Han- 
cock (1787-1793).  The  governors 
of  Massachusetts  with  the  coun- 
cil were  for  a long  period  of  years 
in  the  habit  of  dining  in  this  man- 
sion annually  on  Election  Day. 
It  was  taken  down  in  18G3. 

Haram,  The.  [Arab,  el  Hctram 
es/i-Sherif.]  A pile  of  walls  and 
buildings  occupying  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Temple  on  Mount 
Moriah  in  Jerusalem,  and  extend- 
ing beyond  the  ancient  limits. 
In  extent  it  is  almost  equal  to  a 
quarter  part  of  the  city.  It  con- 
tains the  celebrated  mosques  el- 
Aksa,  and  Kubbet  es-Sukhrah. 
The  interior  of  the  enclosure, 
with  its  green  grass,  its  olive- 
trees  and  cypresses,  and  marble 
fountains,  is  beautiful  The  Ha- 


ram  is  of  an  oblong  shape,  meas- 
uring on  its  eastern  side  1,580  feet, 
and  on  its  southern  920  feet. 

Harcourt  House.  The  city  resi- 
dence of  the  Duke  of  Portland, 
London.  It  was  originally  called 
Bingley  House,  from  its  builder, 
Lord  Bingley. 

Hardwick  Hall.  An  Elizabethan 
mansion,  a seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  near  Glapwell,  Eng- 
land. 

Harleian  Library.  A collection  of 
manuscripts  made  by  Mr.  Har- 
ley, subsequently  theEarl  of  Ox- 
ford (d.  1724).  “ The  collection 
was  purchased  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  is  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  most  important 
documents  in  this  collection  have 
appeared  in  the  publication 
known  as  the  Harleian  Miscel- 
lany, the  first  edition  of  which 
came  out  in  1744. 

Harlot’s  Progress.  A series  of 
famous  dramatic  and  satirical 
pictures  by  William  Hogarth 
(1697-1784). 

“ It  would  be  suppressing  the 
merits  of  his  heart  to  consider  him  only 
a promoter  of  laughter.  . . . Mirth 
colored  his  pictures,  but  benevolence 
designed  them.  He  smiled  like  Socra- 
tes, that  men  might  not  be  offended  at 
his  lectures,  and  might  learn  to  laugh 
at  their  own  follies.”  Lord  Orford. 

Harpers’  Tomb,  The.  This  tomb 
of  Rameses  III.  at  Thebes,  Egypt, 
is  commonly  known  as  The  Harp- 
ers’ Tomb,  from  a picture  in  one 
of  the  chambers,  or  as  Bruce’s 
Tomb,  from  its  discoverer.  It 
contains  some  interesting  sculp- 
tures. 

“One  of  the  most  celebrated  is 
the  Harpers’  Tomb,  first  mentioned  by 
Bruce,  and  therefore  often  called  by 
his  name.  This  is  the  work  of  two  of 
the  Rameses;  and  a vast  work  it  is, — 
extending  405  feet  into  the  hill.” 

Miss  Martine.au. 

Harrow.  A famous  grammar- 
school  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, England.  The  school  was 
! founded  by  John  Lyon  in  1571- 


HAR 


223 


HAW 


Harry,  The  Great.  See  Great 
Harry. 

Hart,  White.  See  White  Hart. 

Hartford,  The.  The  flagship  of 
Admiral  Farragut  in  the  attack 
upon  the  defences  of  New  Or- 
leans, in  April,  1862,  and  subse- 
quently in  the  attack  upon  Mo- 
bile. 

/Kir*  “ On  the  evening  of  the  23d, 
Farragut  was  ready  for  his  perilous 
forward  movement.  The  mortar-ves- 
sels covered  the  advance  by  a terrible 
shower  of  shells.  Farragut  in  the 
forechains  of  the  Hartford  watched 
the  movements  with  intense  interest 
through  his  night-glass.  Just  at  the 
waning  moon,  when  he  was  a mile  from 
Fort  Jackson,  that  fortress  opened  a 
heavy  tire  upon  the  Hartford  with 
great  precision.  Very  soon  she  re- 
turned such  a tremendous  broadside 
of  grape  and  canister  that  the  garrison 
were  driven  from  their  barbette  guns. 
Before  the  fleet  had  fairly  passed  the 
forts,  the  Confederate  gunboats  and 
rams  took  part  in  the  conflict.  The 
scene  was  awful  and  grand.  The  noise 
of  20  mortars  and  26o  great  guns  afloat 
and  ashore  was  ter  rifle.  And  all  this 
noise  and  destructive  energy  — blazing 
fire-rafts;  floating  volcanoes,  belching 
out  fire  and  smoke  with  bolts  of  death; 
the  fierce  rams  pushing  here  and  there 
with  deadly  force,  and  the  thundering 
forts  — were  all  crowded  in  the  dark- 
ness, within  the  space  of  a narrow 
river.”  Lossing. 

Came  the  word  of  our  grand  old  chief,  — 

“ (lo  on  ! ” ’twas  all  he  said.  . 

Our  helm  was  put  to  the  starboard, 

And  the  Hartford  passed  ahead. 

H.  H.  Brownell 

Harvard  College.  The  oldest  and 
most  richly  endowed  institution 
of  learning  in  the  United  States, 
situated  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  It 
was  founded  in  1638,  and  named 
after  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who 
bequeathed  it  a legacy  of  £780. 
The  university  comprises  some 
28  buildings,  three  of  which  are 
in  Boston. 

Hassan,  Mosque  of  Sultan.  See 

Mosque  of  Sultan  Hassan. 

Hastings.  „ A picture  by  Joseph 
Mai  lord  William  Turner  (1775- 
1851),  the  celebrated  English 
painter. 

Hatfield  House.  A palace  in  the 
county  of  Hertford,  England, 


celebrated  as  being  the  place  of 
Elizabeth. Tudor’s  imprisonment 
previous  to  her  accession  to  the 
throne  of  England.  It  is  one  of 
the  noblest  old  places  in  the 
country.  The  hall  of  the  old  pal- 
ace remains;  and  an  old  oak  is 
still  standing  under  which  Eliza- 
beth was  sitting  when  the  news 
of  Queen  Mary’s  death  arrived, 
and  she  was  saluted  as  queen. 
The  river  Lea  runs  through  the 
park.  The  present  building  was 
erected  at  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  was 
partially  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1835.  Charles  I.  was  a prisoner 
here.  Hatfield  House  is  the  seat 
of  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  and 
is  extremely  interesting  for  its 
historical  documents,  pictures, 
and  other  valuable  relics.  The 
castle  has  been  restored  to  its 
original  magnificence.  It  is  with- 
in 20  miles  of  London. 

1643.  11  March.  I went  to  see  my  Lord 
of  Salisbury’s  palace  at  Hatfield , where 
the  most  c msiderabb  rarity  besi  ie  the 
house  was  the  garden  and  vineyard. 

John  Evelyn,  Diary, 

Hattin.  See  Horns  of  Hattin. 

Haussman,  Boulevart  de.  A 
splendid  avenue  in  Paris.  It  is 
one  of  the  mo  lern  boulevards  of 
the  city,  and  has  a number  of 
palatial  residences.  See  Boule- 
vards. 

Haute  Vieille  Tour.  A 'singular 
old  edifice  in  Rouen,  France,  sup- 
posed to  be  a part  of  the  ancient 
palace  in  which  King  John  mur- 
dered his  nephew  Prince  Arthur. 

Hawk’s  Nest.  See  Marshall’s 
Pillar. 

Hawthornden.  An  ancient  cottage 
on  the  banks  of  the  Esk  near  Dal- 
keith, where  the  poet  Drummond 
once  lived. 

J@@=*  “I  know  in  my  childhood  I 
often  used  to  wish  that  I could  live  in  n 
ruined  castle;  and  this  Hawthornden 
would  be  the  very  beau-ideal  of  one  as 
a romantic  dwelling-place.  It  is  an  old 
castellated  house,  perched  on  the  airy 
verge  of  a precipice,  directly  over  the 
beautiful  river  Esk,  looking  down  one 
of  the  most  romantic  glens  in  Scotland. 
The  house  itself,  with  its  quaint  high 
gables  and  gray  antique  walls,  appears 


HAY 


224 


HEI 


old  enough  to  take  you  back  to  the  times 
of  William  Wallace.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Who  knows  not  Melville's  beechy  grove, 
And  Koslin’s  rocky  glen, 

Dalkeith,  which  all  the  virtues  love. 

And  classic  Hawthomden  ? Scott. 

— here’s  the  hawthorn-broidered  nook. 
Where  Drummond,  nut  in  vain, 

Awaited  his  inspiring  muse, 

Arid  wooed  her  dulcet  strain. 

And  there's  the  oak,  beneath  whose  shade 
He  welcomed  tuneful  Ben  ; 

And  still  the  memory  of  their  words 
Is  nursed  in  Hawthomden. 

L.  II.  Sigourney. 

Haymarket,  The.  “ A very  spa- 
cious ami  public  street  [in  Lon- 
don], where  is  a great  market  for 
hay  and  straw”  (Hatton,  1708). 
Here  are  situated  the  “ Hay  mar- 
ket Theatre,”  and  “ Her  Majes- 
ty’s Theatre,”  or  the  “ Italian 
Opera  House.”  The  market  was 
not  finally  abolished  until  1830. 
Addison  wrote  his  poem  “The 
Campaign”  in  the  Haymarket 
where  he  then  lived. 

Haymarket  Theatre.  A celebrated 
playhouse  in  London  devoted  to 
the  regular  drama.  The  first 
building  was  opened  to  the  public 
in  1720,  and  was  called  the  New 
French  Theatre.  This  was  taken 
down,  and  the  present  theatre 
was  opened  July  14,  1821. 

Calculate  how  far  it  is  from  Sophocles 
and  vEsehylus  to  Knowles  and  Scribe; 
how  Homer  has  gradually  changed  into 
Sir  Harris  Nicolas;  or  what  roads  the  hu- 
man species  must  have  travelled  before  a 
Psalm  oi  David  could  become  an  Opera  at 
the  Haymarket.  Carlyle. 

Healing  of  the  Lame  Man.  See 
Petek  and  John  at  the  Beau- 
tiful Gate  of  the  Temple. 

Heart  of  Mid-Lothian.  See  Tol- 
BOOTH. 

Heart  of  the  Andes.  A picture 
by  Frederick  E.  Church  (b.  1826). 

“In  the  Heart  of  the  Andes, 
philosophically  as  well  as  poetically  so 
called,  the  characteristics  of  their  fertile 
belt  are,  as  it  were,  condensed;  it  is  at 
once  descriptive  and  dramatic;  all  the 
tints  of  tropical  atmosphere  and  all  the 
traits  of  tropical  vegetation  combine  ‘ to 
conform  the  show  of  things  to  the  de- 
sire of  the  mind,’  and  to  place  before 
it  the  spectacle  of  a phase  of  nature 
which  to  northern  vision  is  full  of  en- 
chantment.” Tuckerman. 


Hecla,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
ship  which  sailed  from  England 
under  Sir  James  Parry  in  1824. 

Hector,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Sept.  26,  1862. 

Heidelberg.  A picture  by  Joseph 
Mai  lord  William  Turner  (1775™ 
1851),  the  celebrated  English  paint- 
er. 

Heidelberg  Castle.  An  imposing 
ruin  on  a height  adjacent  to  the 
city  of  Heidelberg,  Germany.  It 
was  both  a palace  (of  the  Elec- 
tor’s Palatine)  and  a fortress.  In 
the  last  century  it  had  been  re- 
stored to  something  like  its  for- 
mer splendor;  but,  having  been 
struck  by  lightning  in  176a  and 
burned,  it  has  never  been  rebuilt. 
The  fortress  was  built  in  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

JKg"  “ Some  idea  of  the  strength  of 
the  castle  may  be  obtained  when  1 state 
that  the  walls  of  this  tower  [one  of  the 
round  towers]  are  twenty-two  feet 
thick.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

j&ip  “ Heidelberg  Castle  is  of  vast 
extent  and  various  architecture;  parts 
of  it,  a guide-book  says,  were  designed 
by  Michael  Angelo.  Over  one  door 
was  a Hebrew  inscription.  Marshalled 
in  niches  in  the  wall  stood  statues  of 
electors  and  knights  in  armor,  — silent, 
lonely.  The  effect  was  quite  different 
from  the  old  Gothic  ruins  I had  seen. 
This  spoke  of  courts,  of  princes;  and 
the  pride  and  grandeur  of  the  past  con- 
trasted with  the  silence  and  desertion, 
reminded  me  of  the  fable  of  the  city  of 
enchantment,  where  king  and  court 
were  smitten  to  stone  as  they  stood.” 

C.  Beecher. 

Heidelberg  Tun.  See  Tun  of 
Heidelberg. 

Heidenmauer.  [Pagan’s  Wall.] 
An  old  Roman  relic,  on  a height 
near  the  town  of  Diirkheim,  in 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  consisting  of  a 
rampart,  said  to  have  been  built 
as  a defence  against  the  barbari- 
ans, and  enclosing  a space  some 
two  miles  in  circuit.  Attila  the 
Hun  is  said  to  have  wintered 
here  ; and  James  Fenimore 
Cooper,  the  novelist,  has  taken 
from  it  the  title  of  one  of  his 
stories,  the  scene  of  which  he 
lays  in  the  Vosges  mountains  in 
the  Middle  Ages. 


HEI 


225 


hex 


Heights  of  Abraham.  See  Abra- 
ham. 

Helena’s  Tomb.  A remarkable 
catacomb  at  Jerusalem.  It  is 
alluded  to  by  Josephus,  and  by 
Pausanias,  the  Greek  historian ; 
and  by  the  latter  it  is  coupled 
with  the  tomb  of  Mausolus  in 
Caria  as  deserving  of  special  ad- 
miration. The  locality  is  thought 
to  be  identified  beyond  doubt, 
and  some  curious  features  of  the 
mechanism  of  the  tomb  corre- 
spond closely  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  Pausanias.  [Called  also 
Tomb  oj  the  Kings.] 

Helen’s,  St.  See  St.  Helen’s. 

Heliodorus.  See  Expulsion  of 
Heliodorus  and  Stanze  of  Ra- 
phael. 

Heliopolis,  Obelisk  of.  See  Obe- 
lisk of  Heliopolis. 

Hell.  See  Inferno. 

Hell  Gate.  A part  of  the  East 
River,  about  a mile  from  Central 
Park,  New  York,  which  formerly 
abounded  in  rocks  very  danger- 
ous to  navigation;  but  these  have 
for  the  most  part  been  removed. 

46iC  “ It  is  certain,  however,  that  to 
the  accounts  of  Oloffe  and  his  followers 
may  be  traced  the  various  traditions 
handed  down  of  this  marvellous  strait: 
as  how  the  devil  has  been  seen  there, 
sitting  astride  of  the  Hog’s  Back  and 
playing  on  the  fiddle;  how  he  broils 
fish  there  before  a storm ; and  many 
other  stories  in  which  we  must  be 
cautious  of  putting  too  much  faith.  In 
consequence  of  all  these  terrific  cir- 
cumstances, the  Pavonian  commander 
gave  this  pass  the  name  of  Ildle-gat , 
or,  as  it  has  been  interpreted,  Hell- 
Gate;  which  it  continues  to  bear  at  the 
present  day.”  Irving's  Knickerbocker. 

Hurl-Gate  is  at  least  as  terrible  as  this 
fabled  monster  [Chary  bdis].  T.  Chase. 

Hemicycle,  The.  A picture  by 
Paul  Delaroche  (1797-1856).  “ It 

contains  75  life-size  figures,  and 
employed  him  three  years.  It 
represents  the  arts  of  different 
countries  and  times  by  groups  of 
portraits  of  the  artists  of  those 
times  and  nations.”  In  the  the- 
atre of  L’Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts 
at  Paris. 


Henham  Oak.  A noted  tree  in 
Suffolk  County,  England,  of  great- 
age  and  size.  It  is  still  standing, 
though  shorn  of  much  of  its 
beauty. 

“The  oak  was  a noted  resort 
for  select  Jacobite  meetings  of  a con- 
vivial nature,  when  Sir  Robert  Rous 
and  two  or  three  stanch  adherents  of 
the  exiled  house  of  Stuart  were  accus- 
tomed to  drink  deep  healths  ‘ to  the 
king,  over  the  water,’  on  bended 
knees.”  Agnes  Strickland. 

Henrietta,  The.  A noted  yacht 
which  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  14 
days,  4 hours,  reaching  Cowes, 
England,  Dec.  25,  1866,  and  win- 
ning a prize  of  $90,000  for  supe- 
rior speed. 

Henry-Grace-a-Dieu.  A noted 
man-of-war  belonging  to  the 
British  navy,  built  by  Henrv 
VIII  in  1515. 

Henry  VII. ’s  Chapel.  A chapel 
in  Westminster  Abbe3T,  London, 
richly  ornamened  with  panelling, 
its  entrance-gates  overlaid  with 
brass,  gilt,  wrought  into  various 
devices,  and  containing  many 
monuments  and  tombs  of  royal 
and  distinguished  persons. 

JSSr  “ The  Chapel  of  Henry  VII.  is 
indeed  well  called  by  his  name,  for  it 
breathes  of  himself  through  every  part. 
It  is  the  most  signal  example  of  the 
contrast  between  his  closeness  in  life 
and  his  magnificence  in  the  structures 
lie  hath  left  to  posterity,  — King’s  Col- 
lege Chapel,  the  Savoy,  Westminster.” 
Dean  Stanley. 

“The  Chapel  of  Henry  VII.  is 
one  of  the  most  elaborate  specimens  of 
Gothic  workmanship  in  the  world.  If 
the  first  idea  of  the  Gothic  arch  sprung 
from  observing  the  forms  of  trees,  this 
chapel  must  resemble  the  first  concep- 
tions of  that  order;  for  the  fluted  col- 
umns rise  up  like  tall  trees,  branching 
out  at  the  top  into  spreading  capitals 
covered  with  leaves  and  supporting 
arches  of  the  ceiling  resembling  a leafy 
roof.”  Bayard  Taylor 

4£gr  “The  very  walls  are  wroughr 
into  universal  ornament,  incrusted  with 
tracery,  and  scooped  into  niches 
crowded  with  statues  of  saints  and 
martyrs.”  Washington  Irving. 

I may  mention  the  frieze  of  angels  m 
Henry  the  Seventh's  Chapel,  merely  as  an 
example  at  hand,  and  which  can  lie  re- 
ferred to  at  any  moment  Mis  Jameson 


HEP 


226 


HER 


In  the  Chapel  of  Henry  the  Seventh , 

Where  the  sculptured  ceilings  rare 
Show  the  conquered  stone-work,  hanging 
Like  cobweb-films  in  air, 

There  are  held  two  shrines  in  keeping. 
Whose  memories  closely  press,— 

The  tomb  of  the  Rose  of  Scotland, 

And  that  of  stout  Queen  Bess. 

Henry  Morford. 

The  gentle  queen  [Mary  II.]  sleeps 
among  her  illustrious  kindred  in  the  south- 
ern isle  of  the  Chapel  of  Henry  the  Sev- 
enth. Macaulay 

Heptastadium.  The  grand  cause- 
way which  connected  the  island 
of  Pharos  with  Alexandria,  in 
Egypt.  It  was  so  called  from  its 
length,  which  was  seven  stadia, 
or  about  three-fourths  of  a mile. 
It  now  forms  the  base  of  a por- 
tion of  the  modern  city;  but,  ow- 
ing to  the  ruins  of  ancient,  and 
the  encroachments  of  modern, 
buildings,  its  precise  position  can 
hardly  be  discerned. 

Heraclean  Tables.  Two  bronze 
plates  of  an  oblong  shape  discov- 
ered in  1832  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  cicy  of  Heracleia,  in  Ca- 
labria, Italy,  and  now  preserved 
in  the  Museum  at  Naples.  These 
plates  contain  interesting  inscrip- 
tions  in  Greek. 

Heralds’  College.  An  edifice  in 
Doctors’  Commons,  now  removed 
to  Queen  Victoria  Street,  Lon- 
don, erected  by  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  in  1683,  belonging  to  the 
institution  of  the  same  name 
which  was  incorporated  by  let- 
Ters-patent  of  Richard  III.  The 
college  consists  of  three  kings-at- 
arms,  namely,  “ Garter,”  “ Cla- 
reneieux,”  and  “ Norroy,”  and 
also  includes  six  heralds  and  four 
pursuivants. 

Few  things  illustrate  more  strikingly 
the  peculiar  character  of  the  English  Gov- 
ernment and  people  than  the  circumstance 
that  the  House  of  Commons,  a popular 
assembly,  should,  even  in  a moment  of 
joyous  enthusiasm,  have  adhered  to  an- 
cient forms  with  the  punctilious  accuracy 
> 1 a College  of  Heralds.  Macaulay 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  the  public 
right  on  this  important  point  of  blazonry 
than  the  whole  College  of  Heralds. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Hercules.  An  ancient  statue  in 
the  British  Museum,  London. 
It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the 
work  of  Lysippus,  the  Greek 
sculptor. 


Hercules.  A colossal  statue,  made 
of  copper,  in  the  grounds  of  the 
famous  palace  of  Wilhelmshohe, 
Germany.  “ Eight  persons  can 
stand  at  a time  in  the  hollow  of 
the  club,  and  out  of  a little  win- 
dow formed  in  it  enjoy  a prospect 
extending  nearly  as  far  as  the 
Brocken.”  See  Wilhelmshohe. 

Hercules  killing  Cacus.  A well- 
known  marble  group  by  Baccio 
Bandinelli  (1487-1559).  Near  the 
entrance  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Hercules.  See  Farnese  Hercu- 
les and  Torso. 

Hercules  and  Nessus.  A group 
of  statuary  by  Giovanni  da  Bo- 
logna, called  II  Fiammingo  ( 1530?- 
1608).  In  the  Loggia  de’  Lanzi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Hercules  and  the  Centaurs.  See 
Battle  of  Hercules  with  the 
Centaurs. 

Hercules,  Apotheosis  of.  See 
Apotheosis  of  Hercules. 

Hercules  attacking  the  Harpies. 
A painting  in  distemper  by  Al- 
bert Diirer  (1471-1528).  In  the 
collection  of  the  Landauer  Brii- 
derhaus,  at  Nuremberg,  Bava- 
ria. 

Hercules’  Pillars.  An  ancient 
tavern  which  was  situated  in 
Fleet  Street,  London. 

After  the  play  was  done  . we  all 
supped  at  Hercules  Pdlars ; and  there  I 
did  give  the  best  supper  I could,  and 
pretty  merry;  and  so  home  between 
eleven  and  twelve  at  irght  Pepys. 

Another  house  of  the  same  name 
was  at  Hyde-park  Corner,  London. 

Hercules  strangling  the  Serpents. 

See  Infant  Hercules. 

Hermae.  The  name  given  in  an- 
cient Athens,  as  a technical  term, 
to  any  four-cornered  posts  ter- 
minating in  a head  or  bust,  such 
as  were  very  common  in  the  pub- 
lic places  of  that  city.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Greek  'E p/urj?, 
Mercury. 

Hermannsdenkmal.  [Monument 
to  Hermann,  or  Axminius.]  A stat- 
ue of  colossal  size,  erected  in  the 


HER 


227 


HEK 


present  century  by  general  sub- 
scription throughout  Germany, 
on  the  Grotenberg,  the  highest 
peak  in  the  Teutoburger  Forest, 
Germany,  to  the  memory  of  the 
old  German  hero,  Hermann,  who 
defeated  the  Roman  army  under 
Varus,  as  it  is  supposed,  upon 
this  spot,  A.D.  9. 

Hermes.  See  Mercury. 

Hermin  Street.  An  old  Roman 
road  extending  from  Pevensey, 
England,  to  the  south-east  of 
Scotland.  It  derives  its  name 
from  one  of  the  Saxon  divinities. 

Hermitage,  The.  An  imperial 
palace  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
connected  with  the  Winter  Pal- 
ace by  covered  galleries,  and 
forming  a sort  of  continuation  of 
that  vast  building.  It  was  built 
by  the  Empress  Catherine  in  1804, 
as  a sort  of  Sans  Sonci,  and  a place 
of  escape  from  the  fatigue  of 
court-life.  The  principal  fa£ade 
of  the  palace  faces  the  Neva.  It 
contains  a renowned  gallery  of 
paintings,  embracing  some  of  the 
choicest  productions  of  the  vari- 
ous schools. 

4®=-  “ The  name  seems  to  have  been 
jestingly  or  ironically  given.  Who 
would  not  be  a hermit  in  this  immense 
pile,  whose  walls  are  of  marble,  blaz- 
ing with  gold,  whose  floors  are  of  the 
choicest  inlaid  woods,  and  whose  fur- 
niture is  of  the  rarest  and  most  costly 
workmanship  in  porphyry,  jasper,  la- 
pis-lazuli, and  malachite.  Such  splen- 
dor is  now  out  of  place  since  the  palace 
has  been  given  up  to  the  arts.  The 
vast  collection  of  pictures  accumulated 
by  the  Russian  emperors  is  here  dis- 
played, together  with  a gallery  of 
sculpture,  one  of  the  finest  assortments 
of  antique  gems  in  the  world,  a collec- 
tion of  Grecian  and  Etruscan  antiqui- 
ties, and  a library  of  rare  books  and 
manuscripts.  The  picture-gallery  is 
particularly  rich  in  the  works  of  Ru- 
bens, Vandyke,  Rembrandt,  Murillo, 
and  the  Dutch  school.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Hermitage,  The.  A picturesque 
garden  and  fashionable  resort  in 
Moscow,  Russia. 

4SP  “ It  lies  upon  the  side  of  a hill, 
at  the  foot  of  which  is  a little  lake  em- 
bowered in  trees.  Beyond  the  water 
rise  massive  zigzag  walls,  the  fortifica- 


tions of  a Tartar  city,  whose  peaked 
roofs  climb  an  opposite  hill,  and  stretch 
far  away  into  the  distance;  and  yet  the 
whole  thing  is  a scenic  illusion.  Three 
canvas  frames,  not  a hundred  yards  from 
your  eye,  contain  the  whole  of  it.  Thou- 
sands of  crimson  lamps  illuminate  tho 
embowered  walks,  and  on  tho  top  ot 
the  hill  is  a spacious  auditorium,  en- 
closed by  lamp-lit  arches.” 

Bayard  Taylor . 

Hermitage,  The.  A palace  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Baireuth,  Bava- 
ria, once  occupied  by  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Hermitage,  The.  A venerable 
retreat  at  Warkworth,  Northum- 
berland, England,  the  most  per- 
fect work  of  its  kind  in  the  king- 
dom. It  is  a romantic  solitude 
excavated  out  of  the  solid  rock. 

The  lonely  cavern,  like  a chapel  carved. 

Is  situate  amid  the  lonely  hills. 

The  scutcheon,  cross,  and  altar  hewn  in 
rock, 

And  by  the  altar  is  a cenotaph.  . . . 

Such  must  have  been  his  history,  who 
first 

Cut  this  sad  hermitage  within  the  rock. 
Some  spirit-broken  and  world-weary  man. 

Anonymous 

Hermitage,  The.  The  residence 
of  a hermit  of  the  seventh  cen- 
tury on  St.  Herbert’s  Island,  in 
Derwent-Water,  near  Keswick, 
England.  The  ruins  are  still  vis- 
ible. 

Stranger!  not  unmoved 
Wilt  thou  behold  this  shapeless  heap  of 
stones, 

The  desolate  ruins  of  St.  Herbert’s  cell. 

Wordsworth. 

Hermitage,  The.  An  interesting 
Border  mansion  in  Scotland,  near 
the  town  of  Castelton,  a strong- 
hold of  the  Douglas  family,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  1244,  and 
regarded  as  the  oldest  baronial 
edifice  in  Scotland. 

Hermitage,  The.  A mansion  near 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  the  home  for 
many  years  of  Andrew  Jackson, 
the  seventh  President  of  the 
United  States. 

Hermitage.  See  Sacro  Eremo 
and  San  Francesco. 

Herne’s  Oak.  A famous  tree  in 
Windsor  Park,  near  London,  im- 
mortalized by  Shakespeare. 


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228 


HIR 


There  is  an  old  tale  goes,  that  Herne  the 
hunter. 

Sometime  a keeper  here  in  Windsor  For- 
est. 

Doth  all  the  wintertime,  at  still  midnight. 
Walk  round  about  an  oak,  with  great 
ragg’d  horns ; 

And  there  he  blasts  the  tree,  and  takes  the 
cattle; 

And  makes  milch-kine  yield  blood,  and 
shakes  a chain 

In  a most  hideous  and  dreadful  manner. 

Shakespeare. 

And,  ’neath  Herne's  oak , for  Shakespeare's 
sight. 

Strewed  moss  and  grass  with  diamonds 
bright.  Lowell. 

Herod’s  Temple.  The  old  temple 
at  Jerusalem,  rebuilt  by  Herod 
the  Great  (b.  72  B.C.)  on  a mag- 
nificent scale  in  the  first  century 
before  Christ. 

J&S"  “ In  the  last  Temple  we  have  a 
perfect  illustration  of  the  mode  in 
which  the  architectural  enterprises  of 
that  country  [Judea]  were  carried  out. 
The  priests  restored  the  Temple  itself, 
not  venturing  to  alter  a single  one  of 
its  sacred  dimensions,  only  adding 
wings  to  the  faQade.  At  this  period, 
however,  Judea  was  under  the  sway  of 
the  Romans  and  under  the  influence  of 
their  ideas;  and  the  outer  courts  were 
added  with  a magnificence  of  which 
former  builders  had  no  conception,  but 
bore  strongly  the  impress  of  the  archi 
tectural  magnificence  of  the  Romans. 
An  area,  measuring  600  feet  each  way, 
was  enclosed  by  terraced  walls  of  the 
utmost  lithic  grandeur.  On  these  were 
erected  porticos  unsurpassed  by  any 
we  know  of.  One,  the  Stoa  Basilica, 
had  a section  equal  to  that  of  our  lar- 
gest cathedrals,  and  surpassed  them  all 
in  length;  and  within  this  colonnaded 
enclosure  were  10  gateways,  two  of 
which  were  of  surpassing  magnificence ; 
the  whole  making  up  a rich  and  varied 
pile  worthy  of  the  Roman  love  of  ar- 
chitectural display,  but  in  singular  con- 
trast with  the  modest  aspirations  of  a 
purely  Semitic  people.”  Fergusson. 

Herrenhausen.  A royal  palace  in 
Hanover,  Prussia,  once  a favorite 
residence  of  George  I.  and  George 
II.  of  England. 

Hertford  House.  A city  residence 
built  by  the  Marquis  of  Hertford, 
Piccadilly,  London,  now  occupied 
by  Sir  Richard  Wallace.  It  con- 
tains a picture-gallery. 

Hertha  See.  ["The  lake  of  Hertha, 
the  Scandinavian  goddess.]  A 
small  lake  in  the  island  of  Iliigen,  I 


in  the  Baltic,  held  in  veneration 
by  the  inhabitants  from  its  asso- 
ciations with  the  old  Norse  reli- 
gion and  mythology. 

Hever  Castle.  An  historical  man- 
sion and  private  fortress  in  Kent, 
England,  interesting  from  its  as- 
sociations with  Anne  Boleyn,  of 
whom  it  was  the  ancestral  abode. 

High  Bridge.  The  structure  which 
serves  to  carry  the  Croton  Aque- 
duct across  Harlem  River  at  New 
York  City.  It  is  built  of  granite, 
cost  $900,000,  and  is  1,450  feet 
long  and  114  feet  high,  with  14 
piers. 

High  Life.  See  Low  Life  and 
High  Life. 

High  Street.  The  main  avenue 
and  thoroughfare  of  the  Old 
Town  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
In  some  parts  of  its  course  it  is 
called  by  other  names.  See  Can- 

ONGATE. 

But  neither  the  ignominious  procession 
up  the  High  Street , nor  the  near  view  of 
death,  had  power  to  disturb  the  gentle  and 
majestic  patience  of  Argyle.  Macaulay. 

Highland  Music.  A picture  by 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1802-1873). 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Highland  Shepherd’s  Home.  A 
picture  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1802-1873),  the  most  celebrated 
modern  painter  of  animals. 

Hilda’s  Tower.  See  Torre  della 
SCIMIA. 

Hills  of  Rome.  See  Seven  Hills 
[of  Rome]. 

Hinnom.  A valley  near  Jerusa- 
lem, Palestine,  beginning  on  the 
west  side  of  the  city.  It  is  re- 
ferred to  in  the  Hebrew  and 
Christian  scriptures.  Its  present 
name  is  Wady  Jehennam. 

Hippicus.  See  Tower  of  David. 

Hippolitus.  See  Martyrdom  of 
St.  Hippolitus. 

Hiram’s  Tomb.  A remarkable 
and  quite  perfect  sepulchral 
monument  in  Northern  Pales- 
tine, not  far  from  ancient  Tyre, 
and  believed,  not  without  good 
reason,  to  be  the  mausoleum  of 
Hiram,  the  friend  and  ally  of 


HIS 


229 


HOL 


Solomon.  It  is  a colossal  sarco- 
phagus with  a cover,  and  rests 
upon  a massive  pedestal. 

History  of  Painting.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Peter  von  Cor- 
nelius (1787-18(16).  In  the  Pina- 
kotliek,  at  Munich,  Bavaria 

Hockley  in  the  Hole.  A region  in 
London,  of  ill-repute  a hundred 
years  ago,  but  which  has  now 
passed  out  of  existence.  It  is  al- 
luded to  by  Fielding  and  by  Gay. 

You  should  go  to  Hoc kley-m-the- Hole  to 
learn  valor.  Gay. 

Hogue,  La.  A British  frigate, 
which,  in  the  war  of  1812,  com- 
mitted great  havoc  on  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  and  in  Connecticut, 
destroying  many  vessels. 

Hohen-Rhoetien.  This  is  the  old- 
est castle  in  Switzerland,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  founded  587 
years  before  Christ. 

Hohenschwangau.  A famous  toy- 
castle  built  in  1809  by  the  King 
of  Bavaria  on  the  top  of  a high 
hill,  near  Fiissen,  in  Bavaria. 

Hohenstein.  A feudal  stronghold 
near  Schwalbach,  Nassau,  Ger- 
many. It  is  now  an  imposing 
ruin. 

Hohenzoliern.  A celebrated  cas- 
tle near  Hecliingen  in  Germany, 
the  “ cradle  of  the  royal  family 
of  Prussia.”  It  has  been  almost 
completed  rebuilt  in  this  cen- 
tury. 

Holborn.  A thoroughfare  m Lon- 
don of  varying  widths.  It  was 
anciently  called  Old-bourne,  from 
being  built  on  the  side  of  a 
brook,  or  bourne  (Old bourne  or 
Hilbourne),  which  emptied  into 
Fleet  Ditch.  By  this  road  crimi- 
nals were  formerly  conveyed 
from  Newgate  and  the  Tower  to 
the  gallows  at  St.  Giles’s  and  Ty- 
burn. Milton  lived  in  Holborn 
in  1617-49. 

As  clever  Tom  Clinch,  while  the  rabble 
was  bawling. 

Rode  stately  through  Holborn  to  die  of  his 
calling. 

He  stopped  at  the  George  for  a bottle  of 
sack. 

And  promised  to  pay  for  it  when  he  came 
back.  Swift. 


Methinks  I see  him  already  in  the  cart, 
sweeter  and  more  lovely  than  the  nose- 
gay in  his  hand  ! . . . What  volleys  of 
sighs  are  sent  from  the  windows  of  llol- 
born  that  so  comely  a youth  should  be 
brought  to  the  sack  ! 

Gay  ( Beggar's  Opera). 

An  old  counsellor  in  Holborn  used 
every  execution-day  to  turn  out  his  clerks 
with  th  s compliment  : Go,  ye  young 
rogues;  go  to  school  and  improve. 

Tom  Brown. 

My  Lord  of  Ely,  when  1 was  last  in  Hol- 
born. 

1 saw  good  strawberries  in  your  garden 
there. 

I do  beseech  you  send  for  some  of  them. 

Shakespeare. 

Holdernesse  House.  The  city 
residence  of  Earl  Vane  in  Lon- 
don. It  contains  a fine  sculpture- 
gallery,  in  which  are  several 
works  by  Canova  and  other 
great;  sculptors. 

Holkham  Half.  A splendid  pile  of 
buildings  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk, England,  situated  near  the 
sea-coast,  built  by  the  Earl  of 
Leicester  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  century.  It  contains  a rare 
and  celebrated  collection  of  pic- 
tures and  statues,  and  also  some 
ancient  and  valuable  manu- 
scripts. 

I-Ioiiand  House.  A picturesque 
Elizabethan  mansion  about  two 
miles  from  London.  It  was  built 
in  1607,  and  descended  to  Henry 
Rich,  first  Earl  of  Holland, 
whence  it  was  named  Holland 
House.  It  was  next  occupied  by 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  the  Parlia- 
mentary General.  Subsequently 
the  estate  passed  to  Addison  the 
essayist,  who  died  here.  About 
1762  it  was  sold  to  Henry  Fox, 
the  first  Lord  Holland  of  that 
name,  whose  second  son,  Charles 
James  Fox,  passed  his  early  years 
here,  and  whose  descendants  still 
hold  the  estate.  Holland  House 
for  nearly  two  centuries  and  a 
half  was  the  favorite  resort  of 
wits  and  beauties,  of  painters 
and  poets,  of  scholars,  philoso- 
phers, and  statesmen.  It  can 
boast,  says  Macaulay,  of  a greater 
number  of  inmates  distinguished 
in  political  and  literary  history 
than  any  other  private  dwelling 
in  England. 


HOL 


230 


HOL 


“ Two  circles  of  rare  social  en- 
joyment— differing  as  widely  as  pos- 
sible in  all  external  circumstances,  but 
each  superior  in  its  kind  to  all  others 
— may  without  offence  be  placed  side 
by  side  in  grateful  recollection:  they 
are  the  dinners  at  Holland  House,  and 
the  suppers  of  ‘ the  Lambs  ’ at  the 
Temple,  Great  Russell  Street,  and  Isl- 
ington.” T.  N.  Talfourd. 

“ In  what  language  shall  we 
speak  of  that  house,  once  celebrated 
for  its  rare  attractions  to  the  farthest 
ends  of  the  civilized  world.  . . . The 
wonderful  city  . . . may  soon  displace 
those  turrets  and  gardens  which  are 
associated  with  so  much  that  is  inter- 
esting and  noble,  with  the  courtly 
magnificence  of  Rich,  with  the  loves  of 
Ormond,  with  the  counsels  of  Crom- 
well, with  the  death  of  Addison.  . . . 
They  [the  last  survivors  of  Macaulay’s 
generation]  will  recollect  how  many 
men  who  have  guided  the  politics  of 
Europe,  who  have  moved  great  assem- 
blies by  reason  and  eloquence,  who 
have  put  life  into  bronze  and  canvas, 
or  who  have  left  to  posterity  things 
so  written  as  it  shall  not  willingly  let 
them  die,  were  there  mixed  with  all 
that  was  loveliest  and  gayest  in  the  so- 
ciety of  the  most  splendid  of  capitals. 
These  will  remember  the  peculiar  char 
acter  which  belonged  to  that  circle,  in 
which  every  talent  and  accomplish- 
ment, every  art  and  science,  had  its 
place.  They  will  remember  how  the 
last  debate  was  discussed  in  one  corner, 
and  the  last  comedy  of  Scribe  in  an- 
other, while  Wilkie  gazed  with  mod- 
est admiration  on  Sir  Joshua’s  Baretti ; 
while  Mackintosh  turned  over  Thomas 
Aquinas  to  verify  a quotation;  while 
Talleyrand  related  his  conversations 
with  Barras  at  the  Luxembourg,  or  his 
ride  with  Lannes  over  the  field  of  Aus- 
terlitz.  They  will  remember,  above 
all,  the  grace,  arid  the  kindness,  far 
more  admirable  than  grace,  with  which 
the  princely  hospitality  of  that  ancient 
mansion  was  dispensed.”  Macaulay. 

Thou  hill,  whose  brow  the  antique  struc- 
tures grace. 

Reared  by  bold  chiefs  of  Warwick’s  noble 
race, 

How  sweet  were  once  thy  prospects  fresh 
and  fair, 

Thy  sloping  walks  and  unpolluted  air ! 
Ilow  sweet  the  glooms  beneath  thy  aged 
trees, 

Tliy  noontide  shadow  and  the  evening 
breeze ! Tickell. 

Blest  be  the  banquets  spread  at  Holland 
House , 

Where  Scotchmen  feed,  and  critics  may 
carouse!  Byron. 

Hollenthal.  [Valley  of  Hell.]  A 


name  given  to  several  glens  in 
North  and  South  Germany.  The 
most  celebrated  is  near  Glogg- 
nitz,  in  Austria,  being  a deep  and 
gloomy  ravine  surrounded  with 
scenery  of  the  wildest  character. 
There  is  another  near  Freiburg. 

Hollywood.  A cemetery  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  a place  of  much  nat- 
ural beauty,  and  containing  the 
monuments  of  many  persons  of 
note. 

Holof ernes.  See  Judith  and  Hol- 
of  ernes. 

Holy  and  Apostolical  Crown.  The 
ancient  crown  of  the  Hungarian 
kings.  It  is  surmounted  by  two 
ribs  of  gold,  which  belonged  to  a 
crown  presented  by  Pope  Sylves- 
ter II.  to  St.  Stephen  in  the  year 
1000,  and  believed  by  the  faithful 
to  have  been  made  by  angels.  It 
is  kept  in  the  royal  palace  at 
Buda,  Hungary. 

Holy  Coat  (of  Treves).  A famous 
relic  preserved  in  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  and  St  Helen  in  Treves, 
in  Germany,  devoutly  believed 
by  Catholics  to  be  the  coat  with- 
out seam  worn  by  the  Saviour. 
In  1844,  within  the  space  of  eight 
weeks,  over  one  million  pilgrims 
visited  this  church  to  behold  this 
relic.  It  is  mentioned  as  far  back 
as  1190. 

Holy  Cross.  An  imposing  Roman 
Catholic  church-edifice  in  Boston, 
Mass.  It  is  larger  than  very 
many  of  the  Old-World  cathe- 
drals, and  there  are  but  two  in 
America  (those  at  New  York  and 
Montreal)  which  can  be  compared 
with  it.  It  covers  more  than  an 
acre  of  ground,  and  is  to  have  two 
spires,  respectively  300  and  200 
feet  in  height.  Also  a Catholic 
college  of  this  name  in  Worcester, 
Mass. 

Holy  Cross.  See  Vision  of  the 
Holy  Cross. 

Holy-Cross  Abbey.  A noted  and 
picturesque  ruin  in  Tipperary 
County,  Ireland. 

/&§=*  “ As  a monastic  ruin,  the  abbey 
of  Holy  Cross  ranks  in  popular  esteem 
as  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  very  first, 
in  Ireland.”  Petrie. 


HOL 


231 


HOL 


Holy  Family,  The.  [Ital.  Sacra 
Famif/lia .]  A name  applied  to  a 
numerous  class  of  compositions 
by  the  great  mediaeval  painters  of 
Europe,  in  which  are  portrayed 
the  domestic  life  of  the  Virgin 
and  the  infancy  of  the  Saviour. 
Of  the  great  number  of  pictures 
winch  are  designated  by  this  title, 
apart  from  those  generally  called 
by  the  name  Madonna,  or  the 
French  equivalent  La  Vierc/e,  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  as 
among  the  more  celebrated  and 
familiar.  See  also  Madonna  and 
Virgin. 

4®=*  “It  is  towards  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  or  a little  later,  that 
we  first  meet  with  that  charming  domes 
tic  group  called  the  Holy  Family , after- 
wards so  popular,  so  widely  diffused, 
and  treated  with  such  an  infinite  vari- 
ety.” Mrs.  Jameson. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  Fra 
Bartolommeo  (1469-1517),  regard- 
ed as  a fine  specimen  of  this  ar- 
tist’s work. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  Rem- 
brandt van  Ryn  (1606-1669),  the 
Dutch  painter.  Now  in  the  Lou- 
vre, Paris.  There  is  another  upon 
the  same  subject  at  the  Hermi- 
tage in  St.  Petersburg. 

Holy  Family.  A celebrated 
painting  by  Michael  Angelo 
(1474-1564),  in  the  Tribune  of 
the  Uflizi,  Florence.  It  is  the 
only  finished  picture  by  his  hand 
- known  to  be  in  existence. 

4®"  “ The  composition  by  Michael 
Angelo,  styled  a ‘ Holy  Family,’  is, 
though  singular  in  treatment,  certainly 
devotional  in  character.  The  grand, 
mannered,  symmetrical  treatment  is 
very  remarkable  and  characteristic.. 
There  are  many  engravings  of  this  cele- 
brated composition.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4®"  “ The  picture  altogether  is  a 
work  which  we  study  with  admiration, 
rather  than  one  which  irresistibly  at- 
tracts and  fascinates  us.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by 
Michael  Angelo  Amerighi,  sur- 
named  Caravaggio  (1569-1609).  In 
the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  Pe- 
ter Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640).  In 
the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 


4®=*  “Mary,  seated  on  the  ground, 
holds  the  Child  with  a charming  mater- 
nal expression  a little  from  her,  gazing 
on  him  with  rapturous  earnestness, 
while  he  looks  up  with  responsive  ten- 
derness in  her  face.  . . . Wonderful  for 
the  intensely  natural  and  domestic  ex- 
pression and  the  beauty  of  execution.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  Pe- 
ter Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin  holding  the 
Infant,  who  is  adored  by  St.  John, 
with  Elizabeth  and  Joseph.  This 
picture  was  formerly  in  the  gal- 
lery of  Vienna,  afterwards  in  the 
collection  of  the  Marquis  of  Hert- 
ford, and  is  now  in  the  Bethnai- 
Green  Museum,  London. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  An- 
drea del  Sarto  (1488-1530).  In 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  There  is 
another  upon  the  same  subject  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London, 
and  a third  in  the  collection  of 
Lord  Lansdowne.  In  the  Pitti 
Gallery,  Florence,  Italy,  is  a pic- 
ture upon  the  same  subject  by 
this  artist,  and  another  still  is  in 
the  Pinakothek,  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by 
Giulio  Romano  (1492-1546),  the 
pupil  of  Raphael,  and  often  as- 
cribed to  that  master,  represent- 
ing the  Virgin  as  preparing  to 
wash  the  child,  who  is  standing 
in  a vase,  while  the  little  St.  John 
is  pouring  in  the  water.  In  the 
Dresden  Gallery. 

Holy  Family.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Bernardino  Pinturicchio 
(1454-1513).  In  the  Academy  at 
Siena. 

4®"  “Mary  and  Joseph  are  seated 
together;  near  them  are  some  loaves 
and  a small  cask  of  wine.  More  in 
front  the  two  children,  Jesus  and  St. 
John,  are  walking  arm  in  arm.  Jesus 
holds  a book,  and  John  a pitcher,  as  if 
they  were  going  to  a well.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Holy  Family.  A picture  by  An- 
thony van  Dyck  (1599-1641).  In 
the  Pinakothek  at  Munich,  Ba- 
varia. 

Holy  Family.  A noted  picture 
by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1519), 
“in  which  St.  Anna  is  seated  on 
a sort  of  chair;  and  the  Virgin  on 


HOL 


232 


hot 


her  knees  bends  down  toward  the 
infant  Christ,  who  is  sporting 
with  a lamb.”  Tn  the  gallery  of 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Holy  Family.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520).  " See  Bridgewater  Ma- 
donna. 

Holy  Family  under  the  Oak.  A 
picture  executed  chiefly  by  Giulio 
Romano  (1492-1546),  but  in  parts, 
it  is  supposed,  by  Raphael,  and 
deriving  its  name  from  the  oak 
under  which  the  figures  are  stand- 
ing. It  is  in  the  Museum  at  Ma- 
drid. There  is  a copy  in  the  Pitti 
Palace,  Florence,  which  is  known 
as  the  Madonna  della  Lucertola , 
q.v. 

Holy  Family  icith  the  Palm-tree. 
A circular  picture  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  representing 
the  Virgin  seated  under  a palm, 
holding  the  Child  in  her  lap; 
while  Joseph,  kneeling,  presents 
flowers  to  him.  This  picture  was 
formerly  in  the  Orleans  collec- 
tion, but  is  now'  in  the  collection 
of  the  Earl  of  Ellesmere,  Lon- 
don. 

“ The  following  anecdote  of  this 
picture  was  related  to  the  Marquis  of 
Stafford  by  the  Duke  of  Orleans  when 
on  a visit  to  England.  It  happened 
once  . . . that  this  picture  fell  to  the 
portion  of  two  old  maids.  Both  having 
an  equal  right,  and  neither  choosing  to 
yield,  they  compromised  the  matter  by 
cutting  it  in  two.  In  this  state  the 
two  halves  were  sold  to  one  purchaser, 
who  tacked  them  together  as  well  as 
he  could,  and  sent  them  further  into 
the  world.  The  transfer  from  canvas 
to  wood  has  obliterated  every  trace  by 
which  the  truth  of  this  tale  might  be 
corroborated.”  Passavant. 

Holy  Ghost,  Descent  of  the.  See 
Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 

Holy  Grotto.  A sacred  shrine  in 
the  Latin  Convent  of  Nazareth, 
in  Northern  Palestine,  believed 
to  be  the  spot  in  which  the  an- 
nunciation by  the  angel  to  the 
Virgin  Mary  took  place.  Over 
the  vestibule  in  front  of  this 
grotto  once  stood,  according  to 
the  Catholic  legends,  the  famous 
house  in  which  Mary  was  born, 
and  which  was  afterwards  mirac- 


ulously transported  to  Loreto  in 
Italy.  See  Santa  Casa. 

Holy  Island  Castle.  A fortress 
upon  the  so-called  Holy  Island, 
on  the  coast  of  Northumberland, 
England,  the  scene  of  much 
legendary  and  poetical  narrative. 

Holy  Mountain.  See  Mount 
Athos. 


“ In  the  Temple,  the  only  light 
that  could  penetrate  to  the  Holy  of 
Holies  was  from  the  front;  and  though 
the  holy  place  was  partially  lighted 
from  the  sides,  its  principal  source  of 
light  must  have  been  through  the  east- 
ern facade.”  Fergus  son. 

The  spirit  of  Mammon  has  a wide  em- 
pire; but  it  cannot,  and  must  not,  be 
worshipped  in  the  Holy  of  Holies. 

Carlyle . 

Holy  Oil.  [Mir.]  The  oil  of  bap- 
tism with  which  all  Russian  chil- 
dren throughout  the  whole  extent 
of  the  empire  are  anointed.  It 
is  preserved  in  33  jars  of  massive 
silver  in  the  Kremlin,  Moscow; 
and  it  is  said  that  about  two  gal- 
lons a year  are  necessary  to  sup- 
ply Russia. 

Holy  Pillar.  See  Capella  della 
Colonna  Santa. 

Holy  Sepulchre.  This  church  of 
Jerusalem  purports  to  be  built, 
as  the  name  indicates,  over  the 
garden-tomb  of  Jesus.  It  is 
showy  and  gorgeous,  and  con- 
tains chapels  for  Latins,  Greeks, 
and  Armenians.  The  visitor  is 
shown  the  tomb,  the  place  of  the 
cross,  the  pillar  of  scourging,  and 
various  other  sacred  places,  whose 
genuineness  is,  however,  more 
than  questionable.  The  church 
is  a Byzantine  edifice,  and  was 
erected  by  the  Empress  Helena, 
mother  of  Constantine  the  Great. 
The  Holy  Sepulchre  stands  in  the 
centre  of  the  rotunda  of  the 
church. 

Holy  Staircase.  See  Santa  Scala. 


Holy  of  Holies.  The  name  given 
to  the  innermost  apartment  in 
the  Temple  at  Jerusalem,  which 
was  held  peculiarly  sacred,  and 
into  which  the  high  priest  only 
was  allowed  to  enter  once  a year. 
See  Sancta  Sanctorum. 


HOT, 


233 


HOR 


Holy  Stone.  A famous  stone  pre- 
served at  Ardmore,  in  the  county 
of  Waterford,  Ireland,  sacred  to 
St.  Patrick,  and  believed  to  have 
floated  over  the  ocean  from  Rome 
with  the  vestments  of  the  saint, 
a bell  for  his  tower,  and  a lighted 
candle  for  the  celebration  of  mass. 

The  people  crowd  to  the  Holy 
Stone,  and,  having  gone  on  their  bare 
knees  several  times  round  it,  creep  un- 
der it,  lying  flat.  The  painful  contor- 
tions of  some  of  these  poor  people  it  is 
distressing  to  witness,  as  they  force 
themselves  through  the  narrow  pas- 
sage. It  is  only  at  low  water  that  this 
part  of  the  ceremony  can  be  performed. 
The  stone,  which  weighs  perhaps  four 
or  five  tons,  rests  upon  two  small  rocks, 
leaving  a passage  under  it.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Holy  Synod,  House  of  the.  A 
celebrated  structure  in  the  Krem- 
lin, Moscow,  Russia.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  council-hall  of 
the  Holy  Synod,  which  is  in  the 
building.  It  contains  the  robes 
worn  by  the  Russian  patriarchs 
during  the  last  600  years,  as  well 
as  the  silver  jars  containing  the 
holy  oil  of  baptism  used  through- 
out the  whole  empire. 

Holyrood  Abbey,  [i.  e.,  Abbey  of 
the  Holy  Rood  or  Cross.]  A ru- 
ined monastery  in  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  the  foundation  of  which 
dates  from  the  twelfth  century. 
At  the  time  of  the  Reformation 
the  church  was  plundered  and 
burned.  Attempts  were  made 

* to  restore  it  in  the  last  century, 
but  the  undertaking  was  relin- 
quished. 

Holyrood  Palace.  An  ancient  and 
famous  royal  palace  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  It  stands  on 
the  summit  of  a huge  rock,  443 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  built  in 
the  shape  of  a quadrangle,  with  a 
court  in  the  centre.  The  palace 
was  begun  in  the  reign  of  James 
IV.,  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
soldiers  of  Cromwell  in  1650,  and 
was  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  The  apartments  occupied  by 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  are  pre- 
served almost  in  tlieir'  original 
condition.  The  palace  has  in 
recent  times  been  very  seldom 
used  as  a place  of  residence. 


J8ST*  “ Dark  old  Holyrood,  where 
the  memory  of  lovely  Mary  lingers 
like  a stray  beam  in  her  cold  halls,  and 
the  fair,  boyish  face  of  Rizzio  looks 
down  from  the  canvas  on  the  armor 
of  his  murderer.”  Bayard  Taylor . 

The  truth  of  the  record  has  been  called 
in  question,  but  I regarded  it  with  the 
same  determined  faith  with  which  1 con- 
templated the  stains  of  Ilizzio’s  blood  on 
the  floor  of  the  palace  of  Holyrood. 

Irving. 

Old  Holyrood  rung  merrily 
That  night  with  wassail,  mirth,  and  glee: 
King  James,  within  her  princely  bower, 
Feasted  the  chief  of  Scotland’s  power 

Scott. 

Or  should  some  cankered  biting  shower 
The  day  at  d a*  her  sweets  deflower. 

To  Holyrood- house  let  me  stray, 

And  gie  to  musing  a’  the  day. 

Robert  Fergusson. 

Homer  and  the  Greeks.  A pic- 
ture by  Wilhelm  Kaulbach  (b. 
1805),  the  eminent  German  paint- 
er. 

Honors,  Rue  St.  See  St.  Honore. 

Hope,  The.  One  of  the  principal 
theatres  in  London  in  Shake- 
speare’s time. 

Scenery,  dresses,  and  decorations  such 
as  would  now  be  thought  mean  and  ab- 
surd, but  such  as  would  have  been  es- 
teemed incredibly  magnificent  by  those 
who,  early  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
sate  on  the  filthy  benches  of  the  Hope , or 
under  the  thatched  roof  of  the  Rose, 
dazzled  the  eyes  of  the  multitude 

Macaulay. 

Hope  House.  A modern  mansion 
in  London,  built  in  1849,  and 
noted  for  its  rich  and  elaborate 
ornamentation,  and  collections  of 
art. 

Hope,  Mount.  See  Mount  Hope. 

Hore  Abbey.  An  interesting  and 
well-preserved  ruined  monastery 
in  Tipperary  County,  Ireland. 

Hornberg.  A castle  on  the  Neckar 
in  Germany,  once  the  fortress  of 
Goetz  of  the  Iron  Hand  His 
armor  is  kept  here,  and  the  castle 
was  inhabited  nearly  to  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  century. 

Hornet,  The.  An  American  war- 
ship, which,  under  Capt.  James 
Lawrence,  captured,  in  January, 
1813,  the  British  ship  Peacock. 

Horns  of  Hattin.  A singularly 
shaped  hill  in  Northern  Palestine, 
not  far  from  Nazareth.  Accord- 


HOR 


234 


HOS 


ing  to  the  tradition  of  the  Latin 
Church,  thi^  is  the  Hill  of  the 
Beatitudes  from  which  the  “ Ser- 
mon on  the  Mount”  was  de- 
livered. According  to  the  tradi- 
tion of  the  Greek  Church,  it  is 
the  scene  of  the  miracle  of  the 
multiplication  of  the  loaves  and 
the  fishes  (Matt.  xiv.  15  et  seq.). 
In  the  neighborhood  of  this  hill 
took  place  the  great  battle  in 
which  Salad  in  overthrew  the 
Christian  power  in  Syria. 

Horologe  of  Petrus  Lombardus. 
[Ital.  Torre  del  Oroloc/io.]  A cele- 
brated clock-tower  in  Venice, 
Italy,  erected  1466.  It  has  a blue- 
and-gold  dial,  and  is  surmounted 
by  two  Moorish  figures  in  bronze, 
which,  swinging  round,  strike  the 
hours  upon  a bell  with  a hammer. 

4®=*  “Over  this  Porch  stands  that 
admirable  Clock  celebrated  next  to  that 
of  Strasburg  for  its  many  movements; 
amongst  which,  about  12  and  6,  which 
are  their  hours  of  Ave  Maria,  when  all 
the  towne  are  on  their  knees,  come 
forth  the  three  kings  led  by  a starr,  and, 
passing  by  the  image  of  Christ  in  his 
Mother’s  arms,  do  their  reverence,  and 
enter  into  the  clock  by  another  door. 
At  the  top  of  this  turret  another  auto- 
maton strikes  the  quarters.  An  honest 
merchant  told  me,  that  one  day,  walking 
in  the  Piazza,  he  saw  the  fellow  who 
kept  the  Clock  struck  with  this  ham- 
mer so  forceably  as  he  was  stooping  his 
head  neere  the  bell  to  mend  something 
amisse  at  the  minute  of  striking,  that, 
being  stunn’d,  he  reel’d  over  the  battle- 
ments and  broke  his  neck.” 

John  Evelyn , 1645. 

Horse  Armory.  A celebrated 
collection  of  equestrian  figures 
clothed  in  the  armor  of  various 
reigns  from  the  time  of  Edward 
I.  to  James  II.,  contained  in  a 
gallery  of  the  Tower  of  London. 

Horse-fair,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  Rosa  Bonheur  (b.  1822). 

Horse  Guards.  A building  used 
for  military  purposes  in  London, 
and  comprising  the  offices  of  the 
sec retary-at- war,  the  co mm ander- 
in-cliief,  the  adjutant-general,  and 
quartermaster-general.  In  the 
rear  is  a parade-ground  for  the 
inspection  of  troops.  In  two 
stone  alcoves,  banking  the  gates, 


is  stationed  a guard  of  two 
mounted  cavalry  soldiers  from 
ten  to  four  o’clock,  relieved  every 
two  hours.  Orders  concerning 
all  the  guards  are  given  out  by 
the  field-officer  on  duty.  The 
inarching  and  countermarching  of 
the  Guards,  who  are  considered 
the  finest  “Household  Troops” 
in  Europe,  make  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  sights  of  London. 

Let  no  man  despair  of  Govi  nmiuits 
who  looks  on  these  two  sentries  a*  the 
Horse-Guards , and  our  United  Servo  e 
Clubs ! Curly]  . 

Horse  of  Berkshire.  See  White 
House  of  Berkshire. 

Horse-Shoe  Bend.  A celebrated 
curve  on  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road, near  Kittanning  Point.  The 
curve  is  so  short  that  the  front  of 
the  train  may  be  seen  going  in  a 
direction  just  opposite  to  that  of 
the  rear  portion. 

Horse-Shoe  Fall.  This  fall  at  Ni- 
agara is  158  feet  in  height  and 
nearly  2,400  feet  in  width.  The 
river  is  divided  above  the  falls 
into  two  branches  by  Goat  Isl- 
and ; and  the  larger  volume  of 
water,  which  flows  on  the  Cana- 
da side,  forms  the  Horse- Shoe 
Fall.  [Called  also  the  Canadian 
Fall.] 

Horses,  Bronze.  See  Bronze 
Horses. 

Horticultural  Hall.  1.  A fine  edi- 
fice in  Boston,  Mass.,  of  composite 
architecture,  designed  for  floral 
exhibitions,  fairs,  and  other  pur- 
poses. 

2.  A building  on  Broad  Street, 
Philadelphia,  Penn.,  devoted  to 
exhibitions  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

Hospice  of  St.  Bernard.  A cele- 
brated stone  building,  serving 
both  as  a monastery  and  as  an 
inn  for  the  accommodation  of 
travellers,  at  the  summit  of  the 
St.  Bernard  Pass,  in  Switzerland. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  St.  Bernard  in  962, 
hence  the  name  of  both  Hospice 
and  Pass.  Everybody  has  heard 
of  the  St.  Bernard  dogs  which 
render  such  efficient  aid  to  travel- 
lers: their  number  has  now  be- 


HOS 


235 


HOT 


come  very  small.  This  is  the 
highest  winter  habitation  in  the 
Alps. 

Hospice  of  the  Grimsel.  A cele- 
brated inn,  once  a monastery, 
near  the  summit  of  the  Grimsel 
pass  in  Switzerland. 

Hospice  of  the  St.  Gothard.  A 
well-known  inn  near  the  summit 
of  the  St.  Gothard  pass  in  Swit- 
zerland. 

Hotel  Chmy.  This  beautiful  build- 
ing in  Paris  derives  its  name  from 
the  Abbe  of  Cluny,  who  bought 
an  ancient  palace  which  stood  on 
the  spot  now  occupied  by  the 
present  one.  This  was  built  in 
1490.  It  was  once  used  as  a thea- 
tre, afterwards  as  a convent,  and 
during  the  Revolution  Marat  held 
his  meetings  there.  Subsequent- 
ly it  became  a museum, and  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  govern- 
ment. It  contains  many  treasures 
of  art,  jnosaics,  reliefs,  stained 
glass  windows,  ivory  cabinets, 
vases,  and  paintings.  The  build- 
ing itself  is  much  admired  for  the 
grace  and  delicacy  of  its  sculp- 
tures. See  Palais  des  Thermes. 

Hotel  de  Pimodan.  A noted  man- 
sion in  Paris  of  the  time  of  Louis 
XIV. 

Hotel  de  Rambouillet.  A palace 
in  Paris  — the  residence  of  the 
Marquis  de  Rambouillet  — very 
famous  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  subsequently,  as  the 
centre  of  a literary  and  political 
coterie . According  to  Roederer, 
the  opening  of  the  salon  of  the 
Hotel  de  Rambouillet  took  place 
in  the  year  1(>00,  under  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.  The  marquis  was 
an  enemy  of  Sully;  and  his  house 
became  the  headquarters  of  the 
opposition  party,  where  the  bar- 
barism and  immoralities  of  the 
court  were  offset  by  purity  of  lan- 
guage and  of  manners.  The  most 
celebrated  wits  of  the  period,  and 
the  finest  ladies  of  the  realm, 
sought  admission  to  these  re'- 
anions.  Through  the  indifference 
to  literature  manifested  by  Louis 
XIII.  and  the  various  ministries 
which  succeeded  each  other  down 


to  the  time  of  Richelieu,  the  Ho- 
tel de  Rambouillet  soon  had  the 
exclusive  patronage  and  direction 
of  letters,  and  exerted  an  influ- 
ence which  was  for  a long  time 
without  a rival.  But  notwith- 
standing the  excellence  of  its  mo- 
tives, it  could  not  escape  the  law 
which  governs  all  literary  cote- 
ries. In  time  it  engendered  man- 
nerism and  affectation.  The  dis- 
cussions turned  upon  idle  and 
frivolous  questions,  upon  the 
merits  of  roundelays,  madrigals, 
enigmas,  and  acrostics.  The  wo- 
men who  frequented  the  Hotel 
de  Rambouillet  took  the  name  of 
Precieuses.  It  was  a title  of  honor 
and  a sort  of  diploma  of  talent 
and  purity;  but  when  pedantry 
and  affectation  had  begun  to 
draw  down  upon  them  the  shafts 
of  the  satirists,  it  lost  its  original 
meaning,  the  epithet  ridicules  was 
appended  to  it,  and  Moliere,  with 
his  pungent  irony,  gave  the  fatal 
blow  to  the  literary  fame  of  the 
celebrated  salon  by  holding  it 
up  to  public  laughter  in  his 
“ Precieuses  Ridicules  ” and  his 
“ Femmes  Savantes.”  The  name 
Hotel  de  Rambouillet  is  at  pres- 
ent only  a derisive  sobriquet. 

The  house  of  Mile,  do  L'Enclos  was  a 
branch  establishment  of  the  Hotel  de  Ram - 
bomllet.  J damn. 

The  great  comedienne  [Contat]  bad  her 
court  and  her  Hotel  Rambouillet 

Roger  de  Beauvoir. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  [City-Hall.]  A 
general  term  applied  in  France 
and  Belgium  to  the  buildings 
used  for  municipal  offices,  some 
of  which  are  among  the  finest  ex- 
isting specimens  of  architecture. 
See  infra. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  A large  and  beau- 
tiful building  in  Paris,  the  official 
residence  of  the  Prefect  of  the 
Seine.  It  contained  also  rooms 
for  the  public  festivals  of  the  city, 
the  sittings  of  the  council,  and 
meetings  of  learned  and  scien- 
tific societies.  It  was  adorned 
by  sculptures  which  were  chiefly 
from  the  hand  of  Jean  Goujon. 
The  building  had  many  interest- 
ing historical  associations;  the 


HOT 


236 


HOT 


insurrection  of  the  Maillotins,  in 
1358,  broke  out  here;  here  met  so- 
cieties of  the  Fronde;  here  Robe- 
spierre held  his  council;  and  here 
Louis  Philippe  was  presented  to 
the  French  nation  by  La  Fayette 
in  1830.  The  Hotel  de  Ville  was 
destroyed  by  the  leaders  of  the 
Commune  prior  to  the  entrance 
of  the  German  army,  May  28, 1871, 
and  has  not  been  rebuilt.  Among 
the  finer  examples  of  architec- 
ture bearing  this  name  may  be 
mentioned  the  town-halls  of  Brus- 
sels, Bruges,  Louvain,  Ypres,  etc. 

And  for  about  four  months  all  France, 
and  to  a groat  degree  a!  Europe,  rough- 
ridden  by  every  species  of  delirium,  ex- 
cept happily  the  murderous  for  most  part, 
was  a weltering  mob,  presided  over  by  M. 
de  Lamartine  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville. 

Carlyle. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  [Bruges.]  The 
municipal  building  of  Bruges, 
Belgium,  the  oldest  edifice  of  the 
kind  in  the  country,  having  been 
erected  in  1377. 

©£§=>  “It  is  a small  building,  being 
only  88  feet  in  front  by  65  in  depth,  and 
of  a singularly  pure  and  elegant  design. 
. . . The  belfry  is  one  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque towers  in  the  country.” 

Fergusson . 

Hotel  de  Ville.  [Brussels.]  A 
noble  Gothic  edifice,  the  munici- 
pal hall  of  Brussels,  Belgium.  In 
the  grand  hall  of  this  building 
the  abdication  of  Charles  V.  took 
place  in  1555.  It  is  considered 
the  finest  of  the  town-halls  of 
Belgium.  It  was  begun  in  1401, 
and  finished  in  1455.  It  has  a 
spire  of  open  stone-work  364  feet 
in  height. 

4®=*  “ The  spire  that  surmounts  its 
centre  is  unrivalled  for  beauty  of  out- 
line and  design  by  any  spire  in  Bel- 
gium, and  is  entitled  to  take  rank 
amongst  the  noblest  examples  of  its 
class  in  Europe.”  Fergusson. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  [Louvain.]  A 
splendid  edifice  in  Louvain,  Bel- 
gium, used  for  municipal  pur- 
poses, and  one  of  the  finest  Gothic 
buildings  in  the  world. 

“The  well  known  and  beauti- 
ful town-hall  at  Louvain  is  certainly 
the  most  elaborately  decorated  piece 
of  Gothic  architecture  in  existence. 
Though  perhaps  a little  overdone  in 


some  parts,  the  whole  is  so  consistent, 
and  the  outline  and  general  scheme  of 
decoration  so  good,  that  little  fault  can 
be  found  with  it.  In  design  it  follows 
very  closely  the  hall  at  Bruges,  but 
wants  the  tower  which  gives  such  dig- 
nity to  those  at  Brussels  and  at  Ypres.” 
Fergusson. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  [Ypres.]  A noted 
building  in  Ypres,  Belgium,  re- 
stored in  I860,  and  now  used  for 
municipal  purposes.  It  was  origi- 
nally called  the  Halle,  or  Cloth- 
Hall,  cloth  having  been  the  great 
staple  manufacture  of  Belgium 
during  the  Middle  Ages. 

©2r  “ The  cloth-hall  at  Ypres  is  by 
far  the  most  magnificent  and  beautiful 
of  these  [trade-halls],  as  also  the  earli- 
est. The  foundation-stone  was  laid  in 
1200  by  Baldwin  of  Constantinople,  but 
it  was  not  finished  till  104  years  after- 
wards. The  facade  is  440  feet  in  length, 
and  of  the  simplest  possible  design, 
being  perfectly  straight  and  unbroken 
from  end  to  end.  ...  Its  height  is  va- 
ried by  the  noble  belfry  which  rises 
from  its  centre,  and  by  a bo[d  and  beau- 
tiful pinnacle  at  each  end.  The  whole 
is  of  the  pure  architecture  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
majestic  edifices  of  its  class  to  be  seen 
anywhere.”  Fergusson. 

Hotel  de  Ville,  Place  de  1\  See 
Place  de  l’  Hotel  de  Ville. 

Hotel  des  Xnvalides.  See  Inva- 
lides. 

Hotel  des  Monnaies.  A handsome 
classical  edifice  near  the  Pont 
Neuf,  Paris,  built  in  1775.  The 
mint  of  Paris  is  the  principal  one 
in  France.  The  rate  at  which 
coins  can  be  struck  off  is  about 
1,500,000  per  day.  In  the  Mu- 
seum are  interesting  collections 
of  coins,  medals,  models,  etc. 
The  establishment  also  contains, 
besides  the  workshops  for  coin- 
ing, laboratories  for  assaying. 

Hotel  Dieu.  A magnificent  hos- 
pital in  Paris,  on  the  river  Seine. 
Its  wards  are  on  both  sides  of 
the  river.  It  was  established  as 
early  as  the  seventh  century,  and 
has  been  richly  endowed  by  va- 
rious kings,  nobles,  and  wealthy 
men.  All  the  arrangements  are 
on  the  most  liberal  scale.  This 
name  is  given  to  the  chief  liospb 
tal  of  many  places. 


HOT 


237 


HR  A 


Hotel  Lambert.  A handsome 
structure  on  the  lie  St.  Louis, 
Paris,  of  the  style  of  architecture 
under  Louis  XI Y.  Voltaire  lived 
here;  and  here,  in  1815,  Napoleon 
held  one  of  his  last  conferences. 

Hotel  St.  Aignan.  An  old  aristo- 
cratic hotel  of  Paris,  where  lived 
the  Due  d’  Avaux,  and  later  the 
Due  de  St.  Aignan.  The  gateway 
and  court,  with  Corinthian  pilas- 
ters, are  left. 

Hotel  St.  Paul.  A former  palace 
of  Paris,  built  by  Charles  V. 
about  1364.  Nothing  now  re- 
mains of  it. 

Hotoie,  La.  A fine  promenade  in 
the  city  of  Amiens,  France.  It 
covers  52  acres. 

Houghton  Hall.  A splendid  man- 
sion in  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
England,  formerly  the  residence 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  fa- 
mous for  the  rare  collection  of 
pictures  which  it  contained.  Most 
of  the  pictures  are  now  dispersed ; 
the  greater  part,  having  been  sold 
to  the  Empress  of  Russia,  are 
now  at  St.  Petersburg.  The  es- 
tate now  belongs  to  the  Marquis 
of  Cholmondeiey. 

Hougoumont.  A mansion  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Waterloo,  noted 
for  its  importance  in  connection 
with  the  battle  upon  that  field. 
[Written  also  Goumont.] 

Nor  wood,  nor  tree,  nor  bush,  are  there, 
Her  course  to  intercept  or  scare. 

Nor  fosse  nor  fence  are  found, 

Save  where,  from  out  her  shatter’d  bow- 
ers. 

Rise  Ilougoumont's  dismantled  towers. 

Scott. 

Hounsditchor  Houndsditch.  This 
is  the  centre  of  the  Jews’  quarter 
in  London,  so  called  from  the 
ancient  foss  around  the  city,  once 
a receptacle  for  dead  dogs. 

4®=*  “ From  Aldgate,  north-west  to 
Bishopsgate,  lieth  the  ditch  of  the  city, 
called  Houndsditeh ; for  that  in  old 

„ time,  when  the  same  lay  open,  much 
filth  (conveyed  from  the  city),  espe- 
cially dead  dogs,  were  there  laid  or 
cast.”  Stow. 

More  knavery  and  usury. 

And  foolery  and  tricktrv , than  bogsditch. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 


If  L please  Heaven,  we  shall  all  yet 
make  our  Exodus  from  Houndsditeh , and 
bid  the  sordid  continents,  of  once  rich  ap- 
parel now  grown  poisonous  Ou-clo\  a 
mud  farewell ! Carlyle. 

Hounslow  Heath.  A region  once 
open  and  infested  by  highway- 
men, but  now  enclosed,  adjacent 
to  Hounslow,  in  Middlesex  Coun- 
ty, England. 

4®"  “ The  waste  tracts  which  lay  on 
the  great  routes  near  London  were  es- 
pecially haunted  by  plunderers  of  this 
class.  Hounslow  Heath,  on  the  great 
Western  road,  and  Finchley  Common, 
on  the  great  Northern  road,  were  per- 
haps the  most  celebrated  of  these 
spots.”  Macaulay. 

House.  For  names  beginning  with 
House,  see  the  next  prominent 
word.  See  also  infra. 

House  of  Commons.  One  of 
the  houses  of  Parliament  in  the 
New  Palace  at  Westminster,  Lon- 
don. 

4®"*  “ The  principal  chamber  of  the 
manufactory  of  statute  law.” 

Quarterly  Review. 

House  of  Lords,  or  House  of 
Peers.  One  of  the  houses  of 
Parliament,  magnificently  and 
richly  fitted  up,  in  the  New  Pal- 
ace at  Westminster,  London. 

Houses  of  Parliament.  See  West- 
minster Palace. 

Howard.  See  Castle  Howard. 

Howe’s  Cave.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Schoharie  County,  N Y.  The 
cave  has  been  penetrated  a dis- 
tance of  eight  or  ten  miles,  and 
visitors  usually  go  as  far  as  three 
or  four  miles.  It  was  discovered 
in  1842,  and  is  thought  to  be  hard- 
ly surpassed  by  any  cavern  ex- 
cept the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Ken- 
tucky. [Sometimes  called  also 
the  Otsgaragee  Cavern.] 

Hoy,  Old  Man  of.  See  Old  Man 
of  Hoy. 

Hradschin,  The.  The  ancient  pal- 
ace of  the  Bohemian  kings,  in 
Prague,  Austria.  This  imposing 
pile  was  begun  in  1541,  but  not 
completed  till  200  years  later. 
There  are  said  to  be  440  ap»*t- 
ments  in  it.  It  commands  a nohJe 
view. 


HUG 


238 


HYD 


Aloft  on  tlie  mountain,  with  prospect 
over  city,  river,  and  wood-grown  isles,  his 
old  Hradschin  beaming  in  the  -un 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Huguenot,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  J.  E.  Millais  (b.  1829). 

j &§*  “ The  incident  of  the  ‘ Hugue- 
not’ picture  is  founded  on  the  order  of 
the  Due  de  Guise,  that  each  good 
Catholic  should,  on  the  eve  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, bind  a strip  of  white  linen 
round  his  arm,  as  a badge  to  be  known 
by.”  Sarah  Tytler. 

Huis  in ’t  Bosch.  [House  in  the 
Wood.]  A palace  in  a wooded 
park  in  the  environs  of  the 
Hague,  Holland. 

Human  Life.  See  Representa- 
tion of  Human  Life. 

Humane  Society.  See  Distin- 
guished Member  of  the  Hu- 
mane Society. 

Hume  Castle.  A picturesque 
ruined  castle  near  Kelso  in  Scot- 
land, once  the  residence  of  the 
Earls  of  Home. 

Humphrey’s  Walk.  See  Duke 
Humphrey’s  Walk. 

Hungerford  Market.  A well- 
known  London  market. 

He  [Charles  Dickens]  informed  me  as 
be  walked  through  it,  that  he  knew' 
H anger  io rd  market  well.  Payne  Collier. 

Hunnengraber.  [Graves  of  the 
Huns.]  Curious  sepulchral 
mounds  and  stone  monuments  in 
which  ashes  and  bones  have  been 
found,  in  the  island  of  Riigen  in 
the  Baltic. 

Hunnenschlacht.  See  Battle  of 
the  Huns. 

Hunted  Stag.  A picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1802  1873).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Huss  before  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance. A noted  and  elaborately 
finished  picture  by  Karl  Fried- 
rich Lessing  (b.  1808).  In  the 
Stiidel  Institute  at  Frankfort-on- 
th e-Main,  Germany. 

“ It  is  said  that  this  picture  has 
had  a great  effect  upon  Catholics  who 
have  seen  it,  in  softening  the  bigotry 


with  which  they  regarded  the  early  re- 
formers; and  if  so,  it  is  a triumphant 
proof  how  much  art  can  effect  in  the 
cause  of  truth  and  humanity.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

4®"  “ A most  glorious  picture  here. 
The  Trial  of  John  Huss  before  the 
Council  of  Constance,  by  Lessing.  . . . 
The  painter  has  arrayed  with  consum- 
mate ability  in  the  foreground  a repre- 
sentation of  the  religious  respectability 
of  the  age : Italian  cardinals  in  their 
scarlet  robes  . . . men  whom  it  were  no 
play  to  meet  in  an  argument,  — all  that 
expressed  the  stateliness  and  grandeur 
of  what  Huss  had  been  educated  to 
consider  the  true  church.  In  the  midst 
of  them  stands  Huss  in  a simple  dark 
robe : his  sharpened  features  tell  of 
prison  and  of  suffering.  He  is  defend- 
ing himself,  and  there  is  a trembling 
earnestness  in  the  manner  with  which 
his  hand  grasps  the  Bible.  With  a 
passionate  agony  he  seems  to  say,  Am 

I not  right?  Does  not  this  Word  say 
it?  and  is  it  not  the  word  of  God  ? ” 

Beecher . 

Hyde  Park.  A large  pleasure- 
ground  in  London,  extending 
from  Piccadilly  westward  to 
Kensington  Gardens.  It  is  the 
site  of  the  ancient  manor  of 
Hyde.  For  nearly  two  centuries 
it  has  been  the  scene  of  military 
reviews  and  spectacles.  Hyde 
Park  was  enclosed  about  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
It  was  opened  to  the  public  dur- 
ing the  time  of  Charles  I.  Re- 
form meetings  and  other  turbu- 
lent gatherings  have  frequently 
been  held  here,  which  have  been 
sometimes  attended  with  vio- 
lence. 

Jg6§=*  “In  this  Park,  in  the  London 
season,  from  May  to  August  (between 

II  and  1,  and  and  7),  may  be  seen 
all  the  wealth  and  fashion  and  splendid 
equipages  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of 
Great  Britain.  As  many  as  800  eques- 
trians, including  the  Knot  at  the  music, 
have  been  seen  assembled  at  Hyde 
Park  in  the  height  of  the  season.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

4®=*  “ Hyde  Park  . . . with  its  small 
rivulet,  its  wide  greensward,  its  sheep, 
its  shady  walks,  resembling  a pleasure- 
park  suddenly  transported  to  the  centre 
of  a capital.”  Taine , Trans. 

Now.  at  Hyde  Park , if  fair  it  be, 

A show  of  ladies  you  may  see. 

Poor  Robin's  Almanack  (May,  1698). 

At  fourscore  he  [the  Duke  of  Schom- 
berg]  retained  a strong  relish  for  innocent 


HYD 


239 


HYD 


pleasures:  he  conversed  with  great  cour- 
tesy and  sprightliness;  nothing  could  be 
in  better  taste  than  his  equipages  and  his 
tabh  ; and  every  cornet  of  cavalry  envied 
the  grace  and' dignity  with  which  the 
veteran  appeared  in  Hyde  Park  on  his 
charger  at  the  head  of  his  regiment. 

Macaulay . 

Sooner  shall  grass  in  IJyde-park  circus 
grow, 

And  wits  take  lodgings  m the  sound  of 
Bow  1 

Sooner  let  air,  earth,  sea,  to  chaos  fall. 
Men,  monkeys,  lap-dogs,  parrots,  perish 
all ! Pope 


2.  A public  pleasure-ground  in 
St  Louis,  Mo 

Hyder  Ali.  A vessel  belonging  to 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  which, 
in  1782,  captured  tlie  British  ship 
General  Monk,  in  Delaware  Bay, 
an  exploit  pronounced  by  Cooper 
“one  of  the  most  brilliant  ac- 
tions that  ever  occurred  under 
the  American  flag.”  See  Monk, 
The. 


IBB 


240 


IDL 


I. 


Iberian  Madonna.  The  name  giv- 
en to  a miraculous  picture  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child,  placed  in  a 
niche  lighted  with  silver  lamps, 
in  the  Kremlin  at  Moscow,  Rus- 
sia. The  picture  was  originally 
brought  from  Mt.  Athos. 

“ For  the  last  200  years,  the  pro- 
tectress of  the  Muscovites.  Her  aid  is 
invoked  by  high  and  low,  in  all  the  cir- 
cumstances of  life ; and  I doubt  whether 
any  other  shrine  in  the  world  is  the 
witness  of  such  general  and  so  much 
real  devotion.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Ice  Palace.  The  Empress  Anne 
of  Russia,  who  reigned  from  1730 
to  1740,  took  into  her  head  a 
“ most  magnificent  and  mighty 
freak.”  One  of  her  nobles,  Prince 
Galitzin,  having  changed  his  re- 
ligion, was  punished  by  being 
made  a court  page  and  buffoon. 
His  wife  being  dead,  the  empress 
required  him  to  marry  again, 
agreeing  to  defray  the  expense 
of  the  wedding  herself.  The 
prince,  true  to  his  new  charac- 
ter, selected  a girl  of  low  birth. 
This  was  in  the  winter  of  1739-40, 
which  was  one  of  extraordinary 
severity.  By  her  majesty’s  com- 
mand, a house  was  built  entirely 
of  ice.  It  consisted  of  two  rooms; 
and  all  the  furniture,  even  to  the ' 
bedstead,  was  made  of  the  same 
material.  Four  small  cannons 
and  two  mortars,  also  of  ice,  were 
placed  in  front  of  the  house,  and 
were  fired  several  times  without 
bursting,  small  wooden  grenades 
being  thrown  from  the  mortars. 
On  the  wedding-day  a procession 
was  formed,  composed  of  more 
than  300  persons  of  both  sexes, 
whom  the  empress  — desirous  of 
of  seeing  how  many  different 
kinds  of  inhabitants  there  were 
in  her  vast  dominions  — had 
caused  the  governors  of  the  vari- 
ous provinces  to  send  to  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, The  bride  and  bride- 
groom were  conspicuously  placed  ‘ 


in  a great  iron  cage  on  the  back 
of  an  elephant.  Of  the  guests 
(all  of  whom  were  dressed  in  the 
costume  of  their  respective  coun- 
tries), some  were  mounted  on 
camels;  others  were  in  sledges 
— a man  and  a woman  in  each  — 
drawn  by  beasts  of  all  descrip- 
tions, as  reindeer,  oxen,  goats, 
dogs,  hogs,  and  the  like.  After 
passing  before  the  imperial  pal- 
ace, and  marching  through  the 
principal  streets  of  the  city,  the 
motley  cavalcade  proceeded  to 
the  Duke  of  Courland’s  riding- 
house,  where  dinner  was  served 
to  each  after  the  manner  of  cook- 
ery in  his  own  country.  The 
feast  over,  there  was  a ball,  those 
from  each  nation  having  their 
own  music  and  their  own  style  of 
dancing.  AY  hen  the  ball  was 
ended,  the  newly-married  pair 
were  conducted  to  their  palace  of 
ice,  and  guards  were  stationed  at 
the  door  to  prevent  their  going 
out  until  morning.  The  building 
is  said  to  have  lasted  uninjured, 
in  that  cold  climate,  for  several 
months. 

No  forest  fell 

When  thou  wouldst  build,  no  quarry  sent 
its  stores 

To  enrich  th.v  walls;  but  thou  didst  hew 
the  floods. 

And  make  thy  marble  of  the  glassy  wave. 

Coivper. 

Icebergs,  The.  A noted  picture 
by  Frederic  Edwin  Church  (b. 
1826),  the  American  landscape 
painter. 

Idle  and  Industrious  Appren- 
tices. A series  of  pictures  by 
William  Flogarth  (1697-1764). 

“ What  a living  and  breathing 
gallery  of  old  English  life  we  have  in 
Hogarth’s  series  of  the  ‘ Idle  and  In- 
dustrious Apprentices,’  and  how  per- 
fect it  is  as  far  as  it  goes.  It  is  com- 
plete and  self-consistent,  from  the  first 
picture  where  the  ill-conditioned,  ill- 
looking  lad  sits  dozing,  neglecting  his 


IDL 


241 


IMM 


work,  with  the  evil  ballad  of  ‘ Moll 
Flanders’  hungup  on  his  loom;  while 
the  pleasant,  comely-faced  youth  is 
sedulously  minding  his  business,  with 
the  volume  of  the  ‘ Apprentices’  Guide  ’ 
lying  open  before  him,  through  each 
intervening  stage  of  the  rise  and  fall 
...  on  to  the  noble  pathos  of  the  last 
meeting  of  the  early  companions,  when 
the  justice  on  the  bench  hides  his  face 
after  pronouncing  condemnation  on  the 
felon  at  the  bar.”  Sarah  Tytler. 

Idle  Servant  Maid.  A picture  by 
Nicolas  Maas  (1632-1693),  the 
Dutch  genre- painter,  and  one  of 
his  principal  works.  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London. 

Idlewild.  An  estate  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  near  the  village  of 
Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  formerly  the 
home  of  N.  P.  Willis. 

Idolino,  L’.  [The  Little  Image.] 
An  ancient  statue.  Now  in  the 
Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

If.  A famous  castle,  used  as  a 
state  prison  in  part  for  political 
offenders,  situated  upon  a small 
island  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  Marseilles. 
The  name  is  said  to  signify  a yew- 
tree. 

Happily,  the  old  marquis  himself,  in 
periods  of  leisure,  or  forced  leisure,  where- 
of he  had  many,  drew  up  certain  “ unpub- 
lished memoirs  ” of  his  father  and  progen- 
itors; out  of  which  memoirs  young  Mira- 
beau,  also  in  forced  leisure  (still  more 
forced,  in  the  Castle  of  If !),  redacted  one 
memoir  of  a very  readable  sort:  by  the 
light  of  this  latter,  so  far  as  it  will  last, 
we  walk  wkh  convenience.  Carlyle. 

Igel  Saule.  [The  Igel-column.] 
A monumental  structure  of  Ro- 
man times  near  Treves,  in  Rhen- 
ish Prussia.  It  is  a sandstone 
obelisk,  70  feet  in  height,  with 
inscriptions  and  bas-reliefs.  It 
is  of  uncertain  date  and  origin. 

Ikenild  Street.  An  ancient  Ro- 
man road  in  Britain.  It  extend- 
ed from  the  coast  of  Norfolk  to 
the  south-west  of  Cornwall.  The 
name  is  of  uncertain  origin. 

Ildefonso  Group,  The.  A cele- 
brated marble  group  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Madrid,  Spain. 

4®=*  “ F.  Tieck,  the  sculptor  and 
brother  of  the  poet,  was  the  first  to 
suggest  that  we  have  here  Antinous, 
the  Genius  of  Hadrian,  and  Persephone. 


. . . Charles  Botticher  started  a new 
solution  of  the  principal  problem.  Ac- 
cording to  him  it  was  executed  in  the 
lifetime  of  Antinous,  and  it  represents 
...  a sacrilice  of  fidelity  on  the  part 
of  the  two  friends  Hadrian  and  Anti- 
nous, who  have  met  together  before 
Persephone  to  ratify  a vow  of  love  till 
death.  . . . After  all  is  said,  the  Ilde- 
fonso marble,  like  the  legend  of  Anti- 
nous, remains  a mystery.” 

J.  A.  Symonds. 

Ildefonso,  San.  See  Granja,  La. 

He  de  la  Cite.  [Island  of  the  City.] 
An  island,  in  Paris,  which,  pre- 
vious to  1608,  was  divided  into 
two  parts.  On  this  island,  which 
is  formed  by  two  arms  of  the 
Seine,  are  situated  Sainte  Clia- 
pelle,  Notre  Dame,  the  Palais  de 
Justice,  the  Prefecture  de  Police, 
the  Tribunal  de  Commerce,  the 
Morgue,  Caserne  de  Gendarm- 
erie, the  Hotel  Dieu.  Here  is 
the  legal  quarter  of  Paris,  — the 
civil,  criminal,  and  commercial 
law-courts.  Here  was  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  mediaeval  Paris. 

From  the  centre  of  the  Tont  Neuf  we 
could  see  lor  a long  distance  up  and  down 
the  river.  The  different  bridges  traced 
on  either  side  a dozen  starry  lines  through 
the  dark  air,  and  a continued  blaze  lighted 
the  two  shores  in  their  whole  length,  re- 
vealing the  outline  of  the  hied e la  Cite. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

He  de  Paix.  [Isle  of  Peace.]  A 
little  island  in  Lake  Geneva, 
commanding  a lovely  view.  It  is 
referred  to  by  Byron  in  the 
“ Prisoner  of  Chillon.” 

And  then  there  was  a little  isle, 

Which  in  my  very  lace  did  smile. 

The  only  one  in  view. 

He  St.  Louis.  An  island  in  the 
Seine  at  Paris,  France. 

Ilioneus.  An  admired  antique 
kneeling  figure  in  the  Glyptothek, 
or  gallery  of  sculptures,  at  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

4®"  “ The  head  and  arms  are  want- 
ing; but  the  supplicatory  expression  of 
the  attitude,  the  turn  of  the  body,  the 
bloom  of  adolescence,  which  seems  abso- 
lutely shed  over  the  cold  marble,  the 
unequalled  delicacy  and  elegance  of  the 
whole,  touched  me  deeply.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Immaculate  Conception  [of  the 
Virgin  Mary].  A picture  by  Giu- 


IMM 


242 


IND 


seppe  Ribera,  called  Lo  Spagno- 
letto  (1588-1656),  and  one  of  his 
chief  works.  In  the  gallery  of 
Madrid,  Spain. 

Immaculate  Conception.  See 
Great  Conception  of  Seville. 

Inarime.  A ruined  castle  at  Is- 
chia, once  occupied  by  Yittoria 
Colonna. 

High  o’er  the  sea-surge  and  the  sands, 
Like  a great  galleon  wrecked  and  cast 
Ashore  by  storms,  thy  castle  stands 
A mouldering  landmark  of  the  Past. 

Inarime  ! Inarime  ! 

rihy  castle  on  the  crags  above 
In  dust  shall  crumble  and  decay, 

But  not  the  memoiy  cf  her  love. 

Longfellow. 

Incendio  del  Eorgo.  [Burning  of 
the  Borgo.]  A celebrated  fresco 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
representing  the  fire  in  the  Borgo, 
or  suburb,  of  Rome,  which  was 
miraculously  extinguished  by  the 
Pope.  It  is  in  a chamber  of  the 
Vatican,  Rome,  called,  after  this 
picture,  the  Stanza  del  Incendio. 

Incendio  del  Borgo.  See  Stanze 
of  Raphael. 

Inclicape,  or  Bell  Rock.  The  cele- 
brated and  dangerous  sunken  reef 
known  as  the  Inch  Cape,  or  Bell 
Rock,  is  in  the  German  Ocean,  on 
the  northern  side  of  the  entrance 
of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  about 
twelve  miles  from  land.  An  abbot 
of  Aberbrothoek  (Arbroath)  is 
said  to  have  placed  a bell  here,  as 
a warning  to  sailors,  which  was 
cut  loose  by  a Dutch  rover,  who,  as 
a retribution  for  this  mischievous 
act,  was  subsequently  wrecked 
upon  the  very  same  rock.  This 
story,  which  is  an  old  tradition, 
is  told  by  Southey  in  his  well- 
known  ballad  of  “ The  Inclicape 
Rock.”  See  Bell  Rock  Light- 
house. 

4®=-  “ In  old  times  upon  the  saide 
rock  there  was  a bell  fixed  upon  a 
timber,  which  rang  continually,  being 
moved  by  the  sea,  giving  notice  to  say- 
lers  of  the  danger.  This  bell  was  put 
there  and  maintained  by  the  abbot  of 
Aberbrothoek;  but,  being  taken  down 
by  a sea-pirate,  a yeare  thereafter  he 
perished  upon  the  same  rocke,  with 
ship  and  goodes,in  the  righteous  judge- 
ment of  God.” 

^ toddart , Remarks  on  Scotland. 


The  Abbot  of  Aberbrothoek 
Had  placed  that  bell  on  the  Inclicape  rock. 
On  a buoy  in  the  storm  it  floated  and  swung, 
And  over  the  waves  its  warning  rung. 
When  the  rock  vras  hid  by  the  surge’s 
swell 

The  mariners  heard  the  warning  bell; 

And  then  they  knew  the  perilous  rock, 
And  blessed  the  Abbot  of  Aberbrothoek. 

Southey. 

Incredulity  of  St.  Thomas.  A 
picture  by  Giovanni  Battista  Ci- 
ma,  called  le  Conegliano  (b.  about 
1460).  Now  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  There  is  another 
work  of  a similar  character  in 
the  Brera,  Milan,  Italy. 

Incredulity  of  St.  Thomas.  A 
distinguished  picture  by  Giovanni 
Francesco  Bar  bier  i,  surnamed 
Guereino  (1590-1666).  In  the  Vat- 
ican, Rome. 

Independence,  Fort.  See  Fort 
Independence. 

Independence  Hall.  A building 
on  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia, 
rich  in  historical  associations,  and 
regarded  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
American  Republic.  Here  the 
Continental  Congress  assembled. 
Here  in  June,  1775,  George  Wash- 
ington was  chosen  commander  of 
the  American  forces.  Here  on 
July  4,  1776,  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  adopted  by 
Congress,  and  read  to  a great 
multitude  assembled  in  front  of 
the  building  amidst  the  ringing 
of  bells  and  prodigious  enthusi- 
asm. It  is  from  this  circumstance 
that  the  edifice  derived  its  name. 
The  halls  are  now  used  as  a mu- 
seum and  a receptacle  for  curiosi- 
ties and  relics  connected  with  the 
history  of  the  country.  It  con- 
tains portraits  of  the  Revolution- 
ary patriots,  specimens  of  old 
furniture,  autographs,  and  other 
souvenirs  of  the  past,  including 
the  famous  Liberty  Bell. 

Independence  Square.  A public 
ground  in  Philadelphia,  Penn., 
contiguous  to  Independence  Hall, 
from  which  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  read  to  the 
people  assembled  in  the  square. 

India  Docks.  See  East  India 
Docks  and  West  India  Docks. 


IND 


243 


INN 


India  House.  See  East  India 
House. 

India  Museum.  A celebrated  col- 
lection of  curiosities  formerly  in 
the  East  India  House  iq.v.),  after- 
wards in  Fife  House,  Whitehall, 
and  now  at  the  South  Kensington 
Museum.  Large  additions  have 
been  made  to  the  old  collection, 
exhibiting  the  riches  and  re- 
sources of  British  India.  It  con- 
tains, besides  historical  relics 
and  antiquities,  specimens  of  the 
natural  productions,  arts,  manu- 
factures, etc.,  of  India. 

Indian  Chief.  A statue  by  Thomas 
Crawford  (1818-1857).  In  the  hall 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Soci- 
ety. 

Indian  Hill.  An  old  mansion  near 
Newbury  port,  Mass.,  the  resi- 
dence of  Ben : Perley  Poore.  It  is 
noted  for  the  historical  curiosities 
which  it  contains. 

Indianola,  The.  A powerful  iron- 
clad steamer  of  the  United  States 
navy  in  the  civil  war  in  1861- 
65.  She  ran  safely  the  batteries 
at  Vicksburg,  but  was  finally  cap- 
tured by  a Confederate  “ ram.” 

Industrie,  Palais  de  P.  See  Pa- 
lais de  e’Industrie. 

Infant  Hercules  strangling  the 
Serpents.  A mythological  pic- 
ture by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 
(1723-1792),  the  celebrated  Eng- 
lish portrait-painter.  It  was 
painted  for  the  Empress  of  Rus- 
sia, and  is  regarded  as  one  of  his 
best  works. 

Inferno.  [Hell.]  A celebrated 
fresco  by  Andrea  di  Cioni,  called 
Orcagna  ( 1325 ?-l 385?)'.  In  the 

Campo  Santo,  Pisa,  Italy. 

Influence  of  Christianity  in  the 
Arts.  A large  and  noted  picture 
by  Friedrich  Overbeck  (1789-1869). 
In  the  Stadel  Institut,  Frankfort- 
on-tlie-Main. 

4S§=>  “ Among  the  oil-paintings  by 
Overbeck,  the  Triumph  of  Religion  in 
the  Arts,  one  of  the  choicest  treasures 
in  the  Stadel  Institute,  is  certainly  the 
most  elaborate  and  ambitious.  This 
grand  composition,  which  may  be  lik- 
ened in  its  intent  to  Raphael’s  ‘ School 
of  Athens,*  or  to  the  ‘ Hemicycle  ’ by 


Delaroche,  has  been  aptly  termed  by 
German  critics  the  ‘ Christian  Parnas- 
sus,’ the  dawn  of  light  in  Europe.” 

I . B.  Atkinson. 

Inghirami,  Fedra.  A portrait  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In 
the  Pitti  palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Iniscealtra.  [Holy  Island.]  An 
islet  in  the  Shannon,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Clare,  Ireland,  famous  from 
very  early  ages  for  its  reputed 
sanctity. 

4®=*  “ It  possesses  structures  belong- 
ing to  the  Pagan  as  well  as  Christian 
periods,  — a round  tower,  and  seven 
small  churches,  or  rather  cells,  or  ora- 
tories. The  round  tower  is  about  70 
feet  high,  and  is  in  good  preservation. 
. . . Holy  Island  continues  a favorite 
burial-place  with  the  peasantry;  and 
although  its  religious  establishments 
are  ruined  and  desecrated,  the  ancient 
sanctity  of  its  character  still  endures, 
and  pilgrims  from  remote  distances 
seek  its  shores.  On  the  patron,  or  fes- 
tival, day  of  St.  Camin  (12th  of  March), 
the  crowd  of  these  devotees  is  very 
great.”  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Inner  Temple.  One  of  the  four 
Inns  of  Court  in  London  which 
have  the  exclusive  privilege  of 
conferring  the  degree  of  bar- 
rister-at-law requisite  for  practis- 
ing as  an  advocate  or  counsel  in 
the  superior  courts.  The  gentle- 
men of  the  Inner  Temple  were  of 
old  famed  for  their  plays,  masques, 
revels,  and  other  sumptuous  en- 
tertainments. Among  the  emi- 
nent members  were  Littleton 
and  Coke,  Sir  Christopher  Hat- 
ton, Selden,  Judge  Jeffreys,  and 
the  poets  Beaumont  and  Cowper. 
The  Inns  of  Court  have  always 
been  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of 
their  gardens.  In  the  “Temple 
Garden,”  Shakespeare  has  laid 
the  scene  of  the  origin  of  the  red 
and  white  roses  as  the  cogni- 
zances of  the  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster.  The  red  and  white 
Provence  rose  no  longer  blossoms 
here;  but  the  gardens  are  careful- 
ly kept,  and  are  very  attractive. 

In  signal  of  my  love  to  thee, 

Against  proud  Somerset  and  William. 
Poole, 

Will  I upon  thy  party  wear  this  rose: 

And  here  I prophesy, —this  brawl  to-day. 
Grown  to  this  faction,  in  the  Temple  Gar - 
den , 


INN 


244 


INT 


Shall  send,  between  the  red  rose  and  the 
white. 

A thousand  souls  to  death  and  deadly 
night. 

Shakespeare , Henry  VI..  PL  1. 

JKif’  “ I was  born,  and  passed  the 
first  seven  years  of  my  life,  in  the 
Temple.  Its  church,  its  halls,  its 
gardens,  its  fountain,  its  river  I had 
almost  said,  — for  in  those  young  years, 
what  was  this  king  of  rivers  to  me  but 
a stream  that  watered  our  pleasant 
places?  — these  are  of  my  oldest  recol- 
lections. I repeat,  to  this  day,  no 
verses  to  myself  more  frequently,  or 
with  kindlier  emotion,  than  those  of 
Spenser,  where  he  speaks  of  this 
spot. 

There  when  they  came,  whereas  those 
bricky  towers, 

The  which  on  Tliemmes  brode  aged  back 
doth  ride, 

Where  now  the  studious  lawyers  have 
their  towers. 

There  wh.\  lome  wont  the  Templer  knights 
to  bole 

Till  they  decayed  through  pride. 

Indeed,  it  is  the  most  elegant  spot  in 
the  metropolis.  What  a transition  for 
a countryman  visiting  London  for  the 
first  time,  — the  passingfrom  the  crowd- 
ed Strand  or  Fleet  Street,  by  unex- 
pected avenues,  into  its  ample  squares, 
its  classic  green  recesses!  What  a 
cheerful,  liberal  look  hath  that  portion 
of  it  which,  from  three  sides,  over- 
looks the  greater  garden ; 

That  goodie  pile 

Of  building  strong,  albeit  of  Paper  hight, 
confronting,  with  massy  contrast, 
the  lighter,  older,  more  fantastically 
shrouded  one,  named  of  Harcourt,  with 
the  cheerful  Crown-office  Row  (place 
of  my  kindly  engendure),  right  oppo- 
site the  stately  stream  which  washes 
the  garden-foot  with  her  yet  scarcely 
trade-polluted  waters,  and  seems  but 
just  weaned  from  her  Twickenham 
Naiads!  a man  would  give  something 
to  have  been  born  in  such  places.” 

Charles  Lamb . 
Innocents.  See  Fontaine  des  In- 
nocents and  Massacre  of  the 
Innocents. 

Inns  of  Court.  The  name  given 
to  the  celebrated  law-colleges  in 
London,  known  respectively  as 
the  Inner  Temple,  Middle  Tem- 
ple, Lincoln’s  Inn,  and  Gray’s 
Inn.  The  Inns  of  Court  were  so 
called  because  the  students  of 
the  law  belonged  to  the  “ King’s 
Court.”  James  I.  is  said  to  have 
declared  that  there  were  only 
three  classes  of  persons  who  had 


any  right  to  settle  in  London, — 
“ the  courtiers,  the  citizens,  and 
the  gentlemen  of  the  Inns  of 
Court.”  The  lawyers  were  un- 
popular in  the  time  of  Jack  Cade’s 
rebellion;  and  Shakespeare,  in 
“Henry  VI.,”  represents  Jack 
Cade  as  saying,  “ Now  go  some 
and  pull  down  the  Savoy ; others 
the  Inns  of  Court ; down  with 
them  all  ! ” See  Inner  Temple, 
Middle  Temple,  Lincoln’s  Inn, 
and  Gray’s  Inn. 

“ The  Inns  of  Court  are  interesting 
to  others  besides  lawyers,  for  they  are 
the  last  working  institutions  in  the  na- 
ture of  the  old  trade-guilds.  It  is  no 
longer  necessary  that  a shoemaker 
should  be  approved  by  the  company  of 
the  craft  before  he  can  apply  himself 
to  making  shoes  for  his  customers;  and 
a man  may  keep  an  oyster-stall  with- 
out being  forced  to  serve  an  apprentice- 
ship, and  be  admitted  to  the  Livery  of 
the  great  Whig  Company;  but  the  law- 
yers’ guilds  guard  the  entrance  to  the 
law,  and  prescribe  the  rules  under 
which  it  shall  be  practised.” 

Times  Journal. 

The  lawyers  discussed  law  or  literature, 
criticised  the  last  new  plaj',  or  retailed  the 
freshest  Westminster  1 1 a ! 1 “ bite”  at  Nan- 
do’s  or  tlie  Grecian,  both  close  on  the  pur- 
lieus of  the  Temple.  Here  the  young 
bloods  of  the  Inns  of  Court  paraded  their 
Indian  gowns  and  lace  caps  of  a morning, 
and  swaggered  in  their  la>  e coats  and 
Mechlin  rutiles  at  night,  after  the  theatre. 

National  Review. 

They  [Christ-Churchmen]  were  domi- 
nant at  Oxford,  powerful  in  the  Inns  of 
Court  and  in  the  College  of  Physicians, 
conspicuous  in  parliament  and  in  the 
literary  and  fashionable  circles  of  London. 

Macaulay. 

Institut,  Palais  de  lb  See  Palais 
de  l ’Institut. 

Insurgente,  LL  [The  Insurgent.] 
A famous  French  frigate  of  40 
guns,  captured  by  tlie  United 
States  vessel  of  war  Constellation , 
in  1798.  The  Insurgente  was  at 
that  time  one  of  the  fastest  sail- 
ing vessels  in  the  world. 

Intermontium.  The  ancient  Latin 
name  of  the  place  in  Rome  now 
occupied  by  the  Piazza  del  Cam- 
pidoglio.  See  Piazza  del  Cam- 
pidoglio. 

Intrepid,  The.  1.  A famous  vessel, 
originally  a Tripolitan  ketch, 
captured  by  Stephen  Decatur, 


INV 


245 


IKE 


and  in  which  he  accomplished 
his  brilliant  naval  exploit  of  de- 
stroying- Aressels  in  the  harbor  of 
Tripoli,  Feb.  16,  1804.  Later,  the 
Intrepid  was  used  as  a floating 
mine  to  destroy  the  Tripolitan 
cruisers  in  the  harbor.  The  ship 
was  exploded  with  a terrible  con- 
cussion, but  the  brave  men  who 
went  on  the  expedition  never  re- 
turned. 

“ Nearly  fourscore  years  their 
fate  lias  been  an  impenetrable  secret. 
At  the  front  of  the  midshipmen’s  quar- 
ters at  Annapolis  [Md.]  stands  a fine 
monument  erected  to  their  memory, 
and  of  those  who  perished  on  the  7th 
of  August,  by  the  officers  of  the  navy. 
The  monument  is  of  white  marble,  and 
is  about  40  feet  in  height.”  Lossing. 

2.  An  Arctic  exploring  ship 
which  set  sail  from  England 
under  Commander  Austin  in 
1850. 

Invalides,  Hotel  des.  One  of  the 
chief  public  monuments  of  Paris. 
It  was  begun  by  Louis  XIV.  in 
1671,  as  an  asylum  for  the  soldiers 
wounded  and  maimed  in  his  nu- 
merous wars.  At  the  revolution 
of  1703  it  was  called  the  Temple 
of  Humanity;  under  the  reign  of 
Napoleon,  the  Temple  of  Mars. 
The  building  is  capable  of  con- 
taining 5,000  persons.  Its  library 
and  council  chamber  contain 
some  interesting  objects,  but  the 
church  is  the  most  attractive  part 
of  the  institution.  The  portico 
and  dome  are  exceedingly  beauti- 
ful, as  is  also  the  interior  of  the 
church.  It  contains  the  grand 
mausoleum  of  Napoleon,  and  his 
remains  as  they  were  brought 
from  St.  Helena.  Bertrand  and 
Duroc,  the  near  friends  and  com- 
panions of  Napoleon,  lie  on  each 
side  of  the  entrance  of  the  crypt 
that  leads  to  his  tomb. 

JtKlT  “ In  the  afternoon  we  went  to 
the  Hotel  des  Invalides,  which  contains 
3,000  old  soldiers.  Those  who  were 
wounded  in  the  Crimean  campaign  are, 
however,  nearly  all  sent  to  their  own 
homes  with  an  allowance  of  six  hun- 
dred francs.”  Count  Moltke , Trans. 

i 6®=-  “ The  dome  of  the  Invalides 
rises  upon  the  eye  from  all  parts  of 
Paris,  a perfect  model  of  proportion 


and  beauty.  It  was  this  which  Bona, 
parte  ordered  to  be  gilded,  to  divert 
the  people  from  thinking  too  much 
upon  his  defeat.  . . . The  interior  of 
the  dome  is  vast,  and  of  a splendid  style 
of  architecture ; and  out  from  one  of  its 
sides  extends  a superb  chapel  hung  all 
round  with  the  tattered  flags  taken  in 
his  victories  alone.”  N.  P.  Willis. 

The  Lion  [of  St.  Mark’s]  has  lost  noth- 
ing by  his  journey  to  the  Invalides  but  the 
Gospel  which  supported  the  paw  that  is 
now  on  a level  with  the  other  foot. 

Byron. 

The  beautiful  sarcophagus  of  Scipio,  the 
silent  soldier  of  the  Invalides , yet  speaks 
in  graceful  epitaphs.  11.  T.  Tuckerman. 
I walked  the  day  out,  listening  to  the 
chink 

Of  the  first  Napoleon’s  dry  bones,  as  they 
lay 

In  his  second  grave  beneath  the  golden 
dome 

That  caps  all  Paris  like  a bubble. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Inverary  Castle.  A baronial  man- 
sion near  Inverary,  Scotland,  the 
seat  of  the  Duke  of  Argvle. 

Inverleithen.  A watering-place 
at  the  junction  of  the  Leitlien 
Water  and  Tweed,  somewhat  cel- 
ebrated for  its  mineral  springs. 
This  spot  is  the  scene  of  “ St. 
Eonan’s  Well.” 

Inverna.  The  name  given  in  some 
parts  of  Italy  to  a wind  blowing 
from  the  south. 

Investigator,  The.  An  Arctic  ex- 
ploring ship,  the  companion  ship 
to  the  Enterprise , in  Sir  James 
Ross’s  expedition,  set  sail  from 
England  in  1848. 

Invincible  Armada.  See  Arma- 
da, The  Invincible. 

Io  and  Jupiter.  A picture  by  An- 
tonio Allegri,  surnamed  Correg- 
gio (1494-1534).  In  the  Museum 
of  Berlin,  Prussia.  The  head  of 
this  picture,  which  was  formerly 
in  the  Orleans  Gallery,  was  cut 
out  by  the  son  of  its  owner,  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  “ because  it 
was  too  voluptuous  in  expres- 
sion.” Another  was  substituted 
by  Prud’hon.  A replica  of  this 
picture,  or  what  is  believed  to  be 
such,  is  in  the  gallery  at  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Ireland  Vard.  A locality  in  Lon- 
don, England.  So  called  from 


IRQ 


246 


ISA 


one  William  Ireland.  His  name 
occurs  in  a deed  by  which  a house 
on  this  site  was  conveyed  to 
Shakespeare. 

Iron  Crown  (of  Lombardy).  A 
famous  crown,  consisting  of  “a 
broad  fillet  of  gold,  within  which 
runs  a thin  circlet  or  hoop  of  iron, 
formed  of  one  of  the  nails  of  the 
Holy  Cross  beaten  out.”  It  is 
said  to  have  been  brought  from 
the  Holy  Land  by  the  Empress 
Helena.  As  many  as  34  kings, 
including  the  emperors  Charles 
Y.  and  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  have 
been  crowned  with  it.  Until  the 
year  1859  it  was  kept  in  the  Chap- 
el of  the  Holy  Nail  (Santo  Cliio- 
do)  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John, 
in  Monza,  Italy;  but  it  is  now 
preserved  in  the  Belvedere  Mu- 
seum at  Vienna,  Austria,  the 
model  alone  being  shown  at 
Monza. 

Iron  Gates.  A celebrated  pass  on 
the  Lower  Danube,  near  Gladova, 
where  a spur  of  the  Transylva- 
nian Alps  nearly  barricades  the 
river. 

46^  “A  mile  and  a half  of  slow, 
trembling,  exciting  progress,  and  we 
have  mounted  the  heaviest  grade ; but 
six  hours  of  the  same  tremendous  scen- 
ery awaits  us.  We  pierce  yet  sub- 
limcr  solitudes,  and  look  on  pictures  of 
precipice  and  piled  rock,  of  cavern  and 
yawning  gorge,  and  mountain  walls,  al- 
most shutting  out  the  day,  such  as  no 
other  river  in  Europe  can  show.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Iron  Mask.  A black  mask,  not  of 
iron,  as  the  popular  name  would 
imply,  but  of  black  velvet,  stif- 
fened with  whalebone,  and  fas- 
tened behind  the  head  with  a 
padlock  or  by  steel  springs.  It 
owes  its  celebrity  to  the  fact  that 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  it 
served  to  conceal  the  features  of 
the  mysterious  state  prisoner  of 
France,  known  in  consequence 
as  the  Man  with  the  Iron  Mask 
(L’Homme  an  Masque  de  Fer), 
about  whom  there  has  been  much 
difference  of  opinion,  and  whose 
identity  has  never  been  satisfac- 
torily determined.  He  was  se- 
cretly conveyed,  about  1679,  wear- 


ing this  mask  as  a disguise,  to  the 
castle  of  Pignerol.  In  1686  he 
was  removed  to  the  isle  of  Sainte 
Marguerite,  and  in  1698  was  car- 
ried to  the  Bastille,  where  he  died 
in  1703.  He  was  always  treated 
with  great  respect  and  courtesy, 
but  was  continually  watched,  and 
during  all  these  years  of  im- 
prisonment was  never  seen  with- 
out the  concealment  of  the  Iron 
Mask. 

4Qr*  He  has  been  variously  conjec- 
tured to  have  been  a son  of  Anne  of 
Austria  and  Cardinal  Mazarin  (Gib- 
bon argues  in  favor  of  this  theory) ; a 
twin  brother  of  Louis  XIV.  (Voltaire, 
among  others,  adopts  this  view) ; the 
Duke  of  Monmouth ; and  Fouquet. 
Among  these  and  other  suppositions, 
the  one  now  generally  received  is,  that 
the  disguised  prisoner  was  a Count 
Matthioli,  a minister  of  Charles  III., 
Duke  of  Mantua.  Delort  and  Lord 
Dover  adopted  this  explanation,  which 
is  favored  in  Topin’s  “ Man  with  the 
Iron  Mask,”  1869,  but  disputed  b}T  other 
recent  writers.  Another  theory  is,  that 
he  was  a conspirator  against  Louis 
XIV.,  known  as  Lefroid.  lung  holds 
this  view  in  his  “ La  Verite  sur  le 
Masque  de  Fer,”  Paris,  1873;  but  the 
whole  matter  is  involved  in  entire  un- 
certainty. Dumas  has  a story  concern- 
ing this  famous  prisoner,  entitled  “ The 
Iron  Mask.” 

It  varied,  till  I don't  think  his  own  mother 
(If  that  he  had  a mother)  would  her  son 
Have  known,  he  shifted  so  from  one  to 
t’other; 

Till  guessing  from  a pleasure  grew  a task, 
At  this  epistolary  “ Iron  Mask.”  Byron. 

Iron  Virgin.  [Ger.  Lie  Eiserne 
Jungfrau.]  A famous  instrument 
of  torture,  of  a kind  not  uncom- 
mon in  the  Middle  Ages,  still  ex- 
isting in  Nuremberg,  Germany. 
It  represents  a girl  of  the  fif- 
teenth century.  The  front,  when 
opened  by  a spring,  discloses  the 
interior  lined  with  pointed  spikes 
which  pierced  the  victim  who 
was  forced  into  it.  Beneath  is  a 
trap-door  into  which  the  body 
fell. 

Ironmongers’  Hall.  The  building 
of  the  Ironmongers’  Company, 
one  of  the  old  London  city  com- 
panies. In  Fenchurch  Street. 

Isaac  of  York.  A painting  by 
Washington  Allston  (1779-1843). 


ISA 


247 


ISO 


Now  in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Isaac,  Sacrifice  of.  See  Sacrifice 
of  Isaac. 

Isabella.  A portrait  of  Isabella, 
Governess  of  the  Low  Countries, 
by  Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641). 
There  are  several  portraits  of  this 
princess  by  this  painter,  the  best 
being  the  one  now  in  the  Vienna 
Gallery. 

Isaiah.  A picture  of  the  prophet 
on  a pillar  of  the  church  of  S. 
Augustine,  Rome. 

4®=  “ In  the  church  of  the  Augus- 
tines  is  Raphael’s  inimitable  fresco  of 
Isaiah,  — a work  sufficient  of  itself  to 
have  crowned  his  name  with  immortal- 
ity. The  tire  and  fervor  of  the  prophet 
beam  from  that  inspired  and  holy  coun- 
tenance. Even  in  force  and  sublimity 
it  will  bear  a comparison  with  the 
Prophets  and  Sibyls  which  Michael 
Angelo  has  left  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.” 
Eaton. 

Isaiah’s  Tree.  An  ancient  and 
venerable  mulberry  tree  in  Jeru- 
salem, its  trunk  propped  up  by  a 
pile  of  stones,  and  deriving  its 
name  from  the  circumstance  that 
it,  according  to  tradition,  marks 
the  spot  where  Manasseli  caused 
the  prophet  Isaiah  to  be  sawn  in 
two. 

Isis,  Temple  of.  See  Temple  of 
Isis. 

Isle  of  Dogs.  An  island  — former- 
ly a peninsula,  but  made  an  island 
by  a canal  cut  in  1800  — lying  in 
the  river  Thames,  and  constitut- 
ing a part  of  London.  The  name 
is  said  by  some  to  be  a corruption 
from  the  Isle  of  Ducks,  from  the 
numbers  of  wild  fowl  formerly 
upon  it. 

Granted,  the  ship  comes  into  harbor 
with  shrouds  and  tackle  damaged;  and 
the  pilot  is  therefore  blame-worthy,  for 
he  has  not  been  all-wise  and  all-powerful: 
but  to  know  how  blameworthy,  tell  us  first 
whether  his  voyage  has  been  round  the 
Glo  e,  or  only  to  Ramsgate  and  the  Isle  of 
Dogs.  Carlyle. 

Isle.  See  Ile. 

Islington.  Now  a part  of  London, 
but  originally  two  miles  north  of 
the  town.  Said  to  be  so  called 


from  Isheldun,  the  Lower  For- 
tress. Before  the  reign  of  James 
I.  it  was  a favorite  place  for  the 
practise  of  archery.  Macaulay, 
speaking  of  this  now  populated 
district,  says,  that  in  the  time 
of  Charles  I.  Islington  was  al- 
most a solitude;  and  poets  loved 
to  contrast  its  silence  and  repose 
with  the  din  and  turmoil  of  the 
monster  London.  [Also  called 
Iseldon,  Yseldon,  Eyseldon,  Ison - 
don,  Isendune.] 

Hogsdone,  Islington , and  Tothnam  Court, 
For  cakes  and  creame  had  then  no  small 
resort.  Wither  ( 1628). 

Let  but  thy  wicked  men  from  out  thee 
[London]  go, 

And  all  the  fools  that  crowd  thee  so, 
Ev’n  thou,  who  dost  thy  millions  coast, 

A village  less  than  Islington  will  grow, 
A solitude  almost.  Cowley. 

London  has  got  a great  way  from  the 
streame. 

I think  she  means  to  go  to  Islington . 

To  eat  a dish  of  strawberries  and  ereame. 
Thomas  Freeman's  Epigrams  ( 1614). 

“It  used  to  be  called  Merry  Islington 
once  upon  a time.  Perhaps  it’s  merry 
now,  if  so.  it’s  all  the  better.*’—  Tom 
Finch.  Dickens. 

Tom,  Tom.  of  Islington, 

Married  a wife  on  Sunday; 

Brought  her  home  on  Monday; 

Hired  a house  on  Tuesday: 

Fed  her  well  on  Wednesday; 

Sick  was  she  on  Thursday; 

Dead  was  she  on  Friday ;' 

Sad  was  Tom  on  Saturday, 

To  bury  his  wife  on  Sunday. 

Mother  Goose. 

Isly,  Battle  of.  See  Battle  of 
Isly. 

Isnah,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Isnah. 

Isola  Bella.  [Tlie  beautiful  isl- 
and.] An  island  (one  of  the  so- 
called  Borromean  Isles)  upon 
Lago  Maggiore,  famed  for  its 
beauty. 

O fairy  island  of  a fairy  sea. 

Wherein  Calypso  might  have  spelled  the 
Greek, 

Or  Flora  piled  her  fragrant  treasury. 

Lord  Lytton. 

Isola  Bella,  Palace  and  Gardens 
of.  A famous  show- palace,  with 
a delightful  prospect  and  elabo- 
rate pleasure-grounds,  on  the  isl- 
and of  Isola  Bella  (one  of  the  so- 
called  Borromean  Isles)  in  Lago 
Maggiore,  Italy. 


ISO 


248 


IZA 


40=*  “ Isola,  Bella  looks  like  a gentle- 
man’s villa  afloat.  A boy  would  throw 
a stone  entirely  over  it  in  any  direction. 
It  strikes  you  as  a kind  of  toy,  as  you 
look  at  it  from  a distance  : and,  getting 
nearer,  the  illusion  scarcely  dissipates; 
for,  from  the  water’s  edge,  the  orange- 
laden  terraces  are  piled,  one  above  an- 
other, like  a pyramidal  fruit-basket,  the 
villa  itself  peers  above  like  a sugar 
castle;  and  it  scarce  seems  real  enough 
to  land  upon.”  A.  P.  Willis. 

Isola  Madre.  [The  Mother  Isl- 
and.] A celebrated  island  in  the 
Lago  Maggiore,  one  of  the  four 
called  the  Borromean  Islands. 

Issus,  Battle  of  the.  See  Battle 
of  the  Issus. 

Italiens,  Boulevart  des.  The  gay- 
est and  most  frequented  of  the 
boulevards  of  Paris.  A modern 
enthusiast  of  Paris  says,  “ France 
is  the  centre  of  civilized  nations, 
Paris  is  the  centre  of  France,  the 
boulevard  des  Italiens  is  the  centre 
of  Paris.”  See  Boulevards. 

Italy.  See  Ancient  Italy  and 
Modern  Italy. 

Itaska,  The.  A noted  vessel  of 
the  United  States  Navy  in  the 
civil  war  of  1861-65.  She  was 
one  of  Admiral  Farragut’s  flotilla 
at  the  attack  upon  the  defences 
of  Mobile,  Aug.  5,  1861. 

Ivan  Veliki.  [Tower  of  John  the 
Great.]  A famous  tower  in  the 
Kremlin  at  Moscow,  Russia.  This 
tower  rises  to  the  height  of  209 
feet,  and  is  surmounted  by  a 
gided  dome. 

“ Before  us  rises  the  tower  of 
Ivan  Veliki,  whose  massive  sturdy  walls 
seem  to  groan  under  its  load  of  mon- 
ster bells.  At  the  foot  of  the  tower 
stands  on  a granite  pedestal  the  Tzar 
KolokoU  or  Emperor  of  Bells,  whose  re- 
nown is  world-wide.  [See  Emperor 
or  Bells.]  In  one  of  the  lower  stories 
of  the  tower  hangs  another  bell  cast 
more  than  a century  before  the  Tzar 
Kolokol,  and  weighing  64  tons.  Its 
iron  tongue  is  swung  from  side  to  side 
by  the  united  exertions  of  three  men. 
It  is  only  rung  thrice  a year;  and  when 
it  speaks,  all  other  bells  are  silent.  To 
those  who  stand  near  the  tower,  the 
vibration  of  the  air  is  said  to  be  like 


that  which  follows  the  simultaneous 
discharge  of  a hundred  cannon.  In 
the  other  stories  hang  at  least  40  cr 
50  bells,  varying  in  weight  from  36 
tons  to  1,000  pounds:  some  of  them 
are  one-third  silver.  When  they  all 
sound  at  once,  as  on  an  Easter  morn, 
the  very  tower  must  rock  on  its  foun- 
dation.” Bayard  Taylor. 

Ivy-Lane  Club.  This  London 
club,  founded  by  Dr.  Johnson 
in  1749,  met  on  Tuesday  even- 
ings at  the  King’s  Head,  Ivy 
Lane,  Paternoster  Row.  See 
Essex-Head  Club. 

I remember  to  have  read  in  some  philo- 
sopher,— I believein  Tom  Brown’s  works, 

— that,  lei  a man’s  character,  sentiments, 
or  complexion  be  what  they  will,  he  can 
And  company  in  London  to  match  them. 
...  If  he  be  phlegmatic,  he  may  sit  in 
silence  in  the  lium-drum  club  in  Ivy-Lane ; 
and  if  actually  mad,  he  may  find  very 
good  company  in  Moorfields,  either  at 
Bedlam  or  the  Foundery,  ready  to  culti- 
vate a nearer  acquaintance.  Goldsmith. 

Izaak  Church.  A church  in  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia,  begun  by  the 
Empress  Catherine,  and  com- 
pleted by  Nicholas  I.  It  is  a 
magnificent  structure,  with  a 
gilded  dome,  and  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  sights  of  the  Russian 
capital.  The  foundation  alone, 
of  piles,  is  said  to  have  cost 
$1,000,000. 

4®=*  “ The  finest  building  in  Russia 

— in  all  Northern  Europe,  indeed  — is 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Izaak.  Thirty- 
two  years  of  uninterrupted  labor, 
backed  by  the  unlimited  resources  of 
the  Empire,  were  required  to  complete 
this  gigantic  work.  Its  cost  is  esti- 
mated at  90,000,000  rubles,  or  $67,500,- 
000.  The  design  is  simple  and  majestic ; 
and  the  various  parts  are  so  nicely 
balanced  and  harmonized,  that  at  first 
sight  the  cathedral  appears  smaller 
than  is  really  the  case.  It  grows  upon 
the  eye  with  each  visit.  . . . Crowning 
this  sublime  pile  is  the  golden  hemi- 
sphere of  the  dome,  which  so  flashes 
in  the  sunlight  that  the  eye  can  scarce- 
ly bear  its  splendor.  Far  out  over  the 
Gulf  of  Finland,  it  glitters  over  the 
evening  horizon  like  a rising  star.” 

Bayard  Taylor . 

See  ! From  the  Finland  marshes  there 
’Tis  proud  St.  Isaac's  rears  in  air. 

Pillar  on  pillar,  that  shining  dome  ! 

E.  D.  Proctor. 


JAC 


249 


JAM 


J. 


Jacinto,  San.  See  San  Jacinto. 

Jackson  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  and  pleasure  resort 
in  New  Orleans,  La.  Formerly 
called  the  Place  d’  Arines. 

Jacob  and  Rachel.  A well-known 
picture  ascribed  to  Giorgio  Bar- 
barelli,  commonly  called  Giorgi- 
one (1477-1511),  in  the  Dresden 
Gallery.  This  picture  has  also 
been  attributed  to  Palma  Vec- 
chio,  and  of  late,  by  some,  to  Ca- 
riani,  of  Bergamo,  Italy. 

Jacob  blessing  the  Sons  of  Jo- 
seph. A picture  by  Rembrandt 
van  Ryn  (1606-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter.  It  bears  date  1656,  and 
is  now  in  the  gallery  of  Cassel, 
Germany. 

Jacob.  See  Fltite  de  Jacob  and 
Vision  of  Jacob. 

Jacobin  Club.  A famous  political 
association  organized  in  Paris, 
France,  shortly  before  the  Revo- 
lution of  1789.  It  derives  its 
name  from  the  monastery  of  Jac- 
obin friars,  where  its  meetings 
were  held. 

Jacob’s  Dream.  A fresco  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520).  in  the 
Stanza  of  the  Heliodorus,  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome. 

Jacob’s  Dream.  A picture  by  Rem- 
brandt van  Ryn  (1606-1669),  the 
Dutch  painter.  Now  in  the  Dul- 
wich Gallery,  England. 

“ Strange  to  say,  the  most  po- 
etical painter  of  angels  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  is  that  inspired  Dutch- 
man, Rembrandt.  For  instance,  look 
at  his  Jacob’s  Dream,  at  Dulwich.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Jacob’s  Dream.  A picture  by 
Washington  Allston  (1779-1843), 
the  American  painter.  Now  at 
Petworth,  England. 

Jacob’s  Flight.  See  Fuite  de  Ja- 
cob. 


Jacob’s  Ladder.  A picture  by 
Giuseppe  Ribera,  called  Lo  Spag- 
noletto  (1588-1656),  and  one  of  his 
best.  In  the  gallery  of  Madrid, 
Spain. 

Jacob’s  Well.  A rock-hewn  well, 
9 feet  in  diameter,  75  feet  or  more 
“ deep,”  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Gerizim  in  Northern  Palestine, 
traditionally  held  to  be  the  an- 
cient well  of  the  patriarch  Jacob, 
and  the  same  by  which  Jesus  sat 
wearied  at  noon,  and  conversed 
with  the  woman  of  Samaria. 
Over  this  well  a church  was  built 
in  very  ancient  times.  It  is  al- 
luded to  by  Jerome  in  the  fourth 
century;  and,  though  destroyed 
during  the  wars  of  the  Crusades, 
the  ruins  are  still  traceable.  All 
circumstances  concur  with  the 
universal  tradition  shared  in  by 
Jews  and  Samaritans,  by  Mo- 
hammedans and  Christians,  to 
identify  this  well  as  the  one 
spoken  of  in  the  sacred  history. 
The  water  in  it  is  at  present  quite 
variable,  sometimes  there  being 
a depth  of  several  feet,  and  at  an- 
other time  the  well  being  entire- 
ly dry. 

“No  scene  of  these  ancient  in- 
cidents is  more  clear  and  interesting 
than  this.  It  is  impossible  not  to  see 
his  very  gestures  when  he  spoke  of 
‘this  mountain,’ — the  Gerizim  which 
rose  above  him,  — and  when  he  bade  his 
hearers  lift  up  their  eyes  and  look  on 
the  fields,  already  * white  unto  the  har- 
vest,’ the  tilled  lands  of  Jacob’s  plain 
which  stretched  before  him.” 

Miss  Martineau . 

Jacques,  St.  See  St.  Jacques. 

Jama  (Gama)  Tooloon.  See 
Mosque  of  Ahmed  ebn  Tooloon. 

James,  Shrine  of  St.  See  Shrine. 

James  the  Apostle.  A picture 
by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the 
German  painter.  Presented  by 
the  Emperor  Ferdinand  III.  to 
the  Duke  of  Tuscany,  Now  in 


JAM 


250 


JAR 


the  Uffizi  Gallery,  in  Florence, 
Italy. 

James’s,  St.  See  St.  James’s 

Janieulum,  o?*_  Janiculan,  The. 
[Lat.  Mo  ns  Jamculus.]  A hill 
rising  abruptly  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Tiber,  at  Rome.  It  derives 
its  name,  according  to  the  tradi- 
tion generally  believed  by  the 
ancients,  from  Janus,  the  sun- 
god  of  the  Latins.  Nurna  Poin- 
pilius  is  said  to  have  been  buried 
upon  Mons  Janiculus.  Ancus 
Martins,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
fortified  the  Janiculan,  and  con- 
nected it  with  the  city  by  the 
first  bridge  of  Rome,  the  Pons 
Sublicius,  celebrated  in  the  old 
Roman  lays  as  the  bridge  which 
Horatius  Codes  defended  against 
the  whole  Etruscan  army  under 
Porsena.  The  Janiculan  is  con- 
nected with  numerous  other  sto- 
ries of  early  Roman  history,  — 
with  that  of  Cains  Mucius  Scse- 
vola,  the  young  Roman  patri- 
cian, who,  having  made  his  way 
into  the  camp  of  Porsena,  with 
the  purpose  of  killing  him,  and 
his  intention  being  discovered, 
burned  off  his  own  right  hand,  to 
show  that  he  feared  neither  tor- 
ture nor  death,  — with  that  of  the 
hostage  Clcelia,  who  escaped  from 
the  power  of  Porsena  by  swim- 
ming across  the  Tiber. 

Januarius,  Blood  of  St.  See 
Blood  of  St.  Januarius. 

Janus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of 

Janus. 

J apanese  Palace.  See  Augusteum. 

Jardin,  Le.  [The  Garden.]  A 
well-known  spot  in  the  Alps,  on 
the  Glacier  de  Talefre,  near  Cha- 
monix. 

Jardin  des  Plantes.  [Garden  of 
Plants.]  This  garden  in  Paris 
was  established  by  Louis  XIII. 
in  1635.  Buffon  was  made  super- 
intendent of  it  in  1729,  and  great- 
ly enriched  it,  besides  establish- 
ing its  museums,  galleries,  and 
hot-houses.  It  has  been  greatly 
improved  under  recent  govern- 
ments ; and  almost  every  known 
flower,  shrub,  or  tree  may  be  seen 


here,  besides  a great  variety  of 
birds,  beasts,  and  fishes.  Much 
damage  was  done  to  it  during  the 
bombardment  of  1871  by  the 
Prussians. 

JgQjp  “ This  establishment  combines 
large  botanical  and  zoological  gardens, 
connected  with  which  are  most  inter- 
esting collections  of  natural  history  in 
every  department,  and  comparative 
anatomy.  The  botanical  garden  is  not 
to  be  compared  to  that  at  Kew,  either 
in  arrangement,  number,  or  luxuriant 
growth  of  the  plants;  and  the  zoologi- 
cal one  is  far  surpassed  by  that  in  the 
Regent’s  Park.”  Murray’s  Handbook. 

He  [Diderot]  cannot  work;  he  hopes  to 
dissipate  his  melancholy  by  a walk;  goes 
to  the  Invalides,  to  the  "Courts,  to  the 
Bibliotheque  du  Roi,  to  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes  Mademoiselle  Diderot . 

These  people  all  look  like  the  doleful 
birds  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes , begilded, 
striped,  befeathered,  and  sad,  but  roosting 
on  a suitable  perch.  Taine , Trans. 

J ardin  Mabille.  A famous  garden 
in  Paris  (Avenue  Montaigne, 
Champs  Elysees),  which  is  open 
in  the  evening,  brilliantly  illu- 
minated, and  much  frequented 
by  the  populace  for  dancing  and 
other  amusements.  It  is  much 
resorted  to  by  “ strangers  and  the 
women  of  the  demi-monde.”  The 
Chateau  des  Fleurs  is  now  com- 
bined with  this  garden. 

4ST  “At  Mabille.  How  often  I had 
heard  it  spoken  of  ! Young  men  dream 
of  it.  Strangers  take  their  wives  to 
see  it.  Historians  will  some  day  speak 
of  it.  . . . At  ten  o’clock  in  the  even- 
ing, I go  to  Mabille.  It  is  a grand  ball- 
night.  . . . The  men  are  said  to  be 
hired;  the  women  exhibit  themselves 
gratis,  though  they  feel  that  they  are 
despised.  ...  A great  moving  circle 
floats  around  the  dancers.” 

Taine , Trans . 

XtGir  “ There  are  bowers  and  refresh- 
ment-rooms around  it,  and  a large  sa- 
loon for  wet  weather;  in  fact,  it  is  a 
Parisian  Cremorne  without  the  fire- 
works and  amusements;  smaller,  but 
brighter  and  gayer.  This  is  the  best 
appointed  and  best  attended  of  all  the 
summer  balls.”  Murray’s  Handbook. 

T was  never  more  surprised  in  my  life 
than  to  see  that  staid,  solemn,  meditative, 
melancholy  beast  suddenly  perk  up  both 
liis  long  ears,  and  hop  about  over  the  steep 
paths  like  a goat.  Not  more  surprised 
should  I be  to  see  some  venerable  I).D.  of 
Princeton  leading  off  a dance  in  the  Jar- 
din  Mabille.  Beecher. 


JAR 


251 


JER 


Whether  they  inhabit  princely  houses 
in  fashionable  streets  (which  they  often 
do),  or  not;  whether  their  sons  have  grad- 
uated at  the  Jardm  Mabille.  or  have  been 
taken  from  their  father's  shops. 

G.  W.  Curtis. 

Jardiniere,  La  Belle.  See  Bejlle 
Jardiniere. 

Jarvis  Gallery.  A collection  of 
early  Italian  pictures  in  the  Art 
School  of  Yale  College,  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

Jason.  A statue  by  Albert  Bertel 
Thorwaldsen  (1770-1844),  the  Dan- 
ish sculptor. 

Jasper  Park.  A public  square  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  named  after  Ser- 
geant Jasper,  a hero  of  the  war  of 
the  Revolution. 

Java,  The.  A British  frigate  cap- 
tured during  the  war  of  1812  by 
the  United  States  frigate  Consti- 
tution. 

Jean  Arnolfini.  Portrait  of,  and 
of  Jeanne  de  Chenany  his  wife, 
by  the  Flemish  painter,  Jan  van 
Eyck  (1870-1441).  It  is  related 
that  the  Princess  Mary,  sister  of 
Charles  V.,  bestowed  a post  of 
100  guldens  a year  upon  the  bar- 
ber to  whom  it  belonged.  The 
picture  is  now  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

Jeanne  de  Chenany.  See  Jean 
Arnolfini. 

Jebel-er-Bahm.  A sacred  hill  in 
Arabia,  not  far  from  Mecca,  and 
a famous  resort  of  Mohammedan 
pilgrims.  The  tradition  is  that 
it  is  the  place  where  Adam  re- 
ceived his  wife  after  their  expul- 
sion from  Paradise,  and  a sepa- 
ration of  120  years. 

Jedburgh  Abbey.  A well-known 
ruined  monastery  in  the  town  of 
Jedburgh,  Scotland. 

4ST  “The  abbey  churches  of  Kelso 
and  Jedburgh,  as  we  now  find  them, 
belong  eitner  to  the  very  end  of  the 
twelfth,  or  the  beginning  of  the  thir- 
teenth, century.  They  display  all  the 
rude  magnificence  of  the  Norman  pe- 
riod used  in  this  instance  not  experi- 
mentally, as  was  too  often  the  case  in 
England,  but  as  a well-understood  style, 
whose  features  were  fully  perfected. 
The  whole  was  used  with  a Doric  sim- 
plicity and  boldness  which  is  very  re- 
markable.” Fergus  son. 


Jehoshaphat.  See  Valley  of  Je- 

HOSHAPHAT. 

Jenny’s  Whim.  A noted  place  of 
entertainment  in  London,  said  to 
have  been  established  in  the 
time  of  George  I.,  and  character- 
ized in  1775  as  the  Vauxhall  of 
the  lower  class  of  people.  It  is 
no  longer  in  existence. 

Jephthah  and  his  Daughter.  A 
work  of  sculpture  by  Hezekiah 
Augur  (1791-1858).  At  Yale  Col- 
lege, New  Haven,  Conn. 

Jeremiah.  A picture  by  Washing- 
ton Allston  (1779-1843).  Now  in 
the  possession  of  Yale  College, 
New  Haven,  Conn. 

Jeremiah’s  Cave.  See  Cave  of 
Jeremiah. 

Jerome  Park.  A park  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  city  of  New  York, 
a mile  from  Fordham,  “ the  most 
aristocratic  race-course  in  Amer- 
ica.” 

Jerome,  St.  See  St,  Jerome  and 
Communion  of  St.  Jerome. 

J erpoint  Abbey.  An  ancient  and 
impressive  ruined  monastery  near 
Kilkenny,  in  the  county  of  Lein- 
ster, Ireland.  It  was  founded  in 
1180. 

I gaze  where  Jerpoint's  venerable  pile 

Majestic  in  its  ruins  o’er  me  lowers. 

S.  C.  Hall. 

J ersey,  The.  A vessel  of  the  Brit- 
ish navy  used  as  a prison-ship,  in 
which  many  Americans  were  con- 
fined during  the  Revolutionary 
war. 

Jerusalem  Chamber.  An  apart- 
ment in  the  cloisters  of  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  London,  in  which 
the  upper  House  of  Convocation 
meets,  and  where  King  Henry 
IV.  died.  It  is  said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  from  having  been 
hung  with  tapestries  representing 
the  history  of  Jerusalem. 

King  Henry.  Doth  any  name  particular 
belong 

Unto  t-lie  lodging  where  T first  did  swoon? 

Warwick.  'Tis  called  .Jerusalem,  nw 
noble  lord. 

King  Henry.  Laud  be  to  God!  even 
there  in.y  life  must  end. 

It  hath  been  prophesied  to  me  many  years, 
I should  not  die  but  in  Jerusalem; 

Which  vainly  1 supposed  the  Holy  Land ; 


JER 


252 


JOH 


But  bc-ar  me  to  that  chamber;  there  I'll 
lie; 

In  that  Jerusalem  shall  Harry  die. 

Shakespeare , King  llenry  IV.,  Part  II 

jg@=*  “ Out  of  these  walls  came  the 
Directory,  the  Longer  and  Shorter 
Catechism,  and  that  famous  Confession 
of  Faith  which,  alone  within  these 
islands,  was  imposed  by  law  on  the 
whole  kingdom.”  Dean  Stanley. 

Jerusalem  Coffee-house.  An  old 
house  in  Cornhill,  London,  re- 
sorted to  by  captains  and  mer- 
chants interested  in  eastern  com- 
merce. 

J erusalem  Delivered.  A series  of 
five  large  frescos,  taken  from  Tas- 
so’s poem  “ La  Gerusalemme 
Ljberata,”  by  Friedrich  Over- 
beck (1789-1869).  In  the  Villa 
Massimi,  Rome. 

Jerusalem,  Destruction  of.  See 
Destruction  of  Jerusalem. 

Jerusalem  Road.  A road  leading 
from  Nantasket  to  Cohasset, 
Mass.,  following  the  line  of  the 
coast,  with  grand  ocean  scenery, 
and  adorned  with  many  fine  vil- 
las. 

Jerusalem  Taverns.  Houses  in 
Clerkenwell,  London,  so  called 
from  the  ancient  priory  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 

Jesus  College.  A foundation  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1496. 

Jeux  Floraux,  Soeiete  des.  A so- 
ciety in  Toulouse,  France,  claim- 
ing to  be  the  oldest  literary  insti- 
tution in  Europe,  founded  in  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  ancient  trouba- 
dours. It  distributes  annually 
prizes  of  golden  and  silver  flow- 
ers for  the  best  essays  in  prose 
and  verse  upon  prescribed  sub- 
jects. 

Jewish  Cemetery.  A picture  by 
Jacob  Ruysdael  (1625  ?-1682),  the 
Dutch  landscape  painter.  In  the 
Dresden  Gallery. 

Jewry,  Old.  See  Old  Jewry. 

Jews’  Quarter.  See  Ghetto  and 

Ju  DEN  STADT. 

In  the  Middle  Ages  the  Jews 
were  commonly  confined  to  a certain 
prescribed  quarter  of  the  cities  in 


which  they  lived,  and,  as  a rule,  were 
locked  in  at  night.  Among  better 
known  districts  occupied  by  them  in 
European  cities  are  the  famous  “ Jews’ 
Quarter  ” in  Rome  and  that  in  Prague. 

Joachim,  St.  See  St.  Joseph  and 
St.  Joachim. 

J oan  of  Arc.  An  admired  picture 
by  Paul  Delaroclie  (1797-1856), 
the  celebrated  French  historical 
painter. 

Joanna  of  Aragon.  A portrait 
of  this  famous  beauty,  who  was 
the  wife  of  Ferdinand  of  Ara- 
gon, by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  of  which  there  are  numer- 
ous repetitions.  One  is  in  the 
collection  of  Baron  Speck,  of 
Lutschena,  near  Leipzig;  another 
in  Warwick  Castle;  another  in 
the  Louvre  Gallery,  Paris.  The 
larger  part  of  this  last  picture  is 
said  to  have  been  executed  by 
Giulio  Romano.  There  is  a copy 
which  has  sometimes  been  as- 
cribed, but  wrongly,  to  Leonardo 
da  Vinci,  in  the  Palazzo  Doria, 
Rome.  There  are  still  other  ex- 
isting copies. 

Job,  Misfortunes  of.  A well- 
known  fresco  by  Francesco  da 
Volterra  in  the  Campo  Santo, 
Pisa,  Italy. 

Joconde,  La.  See  Belle  Joconde. 

Johanneum,  The.  An  institution 
in  Gratz,  Styria,  the  “pride  of 
Styria,”  founded  in  1812,  and 
containing  fine  collections  of  art, 
and  museums  of  antiquities  and 
of  natural  science. 

John  and  Peter.  A picture  of  the 
two  apostles,  the  figures  the 
size  of  life,  by  Albert  Diirer 
(1471-1528),  the  German  painter 
and  engraver.  Another  picture 
corresponding  with  this  repre- 
sents the  apostles  Mark  and  Paul. 
These  are  considered  to  be  the 
grandest  works  of  this  master, 
and  the  last  executed  by  him. 
They  are  now  in  the  Munich  Gal- 
lery. 

4®*  “ These  pictures  are  the  fruit  of 
the  deepest  thought  which  then  stirred 
the  mind  of  Albert  Diirer,  and  are  ex- 
ecuted with  overpowering  force.  Fin- 
ished as  they  are,  they  form  the  first 
complete  work  of  art  produced  by 


JOH 


253 


JON 


Protestantism.  Well  might  the  artist 
now  close  his  eyes.  He  had  in  this 
picture  attained  the  summit  of  art : 
here  he  stands  side  by  side  with  the 
greatest  masters  known  in  history.” 

Kugler.  Handbook  of  Painting . 

John  Brown’s  Farm.  An  estate 
near  North  Elba,  in  Essex  Coun- 
ty, N.Y.,  the  former  home  of  the 
famous  abolitionist  John  Brown 
(1800-1859),  the  invader  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  leader  of  the  expedition 
against  the  national  arsenal  at 
Harper’s  Ferry.  The  house  and 
farm  are  now  the  property  of  an 
association  organized  for  its  pur- 
chase. 

J ohn  O’ Groat’s  House.  This  house 
is  celebrated  as  having  been  con- 

N sidered  the  most  northerly  dwell- 
ing in  Great  Britain.  Nothing 
remains  of  it  but  a turf-covered 
mound.  It  is  related  that  John 
O’ Groat  and  his  cousins  used  to 
meet  here  once  a year  to  cele- 
brate the  memory  of  their  ances- 
tor De  Groot,  a Dutchman  who 
had  settled  here  long  previous. 
They  fell  into  a dispute  as  to 
which  should  preside  at  table; 
and  John  settled  the  difficulty 
by  building  a room  with  as  many 
sides  as  there  were  cousins,  and 
with  a corresponding  number  of 
doors,  and  sides  to  the  table,  so 
that  each,  or  neither,  might  be 
considered  as  presiding. 

Hear,  land  o’  cakes,  and  blither  Scots, 
Frac  Maidenkirk  to  John  o'  Groat’s , 

If  there’s  a hole  in  a’  your  coats, 

I rede  ye  tent  it : 

A chiel’s  am  mg  you  fakin'  notes, 

And,  faith,  he’ll  prent  it.  Burns. 

I was  with  a commercial  friend  at  the 
hour  of  the  mid-day  meal ; and  he  proposed 
luncheon,  adding,  Let’s  go  to  Crosby 
Hall.”  1 did  not  quite  apprehend  his 
meaning.  It  was  much  as  if  he  had  pro- 
posed to  me  to  take  luncheon  with  him  in 
Stonehenge  or  John  O'  Groat's  house. 

Richard  Grant  White. 

John,  St.  See  St.  John. 

J ohn  the  Baptist.  An  altar-piece 
representing  three  scenes  in  his 
life,  by  the  Flemish  painter  Ro- 
ger van  der  Weyden  (d.  1464). 
These  pictures  -were  formerly  in 
Spain,  but  are  now  in  the  Mu- 
seum of  Berlin,  Prussia. 


John  the  Baptist  in  the  Wilder- 
ness. A well-known  picture  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  in  the 
Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence,  Italy. 
It  is  supposed  that  this  picture 
was  executed  in  part  by  other 
hands.  Similar  pictures"  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris,  at  Bologna,  and 
elsewhere,  are  thought  to  have 
been  taken  from  it. 

John  the  Baptist.  See  Behead- 
ing of  St.  John. 

John’s,  St.  See  St.  John’s. 

Johnson’s  Court.  A place  in  Lon- 
don near  Fleet  Street,  known  as 
one  of  the  residences  of  Dr.  John- 
son. It  did  not,  however,  derive 
its  name  from  him. 

We  ourselves,  not  without  labor  and 
risk,  lately  discovered  Gough  Square,  be- 
tween Fleet  Street  and  Ilolborn  (adjoin- 
ing both  to  Bolt  Court  and  Johnson’s 
Court),  and  on  the  second  day  of  search 
the  very  house  there,  wherein  the  English 
Dictionary  was  composed.  Carlyle. 

J onah.  A statue  executed  by  Ra- 
phael (1483-1520),  the  Italian 
painter,  and  pronounced  “a  re- 
markable work  of  sculpture.” 
It  is  in  the  Chigi  Chapel,  S.  Ma- 
ria Novella,  Florence,  Italy. 

4G1P  “Raphael,  who  handled  the 
myth  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  so  magnifi- 
cently in  the  Villa  Farnesina  of  his 
patron  Agostino  Chigi,  dedicated  a 
statue  of  Antinous,  — the  only  statue 
he  ever  executed  in  marble,  — under 
the  title  of  a Hebrew  prophet  in  a 
Christian  sanctuary.  The  fact  is  no  less 
significant  than  strange.  During  the 
early  centuries  of  Christianity  . . . 
Jonah  symbolized  self-sacrifice  and  im- 
mortality. During  those  same  centu- 
ries Antinous  represented  those  same 
ideas,  however  inadequately,  and  for  the 
unlettered  laity  of  Paganism.  It  could 
scarcely  have  been  by  accident,  or  by 
mere  admiration  for  the  features  of 
Antinous,  that  Raphael,  in  his  marble, 
blent  the  Christian  and  the  Pagan  tra- 
ditions. To  unify  and  to  transcend 
the  double  views  of  Christianity  and 
Paganism  in  a work  of  pure  art  was 
Raphael’s  instinctive,  if  not  his  con- 
scious, aim.”  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Jonathan’s.  A former  coffee- 

house and  resort  of  stock-jobbers 
in  Change  Alley,  London. 

The  Cits  met  to  discuss  the  rise  and  fall 
of  stocks,  and  to  settle  the  rate  of  insur- 
ance, at  Garraway’s  or  Jonathan's. 

National  Review. 


JOS 


254 


JUD 


Joseph.  See  St.  Joseph  and 
Potiphar’s  Wife  accusing  Jo- 
seph. 

Joseph  sold  into  Captivity.  A 
fresco-painting  by  Friedrich  Over- 
beck (1789-1869).  Executed  for 
the  villa  of  the  consul-general 
Bartholdy,  in  Rome. 

Joseph’s  Coat.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silva 
y Velasquez  (1599-1660),  the  Span- 
ish painter.  In  the  Museum  of 
Madrid,  Spain. 

Joseph’s  Tomb.  A burial-place 
near  Mount  Gerizim  and  Jacob’s 
Well  in  Northern  Palestine,  tra- 
ditionally held  to  be  the  tomb  of 
the  patriarch  Joseph.  It  is 
believed  to  be  genuine. 

Joseph’s  Well.  A well  of  a total 
depth  of  290  feet  on  the  citadel 
hill  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  supposed  to 
be  so  called  from  Yoosef,  the 
other  name  of  Saladin,  by  whom 
it  was  cleared  of  the  sand  which 
had  filled  it.  It  is  thought  to 
have  been  cut  in  the  rock  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians.  It  is  built  in 
two  stages,  the  water  being  raised 
from  the  bottom  to  the  first  stage 
by  donkeys  or  bullocks,  and  from 
the  first  stage  to  the  top  in  the 
same  manner. 

Joux,  Chateau  de.  A noted  cas- 
tle near  Pontarlier  in  France, 
situated  on  a lofty  hill,  and  mem- 
orable as  having  been  the  place 
of  confinement  of  Toussaint  L’ 
Ouverture,  who  died  here,  and 
also  of  Mirabeau. 

Solely  by  way  of  variation,  not  of  alle- 
viation (especially  as  the  If  Cerberus  too 
has  been  bewitched),  he  has  this  sinner 
[Mirabeau]  removed  in  May  next,  after 
some  nine  months  space,  to  the  Castle  of 
Joux ; an  “old  Owl’s  nest,  with  a few 
invalids,”  among  the  Jura  Mountains. 

Carlyle . 

Joux,  Colonne  de.  See  Colonne 
de  Joux. 

Joyeuse,  La.  The  sword  of  Char- 
lemagne. It  was  found  lying  by 
the  side  of  the  emperor  when  his 
tomb  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  was 
opened  in  997  by  Otho  III.  Most 
of  the  relics  there  found  were 
subsequently  removed  to  Vienna, 
Austria. 


Joys  and  Sorrows  of  the  Virgin. 

See  Virgin. 

Judenstadt.  [Jews’-town].  A fa- 
mous quarter  in  Prague,  Bohemia, 
occupied  by  Jews,  and  one  of  the 
most  widely  known  Ghettos,  or 
Jews’  quarters,  of  those  existing 
in  any  city.  The  Jews  were 
formerly  confined  here,  and  the 
gates  locked  at  eight  o’clock  in 
the  evening;  but  all  restrictions 
are  now  removed.  In  this  close 
quarter  of  narrow  labyrinthine 
streets  are  huddled  together  some 
8,000  Jews.  It  is  supposed  to  be 
the  oldest  Jewish  settlement  in 
Europe,  the  colony  having  ex- 
isted, according  to  tradition,  be- 
fore the  downfall  of  Jerusalem. 
In  another  quarter  of  the  city  is  a 
celebrated  Jewish  cemetery  of 
great  antiquity,  but  no  longer 
used. 

Judge’s  Cave.  A cleft  in  a group 
of  rocks  near  New  Haven,  Conn., 
where  the  famous  regicides  Goffe 
and  Whalley  were  secreted  for  a 
time  in  1661. 

Judgment,  Last.  See  Last  Judg- 
ment. 

Judgment  of  Paris.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  It 
is  in  the  National  Gallery  in  Lon- 
don. 

2.  A picture  by  Angelica  Kauff- 
man (1741-1807). 

Judgment  of  Solomon.  1.  A 
picture  by  Giorgio  Barbarelli, 
commonly  called  Giorgione  (1477- 
1511).  In  the  Uffizi  Palace,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

2.  A noted  picture  by  Benja- 
min Robert  Haydon  (1786-1846). 

J udgment  of  the  Gods.  See  Feast 
of  the  Gods. 

Judith  and  Holofernes.  A well- 

known  bronze  statue  by  Donato 
di  Betto  Bardi,  called  Donatello 
(1383-1466).  In  the  Loggia  de’ 
Lanzi,  Florence,  Italy. 

“ The  Judith  — a strange  rather 
than  an  attractive  work  — was  removed 
from  the  Medici  Palace  in  the  year 
1495,  and  set  up  at  the  entrance  of  the 
palace  of  the  Government.” 

Qrimm , Trans. 


JUD 


255 


JUN 


Judith  and  Holofernes.  A picture 
by  Andrea  Mantegna  (1430-1506)* 
In  the  Museum  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Judith  and  Holofernes.  One  of 

the  frescos  of  Michael  Angelo 
(1474-1564).  In  the  Sistine  Chap- 
el, Rome. 

Judith  and  Holofernes.  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Cristofano 
Allori  (1577-1621).  In  the  Pitti 
Palace,  Florence,  Italy.  There 
are  repetitions  of  this  picture,  one 
in  the  Belvedere,  Vienna,  another 
in  the  Uffizi,  Florence. 

Juggernaut.  A celebrated  temple 
at  Juggernaut,  in  India.  It  is 
the  most  famous  place  of  pilgrim- 
age in  Hindostan.  The  name 
Juggernaut  signifies  the  Lord  of 
the  World.  In  this  temple  is 
an  image  gorgeously  decorated, 
which  is  carried  on  festal  days 
upon  a car  moving  upon  wheels, 
and  is  drawn  by  people.  The 
old  belief,  that  while  this  car  was 
moving  along  the  crowded  streets 
numbers  of  devout  worshippers 
would  throw  themselves  upon 
the  ground  in  order  to  be  crushed 
by  the  wheels,  as  an  act  of  sac- 
rifice to  the  idol  deity,  is  now 
understood  to  be  a gross  exaggera- 
tion, the  loss  of  life  which  occa- 
sionally attends  the  moving  ve- 
hicle being  the  result  of  accident 
rather  than  intention.  [Written 
also  Juggernaut .] 

4®=  “ The  Asiatic  Society  has  pre- 
sented the  French  Government  with 
a model  of  the  temple  and  the  proces- 
sional car  of  Juggernaut.  This  pre- 
cious specimen  of  art  of  the  Middle 
Ages  (1198)  is  placed  in  the  Louvre,  at 
Paris.”  Lefewe.  Tr . Donald. 

A thousand  pilgrims  strain 
Arm,  shoulder,  breast,  and  thigh,  with 
might  and  main. 

To  drag  that  sacred  wain, 

And  scarce  can  draw  along  the  enormous 
load 

Prone  fall  the  frantic  votaries  in  its  road, 
And,  calling  on  the  god, 

Their  self-devoted  bodies  there  they  lay 
To  pave  his  chariot-way. 

On  Jaga-Naut  t hey  call, 

The  ponderous  car  rolls  on,  and  crushes 
all. 

Through  flesh  and  bones  it  ploughs  its 
dreadful  path. 

Groans  rise  unheard;  the  dying  cry, 
And  death  and  agony 


Are  trodden  under  foot  by  yon  mad  throng 
Who  follow  close,  and  thrust  the  deadb’- 
wheels  along.  Southey. 

Juillet,  Colonne  de.  See  Colonne 
de  Juillet. 

Julian,  St.  See  St.  Julian. 

Julius  Caesar.  See  Death  of  Ju- 
lius Caesar  and  Triumphs  of 
Julius  Cass  ad. 

Julius  II.  A celebrated  portrait  of 
this  pope  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  him  as 
seated  in  an  arm-chair,  wrapt  in 
meditation.  It  is  adjudged  one  of 
Raphael’s  best  portraits.  Among 
the  well-known  copies  of  this 
picture  are  one  in  the  Uffizi  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  one  in  the  Nation- 
al Gallery,  London,  and  another 
in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

Jumma  Musjeed.  A famous  Mo- 
hammedan temple  or  mosque  at 
Delhi,  Hindostan.  It  is  built  of 
sandstone  and  white  marble. 

Jungfernstieg.  [The  Maiden’s 
Walk.]  A fashionable  prome- 
nade in  the  city  of  Hamburg, 
Germany.  It  is  a broad  walk 
around  the  sides  of  a basin  of 
water  formed  by  damming  up 
the  small  river  Alster.  It  is  a 
scene  of  much  animation  on  sum- 
mer evenings  when  the  surface  of 
the  water  is  covered  with  gayly- 
painted  boats. 

Junior  United  Service  Club.  A 
London  club,  founded  in  1826. 
See  United  Service  Club. 

Some  of  our  party  . . . made  choice  of 
the  club-house  in  Commercial  Square 
[Gibraltar],  . . . rather,  perhaps,  resem- 
bling the  Junior  United  Service  Club  in 
Charles  Street,  by  which  every  Londoner 
has  passed  ere  this  with  respectful  pleas- 
ure, catching  glimpses  of  magnificent 
blazing  candelabras,  under  which  sit  neat 
half-pay  officers,  drinking  half-pints  of 
port.  Thackeray. 

Juno.  A celebrated  head  of  the 
goddess  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome,  and  hence  generally  known 
as  the  Ludovisi  Juno.  It  has  been 
ascribed  to  the  Greek  sculptor, 
Polycleitus  the  Elder  (452  ?-412  ? 
B.C.).  See  Barberini  Juno. 

4ST“  There  is  a head  of  ‘Juno, 
Queen,’  possessing  a grandeur  and  se- 
riousness altogether  sublime.  I do  not 
believe  there  is  any  thing  superior  to  it 

I in  Rome.”  Taine , Trans. 


JITN 


256 


JUV 


Juno.  See  Jupiter  and  Juno. 

Jupiter  [of  Phidias].  See  Olym- 
pian Jupiter. 

Jupiter  and  Antiope.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Antonio  Alle- 
gri, surnamed  Correggio  (1494- 
1584),  pronounced  “ the  chef  cV ten- 
ure of  the  master  in  the  mytho- 
logical class”  of  subjects.  It  is 
now  in  the  tribune  of  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Jupiter  and  Io.  See  Io  and  Jupi- 
ter. 

Jupiter  and  Juno.  A fresco  by 
Annibale  Caracci  (1560-1609).  In 
the  Farnese  Palace,  Pome. 

Jupiter,  Education  of.  A picture 
by  Giulio  Romano  (1492-1546). 
Now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Jupiter  Latialis.  See  Temple  of 
Jupitkr  Latialis. 

Jupiter  Stator,  Temple  of.  See 
Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator. 

J uriaprudence.  A celebrated  fres- 
co by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 


representing  the  science  of  juris- 
prudence in  its  two  divisions  of 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  law,  with 
female  figures  personifying  Pru- 
dence, Fortitude,  and  Temper- 
ance, and  the  figures  of  Pope 
Gregory  XI.,  and  the  Emperor 
Justinian.  This  picture  forms 
one  of  the  series  of  four,  entitled 
respectively,  Theology,  Poetry, 
Philosophy,  and  Jurisprudence, 
which  were  intended  to  exhibit 
the  lofty  subjects  of  thought  with 
which  the  human  mind  is  occu- 
pied. They  are  all  in  the  Came- 
ra della  Segnatura  of  the  Vati- 
can, Rome. 

Justice  and  Divine  Vengeance 
pursuing  Crime.  An  admired 
picture  by  Pierre  Prud’hon  (1758- 
1823).  In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Justice.  See  Bed  of  Justice  and 
Palais  de  Justice. 

Justina,  St.  See  St.  Justina  and 
the  Duke  of  Ferrara. 

J uvenis  Adorans.  See  Boy  pray- 
ing. 


KAA 


257 


KEN 


K. 


Kaabah.  See  Caaba. 

Kailasa.  A famous  cave-temple  at 
Elora,  in  the  Deccan,  India. 

“A  magnificent  jewel  in  stone, 
as  large  as  the  Royal  Exchange  of  Lon- 
don, made  of  a single  isolated  rock, 
hollowed  within  and  magnificently 
carved  without.  Nothing  is  wanting 
to  render  its  proportions,  its  grace,  and 
its  beauty  perfect.  The  hand  o-f  a 
master  must  have  fashioned  this  gor- 
geous structure  which  comprises  chap- 
els, porticos,  colonnades  supported  by 
figures  of  elephants,  two  basilisks  39 
feet  high,  a pagoda  100  feet  high,  flights 
of  stairs,  and  galleries  made  solemn 
with  a dim  and  almost  a religious  light. 
The  whole  structure  covers  a space  of 
340  feet  in  length  by  190  feet  in  breadth, 
and  the  exterior  walls  are  separated 
from  the  cliff  to  which  the  rock  origi- 
nally belonged  by  an  excavated  passage 
26  to  32  feet  in  width;  so  that  this 
wonderful  rock-temple  is  completely 
isolated  in  the  centre  of  a court  hol- 
lowed out  in  the  flank  of  the  hill. 
Time,  passing  over  the  walls  covered 
with  innumerable  statues,  has  black- 
ened them ; but  in  robbing  them  of 
much  it  lias  also  imparted  to  them  a 
real  beauty.  And  here  it  may  be  re- 
marked that  the  strange  sculptures  of 
Elora  are  only  to  be  compared  to  the 
shapeless  works  of  our  middle  ages; 
and  though  they  arc  wanting  in  the  re- 
pose of  the  Egyptian  sculptures,  they 
seem  to  live  and  breathe  with  a mon- 
strous life.1”  Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

Kaiserstuhl.  [Cfesar’s  Seat.]  An 
eminence  rising  above  Heidel- 
berg, in  Germany,  and  affording 
a magnificent  view. 

Karlstein.  [Charles’s  Stone.]  A 
famous  feudal  castle,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Bohemian  kings, 
built  in  the  middle  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  and  still  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation,  not 
far  from  Prague. 

Karnak,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Karnak. 

Kasr.  A ruin  in  ancient  Babylon 
on  the  supposed  site  of  the  palace 
of  Nebuchadnezzar. 


Katherine  Docks.  See  St.  Kath- 
erine Docks. 

Kazan  Cathedral.  The  metro- 
politan church  of  St.  Petersburg, 
dedicated  to  our  Lady  of  Kazan, 
standing  upon  the  Nevskoi  Pros- 
pekt.  It  is  built  of  gray'  Fin- 
land granite,  and  was  intended 
to  be  a copy  of  St.  Peter’s  at 
Home,  having  a circular  colon- 
nade in  front  like  the  latter,  but 
is,  however,  only  a feeble  imita- 
tion of  it. 

Where  are  our  shallow  fords  ? and  where 
The  power  of  Kazan  with  its  fourfold 
gates  ? 

From  the  prison  windows  our  maidens  fair 
Talk  of  us  still  through  the  iron  grates. 

Longfellow , Adaptation. 
Kazan  looks  down  from  the  Volga  wall, 
Bright  in  the  darkest  weather; 

And  the  Christian  chime  and  the  Moslem 
call 

Sound  from  her  towers  together. 

E.  D.  Proctor. 

Kazan,  Defile  of.  An  extraordi- 
nary pass  in  the  Lower  Danube, 
through  which  the  river  rushes. 
A road  is  carried  along  the  bank 
by  tunnelling  through  the  per- 
pendicular cliffs. 

Kearsarge,  The.  A Union  ship  of 
war,  commanded  by  Capt  Wins- 
low, which,  on  the  19tli  of  June, 
1864,  destroyed  the  Confederate 
privateer  Alabama,  off  the  coast 
of  France,  near  Cherbourg. 

Kelso  Abbey.  An  ancient  ruined 
monastery  in  the  town  of  Kelso, 
Scotland. 

Kenilworth  Castle.  A magnifi- 
cent ruined  mansion,  one  of  the 
most  interesting  and  picturesque 
feudal  remains  in  England,  at 
Kenilworth,  near  Leamington. 
It  is  familiar  to  readers  through 
the  description  of  Sir  W alter 
Scott  in  his  novel  of  the  same 
name.  Kenilworth  Castle  was 
one  of  the  strongholds  of  Simon 
de  Montfort,  Earl  of  Leicester,  ru 
his  insurrection  against  Henry 


KEN 


258 


KEN 


III.  John  of  Gaunt,  coming  into 
possession  of  the  castle,  enlarged 
it  hy  magnificent  buildings. 
Queen  Elizabeth  bestowed  it 
upon  Robert  Dudley,  Earl  of 
Leicester,  who  also  made  impor- 
tant additions.  It  was  disman- 
tled after  the  civil  war  of  Charles 
I. 

Jgcgr*  “ Of  this  lordly  palace,  where 
princes  feasted  and  heroes  fought,  now 
in  the  bloody  earnest  of  storm  and 
siege,  now  in  the  games  of  chivalry, 
where  beauty  dealt  the  prize  which 
valor  won,  all  is  now  desolate.  The 
massy  ruins  of  the  castle  only  serve  to 
show  what  their  splendor  once  was, 
and  to  impress  on  the  musing  visitor 
the  transitory  value  of  human  posses- 
sions.” Sir  Walter  Scott. 

X&"  “ Some  of  the  ivy  that  mantles 
this  building  has  a trunk  as  large  as  a 
man’s  body,  and  throws  out  number- 
less strong  arms,  which,  interweaving, 
embrace  and  interlace  half-falling  tow- 
ers, and  hold  them  up  in  a living,  grow- 
ing mass  of  green.  The  walls  of  one 
of  the  oldest  towers  are  sixteen  feet 
thick.  The  former  moat  presents  only 
a grassy  hollow.  What  was  formerly 
the  gate-house  is  still  inhabited  by  the 
family  who  have  the  care  of  the  build- 
ing. The  land  around  is  choicely  and 
carefully  laid  out.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Heards’t  thou  what  the  Ivy  sighed, 

Waving  where  all  else  hath  died, 

In  the  place  of  regal  mirth, 

Now  the  silent  Kenilworth. 

Felicia  llemans. 

Kennedy.  See  Castle  Kennedy. 

Kennington  Common.  An  en- 
closure (comprising  some  20 
acres)  in  Lambeth,  London,  once 
celebrated  as  a place  of  gathering 
for  pugilists  and  also  itinerant 
preachers,  and  memorable  as  the 
scene  of  the  great  Chartist  meet- 
ing in  1818.  It  has  now  been  con- 
verted into  a park.  Whitefield 
used  to  preach  here  to  great 
crowds  of  people. 

41®**  “ Sunday,  May  6,  1731.  At  six 
in  the  evening  went  and  preached  at 
Kennington,  but  such  a sight  I never 
saw  before.  Some  supposed  there 
were  above  30,000  or  40,000  people,  and 
near  fourscore  coaches,  besides  great 
numbers  of  horses;  and  there  was  such 
an  awful  silence  amongst  them,  and 
the  word  of  God  came  with  such 
power,  that  all  seemed  pleasingly  sur- 


prised. I continued  my  discourse  for 
an  hour  and  a half.” 

George  Whitefield'' s Diary. 

Kennington  Park.  A modern 
park  in  London,  formerly  known 
as  Kennington  Common.  See 
supra. 

Kensal-Green  Cemetery.  On  the 
Harrow  Road,  two  and  a half 
miles  beyond  Paddington,  Lon- 
don. It  occupies  eighteen  acres. 

Kensington.  A parish  of  London, 
containing  several  hamlets.  The 
palace  of  Kensington  is  in  St. 
Margaret’s  parish,  Westminster. 

Kensington  Gardens.  Extensive 
pleasure-grounds  attached  to  Ken- 
sington Palace,  London,  England, 
much  frequented  during  the  Lon- 
don season.  The  gardens  were 
laid  out  in  the  time  of  William 
III.,  and  at  first  consisted  of  only 
26  acres. 

Where  Kensington  high  o’er  the  neighbor- 
ing lands 

Midst  greens  and  sweets  a regal  fabric 
stands, 

And  sees  each  spring,  luxuriant  in  her 
bowers, 

A snow  of  blossoms  and  a wild  of  flowers, 
The  dames  of  Britain  oft  in  crowds  repair 
To  groves  and  lawns  and  unpolluted  air. 

Thomas  Tie  hell. 

Wise  and  Loudon  are  our  heroic  poets; 
and  if,  as  a critic,  I may  single  out  *ny 
passage  of  their  works  to  eon  mend,  I 
shall  take  notice  of  that  part  in  the  upper 
garden  at  Kensington , which  at  first  was 
nothing  but  a gravel-pit.  Spectator. 

Here  in  Kensington  are  some  of  the  most 
poetical  bits  of  tree  and  stump  and  sunny 
brown  and  green  glen,  and  tawny  earth. 

llaydon. 

Kensington  Museum.  See  South 
Kensington  Museum. 

Kensington  Palace.  A royal  resi- 
dence of  the  English  sovereigns, 
situated  about  two  miles  west  of 
London.  William  and  Mary  lived 
here,  and  here  Mary  died  in  1694, 
and  William  in  1702.  After  the 
death  of  William  III.,  Anne  and 
Prince  George  of  Denmark  lived 
at  Kensington  Palace,  the  latter 
dying  here  in  1708,  and  the  for- 
mer in  1714.  Queen  Victoria  was 
born  here  May  24,  1819.  It  for- 
merly contained  the  collection  of 
pictures  known  as  the  Kensing- 
ton Collection. 


KEN 


259 


KXL 


Kent’s  Hole.  A cavern  near  Tor- 
quay, England,  celebrated  for  its 
ossiferous  remains. 

Kevin’s  Kitchen.  See  St.  Kev- 
in’s Kitchen. 

Kew  Botanical  Gardens.  An  en- 
closure, 270  acres  in  extent,  at 
Kew,  near  London,  containing 
the  plants,  dowers,  and  vegetable 
curiosities  of  all  countries. 

Keyne’s  Well.  See  St.  Keyne’s 
Well. 

Keys  of  St.  Peter.  See  Deliver- 
ing the  Keys. 

Khasne,  The.  The  great  temple 
of  Petra,  occupying  an  unrivalled 
situation  opposite  the  opening  of 
the  Sik,  and  in  full  view  of  every 
one  entering  the  city.  Almost  the 
entire  structure  is  hewn  in  the 
rock  ; and  the  age,  and  even 
the  purpose  of  the  monument,  are 
matters  of  controversy.  Its  name, 
meaning  “the  Treasure,”  was 
given  to  it  by  the  Arabs,  who 
have  a tradition  that  vast  treas- 
ures of  jewels  and  money  were 
once  placed  in  the  urn  upon  the 
top  of  the  facade,  where  they  are 
still  carefully  guarded  by  jealous 
genii. 

4®=*  “ With  consummate  skill  have 
the  architects  of  Petra  availed  them- 
selves of  remarkable  natural  formation 
to  dazzle  the  stranger,  as  he  emerges 
from  an  all  but  subterranean  defile,  by 
the  enchanting  prospect  of  one  of  their 
noblest  monuments.  Most  fortunate, 
too,  were  they  in  the  material  out  of 
which  it  is  hewn ; for  the  rosy  tint  of 
the  portico,  sculptured  pediment,  and 
statues  overhead,  contrasts  finely  with 
the  darker  masses  of  rugged  cliff  above 
and  around,  and  the  deep  green  of  the 
vegetation  at  its  base.  The  monument 
is  in  wonderful  preservation ; some  of 
the  most  delicate  details  of  the  carv- 
ing are  as  fresh  and  sharp  as  if  exe- 
cuted yesterday.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

46^  “ Its  position  is  wonderfully 
fine,  and  its  material  and  preservation 
very  striking;  but  it  is  inconceivable 
how  any  one  can  praise  its  architecture. 
This  temple,  called  by  the  Arabs  ‘ Pha- 
raoh’s Treasury,’  is  absolutely  set  in  a 
niche.”  Miss  Martineau. 

4®=*  “ One  of  the  most  elegant  re- 
mains of  antiquity  existing  in  Syria.” 
Burckhardt. 


4^  “The  typical  and  most  beauti- 
ful tomb  of  this  place  [Petra]  is  that 
called  the  Khasne,  or  Treasury  of  Pha- 
raoh. . . . Though  all  the  forms  of  the 
architecture  are  Roman,  the  details  are 
so  elegant  and  generally  so  well  de- 
signed, that  there  must  have  been  some 
Grecian  influence  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  work.”  Fergusson. 

Khuttub  Minar.  A famous  pillar 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Delhi, 
India.  It  is  of  a circular  form, 
240  feet  in  height,  with  a base  of 
35  feet,  diminishing  to  less  than 
10  feet  at  the  top.  It  consists  of 
live  stories,  the  three  lower  being 
of  red  sandstone,  and  the  two 
upper  of  white  marble. 

“ As  I stood  a short  distance  from 
the  base,  my  gaze  travelling  slowly 
from  bottom  to  top,  and  from  top  to 
bottom,  Mr.  Place  declared  it  to  be  the 
finest  single  tower  in  the  world,  and 
asked  me  whether  I did  not  think  so. 
I said  ‘ no,’  for  just  then  I had  Giotto’s 
Florentine  Campanile  and  the  Giralda 
of  Seville  in  mind,  and  could  not  ven- 
ture to  place  it  above  them ; but  the 
longer  I looked,  the  more  its  beauty 
grew  upon  me ; and  after  spending  three 
or  four  hours  in  its  vicinity,  1 no  lon- 
ger doubted.  It  is,  beyond  question, 
the  finest  shaft  in  the  world.” 

Bayard  Taylor . 

Kidron.  A brook  in  the  vicinity 
of  Jerusalem,  Palestine,  alluded 
to  in  the  Bible,  and  associated 
with  the  later  scenes  in  the  life 
of  Christ. 

Kieran’s  Chair.  See  St.  Kieiian’s 
Chair. 

Kilehurn  Castle.  A massive 
stronghold  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury near  Dalmally,  Argyle,  Scot- 
land. It  is  now  an  imposing  ruin. 

Abandoned  by  thy  rugged  sire 
Nor  by  soft  peace  adopted,  though  in  place 
And  in  dimension  such  that  thou  might’st 
seem 

But  a mere  footstool  to  yon  sovereign 
lord. 

Huge  Cruachan.  Wordsworth. 

Kildare,  Curragh  of.  See  Cur- 

ragh  of  Kildare. 

Kilkenny  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Ormonde  in  Kilken- 
ny, Leinster  County,  Ireland.  It 
dates  from  the  twelfth  century. 

Kileoleman.  A picturesque  ruined 
castle  in  the  county  of  Cork,  Ire- 


KIL 


260 


KIN 


land.  It  was  once  the  home  of 
Edmund  Spenser,  the  poet. 

4Ggr  “ Four  years  of  happy  tranquil- 
lity here  passed  away,  bearing  for  the 
world  the  glorious  fruit  of  the  first 
three  books  of  the  Fairy  Queen.  These 
he  conveyed  to  London  in  company 
with  his  friend,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
and  there  published  them.  ...  A 
dreadful  calamity  now  awaited  him. 
The  Tyrone  rebellion  broke  out  (in 
1598);  his  estate  was  plundered;  Kil- 
coleman  was  burned  by  the  Irish;  in 
the  flames  his  youngest  child  perished; 
and  he  was  driven  into  England  with 
his  wife  and  remaining  children,  — a 
poor  and  wretched  exile.  From  this 
affliction  he  never  recovered,  dying 
a year  after  in  an  obscure  lodging  in 
London  in  extreme  indigence.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Kilcrea.  A beautiful  ruined  friary 
or  abbey  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland. 

Kilmallock  Abbey.  An  interest- 
ing monastic  abbey  in  the  county 
of  Limerick,  Ireland. 

Kimbolton  Castle.  The  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Manchester,  near 
Huntingdon,  England. 

4®=-  “ Though  pulled  about,  and  re- 
built by  Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  the  castle 
has  still  a grand  antique  and  feudal 
air.  The  memories  which  hang  about 
it  are  in  the  last  degree  romantic  and 
imposing.  There  Queen  Katherine  of 
Aragon  died.  There  the  Civil  Wars 
took  shape.  . . . Kimbolton  is  perhaps 
the  only  house  now  left  in  England  in 
which  you  still  live  and  move,  distin- 
guished as  the  scene  of  an  act  in  one  of 
Shakespeare’s  plays.  . . . For  a genu- 
ine Shakesperian  house,  in  which  men 
still  live  and  love,  still  dress  and  dine, 
to  which  guests  come  and  go,  in  which 
children  frisk  and  sport,  where  shall 
we  look  beyond  the  walls  of  Kimbolton 
Castle?  ” Ilepworth  Dixon. 

King  Arthur’s  Palace.  The  name 
given  to  the  vast  intrenchments 
of  an  ancient  Roman  or  British 
camp,  still  existing  in  a ruined 
state,  in  the  ancient  Camelot,  or, 
as  it  is  now  called,  Queen’s  Cam- 
el, England. 

King  Arthur’s  Round  Table.  A 

singular  and  very  ancient  circu- 
lar area,  surrounded  by  a fosse 
and  mound,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  intended  for  the  practice  of 


the  feats  of  chivalry,  near  Penrith , 
in  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
England. 

He  passed  red  Penrith’s  Table  Round 
For  feats  of  chivalry  renowned. 

Sir  Walter  Scott. 

43P*  “A  circular  intrenchment,  about 
half  a mile  from  Penrith,  is  thus  popu- 
larly termed.  The  circle  within  the 
ditch  is  about  160  paces  in  circumfer- 
ence, with  openings,  or  approaches,  di- 
rectly opposite  to  each  other.  As  the 
ditch  is  on  the  inner  side,  it  could  not 
be  intended  for  the  purpose  of  defence  ; 
and  it  has  reasonably  been  conjectured 
that  the  enclosure  was  designed  for  the 
solemn  exercise  of  feats  of  chivalry, 
and  the  embankment  around  for  the 
convenience  of  the  spectators.”  Scott. 

King  Arthur’s  Round  Table.  See 
Round  Table. 

King  Club,  or  Club  of  Kings.  A 

club  which  was  in  existence  in 
London  in  the  time  of  Charles  II. 
(1660-1685).  The  name  of  “ King  ” 
was  applied  to  all  the  members, 
and  Charles  was  himself  an  hon- 
orary member. 

King  John’s  Castle.  1.  This  for- 
tress, built  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury upon  a rock  overlooking  the 
sea,  in  the  town  of  Carlingford, 
Ireland,  commands  charming 
views  of  the  Mourne  Mountains. 
Near  this  castle  is  an  ancient  ab- 
bey, now  in  ruins,  which  was 
built  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

2.  An  ancient  royal  residence 
and  fortress  at  Limerick,  Ireland. 

4Gg^  “ The  castle  has  endured  for 
above  six  centuries;  in  all  the  ‘bat- 
tles, sieges,  fortunes,’  that  have  since 
occurred,  it  has  been  the  object  most 
coveted,  perhaps,  in  Ireland,  by  the 
contending  parties;  and  it  still  frowns, 
a dark  mass,  upon  the  waters  of  the 
mighty  Shannon.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

King  of  Clubs.  A club  in  London, 
founded  about  1801,  and  at  first 
composed  of  a few  lawyers  and 
literary  men.  The  meetings  of 
the  club  were  held  at  the  Crown 
and  Anchor  Tavern,  in  the 
Strand.  Richard  Sharp  (“  Con- 
versation Sharp  ”)  was  regarded 
as  the  first  of  the  club;  and  the 
poet  Rogers,  Sir  James  Mackin- 
tosh, Lady  Mackintosh,  and  oth- 
ers were  frequent  attendants. 


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KIN 


Kins  of  the  Beans.  See  Feast  of 
the  King  of  the  Beans. 

Kins  of  the  Forest.  A picture  by 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873), 
the  most  celebrated  modern 
painter  of  animals. 

Kings,  Adoration  of  the.  See  Ad- 

oration of  the  Magi 

King’s  Bench  and  Queen’s  Bench. 
An  old  prison  in  London,  more 
recently  known  as  the  Queen’s 
Prison,  Southwark.  Stow  relates 
that  the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler 
“ brake  down  the  houses  of  the 
Marshalsey  and  King’s  Bench,  in 
South warke.”  The  Prince  of 

Wales,  afterwards  Henry  V.,  was 
committed  to  this  prison.  It  was 
known  as  the  Upper  Bench  Pris- 
on during  the  Commonwealth. 
The  King’s  Bench  Prison  figures 
in  the  works  of  Dickens. 

Micawber.  — “ And  this  is  the  Bench  ! 
Where  for  the  first  time  in  many  revolv- 
ing years  the  overwhelming  pressure  of 
pecuniary  liabilities  was  not  proclaimed 
from  day  to  day  by  importunate  voices 
declining  to  vacate  the  passage;  where 
there  was  no  knocker  on  the  door  for  any 
creditor  to  appeal  to;  where  personal  ser- 
vice of  process  was  not  required,  and  de- 
tainers were  merely  lodged  at  the  gate  ! ” 
Dickens. 

King’s  Cave.  A cavern  near  Tor- 
more,  in  Scotland.  It  derives  its 
name  from  the  tradition  that  it 
was  occupied  by  Fingal,  Bruce, 
and  other  Scottish  heroes.  The 
interior  is  carved  with  rude  de- 
vices. This  cave,  the  largest  of  a 
line  of  caves  on  the  Scottish  coast, 
is  hollowed  out  under  the  cliffs, 
and  is  supported  partly  by  a 
natural  pillar  that  divides  the 
upper  portion  into  two  chambers. 

King’s  Chapel.  A religious  edifice 
on  Tremont  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
It  was  built  in  1754  on  the  site  of 
an  older  church  edifice.  During 
the  war  of  the  Revolution  it  was 
for  a time  forsaken  by  its  loyalist 
congregation.  In  the  adjacent 
burial-ground,  which  has  been 
used  from  1630,  many  of  the  early 
Puritans,  including  Gov.  Win- 
tlirop,  are  interred. 

MSF  “ The  edifice,  its  records  and 
the  worshippers  in  it,  are  illustrative 
of  the  court-epoch  of  life  in  Boston, 
under  the  royal  governors.  A state 


pew,  with  canopy  and  drapery,  was 
fitted  up  in  the  chapel  for  the  Earl  of 
Bellomont  ; and  the  royal  governor 
and  his  deputy  were  always  to  be  of 
the  vestry.  When  Joseph  Dudley 
came  home  as  governor,  he  seems,  at 
least  in  part,  to  have  turned  his  back 
upon  his  own  place  for  worship  and 
communion.  His  own  armorial  bear- 
ings and  escutcheon  were  hung  on  one 
of  the  pillars  of  the  chapel,  as  were 
those  of  other  gentry.  Gov.  Hutchin- 
son after  him  did  the  same.  The 
edifice,  in  fact,  and  all  that  was  done 
within  its  walls,  and  its  objects  and 
purposes,  was  a type  and  obtrusion  of 
royal  interference  with  the  usages, 
the  traditions,  and  the  dearest  attach- 
ments of  the  people.  Men  of  note  sat 
and  worshipped  in  that  first  royal 
chapel.  Among  its  worshippers  were 
true  Episcopalians  by  birth  and  con- 
viction, and  others  who,  without  any 
special  convictions,  might  reasonably 
seek  there  a substitute  for  that  espion- 
age and  unwelcome  form  of  religious 
dispensation  found  in  the  meeting- 
houses. Suspended  from  the  pillars 
were  the  escutcheons  of  Sir  Edmund 
Andros,  Francis  Nicholson,  Capt.  Ham- 
ilton, and  Govs.  Dudley,  Shute,  Burnet, 
Belcher,  and  Shirley.  The  altar-piece, 
with  the  gilded  Gforia,  the  Creed,  the 
Commandments,  the  Lord’s  Prayer,  the 
organ,  the  surpliced  priest,  and,  above 
all,  the  green  boughs  of  Christmas, 
composed  altogether  a sight  which 
some  young  Puritan  eyes  longed,  and 
some  older  ones  were  shocked,  to  see.” 
George  E.  Ellis. 

The  Chapel , last  of  sublunarv  things 
That  shocks  our  echoes  with  the  name  of 
Kings , 

Whose  boll,  just  glistening  from  the  font 
and  forge, 

Boiled  its  proud  requiem  for  the  second 
George, 

Solemn  and  swelling,  as  of  old  it  rang, 
Flings  to  the  wind  its  deep,  sonorous 
clang.  Holmes. 

King’s  Coffee-house.  A rude 
structure  in  Covent  Garden,  Lon- 
don, formerly  much  frequented 
by  persons  from  various  ranks  of 
society. 

What  rake  is  ignorant  of  King's  Coffee- 
house ? Fielding. 

King’s  College.  1.  An  ancient 
college  in  Cambridge,  England, 
one  of  the  13  colleges  of  the  uni- 
versity, founded  in  1441,  enjoying 
some  peculiar  privileges,  and 
noted  for  its  beautiful  chapel. 

The  groves  of  Granta,  and  her  gothic  halls, 
King's  Coll..  Cam’s  stream,  stain'd  win- 
dows, and  old  walls.  Byron 


KIN 


262 


KIN 


2.  An  ancient  college  in  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  founded  in  1494, 
by  a bull  of  Pope  Alexander  VI. 
The  building  is  noticeable  for  the 
line  carving  in  the  chapel  and 
library.  The  college  now  forms 
a part  of  the  new  University  of 
Aberdeen. 

HOT  “ The  tower  of  it  [King’s  Col- 
lege] is  surmounted  by  a massive  stone 
crown,  which  forms  a very  singular 
feature  in  every  view  of  Aberdeen,  and 
is  said  to  be  a perfectly  unique  speci- 
men of  architecture.” 

3Irs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

3.  A college  in  London,  founded 
in  1828,  and  occupying  the  east 
wing  of  Somerset  House. 

King’s  College  Chapel.  A mag- 
nificent pile,  connected  with 
King’s  College,  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land. It  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  finest  specimens  in  existence 
of  the  perpendicular  Gothic. 

“ The  interior  is  imposing  from 
its  great  height,  from  the  solemn  beauty 
and  splendor  of  the  stained  glass,  and 
from  the  magnificent  fan-tracery  of  the 
vaulting,  which  extends,  bay  after  bay, 
in  unbroken  and  unchanged  succession, 
from  one  end  of  the  chapel  to  the 
other.”  Fergusson. 

— nothing  cheered  our  way  till  first 
we  saw 

The  long-roofed  chapel  of  King’s  College 
lift 

Turrets  and  pinnacles  in  answering  flies, 
Extended  high  above  a dusky  prove. 

Wordsworth. 

Tax  not  the  royal  saint  with  vain  expense, 
With  ill-matched  aims  the  architect  who 
planned  — 

Albe;t  laboring  for  a scanty  band 
Of  white- robed  scholars  only  — this  im- 
mense 

And  glorious  work  of  fine  intelligence  ! 

Ibid. 

King’s  College  Hospital.  Estab- 
lished in  London  for  the  sick 
poor,  to  afford  instruction  to  the 
students  of  King’s  College,  in 
1839.  The  first  stone  of  the  pres- 
ent building  was  laid  in  1852. 

King’s  Head.  A club  in  London, 
of  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  also 
known  as  the  Green-Ribbon  Club, 
from  the  distinguishing  mark  of 
a green  ribbon  to  be  worn  in  the 
hat,  founded  by  Lord  Shaftes- 
bury, with  the  object  of  affording 
support  to  the  court  and  govern- 
ment, and  of  influencing  Protes- 


tant zeal.  The  members,  who 
were  popularly  known  as  “ hogs 
in  armour,”  from  the  peculiar 
dress  which  they  wore,  carried 
the  weapon  known  as  the  Protes- 
tant Flail.  According  to  Roger 
North,  at  the  time  of  the  pope- 
burning procession  of  November, 
1680,  “ the  Rabble  first  changed 
their  title,  and  were  called  the 
Mob  in  the  assemblies  of  this 
club.  It  was  their  Beast  of 
Burden,  and  called  first  mobile 
vulc/us , but  fell  naturally  into  the 
contraction  of  one  syllable,  and 
ever  since  is  become  proper  Eng- 
lish.” The  club  declined  after 
these  celebrations  were  sup- 
pressed in  1683. 

HSi"*  “ The  gentlemen  of  that  worthy 
society  held  their  evening  sessions  con- 
tinually at  the  King’s  Head  Tavern, 
over  against  the  Inner  Temple  Gate. 
. . . They  admitted  all  strangers  that 
were  confidingly  introduced;  for  it 
was  a main  end  of  their  institution  to 
make  proselytes,  especially  of  the  raw 
estated 'youth,  newly  come  to  town. 
This  copious  society  were  to  the  fac- 
tion in  and  about  London  a sort  of 
executive  power,  and,  by  correspond- 
ence, all  over  England.  The  resolves 
of  the  more  retired  councils  of  the 
ministry  of  the  Faction  were  brought 
in  here,  and  orally  insinuated  to  the 
company,  whether  it  were  lyes,  defa- 
mations, commendations,  projects,  etc., 
and  so,  like  water  diffused,  spread  all 
over  the  town ; whereby  that  which 
was  digested  at  the  club  over  night, 
was,  like  nourishment,  at  every  assem- 
bly, male  and  female,  the  next  day; 
and  thus  the  younglings  tasted  of  politi- 
cal administration,  and  took  themselves 
for  notable  counsellors.” 

Roger  North. 

King’s  Head.  A tavern,  now 
closed,  in  the  Poultry,  London. 
It  was  burnt  in  the  great  fire  of 
1666,  and  rebuilt.  It  was  at  first 
known  by  the  sign  of  the  Rose. 
Also  a King's  Head  in  Fenchurch 
Street,  London,  and  many  other 
public  houses  of  this  name,  which 
was  a common  appellation. 

King’s  Market.  [Dan.  Kongen's 
JVytorv.]  The  principal  square 
in  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Kings  of  Cologne.  See  Shrine  of 
the  Three  Kings  of  Cologne 


kih 


263 


KNO 


Kings,  Tombs  of  the.  See  Tombs 
of  the  Kings. 

Kirkconnell.  A ruined  church  in 
Scotland,  near  Kirkpatrick.  The 
adjoining  churchyard  is  the  scene 
of  the  ballad  of  “Fair  Helen  of 
Kirkconnell.” 

I wish  I were  where  Helen  lies ! 

Night  nnd  day  on  me  she  cries. 

Oh  that  I were  where  Helen  lies 

On  fair  Kirkconnell  Lee  ! 

Kit-Kat  Club.  A celebrated  asso- 
ciation in  London,  founded  about 
the  year  1700,  and  said  to  have 
derived  its  name  from  a certain 
Christopher  Katt,  a mutton-pie- 
man or  pastry-cook,  at  whose 
house  in  Shire  Lane  the  meetings 
of  the  club  are  supposed  to  have 
been  first  held.  It  was  the  chief 
society  for  the  leaders  among  the 
Whigs,  and  originally  consisted 
of  39  noblemen  and  gentlemen 
known  for  their  warm  attach- 
ment to  the  house  of  Hanover. 
The  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Sir 
Robert  Walpole,  Addison,  Steele, 
and  many  other  noted  men  of  the 
time  were  members;  and  the  rep- 
utation of  the  club  is  literary  and 
artistic  as  well  as  political.  Here 
“ used  to  meet  many  of  the  finest 
gentlemen  and  choicest  wits  of  the 
daysrof  Queen  Anne  and  the  first 
George.  Halifax  lias  conversed 
and  Somers  unbent,  Addison 
mellowed  over  a bottle,  Congreve 
flashed  his  wit,  Vanbrugh  let 
loose  his  easy  humor,  Garth  talked 
and  rhymed.”  Ward,  who  claims 
that  the  pieman  was  named  Chris- 
topher, and  that  he  lived  at  the 
sign  of  the  Cat  and  Fiddle,  in 
Gray’s-Inn  Lane,  says,  “the  cook’s 
name  being  Christopher,  for  brev- 
ity called  Kit,  and  his  sign  being 
the  Cat  and  Fiddle,  they  very 
merrily  derived  a quaint  denom- 
ination from  puss  and  her  mas- 
ter, and  from  thence  called  them- 
selves of  the  Kit-Kat  Club.” 
Others  say  that  the  club  derived 
its  name  from  the  pie  itself  and 
not  from  the  maker  of  the  pie, 
the  pies  being  a regular  dish  at 
the  suppers  of  the  club. 

Whence  deathless  Kit-Kat  took  his  name, 
Few  critics  can  unriddle ; 


Some  say  from  pastry-cook  it  came, 

And  some  from  Cat  and  Fiddle. 

From  no  trim  beaus  its  name  it  boasts, 
Gray  statesmen  or  green  wits, 

But  from  this  pell-mell  pack  of  toasts 
Of  old  Kats  and  young  Kits. 

Arbuthnot. 

Kits  Coity- House.  A famous 
cromlech  near  Aylesford,  Kent, 
England.  By  some  thought  to 
have  been  a sepulchral  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Catigern, 
who,  with  Horsa,  was  killed  here 
in  battle  A.D.  455.  The  monu- 
ment is  now  destroyed. 

Knife-grinder.  See  Arrotino,  L’. 

Knight,  Death,  and  the  Devil.  A 
celebrated  engraving  by  Albert 
Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  German 
painter  and  engraver.  It  has 
been  pronounced  “ the  most  im- 
portant work  which  the  fantastic 
spirit  of  German  art  has  ever  pro- 
duced. ...  We  see  a solitary 
knight  riding  through  a dark 
glen;  two  demons  rise  up  before 
him,  . . . the  horrible  figure  of 
Death  on  the  lame  horse,  and  the 
bewildering  apparition  of  the 
Devil.  But  the  knight,  prepared 
for  combat  wherever  resistance 
can  avail,  . . . looks  steadily  for- 
ward on  the  path  he  has  chosen, 
and  allows  these  creations  of  a 
delusive  dream  to  sink  again  into 
their  visionary  kingdom.  The 
masterly  execution  of  the  engrav- 
ing is  well  known.”  The  print 
bears  date  1513. 

Knight.  See  Vision  of  a Knight. 

Knockgraffon,  Moat  of.  See  Moat 
of  Knockgraffon. 

Knowle  Park.  A fine  old  castel- 
lated mansion  near  London,  in 
the  county  of  Kent. 

“ Parts  of  it  date  from  the  time 
of  King  John,  and  none  of  it  is  more 
recent  than  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 
It  is  very  extensive,  few  old  castles  be- 
ing so  large;  and  it  has  an  awful  hard, 
grim,  feudal  look,  so  slight  have  been 
the  changes  made  in  it.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Knowsley  Hall  (Park).  A splen- 
did baronial  mansion,  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Derby,  in  Lancashire, 
England.  It  contains  some  cele- 
brated art-treasures. 


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264 


KRE 


Kohinoor,  The.  [Mountain  of 
Light.]  A celebrated  diamond 
found  in  the  mines  of  Golconda, 
India.  Its  original  weight  was 
793  . carats,  which  by  unskilful 
cutting  was  reduced  to  186.  Hav- 
ing been  recut  in  Amsterdam, 
1852,  it  was  still  further  reduced 
to  106-nr  carats,  which  is  its  pres- 
ent weight.  This  diamond,  which 
for  a long  time  was  a chief 
feature  in  the  treasury  of  Delhi, 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Brit- 
ish in  1849,  and  was  presented  to 
Queen  Victoria,  June  3,  1850. 

More  than  the  diamond  Koh-i-noor , 
which  glitters  among  their  crown -jew- 
els, they  [the  English]  prize  that  dull  peb- 
ble which  is  wiser  than  a man,  whose 
poles  turn  themselves  to  the  poles  of  the 
world,  and  whose  axis  is  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  world.  Emerson. 

To  have  and  to  hold  for  one’s  own  prop- 
erty one  of  the  largest  diamonds  ever  dis- 
covered, is  no  doubt  a magnificent  pos- 
session ; but  in  a purely  artistic  sense  1 
prefer  the  original  Koh-i-noor,  worn  on 
the  arm  of  Runjeet  Sing  as  he  sat  kk  cross- 
legged  in  his  golden  chair,  dressed  in  sim- 
ple white,  with  a single  string  of  huge 
pearls  round  his  waist,”  to  the  Koh-i-noor 
cut  and  pared  down  to  mathematical  sym- 
metry by  English  lapidaries,  with  a loss  of 
one-third  of  its  weight.  C.  L.  Eastlake. 

Cracking  up  Boston  folks, —said  the 
gentleman  with  the  diamond- pin,  whom, 
for  convenience’  sake,  1 shaii  hereafter 
call  the  Koh-i-noor.  Holmes. 

Kohlmarkt,  The.  [The  Cabbage 
Market.]  A well-known  and  fine 
street  in  Vienna,  Austria. 

The  Toledo  of  Naples,  the  Corso  of 
Rome,  the  Kohl-market  of  Vienna,  the 
Rue  de  la  Paix  and  Boulevards  of  Paris, 
have  each  impressed  me  strongly  with 
their  magnificence;  but  they  are  renlly 
nothing  to  Regent  Street.  N.  P.  Willis. 

Koniggratz  Strasse.  [Koniggratz 
Street.]  A well-known  street  in 
Berlin,  Prussia. 

Xonigsbau.  See  New  Palace. 

Xonigsstuhl.  [King’s  Seat.]  A 
vaulted  hall  near  the  town  of 
Bhense  on  the  Rhine,  once  the 
place  of  assembly  for  the  electors 
of  the  German  empire.  The  build- 
ing now  standing  is  chiefly  mod- 
ern. 

Konigsstein.  [King’s  Stone.]  1. 
A celebrated  fortress  in  Saxony, 
situated  at  a height  of  about  780 
feet  above  the  river  Elbe.  It  has 
been  regarded  as  impregnable, 


both  on  account  of  its  isolated 
position  with  regard  to  other  com- 
manding heights  (the  Lilienstein 
and  Pfaffenstein  are  about  lj 
miles  distant),  and  from  the  ex- 
treme steepness  of  the  escarp- 
ments by  which  it  is  surrounded. 
It  is  approached  by  a sloping  path 
cut  in  the  rock,  and  by  a slanting 
wooden  bridge  which  can  be  re- 
moved in  time  of  war.  Water 
for  the  fortress  is  obtained  from 
a well  613  feet  deep,  cut  in  the 
solid  rock.  The  valuable  works 
of  art  of  Saxony  owe  their  pres- 
ervation to  the  fortress  of  Konig- 
stein,  and  treasures  of  various 
kinds  have  often  been  placed  here 
for  safe  keeping.  Frederick  Au- 
gustus II.  made  the  fortress  a 
retreat  in  the  time  of  the  Seven 
Years’  War. 

2.  A ruined  fortress  which 
stands  high  above  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine.  The  castle  was  demol- 
ished by  the  French  in  1796. 

Kratzer,  Nicholas.  A picture  by 
Hans  Holbein  the  Younger  (1498- 
1543),  the  German  painter.  It  is 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Kremlin,  The.  A hill  and  quarter 
in  Moscow,  Russia,  containing  ail 
imposing  collection  of  buildings, 
palaces,  churches,  and  towers, 
surrounded  by  a wall  sixty  feet 
in  height  and  nearly  a mile  in  cir- 
cumference. Among  the  princi- 
pal buildings  are  the  old  and  new 
palaces  of  the  czars,  the  Cathe- 
dral of  St.  Michael,  the  Church 
of  the  Assumption,  the  tower  of 
Ivan  Veliki,  and  the  Church  of 
St.  Basil.  The  old  palace  of  the 
czars,  the  Terema,  or  balcony, 
forms  the  rear  wing  of  the  new 
palace  [Granovitaya  Palata].  The 
former  was  mainly  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  1812  during  the  French 
occupation  of  the  city,  the  latter 
was  built  in  1816.  See  Ivan  Ve- 
liki, St.  Basil,  etc. 

jgSir*  “ If  Moscow  is  the  Mecca  of  the 
Russians,  the  Kremlin  is  its  Kaaba. 
Within  its  ancient  walls  is  gathered  all 
that  is  holiest  in  religion  or  most  cher- 
ished in  historical  tradition.  ...  Its 
very  gates  are  protected  by  miracles, 
and  the  peasant  from  a distant  province 
enters  them  with  much  the  same  feeling 


KUB 


265 


KYF 


as  a Jewish  pilgrim  enters  the  long- 
lust  city  of  Zion.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

JUQtT  “ Every  city  in  Russia  had  its 
Kremlin,  as  every  one  in  Spain  had  its 
Alcazar;  and  all  were  adorned  with 
walls  deeply  machicolated,  and  inter- 
spersed with  towers.  Within  were 
enclosed  live-domed  churches  and  bel- 
fries, just  as  at  Moscow,  though  on  a 
scale  proportionate  to  the  importance 
of  the  city.”  Fergusson. 

Mind  that  I gild  thelnvalides 
To  match  the  Kremlin  Dome. 

Walter  Tliornbury. 

The  bells  that  rock  the  Kremlin  tower 
Like  a strong  wind,  to  and  fro, — 
Silver  sweet  in  its  topmost  bower, 

And  the  thunder’s  boom  below. 

E.  D.  Proctor. 

Kubbet  es  Sukhrah.  [The  Dome 
of  the  Rock.]  See  Mosque  of 
Omar. 

Kuhstall.  A remarkable  natural 
arch  through  a rocky  wall  or 
rampart  150  feet  thick,  in  the  re- 
gion known  as  the  Saxon  Switzer- 
land, near  its  capital,  Schandau. 
The  place  is  said  to  derive  its 
name  from  having  been  used  by 
the  mountaineers  as  a hiding- 
place  for  their  cattle  in  time  of 
war. 


Kyburg  Castle.  An  ancient  Aus- 
trian stronghold  near  Winter- 
thur, Switzerland.  The  regalia 
of  the  empire  was  formerly  kept 
here. 

Kyffhauser,  The.  A famous  ru- 
ined castle,  crowning  an  eminence 
in  Thuringia,  underneath  which, 
in  a vault,  the  Emperor  Frederic 
Barbarossa  is  fabled  to  lie  en- 
chanted 

The  ancient  Barbarossa, 

Friedrich,  the  Kaiser  great, 

Within  the  castle-cavern 
Sits  in  enchanted  state. 

He  did  not  die;  but  over 
Waits  in  the  chamber  deep, 

Where,  hidden  under  the  castle, 

He  sat  himself,  to  sleep. 

The  splendor  of  the  empire 
He  took  with  him  away, 

And  back  to  earth  will  bring  it 
When  dawns  the  chosen  day. 

Iiuckerty  Trans. 

Far  within  the  lone  Kyffhauser , 

With  a lamp  red  glimmering  by, 

Sits  the  aged  Emperor  Frederick, 

At  a marble  table  nigh. 

Emanuel  Geibel , Trans. 
Full  darkly  loomed  Kyffhauser 
Through'  fog  which  slowly  broke, 
When  first  the  spellbound  Kaiser 
From  his  long  sleep  awoke. 

Ferdinand  Freiligrath , Trans. 


LAB 


266 


LAD 


L. 


Labourage  TsTivernais.  See 

Ploughing  in  Nivernais. 

Labyrinth.  1.  One  of  the  most 
remarkable  and  mysterious  mon- 
uments of  ancient  Egypt,  near 
Lake  Mceris.  According  to  Ma- 
netho,  the  Egyptian  historian,  it 
was  built  by  Mceris  as  a sepul- 
chre for  himself.  In  1843  the  site 
of  this  monument  was  excavated 
and  explored  by  a Prussian  expe- 
dition under  Lepsius,  but  without 
fully  satisfactory  results.  It  was 
described  and  greatly  admired  by 
Herodotus,  who  says  that  it  sur- 
passed the  Pyramids,  and  con- 
sisted of  3,000  chambers,  half  of 
which  were  below  ground,  and 
contained  “ the  sepulchres  of  the 
kings  who  built  the  Labyrinth; 
and  also  those  of  the  sacred  croco- 
diles.” Ancient  authors  differ  as 
to  the  founder  of  this  Labyrinth; 
but  the  earliest  name  discovered 
among  the  ruins  is  that  of  Ame- 
nemha  III.,  of  the  twelfth  dy- 
nasty, and  it  is  thought  that  he 
was  the  builder  of  the  Labyrinth, 
as  well  as  of  Lake  Mceris. 

“ I visited  this  place,  and  found  it 
to  surpass  description ; for  if  all  the 
walls  and  other  great  works  of  the 
Greeks  were  put  together  in  one,  they 
would  not  equal,  either  for  labor  or 
expense,  this  Labyrinth.”  Herodotus . 

IW  “ From  such  data  as  have  been 
given  to  the  public,  we  learn  that  the 
Labyrinth  was  a building  measuring 
about  1,150  feet  cast  and  west,  by  850 
feet  north  and  south,  surrounding  three 
sides  of  a court-yard.  . . . In  the  Lab- 
yrinth itself  a number  of  small  cham- 
bers were  found,  two  stories  in  height, 
as  the  account  of  Herodotus  leads  us 
to  expect,  but  so  small,  being  only  four 
feet  in  width  at  most,  that  we  cannot 
understand  the  admiration  they  excited 
in  his  mind.  As  there  are  no  hiero- 
glyphics upon  them,  it  is  difficult  to 
determine  whether  they  belong  to  the 
old  Labyrinth,  or  to  that  which  Hero- 
dotus writes  of  as  erected  by  Psamme- 
ticus  and  the  kings  of  his  day.” 

Fcrgusson.  I 


— within  the  brazen  doors 
Of  the  great  Labyrinth , slept  both  boy  and 
beast, 

Tired  with  the  pomp  of  their  Osirian  feast. 

Shelley. 

2.  Daedalus  is  said  to  have  built 
a Labyrinth  near  Cnossus  in 
Crete,  for  the  confinement  of  the 
fabled  monster  the  Minotaur,  but 
nothing  of  this  structure  can  be 
found.  Remains  of  a labyrinth 
were  extant  in  the  time  of  Pliny 
on  the  isle  of  Lemnos.  Others, 
the  existence  of  which  is  doubt- 
ful, are  said  to  have  been  built 
on  the  island  of  Samos,  and  in 
Clusium,  near  Etruria.  A re- 
markable example  of  a natural 
labyrinth  is  found  in  the  Aders- 
bach  Rocks. 

Mausolus  worke  wrill  be  the  Carians  glorie 
And  Crete  will  boast  the  Labyrinth , nowr 
raced.  Spenser. 

Lackawanna,  The.  A noted  iron- 
clad of  the  Confederate  navy  in 
the  civil  war  of  1861-65. 

The  great  Lackawana  came  dowm 
Full  tilt  for  another  blow : 

We  were  forging  ahead, 

She  reversed ; but,  for  all  our  pains. 
Rammed  the  old  Hartford  instead, 

Just  for’ard  the  mizzen-chains ! 

II.  II.  Brownell. 

Lacryma  Christi.  [The  Tear  of 
Christ.]  A celebrated  wine,  dis- 
tinguished for  the  delicacy  of  its 
flavor,  produced  upon  the  slopes 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  Italy. 

Lady  Franklin.  An  Arctic  ex- 
ploring ship  which  sailed  from 
England  under  Capt.  Penny  in 
1850. 

Lady  of  Aboshek.  This  smaller 
temple  at  Aboo-Simbil,  Egypt, 
dedicated  to  Athor,  who  is  called 
the  “ Lady  of  Aboshek,”  “ Lady 
of  the  West,”  etc.,  is  like  the 
other,  very  old,  having  been  exca- 
vated from  the  solid  rock  in  the 
time  of  Raineses  the  Great,  1400 
B.C.  The  temple  is  90  feet  in 
depth.  It  contains  statues  of 
Athor  and  of  other  deities.  See 
Temple  of  Aboo-Simbel. 


LAD 


267 


LAK 


4®=  “ The  smaller  temple  of  * the 
Lady  of  Aboshek,’ — Athor,  — beside 
the  large  one,  is  very  striking,  as  seen 
from  the  river.  The  six  statues  on  the 
fagade  stand  out  boldly  between  but- 
tresses; and  their  reclining  backwards 
against  the  rock  has  a curious  effect.” 
Miss  Martineau. 

Lady  with  the  Lute.  An  admired 
picture  in  Alnwick  Castle,  Eng- 
land . It  was  formerly  ascribed  to 
Giorgione,  but  is  now  attributed 
to  Jacopo  Palma,  called  Palma 
Vecchio  (1480-1528). 

Lafayette.  A well-known  bust  of 
the  marquis,  executed  by  the 
French  sculptor  Jean  Antoine 
Houdon  (1741-1828)  for  the  Capi- 
tol at  Richmond,  Va. 

Lafayette  College.  A collegiate 
establishment  in  Easton,  Penn. 
It  was  founded  in  1826,  and  is 
well  endowed. 

Lafayette,  Fort.  See  Fort  La- 
fayette. 

Lafayette  Park.  A public  square 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Lafayette  Square.  A beautiful 
park  in  Washington.  It  contains 
a colossal  equestrian  statue  of 
Gen.  Jackson. 

Lafitte.  A farmhouse  or  small 
chateau  in  the  vine  district  of 
Medoc,  on  the  Garonne,  below 
Bordeaux.  Here  is  produced  the 
celebrated  wine  known  as  Cha- 
teau Lafitte , which  is  sometimes 
sold  as  high  as  $25  a bottle.  The 
estate  is  the  property  of  Baron 
Rothschild.  The  annual  yield  of 
the  vineyard  does  not  exceed  400 
hogsheads. 

Lafitte,  Rue.  A street  in  Paris, 
so  called  from  M.  Lafitte,  once  a 
well-known  banker  and  poli- 
tician. It  was  formerly  known 
as  the  Rue  (F  Artois.  Here  some 
of  the  richest  bankers  live;  and 
here  the  Rothschilds  have  two 
hotels,  which  are  among  the  finest 
private  residences  in  the  city. 

Lahneck.  A well-known  ruined 
fortress  of  mediaeval  times  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Coblenz,  on  the 
Rhine.  The  poet  Goethe  has 
commemorated  it  in  his  “ Geister 
Gruss.5’ 


Lais  Corinthiaca.  [The  Corinthian 
Lais.]  A picture  by  Hans  Hol- 
bein the  Younger  (1498-1548),  the 
German  painter,  representing  a 
beautiful  young  girl  in  elegant 
dress,  professedly'  the  portrait  of 
a member  of  the  Offenburg  fam- 
ily. It  is  in  the  Basle  Gallery. 

Lake  Country  or  District.  The 
general  name  by  which  the  coun- 
ties of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland in  England  are  often 
known  from  the  picturesque  lakes 
with  which  they  are  interspersed, 
and  also  familiar  from  their  asso- 
ciation with  the  so-called  Lake 
School  of  poets  and  writers,  of 
which  Wordsworth,  Southey, 
Coleridge,  Lamb,  and  Wilson 
may  be  taken  as  representatives. 

Those  who  travel  much  in  the  “ Lake 
District"  can  readily  trace  the  course  of 
the  chivalrous  Baroii.  J.  F.  Humnewell. 

Lake  Mceris.  A celebrated  reser- 
voir which  was  situated  in  the 
centre  of  the  plateau  of  the  Fy« 
oom,  Egypt,  serving  to  store  up 
the  water  of  the  Nile  during  the 
inundation,  and  to  afterwards 
distribute  it  through  canals  over 
the  land  during  the  dry  season. 

4®=*  Herodotus,  who  speaks  of  it  as 
being  “ in  the  neighborhood  of  Croco- 
dilopolis,”  says  : “ Wonderful  as  is  the 
labyrinth,  the  work  called  the  Lake  of 
Mceris,  which  is  close  by  the  labyrinth, 
is  yet  more  astonishing.  The  measure 
of  its  circumference  is  3,600  furlongs, 
which  is  equal  to  the  entire  length  of 
Egypt  along  the  sea-coast.  The  lake 
stretches  in  its  longest  direction  from 
north  to  south,  and  in  its  deepest  parts 
is  of  the  depth  of  50  fathoms.  It  is 
manifestly  an  artificial  excavation  ; for 
nearly  in  the  centre  stand  two  pyra- 
mids, rising  to  the  height  of  300  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and 
extending  as  far  beneath,  each  crowned 
with  a colossal  statue  sitting  upon  a 
throne.  The  water  of  the  lake  does 
not  come  out  of  the  ground,  which  is 
here  excessively  dry,  but  is  introduced 
by  a canal  from  the  Nile.  The  current 
sets  for  six  months  into  the  lake  from 
the  river,  and  for  the  next  six  months 
into  the  river  from  the  lake.”  This 
great  work  was  built  by  Amenemha 
III.  of  the  twelfth  dynasty,  who  is 
thought  to  have  also  built  the  laby- 
rinth. Lake  Mceris  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  natural  lake  Birket  el 
Korn,  with  which  it  probably  commu- 
nicated during  the  inundation. 


LAM 


268 


LAN 


By  Moeris  and  the  Mareotid  lakes, 

Strewn  with  faint  blooms  like  bridal- 
chamber  floors; 

Where  naked  boys  bridling  tame  water- 
snakes, 

Or  charioteering  ghastly  alligators. 

Had  lett  on  the  sweet  waters  mighty  wakes 
Of  those  huge  forms.  Shelley. 

He  lifts  his  head  and  roars  amain  ; 

So  wild  and  hollow  is  the  strain, 

It  booms  along  the  desert  sand. 

And  shakes  the  flood  on  Moeris ' strand. 

F.  Freiligrath , Trans. 

Lamb,  Adoration  of  the.  See 
Adoration  of  the  Lamb. 

Lambert,  Hotel.  See  Hotel  Lam- 
bert. 

Lambeth,  A metropolitan  bor- 
ough of  London.  The  name  of 
this  now  densely  populated  dis- 
trict, once  a swamp,  is  said,  but 
not  with  certainty,  to  be  derived 
from  Lamb-hithe,  that  is,  a land- 
ing-place for  sheep. 

Yonder  fish-wipe 

Will  not  away.  And  there’s  your  giantess. 
The  bawd  of  Lambeth.  Ben  Jonson, 

Lambeth  Bridge.  An  iron-wire 
suspension  bridge  across  the 
Thames  at  London. 

Lambeth  Palace.  An  episcopal 
mansion  in  London,  and  for  six 
and  a half  centuries  the  residence 
of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury. 
Lambeth  House  has  at  various 
times  proved  an  asylum  for  learn- 
ed foreigners  who  have  been  com- 
pelled to  flee  from  the  intolerance 
of  their  countrymen. 

“ Lambeth  is  a stately  pile  of 
quaint  antique  buildings,  rising  most 
magnificently  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames.  It  is  surrounded  by  beauti- 
ful grounds  laid  out  with  choice  gar- 
dening.” Mrs.  IT.  B.  Stowe. 

Such  Lambeth , envy  of  each  band  and 
gown.  Pope. 

The  grand  hospitalities  of  Lambeth  have 
perished,  but  its  charities  live. 

Douglas  Jerrold. 

Landing  of  Columbus.  A picture 
in  one  of  the  panels  of  the  Ro- 
tunda in  the  Capitol  at  Washing- 
ton, representing  the  debarkation 
of  the  great  discoverer  with  his 
companions  upon  the  soil  of  the 
New  World  in  1492.  This  paint- 
ing was  executed  under  commis- 
sion from  Congress  by  John  Van- 
derlyn  (1776-1852),  who  employed 


a French  artist  to  do  a good  part 
of  the  work.  It  has  been  severe- 
ly criticised  for  its  inaccuracy 
and  marks  of  haste;  in  proof  of 
which,  among  other  things,  it  is 
noted  that  the  three  flags  borne 
by  the  three  vessels  of  the  origr 
nal  discoverers  are  represented 
in  the  picture  as  blown  outward 
in  three  different  directions.  This 
work  of  art  has  become  very  fa- 
miliar to  the  general  public  by 
its  reproduction  in  the  form  of  an 
engraving  upon  the  back  of  the 
five-dollar  notes  of  the  national 
currency. 

Landing  of  the  Pilgrims.  A well- 
known  painting  by  Sargent,  in 
the  Pilgrim  Hall  at  Plymouth, 

Mass. 

Landing  of  Venus  at  Cytherea. 
A picture  by  Francesco  Albani 
(1578-1660),  and  one  of  his  best 
works.  In  the  Chigi  Palace, 
Rome. 

Landore,  Villa.  See  Villa  Ghe- 

RARDESCA. 

Land’s  End.  The  famous  head- 
land in  which  the  western  coast 
of  England  terminates  at  the 
extremity  of  the  county  of  Corn- 
wall. 

Let  any  social  or  physical  convulsion 
visit  the  United  States,  and  England 
would  feel  the  shock  from  Land's  End  to 
John  o’  Groat’s.  Charles  Dickens. 

Langton  Elm.  A famous  elm  of 
great  age  in  what  was  Sherwood 
Forest.  It  was  for  a long  time  so 
remarkable  as  to  liave  a special 
keeper. 

Lanleff  Temple.  A remarkable 
structure  of  unknown  origin  and 
anticpiity,  near  St.  Briene,  in 
France.  It  is  thought  by  some 
to  be  a pagan  temple,  but  is  prob- 
ably a Christian  church  of  the 
eleventh  or  twelfth  century.  It 
is  of  a circular  form,  like  some  of 
the  English  and  Dutch  churches, 
and  built  in  imitation  of  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 

Lansdowne.  A noted  house,  for- 
merly standing  in  what  is  now 
Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia. 
It  was  the  residence  of  Joseph 


LAN 


269 


LAS 


Bonaparte,  and  later  of  Lord 
Ashburton.  It  was  destroyed  by 
tire  in  1854. 

Lansdowne  House.  A noble  house 
in  London,  situated  on  the  south 
side  of  Berkeley  Square,  original- 
ly built  for  the  Marquis  of  Bute, 
and  subsequently  sold  to  the  Mar- 
quis of  Lansdowne.  It  contains 
a gallery  of  paintings  and  sculp- 
tures. 

Lantern  of  Diogenes.  A popular 
name  for  the  Choragic  Monument 
of  Lysierates  at  Athens.  A struc- 
ture in  imitation  of  the  Greek 
monument  formerly  stood  at 
St.  Cloud  [France],  but  was  de- 
stroyed in  1870  by  the  Prussians. 
[Also  called  the  Lantern  of  De- 
mosthenes.] See  Choragic  Mon- 
ument of  Lysicrates. 

A littie  monument,  formerly 
known  under  the  name  of  the  Lantern 
of  Demosthenes,  and  of  which  a copy 
occupies  at  St.  Cloud  [France]  the  sum- 
mit of  a tower  well  known  to  the  Pa- 
risians, deserves  attention  as  one  of  the 
rare  specimens  of  the  Corinthian  order 
to  be  seen  in  Greece.  It  formed  one  of 
those  small  houses  which  were  used  to 
contain  the  tripods  received  by  the  vic- 
tors in  the  scenic  games.” 

Lefevre , Trans. 

Lantern  of  Ireland.  The  popular 
name  of  the  beautiful  ruined  Pri- 
ory of  St.  John,  in  Kilkenny, 
Ireland.  It  is  so  called  from  the 
number  of  its  windows. 

/IQf*  “ For  about  fifty-four  feet  of  the 
south  side  of  the  choir,  it  seems  to  be 
almost  one  window.”  Grose. 

Lanti  Vase.  An  antique  vase 
brought  from  England  by  Lord 
Cawdor,  and  now  in  Woburn 
Abbey,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Bedford. 

Lanzi,  Loggia  de’.  See  Loggia 

de’  Lanzi. 

Laocoon,  The.  A celebrated  work 
of  sculpture,  now  in  the  Belvi- 
dere  of  the  Vatican  at  Rome,  dis- 
covered in  1506.  It  represents 
the  death  of  Laocoon,  a mythical 
priest  of  Apollo  or  of  Neptune, 
and  his  two  sons,  who  are  crushed 
in  the  folds  of  two  monstrous 
serpents.  The  group  is  probably 


the  same  as  that  referred  to  by 
Pliny  as  standing  in  the  palace 
of  the  Emperor  Titus.  Virgil 
gives  a vivid  description  of  the 
death  of  Laocoon  in  the  second 
book  of  the  JEneid  (line  268  et 
seq.). 

“ The  fame  of  many  sculptors  is 
less  diffused,  because  the  number  em 
ployed  upon  great  works  prevented 
their  celebrity;  for  there  is  no  one 
artist  to  receive  the  honor  of  the  work, 
and,  where  there  are  more  than  one, 
they  cannot  all  obtain  an  equal  fame. 
Of  this  the  Laocoon  is  an  example, 
which  stands  in  the  palace  of  the  Em- 
peror Titus, — a work  which  may  be 
considered  superior  to  all  others,  both 
in  painting  and  statuary.  The  whole 
group  — the  father,  the  boys,  and  the 
awful  folds  of  the  serpents  — were 
formed  out  of  a single  block,  in  accord- 
ance with  a vote  of  the  Senate,  by  Age- 
sander,  Polydorus,  and  Athenodorus, 
Rhodian  sculptors  of  the  highest 
merit.”  Pliny , Trans. 

“ I felt  the  Laocoon  very  power- 
fully, though  very  quietly ; an  immor- 
tal agony,  with  a strange  calmness  dif- 
fused through  it,  so  that  it  resembles 
the  vast  rage  of  the  sea,  calm  on  ac- 
count of  its  immensity,  or  the  tumult 
of  Niagara,  which  does  not  seem  to  be 
tumult,  because  it  keeps  pouring  on 
for  ever  and  ever.  It  is  a type  of  hu- 
man beings  struggling  with  an  inexplic- 
able trouble,  and  entangled  in  a com- 
plication which  they  cannot  free  them- 
selves from  by  their  own  efforts,  and 
out  of  which  Heaven  alone  can  help 
them.”  Hawthorne. 

“This  work  is  a compromise 
between  two  styles  and  two  epochs, 
similar  to  one  of  Euripides’  tragedies. 
. . . Aristophanes  would  say  of  this 
group,  as  he  said  of  the  Hippolytus  or 
Iphigeniaof  Euripides,  that  it  makes  us 
weep  and  does  not  fortify  us ; instead 
of  changing  women  into  men,  it  trans- 
forms men  into  women.” 

Taine,  Trans. 

Turning  to  the  Vatican,  go  see 
Laocoon’s  torture  dignifying  pain  — 

A father’s  love  and  mortal’s  agony 
With  an  immortal’s  patience  blending. 

Lord  Byron. 

Lapidary  Gallery.  See  Galleria 
Lapidaria. 

Larissa.  See  Acropolis  [of  Ar- 
gos]. 

Last  Judgment.  A favorite  sub- 
ject of  representation  by  the  great 
religious  painters  of  the  Middle 


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270 


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Ages,  Of  the  many  compositions 
upon  this  theme,  a few  of  the  more 
celebrated  and  familiar  examples 
are  mentioned  below.  Concern- 
ing the  treatment  of  this  subject, 
Lady  Eastlake  writes  : “ The 
* Last  Judgment’  has  tested  the 
powers  of  some  of  the  greatest 
and  most  opposite  masters,  both 
north  and  south  of  the  Alps. 
Giotto  appropriately  led  the  way 
with  the  now  ruined  wall-paint- 
ing in  the  Chapel  of  the  Arena  at 
Padua.  The  solemn  Orcagna  fol- 
lowed in  the  Campo  Santo.  . . . 
Fra  Angelico  has  left  several 
versions  of  the  subject.  . . . Mi- 
chael Angelo  stands  alone  here, 
as  in  every  subject  on  which  he 
set  the  stamp  of  his  paganized 
time,  and  his  maniera  terribile. 
Roger  van  der  Weyden,  the 
mournful  painter  of  Brussels, 
treated  the  subject  with  great  dig- 
nity and  reticence;  . . . while 
Rubens,  like  Michael  Angelo,  has 
made  the  subject  rather  an  occa- 
sion for  displaying  his  peculiar 
powers,  than  an  illustration  of 
the  most  awful  chapter  in  Chris- 
tian art.” 

Last  Judfjment.  An  admired 
picture  by  Fra  Angelico  (1387- 
1455).  In  the  Academy  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Last  Judgment  and  Hell.  A cel- 
ebrated fresco  in  the  Campo  San- 
to, Pisa,  Italy,  which  has  usually 
been  ascribed  to  Andrea  Orcagna 
(d.  1389),  but  has  of  late  been  re- 
ferred by  some  to  the  Sienese 
painter,  Pietro  Lorenzetti. 

4®"  “ In  the  Last  Judgment  of  Or- 
cagna, in  the  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa,  the 
Seven  Angels  [archangels]  are  impor- 
tant personages.  They  have  the  garb 
of  princes  and  warriors,  with  breast- 
plates of  gold,  jewelled  sword-belts  and 
tiaras,  . . . while  other  angels  hover 
above,  bearing  the  instruments  of  the 
Passion.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Last  Judgment.  A celebrated 
picture  by  the  Flemish  painter, 
Roger  van  der  Weyden  (d.  1484). 
It  was  executed  for  the  Burgun- 
dian Chancellor  Rollin,  between 
1443  and  1447.  and  is  now.  in  the 
Hospital  of  Beaune,  France.  It 
is  pronounced  by  Kugler  the 


most  comprehensive  example  of 
this  master  that  is  left  to  us. 

iMst  Judgment.  A picture  by 
the  Flemish  painter,  Petrus  Cris- 
tus,  executed  (1452)  for  a convent 
at  Burgos.  Now  in  the  Museum 
of  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Last  Judgment.  A celebrated 
altar-picture  by  Hans  Mending 
(d.  1495),  the  Flemish  painter,  and 
pronounced  not  only  his  most  im- 
portant work,  but  one  of  the 
chefs-d'oeuvre  of  the  whole  Flem- 
ish school.  From  an  inscription 
upon  the  picture,  it  is  probable 
that  it  was  painted  in  1487.  It  is 
now  in  the  Church  of  Our  Lady 
at  Dantzic,  Prussia. 

jgQP’  “ In  Memling’s  Last  Judgment 
the  redeemed  are  passing  into  a regular 
church,  with  angel  musicians  hymning 
their  welcome  from  seats  in  the  archi- 
tecture above  the  porch.” 

Lady  Eastlake. 

Last  Judgment.  A fresco  by 
Fra  Bartolommeo  (1477-1517),  the 
Italian  painter.  In  the  Church  of 
S.  Maria  Novella,  Florence,  Italy. 

Last  Judgment.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
Now  in  the  gallery  of  Munich, 
Bavaria. 

Last  Judgment.  A fresco  paint- 
ing of  great  size,  60  feet  high  by  30 
feet  broad,  occupying  the  end  wall 
opposite  to  the  entrance  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  in  the  Vatican  Pal- 
ace at  Rome.  It  is  the  work  of 
Michael  Angelo  (1475-1564),  who 
designed  it  in  his  sixtieth  year, 
and  completed  it  after  eight  years 
of  labor,  in  1541.  It  comprises 
nearly  300  figures,  and  presents 
“a confused  mass  of  naked  bodies 
in  the  most  violent  attitudes  and 
most  admired  disorder,  and  ex- 
cels chiefly  in  energy  of  expres- 
sion.” This  picture  is  seen  now 
under  many  disadvantages,  hav- 
ing suffered  from  neglect  and 
from  alterations,  and  being  ob- 
scured by  the  dampness,  the 
smoke  of  candles  and  incense, 
but  is  still  regarded  as  a mas- 
terpiece in  painting  of  the  great 
artist.  It  was  undertaken  by 
desire  of  Pope  Clement  VII.,  and 
finished  in  the  pontificate  of  Paul 
III,  A copy  on  a small  scale  by 


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271 


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Marcello  Vennsti,  seven  and  a 
half  feet  high,  is  in  the  Gallery 
at  Naples,  and  another  by  Siga- 
lon  in  the  Beaux  Arts  at  Paris. 

4QP  “Many  fresco  paintings  be- 
longing to  the  sixteenth  century  are  at 
the  present  day  in  a sad  state;  few, 
however,  have  been  more  cruelly  trifled 
with  than  the  Last  Judgment  of  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  The  smoke  of  the  altar- 
candles  has  had  a fatal  effect  in  the 
course  of  centuries.  The  lower  part 
of  the  painting  is  most  damaged.  . . . 
The  greatest  evil,  however,  has  been 
intentionally  done  to  the  work;  the 
nakedness  of  the  ligures  has  been  con- 
sidered offensive ; and  they  have  been 
covered  with  painted,  and  often  glar- 
ingly bright,  drapery.  . . . From  all 
this,  the  work  appears  in  such  a con- 
dition, that  only  after  long  study  is  it 
possible  to  form  an  idea  of  what  it  was 
in  the  year  1541.”  Grimm , Trans. 

MST  “ While  in  Raphael’s  angels  we 
do  not  feel  the  want  of  wings,  we  feel, 
while  looking  at  those  of  Michael  An 
gelo,  that  not  even  the  ‘ sail  broad  vans  ’ 
with  which  Satan  labored  through  the 
surging  abyss  of  Chaos  could  suffice  to 
lift  those  Titanic  forms  from  earth,  and 
sustain  them  in  mid-air.  The  group  of 
angels  over  the  Last  Judgment,  fling- 
ing their  mighty  limbs  about,  . . . may 
be  referred  to  as  characteristic  ex 
amples.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Or  hues  of  Hell  be  by  his  pencil  pour  d 
Over  the  damn’d  before  the  Judgment 
throne. 

Such  as  I saw  them,  such  as  all  shall  see. 

Byron 

Last  Judgment.  A picture  by 
Luca  Signorelli  (1441-1523?),  and 
liis  masterpiece.  In  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Orvieto,  Italy. 

Last  Judgment.  A picture  by 
Hieronymus  van  Aeken,  com- 
monly known  as  Jerom  Boscli 
(1460-1516),  the  Flemish  painter. 
It  is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Ber- 
lin, Prussia. 

Last  Judgment.  A picture  by 
Luc  Jacobsz,  called  Lucas  van 
Leyden  (1494-1533),  a Flemish 
painter,  and  one  of  his  most  im- 
portant works.  It  is  now  in  the 
Town-house  of  Leyden,  Holland. 

Last  Judgment.  A famous  fres- 
co painting  by  Peter  von  Corne- 
lius (1787-1867).  In  the  Ludwig’s 
Kirclie,  Munich,  Bavaria.  It 
occupies  the  whole  end  of  the 
church  behind  the  high  altar,  and 
is  perhaps  the  largest  painting  in 


the  world.  The  circular  dome  in 
the  centre  contains  groups  of 
martyrs,  prophets,  and  saints, 
painted  in  fresco  on  a ground  of 
gold. 

Last  Supper.  [Ital.  II  Cenacolo , or 
La  Ceua ; Fr.  La  Cene .]  A fa- 
vorite subject  of  representation 
by  the  great  painters  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages.  This  incident  in  the 
life  of  Christ  is  depicted  both 
historically  and  as  a religious 
mystery.  Among  the  more  noted 
and  familiar  paintings  which 
illustrate  this  theme,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned. 

Last  Supper . A picture  by  Gi- 
otto di  Bordone  (1276-1336)  In 
the  refectory  of  the  convent  of 
Santa  Croce  at  Florence,  Italy. 
The  earliest  representation  of 
this  subject  in  Western  art. 

4®=*  “ The  arrangement  of  the  table 
and  figures,  so  peculiarly  fitted  for  a 
refectory,  has  been  generally  adopted 
since  the  time  of  Giotto  in  pictures 
painted  for  this  especial  purpose.” 

JIrs.  Jameson. 

Last  Supper.  A fresco  painting 
by  Cosimo  Rosselli  (1439-1506).  In 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

Last  Supper.  A composition  by 
Ghirlandaio  (1449-1494).  Exe- 
cuted for  the  refectory  of  San 
Marco  in  Florence,  Itaiy.  “The 
arrangement  is  ingenious : the 
table  is  what  we  call  of  the  horse- 
shoe form,  which  allows  all  the 
figures  to  face  the  spectator.” 

Last  Supper.  A fresco  dis- 
covered in  1845,  in  what  was 
formerly  the  refectory  of  the  con- 
vent of  S.  Onofrio,  Florence, 
Italy.  It  bears  in  one  place  the 
name  of  Raphael  and  the  date 
1505,  which  circumstance  has 
given  rise  to  much  discussion 
concerning  its  authorship.  It  is 
now  generally  agreed  that  it  is 
the  work  of  some  other  painter  — 
perhaps  Pinturiccliio. 

“The  authenticity  of  this  pic- 
ture has  been  vehemently  disputed; 
for  myself — as  far  as  my  opinion  is 
worth  any  thing — I never,  after  the 
first  five  minutes,  had  a doubt  on  the 
subject.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Last  Supper.  A picture  by  An- 


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272 


LAT 


drea  del  Sarto  (1487-1531),  gen- 
erally considered  as  taking  rank 
next  after  the  representations  of 
this  subject  by  Leonardo  da  Vin- 
ci and  Raphael.  In  the  convent 
of  the  Salvi,  near  Florence,  Italy. 

Last  Supper.  A famous  picture 
by  Hans  Holbein  (1494-1543).  At 
Basle,  Switzerland.  There  is  an- 
other and  smaller  work  on  this 
subject  by  the  same  artist  in  the 
Louvre  at  Paris. 

Last  Sapper.  A famous  picture 
by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1520), 
painted  by  order  of  the  Duke  of 
Milan,  Ludovico  Sforza,  on  the 
walls  of  the  refectory  in  the  Do- 
minican convent  of  the  Madonna 
delle  Grazie.  The  figures,  being 
above  the  eye,  and  to  be  viewed 
from  a distance,  are  colossal.  The 
picture  is  now  in  a state  of  great 
decay,  but  it  is  very  familiar 
through  the  engraving  of  Raphael 
Morghen.  There  are  many  good 
old  copies  of  this  celebrated  pic- 
ture ; one  of  the  best  being  by 
Marco  d’Oggione,  about  1510,  and 
now  in  the  Royal  Academy,  Lon- 
don. 

J&5T  “When  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  the 
greatest  thinker  as  well  as  the  greatest 
painter  of  his  age.  brought  all  the  re- 
sources of  his  mind  to  bear  on  the  sub- 
ject, there  sprang  forth  a creation  so 
consummate,  that  since  that  time  it  has 
been  at  once  the  wonder  and  the  de- 
spair of  those  who  have  followed  in  the 
same  path.  True,  the  work  of  his 
hand  is  perishing  — will  soon  have  per- 
ished utterly.  Fortunately  for  us,  mul- 
tiplied copies  have  preserved,  at  least 
the  intention  of  the  artist  in  his  work.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

“ It  is  probably  the  most  cele- 
brated picture  in  the  world;  that  is,  the 
most  talked  of  and  written  about,  . . . 
a work  full  of  melancholy  interest,  — a 
picture  in  ruins;  and  the  imagination 
peoples  the  denuded  walls  with  forms 
not  inferior  to  those  which  time  has 
effaced.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

45T  “ At  the  present  day,  when  the 
work  has  almost  disappeared,  it  still 
produces  an  irresistible  effect  from  the 
attitude  of  the  figures  and  the  art  with 
which  they  are  formed  into  groups.  . . . 
It  is  certainly  the  earliest  work  of  that 
magnificent  new  style  in  which  Michael 
Angelo  and  Raphael  subsequently 
painted.”  Grimm , Trans. 


Though  searching  damps  and  many  an 
envious  flaw 

Have  marr'd  this  work,  the  calm,  ethereal 
grace, 

The  love  deep  seated  in  the  Saviour’s  face, 
The  mercy,  goodness,  have  not  failed  to 
awe 

The  elements;  as  they  do  melt  and  thaw 
The  heart  of  the  beholder  — and  erase 
(At  least  for  one  rapt  moment)  every  trace 
Of  disobedience  to  the  primal  law. 

The  annunciation  of  the  dreadful  truth 
Made  to  the  twelve  survives;  the  brow, 
the  cheek. 

And  hand  reposing  on  the  board  in  ruth 
Of  what  it  litters,  while  the  unguilty  seek 
Unquestionable  meanings,  still  bespeak 
A labor  worthy  of  eternal  youth. 

Wordsworth. 

Time  hath  done 

His  work  on  this  fair  picture;  hut  that  face 
His  outrage  awes.  Stranger!  the  mist  of 
years 

Between  thee  hung  and  half  its  heavenly 
grace, 

Hangstnere,  a fitting  veil ; nor  that  alone  — 
Gaze  on  it  also  through  a veil  of  tears  ! 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Last  Supper.  A picture  by  Do- 
menico Ghirlandajo  (1449-1498?). 
In  the  museum  of  St.  Mark,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Last  Supper.  A picture  by  Ja- 
copo Robusti,  called  II  Tintoretto 
(1512-1594). 

Last  Supper.  An  altar-piece  by 
Dierick  Steuerbout  (d  1475).  the 
Flemish  painter.  In  the  Church 
of  St.  Peter’s  at  Louvain,  Bel- 
gium. 

Lateran,  Palace  of  the.  The  old 
palace  was  the  residence  of  the 
popes  in  Rome  for  nearly  a thou- 
sand years,  from  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine to  the  return  of  the  Holy 
See  from  Avignon.  It  was  finally 
destroyed  by  Sixtus  V.  The  pri- 
vate chapel  of  the  popes,  and  a 
portion  of  the  dining-hall,  are  all 
that  now  remain  of  this  famous 
building.  The  new  or  modern 
Palace  of  the  Lateran  was  built  by 
Sixtus  V.  In  1693  it  was  turned 
into  a hospital;  in  1843  it  was  con- 
verted by  Gregory  XVI.  into  a 
museum;  and  it  is  now  the  prin- 
cipal depository  for  antiquities 
found  at  Rome  within  the  last 
few  years. 

Lateran.  See  Obelisk  of  the 
Lateran  and  St.  John  Lateran. 

Latin  Convent,  Nazareth.  This 
convent  is  the  largest  building 


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273 


LEA 


in  Nazareth,  and  contains  the 
Church  of  the  Annunciation. 
This  church  is  built,  according 
to  tradition,  over  the  grottos 
which  formed  the  lower  part  of 
the  house  of  Joseph  and  Mary. 
The  church  is  plain  but  hand- 
some, and  the  music  is  very  fine. 
The  monks  show  the  granite  pil- 
lars which  stand  where  the  angel 
Gabriel  and  Mary  stood  at  the 
annunciation,  the  workshop  of 
Joseph,  the  house  where  “ Jesus 
gave  a supper  to  his  friends  be- 
fore and  after  his  resurrection, 
and  the  table  4 Mensa  Christi,’ 
which  they  seem  to  value  most 
of  all.” 

Latin  Quarter.  See  Quartier 
Latin. 

Latin  School  [of  Boston].  An 
ancient  school  foundation  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  the  oldest  institution 
of  the  kind  in  America.  It  ori- 
ginated in  1634.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, Sam  Adams,  John  Hancock, 
Cotton  Mather,  Sir  William  Pep- 
pered, and  other  celebrities  of 
early  days,  as  well  as  many  emi- 
nent men  of  later  times,  have  been 
pupils  of  this  school.  The  school 
building  was  originally  on  School 
Street,  to  which  it  gave  its  name. 

Latour.  A farmhouse,  or  small 
chateau,  in  the  wine  district  of 
Medoc,  on  the  Garonne,  below 
Bordeaux,  France.  Here  is  pro- 
duced the  celebrated  wine  known 
as  the  Chateau  Latour. 

Laurel  Hill.  A large  and  beauti- 
ful cemetery  adjoining  Fairmount 
Park,  Philadelphia.  It  has  fine 
views  of  the  Schuylkill,  and 
noted  collections  of  trees,  includ- 
ing some  cedars  of  Lebanon. 

Laval  University.  An  institution 
of  learning,  with  fine  buildings, 
a library,  museum,  etc.,  in  Que- 
bec, Can. 

Lawrence,  The.  The  flag-ship  of 
Commodore  Perry’s  squadron  on 
Lake  Erie  in  1813. 

Laxenburg.  A palace  near  Vienna, 
which  has  been  a favorite  resi- 
dence of  the  royal  house  of  Aus- 


tria. It  is  generally  known  as 
the  Blue  House. 

Laying  down  the  Law.  A pic- 
ture by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1803-1873),  the  most  celebrated 
modern  painter  of  animals. 

Lazare,  St.  See  St.  Lazare. 

Lazarus,  Raising  of.  See  Raising 
of  Lazarus. 

Leadenhall  Market.  The  largest 
and  best  poultry-market  in  Lon- 
don, formerly  celebrated  for  its 
beef.  It  derives  its  name  from 
the  manor-house  of  Sir  PI  ugh 
Neville. 

Wouldst  thou  with  mighty  beef  augment 
thy  meal, 

Seek  Leadenhall.  Gay. 

Leadenhall  Street.  A well-known 
street  in  London,  formerly  a 
great  meat-market.  The  East 
India  House  stood  in  this  street. 

Further  on,  through  Leadenhall  Street 
and  Fleet  Street  — what  a world  ! Here 
come  the  ever- thronging,  ever-rolling 
waves  of  life,  pressing  and  whirling  on  in 
their  tumultuous  career. 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Leads,  The.  [Ital.  I Piombi.]  The 
celebrated  prison -cells  in  the 
Doge’s  Palace,  Venice,  Italy,  so 
called  from  their  situation  under 
the  roof. 

But  let  us  to  the  roof, 

And  when  thou  hast  survejred  the  sea,  the 
land. 

Visit  the  narrow  cells  that  cluster  there. 
As  in  a place  of  tombs.  There  burning 
suns 

Bay  after  day,  beat  unrelentingly; 
Turning  all  things  to  dust,  and  scorching 
up 

The  brain,  till  Reason  fled,  and  the  wild 
yell 

And  wilder  laugh  burst  out  on  every  side. 
Answering  each  other  as  in  mockery  ! 

Rogers. 

1 have  betray’d  myself; 

But  there's  no  torture  in  the  mystic  wells 
Which  undermine  your  palace,  nor  in 
those 

Not  less  appalling  cells,  the  “ leaden 
roofs,” 

To  force  a single  name  from  me  of  others. 
The  Pozzi  and  the  Piombi  were  in  yain ; 
They  might  wring  blood  from  me,  but 
treachery  never.  Byron. 

League  House.  See  Union  League 
House. 

Leander’s  Tower.  An  ancient 
structure  near  the  Golden  Horn 


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at  Constantinople,  so  called  after 
the  Leander  of  classic  story,  a 
youth  of  Abydos,  who  swam 
nightly  across  the  Hellespont  to 
visit  his  love.  Hero,  a priestess  of 
Sestos.  The  Turks  call  this  tower 
the  “ Maiden’s  Tower,”  and  con- 
nect with  it  a story  of  a Greek 
princess,  who  was  kept  impris- 
oned here  by  her  father,  but  was 
liberated  by  the  Arabian  hero 
Heschan.  It  is  now  used  as  a 
light-house. 

We  swept  round  the  Golden  Horn,  past 
Leander' s tower , and  now  lay  in  the  har- 
bor which  extends  into  the  sweet  waters. 

Ilans  Christian  Andersen. 

Leaning  Tower  [of  Pisa].  The 
name  by  which  the  Campanile, 
or  Bell-tower,  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Pisa,  Italy,  is  popularly  desig- 
nated. The  deviation  of  about 
13  feet  from  the  perpendicular  is 
doubtless  owing  to  an  imperfect 
foundation.  The  same  peculiar- 
ity is  observed  in  many  other 
Italian  towers,  but  nowhere  to 
the  same  extent  as  here.  That 
the  inclination  of  the  tower  was 
not  intentional,  but  the  result  of 
a defective  foundation,  is  said  by 
competent  judges  to  be  very  evi- 
dent. It  was  begun  in  1174,  is 
built  of  white  marble,  and  is  178 
feet  in  height,  and  50  feet  in  di- 
ameter. See  Campanile. 

4®=  “ Sismondi  compares  the  Tower 
to  the  usual  pictorial  representations 
in  children’s  books  of  the  Tower  of 
Babel.  It  is  a happy  simile,  and  con- 
veys a better  idea  of  the  building  than 
chapters  of  labored  description.  Noth- 
ing can  exceed  the  grace  and  lightness 
of  the  structure;  nothing  can  be  more 
remarkable  than  its  general  appear- 
ance. In  the  course  of  the  ascent  to 
the  top  (which  is  by  an  easy  staircase), 
the  inclination  is  not  very  apparent; 
but  at  the  summit  it  becomes  so,  and 
gives  one  the  sensation  of  being  in  a 
ship  that  has  heeled  over,  through  the 
action  of  an  ebb-tide.  The  effect  upon 
Vie  low  side , so  to  speak,  — looking 
over  from  the  gallery,  and  seeing  the 
shaft  recede  to  its  base,  — is  very  start- 
ling; and  I saw  a nervous  traveller 
hold  on  to  the  Tower  involuntarily, 
after  glancing  down,  as  if  he  had  some 
idea  of  propping  it  up.  The  view  with- 
in, from  the  ground, — looking  up,  as 
through  a slanted  tube,  — is  also  very 
curious.  It  certainly  inclines  as  much  as 


the  most  sanguine  tourist  could  desire. 
The  natural  impulse  of  ninety-nine 
people  out  of  a hundred,  who  were 
about  to  recline  upon  the  grass  below 
it,  to  rest,  and  contemplate  the  adjacent 
buildings,  would  probably  be,  not  to 
take  up  their  position  under  the  lean- 
ing side;  it  is  so  very  much  aslant.” 

Dickens. 

4®"“  This  piece  of  architectural 
eccentricity  was,  and  I suppose  is,  one 
of  the  commonplaces  of  geography,  and 
is  put  in  the  same  educational  state- 
room with  the  Wall  of  China,  the  Great 
Tun  of  Heidelberg,  and  the  Natural 
Bridge  of  Virginia.  . . . This  singular 
structure  is  simply  a campanile,  or 
bell-tower,  appurtenant  to  the  cathe- 
dral, as  is  the  general  custom  in  Italy. 
It  is  not  merely  quaint,  but  beautiful; 
that  is,  take  away  the  quaintness,  and 
the  beauty  will  remain.  It  is  built  of 
white  marble,  wonderfully  fresh  and 
pure  when  we  remember  that  near- 
ly seven  centuries  have  swept  over  it.” 
Hillard. 

4SP  “ In  any  event,  there  are  other 
leaning  towers  in  Italy,  at  Bologna  for 
example  : voluntarily,  or  involuntarily, 
this  feeling  for  oddness,  this  love  of 
paradox,  this  yielding  to  fancy,  is  one 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  Middle 
Ages.”  Tahie , Trans. 

4QP  “ The  Tower  of  Pisa  may  claim 
to  be  the  noblest  tower  of  Southern 
Romanesque.  The  round  form  doubt- 
less comes  from  Ravenna;  but  the  Pi- 
san tower  is  a Ravenna  tower  glori- 
fied.” Freeman . 

The  well-curb  had  a Chinese  roof ; 

And  even  the  long  sweep,  high  aloof, 

In  its  slant  splendor,  seemed  to  tell 

Of  Pisa's  leaning  miracle.  Whittier. 

Lear.  A picture  by  Benjamin 
West  (1738-1820).  Now  in  the 
Boston  Athenaeum. 

Leda.  1.  A mythological  picture 
by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1519), 
sometimes  called  a Carita,  or 
Charity.  It  is  in  the  possession 
of  Prince  Frederic  of  Holland,  at 
the  Hague.  A picture  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo  (1475-1564)  upon 
this  subject,  executed  for  the 
Duke  of  Ferrara,  is  lost;  but  an 
early  copy  — a cartoon  — is  in 
the  Royal  Academy,  London. 

2.  A picture  by  Antonio  Alle- 
gri, surnamed  Correggio  (1494- 
1534).  In  the  Museum  at  Berlin* 
Prussia. 


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Leeds  Castle.  An  ancient  ruined 
fortress  near  Maidstone,  Kent, 
England. 

Lehigh  University.  A collegiate 
establishment  in  Bethlehem, 
Penn.,  founded  in  18(35  by  Asa 
Packer. 

Leicester  House.  A mansion  built 
about  1050  in  Leicester  Square, 
London,  for  the  Earl  of  Leices- 
ter. It  was  occupied  at  various 
times  by  royal  personages,  among 
others  by  Elizabeth,  Queen  of 
Bohemia,  who  lived  there,  and 
died  there  in  1002.  George  II. 
resided  in  Leicester  House  from 
1717  to  1720. 

Leicester  Square.  A well-known 
square  in  London,  built  between 
1600  and  1731,  noted  as  a resort 
and  place  of  residence  for  for- 
eigners. 

“ Come  through  this  narrow  lane 
into  Leicester  Square.  You  cross  here 
the  first  limit  of  the  fashionable  quar- 
ter. This  is  the  home  of  that  most 
miserable  fish  out  of  water  — a French- 
man in  London.”  JV.  P.  Willis. 

They  dined  at  a miserable  cheap  French 
restaurateur  in  the  neighborhood  of  Leices- 
ter Square , where  they  were  served  with 
a caricature  of  French  cookery.  Irving. 

Lemon  Hill.  An  eminence  in  Fair- 
mount  Park,  Philadelphia,  sur- 
mounted by  an  old  mansion,  once 
the  residence  of  Robert  Morris, 
the  great  financier  of  the  Revo- 
lution. 

Lenox  Library.  A marble  build- 
ing in  New  York  City,  fronting 
on  Central  Park,  built  at  a cost 
of  $500,000,  to  contain  a museum, 
art-gallery,  library,  and  lecture- 
hall.  It  derives  its  name  from 
its  founder,  James  Lenox,  a 
wealthy  citizen  of  New  York. 

Leo  X.  A celebrated  portrait  of 
this  Pope  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  him  as 
seated  at  a table,  with  the  Cardi- 
nals de’  Medici  and  de’  Rossi  be- 
hind him  on  each  side.  This  is 
regarded  as  one  of  Raphael’s  best 
portraits.  It  is  now  in  the  Pitti 
Palace,  Florence,  Italy.  There  is 
a repetition  of  this  picture  by 


Andrea  del  Sarto  (1488-1530),  who 
was  employed  by  Ottaviano  de’ 
Medici,  the  possessor  of  it,  to 
copy  it  for  the  Duke  of  Mantua. 
This  repetition  is  so  well  executed 
that  it  deceived  even  Giulio  Ro- 
mano, who  had  taken  part  in  the 
execution  of  the  original.  This 
copy  is  in  the  Gallery  of  Naples, 
and  there  has  been  much  discus- 
sion as  to  which  was  the  original 
picture. 

Leonardo  da  Vinci.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1452-1520). 
In  the  collection  of  autograph 
portraits  of  the  painters,  in  the 
Ufiizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Leonard’s  Crags.  See  St.  Leo- 
nard’s Crags. 

Leonine  City.  [Ital.  Citta  Leo - 
nina.]  The  northern  district  or 
quarter  of  modern  Rome,  founded 
in  the  ninth  century  by  Leo  IV., 
who  enclosed  it  in  Avails  to  pro- 
tect it  from  the  devastation  of 
the  Moorish  pirates.  It  is  the 
most  interesting  quarter  of  the 
modern  city,  as  it  includes  the 
Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  the  Vatican, 
and  St.  Peter’s.  At  the  Italian 
invasion  of  September,  1870,  it 
AAras  promised  to  the  Pope,  as  the 
sanctuary  of  the  Ploly  See,  the  last 
relic  of  its  temporal  sovereignty. 
This  quarter  of  the  city  is  known 
as  the  Borgo.  Dyer  says,  that, 
when  it  was  enclosed  by  Leo  IV., 
it  obtained  the  name  of  Borgo 
from  the  Saxon  settlement  called 
“ Burgus  Saxonum.” 

Leopard,  The.  A British  ship  of 
war  which  attacked  and  captured 
the  American  \Tessel  Chesapeake , 
in  a naval  duel  in  1813. 

Lepanto,  Battle  of.  See  Battle 
of  Lepanto. 

Lethe  Lake.  A well-known  sub- 
terranean lake  in  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  Kentucky.  It  is  crossed  in 
boats. 

Levant,  The.  A A^essel  of  the 
United  States  navy.  See  Ports- 
mouth, The. 

Levee,  The.  A famous  dike  or 


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276 


LIB 


embankment  of  earth  constructed 
for  a great  distance  along  the 
Mississippi  River  at  and  near 
New  Orleans,  La.  It  is  15  feet 
wide  and  four  feet  high,  and  is 
used  in  the  fall  and  winter  as  a 
promenade.  Crevasses  have  fre- 
quently occurred  to  damage  it, 
but  it  "has  been  much  strength- 
ened of  late.  The  scene  of  bustle 
and  activity  which  the  levee 
presents  at  times  is  unequalled  in 
America. 

Levit3,  Feast  of  the.  See  Feast 

OF  THE  LEVITE. 

Lia  Fail.  A singular  pillar-stone 
on  the  summit  of  the  Hill  of  Tara, 
in  the  county  of  Meath,  Ireland. 

4^  “ This  is  the  celebrated  ‘ coro- 
nation stone  * of  the  ancient  Irish  kings. 
It  is  composed  of  granular  limestone, 
and  is  at  present  about  six  feet  above 
ground,  but  its  real  height  is  said  to  be 
12  feet.  At  its  base  it  is,  perhaps,  four 
feet  in  circumference;  but  it  tapers 
somewhat  towards  the  top,  not  unlike 
the  Round  Towers.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

See  Hill  of  Tara  and  also 
Stone  of  Scone. 

Libby  Prison.  In  Richmond,  Va. 
A noted  and  notorious  place  of 
confinement  for  military  prison- 
ers during  the  war  of  the  Rebel- 
lion. Here  the  Federal  soldiers 
were  subjected  to  the  greatest 
cruelty  and  hardships.  The  build- 
ing was  simply  a warehouse  con- 
verted to  the  purposes  of  a jail. 

Liber  Studioruxn.  [Book  of  Stud- 
ies.] A famous  series  of  prints 
or  drawings  by  Joseph  Mallord 
William  Turner  (1775-1851),  the 
English  landscape-painter. 

Liber  Veritatis.  [Book  of  Truth.] 
A book  of  original  drawings  by 
Claude  Lorraine  (1600-1682),  the 
French  landscape-painter,  kept 
to  identify  his  pictures  which 
were  being  constantly  imitated 
by  other  artists.  There  are  six 
copies  of  this  work,  one  of  which 
is  at  Chats  worth,  England. 

Liberian  Basilica.  See  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore. 


Liberties,  The.  A district  of  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  in  the  most  elevated 
and  airy  part  of  the  city,  so  called 
from  certain  privileges  and  im- 
munities possessed  by  the  inhab- 
itants, having  manor  courts  of 
their  own  with  seneschals  to  pre- 
side over  them.  Some  40  streets 
and  lanes,  containing  a popula- 
tion estimated  at  40,000  souls,  are 
embraced  within  its  precincts. 

4^"  “ The  present  state  of  this  once 
flourishing  region  forms  a strong  con- 
trast to  its  former,  but  it  still  retains 
many  evidences  of  what  it  has  been. 
In  passing  along  its  desolate  streets, 
large  houses  of  costly  structure  every- 
where present  themselves.  Lofty  fa- 
cades adorned  with  architraves,  and 
mouldings  to  windows,  and  door-cases 
of  sculptured  stone  or  marble;  grand 
staircases  with  carved  and  gilded  balus- 
trades; panelled  doors  opening  into 
spacious  suits  of  corniced  and  stuccoed 
apartments  — all  attest  the  opulence  of 
its  former  inhabitants.  They  are  now 
the  abode  only  of  the  most  miserable.” 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilall. 

Liberty.  A colossal  statue  de- 
signed by  Thomas  Crawford  (1814- 
57),  surmounting  the  dome  of  the 
Capitol  at  Washington.  It  is  un- 
doubtedly the  best  known  of  his 
works.  The  statue  is  executed 
in  bronze,  and  is  19|  feet  in 
height.  It  was  cast  at  Bladens- 
burg,  Md.,  by  Clark  Mills. 

Liberty  Bell.  A famous  bell  now 
preserved  in  Independence  Hall, 
Philadelphia,  Penn.  It  was  origi- 
nally cast  in  London  in  1752,  and 
bore  the  motto,  “ Proclaim  lib- 
erty throughout  the  land  unto  all 
the  inhabitants  thereof.”  It  was 
subsequently  re-cast  in  Phila- 
delphia, retaining  the  same  in- 
scription, and  was  rung  on  the 
occasion  of  the  adoption  by  Con- 
gress of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

4®=*  “ The  bell  which  rang  out  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  has  found 
at  last  a voice  articulate,  to  ‘ proclaim 
liberty  throughout  all  the  land  unto 
all  the  inhabitants  thereof.’  It  has 
been  heard  across  oceans,  and  has 
modified  the  sentiments  of  cabinets 
and  kings.  The  people  of  the  Old 
World  have  heard  it,  and  their  hearts 
stop  to  catch  the  last  whisper  of  its 
echoes.  The  poor  slave  has  heard  it, 


LIB 


277 


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and  with  bounding  joy,  tempered  by 
the  mystery  of  religion,  he  worships 
and  adores.  The  waiting  Continent 
has  heard  it,  and  already  foresees  the 
fulfilled  prophecy,  when  she  will  sit 
‘ redeemed,  regenerated,  and  disin- 
thralled  by  the  irresistible  Genius  of 
Universal  Emancipation.’  ” 

J.  A.  Andrew. 

Liberty-Cap.  This  symbol  of  lib- 
erty is  very  ancient.  According 
to  the  Roman  legend,  when  Sa- 
turninus  seized  the  Capitol  at 
Rome,  in  the  first  century  before 
Christ,  he  raised  a cap  on  the 
point  of  a spear  as  a sign  of  free- 
dom to  all  slaves  who  should  join 
him.  A similar  expedient  was 
often  adopted  subsequently,  and 
in  modern  times  the  crowning  of 
a liberty-pole  with  a cap  is  a 
relic  of  the  old  custom. 

Liberty  Club.  See  Rump-Steak 
Club. 

Liberty  Tree.  A large  elm  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  used  to  hang  effigies 
of  obnoxious  persons  upon  at  the 
time  of  the  disturbances  caused 
by  the  Stamp  Act.  The  site  of 
this  tree  is  commemorated  by  a 
device  upon  the  building  which 
now  occupies  its  place  upon 
Washington  Street.  Lafayette 
said,  “The  world  should  never 
forget  the  spot  where  once  stood 
Liberty  Tree .” 

Libyan  Sibyl.  A statue  by  W.  W. 
Story  (b.  1819). 

46^  “ The  two  conceptions,  ‘ Cleo- 
patra' and  the  ‘Libyan  Sibyl,’  have 
placed  Mr.  Story  in  European  estima- 
tion at  the  head  of  American  sculp- 
tors.” Jcirves. 

Lichfield  Cathedral.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  ecclesiastical 
structures  in  England,  in  the  town 
of  Lichfield.  It  was  erected  in 
the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. 

Lichtenstein.  A mimic  castle 
near  Reutlingen,  Germany,  on 
the  summit  of  a lofty  rock,  with 
precipices  of  800  feet,  and  acces- 
sible only  by  a drawbridge.  Built 
in  1842. 

Lido,  The.  The  name  by  which 


the  sea-shore  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  Venice  is  com- 
monly known,  and  still  as  form- 
erly a favorite  resort  and  bath- 
ing-place. 

4SP*  “ Thither  in  more  cheerful  days 
the  Venetians  used  to  resort  in  great 
numbers  on  certain  holidays,  called 
the  Mondays  of  the  Lido,  to  enjoy  the 
sea-breeze  and  the  country  scenery, 
and  to  lunch  upon  the  flat  tombs  of  the 
Hebrews,  buried  there  in  exile  from 
the  consecrated  Christian  ground.” 

W.  D.  Howells. 

Through  all  the  music  ringing  in  my  ears 
A knell  was  sounding  as  distinct  and  clear. 
Though  low  and  far,  as  e’er  the  Adrian 
wave 

Rose  o’er  the  city’s  murmur  in  the  night. 
Hashing  against  the  outward  Lido's  bul- 
wark. Byron. 

Liebenstein.  A well-known  ruined 
castle  on  the  Rhine,  near  St.  Goar. 
It  is  one  of  two  which  go  by  the 
name  of  the  Brothers,  and  which 
are  associated  with  a romantic 
legend. 

Liechtenstein,  Das  alte  Schloss. 
An  ancient  castle,  now  in  ruins, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Life,  Fountain  of.  See  Fountain 
of  Life. 

Life  of  the  Virgin.  See  Virgin. 

Light  of  the  World.  A picture 
by  William  Holman  Hunt  (b. 
1827),  and  regarded  as  one  of  his 
masterpieces.  It  is  a symbolic 
figure  of  Christ. 

4®=-  “ Hunt’s  Light  of  the  World  is, 
I believe,  the  most  perfect  instance  of 
expressional  purpose  with  technical 
power  which  the  world  has  yet  pro- 
duced ” Luskin : Modern  Painters. 

Wsp  “Christ  the  Light  of  the  World 
is  set  in  a greenish-yellow  atmosphere, 
resembling  that  perceived  on  ascend- 
ing to  the  surface  of  turbid  water  after 
a plunge.”  Taine , Trans. 

Limbo,  The.  A picture  by  Angiolo 
Bronzino  (1502-1572).  In  the  Uffi- 
zi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Lincei,  Aecademia  deb  A scientific 
society,  the  oldest  of  the  kind  in 
Italy,' founded  in  1603  by  a num- 
ber of  philosophers,  including 
Galileo.  It  was  re-organized  in 


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278 


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1849  by  Pius  IX.  Its  meetings 
are  held  on  Sunday  in  the  Palace 
of  the  Senator  at  Rome.  Its 
name  is  taken  from  its  symbol, 
the  lynx,  the  emblem  of  watch- 
fulness. 

Lincluden  Abbey.  An  ancient 
and  picturesque  ruined  monas- 
tery near  Dumfries,  Scotland. 

Ye  holy  walls,  that,  still  sublime. 

Resist  the  crumbling  touch  of  Time, 

How  strongly,  still  your  form  displays 
The  piety  of  ancient  days  ! 

As  through  your  ruins,  hoar  and  gray  — 
Ruins  yet  beauteous  in  decay  — 

The  silvery  moonbeams  trembling  fly. 

Barns. 

Lincoln  College.  One  of  the  col- 
leges included  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  England.  It  was 
founded  about  1427. 

Lincoln  Park.  1.  A public  pleas- 
ure-ground in  Chicago,  111.,  laid 
out  on  the  lake-shore.  It  includes 
250  acres. 

2.  A public  pleasure-ground  in 
Cincinnati,  O. 

Lincoln’s  Inn.  One  of  the  four 
Inns  of  Court,  London,  built  upon 
the  site  of  the  town-house  of 
Henry  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln 
(d.  1312),  from  whom  its  name  is 
derived.  See  Inns  of  Court,  In- 
ner Temple,  Middle  Temple, 
Gray’s  Inn. 

Will  any  man,  for  instance,  tell  us  which 
bricks  it  was  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Buildings , 
that  Ben  Jonson’s  hand  and  trowel  laid? 
No  man.  it  is  to  be  feared,  — and  also 
grumbled  at.  Carlyle. 

Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields.  A fine 
square  in  London,  laid  out  by 
Inigo  Jones,  and  built  in  1619-3(5. 
Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  were  long 
the  resort  of  vagrants.  Gay  in 
his  “ Trivia  ” says:  — 

Where  Lincoln  Inn’s  wide  space  is  rail’d 
around. 

Cross  not  with  vcnt’rous  step;  there  oft 
is  found 

The  lurking  thief,  who,  while  the  daylight 
shone. 

Made  the  walls  echo  with  his  begging 
tone : 

That  wretch,  which  late  compassion 
moved,  shall  wound 

Thy  bleeding  head,  and  fell  thee  to  the 
ground. 

Perhaps  he  remembered  that  one  of 
them  [the  Pyramids]  was  as  big  as  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields.  Thackeray. 


Linden,  Unter  den.  See  Unter 
den  Linden. 

Lindenwald.  The  country-seat  of 
Martin  Van  Buren  (1782-1862), 
the  eighth  president  of  the  United 
States,  situated  near  Kinderhook, 
N.Y. 

Lindsey  House.  A noble  mansion 
on  the  west  of  Lincoln’s  Inn 
Fields  in  London,  built  by  the 
Earl  of  Lindsey,  the  general  of 
Charles  I.  Afterwards  called 
Ancaster  House. 

Linlithgow  Palace.  One  of  the 
most  ancient  royal  residences  in 
Scotland,  situated  in  the  town  of 
Linlithgow.  The  present  build- 
ing was  begun  by  Edward  I., 
about  the  year  1300,  and  is  mem- 
orable as  having  been  the  birth- 
place of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  It 
is  now  a magnificent  ruin.  The 
situation  is  remarkably  lovely. 

Of  all  the  palaces  so  fair, 

Built  for  the  royal  dwelling, 

In  Scotland,  far  beyond  compare, 
Linlithgow  is  excelling.  Scott. 

“ The  castle  has  a very  sad  and 
romantic  appearance,  standing  there 
all  alone  as  it  does,  looking  down  into 
the  quiet  lake.  It  is  said  that  the  in- 
ternal architectural  decorations  are  ex- 
ceedingly rich  and  beautiful,  and  a re- 
semblance has  been  traced  between  its 
style  of  ornament  and  that  of  Heidel- 
berg Castle,  which  has  been  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  the  princess  Eliza- 
beth, who  was  the  sovereign  lady  of 
Heidelberg,  spent  many  of  the  earlier 
years  of  her  life  in  this  place.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Lion  House.  A building  in  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah  Territory,  used 
as  a sort  of  seraglio  of  the  Mor- 
mon leaders.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  image  of  a lion  over  the 
entrance. 

Lion  Hunt.  A noted  picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640), 
and  one  of  his  finest  works.  In 
the  Pinakotliek  at  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. Also  at  Dresden,  Saxony. 

Lion  [of  Bastia].  The.  A natural 
curiosity  at  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor  of  Bastia  in  Corsica.  It 
is  a rock  bearing  an  extraordi- 
nary likeness  to  a lion  couchant, 


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the  resemblance  being  striking  in 
all  details  even  to  the  bushy 
mane,  which  is  formed  by  a 
growth  of  creeping  plants. 

Lion  of  Lucerne.  A celebrated 
work  of  sculpture  at  Lucerne, 
Switzerland,  modelled  by  Albert 
Bertel  Thorwaldsen  (1770-1844). 
It  was  erected  in  1821,  in  memory 
of  21  officers  and  about  760  sol- 
diers of  the  Swiss  guard,  who 
were  slain  in  defending  the  Tuil- 
eries  on  Aug.  10,  1792.  The  lion, 
which  is  of  colossal  size,  is  repre- 
sented as  dying,  a broken  spear 
transfixes  his  body,  and  with  his 
paw  he  tries  to  protect  the  Bour- 
bon lily.  The  figure  is  of  sand- 
stone rock,  28  feet  long  and  18 
high,  and  upon  it  are  inscribed 
the  names  of  the  officers. 

“ In  a sequestered  spot  the  rocky 
hill-side  is  cut  away,  and  in  the  living- 
strata  is  sculptured  the  colossal  figure 
of  a dying  lion.  A spear  is  broken  off 
in  his  side,  but  in  his  last  struggle  he 
still  defends  a shield  marked  with  the 
fleur-de-lis  of  France.  Below  are  in- 
scribed in  red  letters,  as  if  charactered 
in  blood,  the  names  of  the  brave  offi- 
cers of  that  devoted  band.”  Beecher . 

Lion  of  St.  Mark.  A winged  lion, 
the  heraldic  device  of  the  ancient 
republic  of  Venice,  whose  patron 
saint  is  St.  Mark.  One  of  the 
noted  columns  in  the  Piazzetta  at 
Venice  is  surmounted  by  the  im- 
age of  a winged  lion. 

And  every  monument  the  stranger  meets, 
Church,  palace,  pillar,  as  a mourner 
greets ; 

And  even  the  Lion  all  subdued  appears. 

Byron. 

Lone  seated  on  the  strand, - 
Uplifts  the  lion  grand 
His  foot  of  bronze  on  high 
Against  the  sky. 

Alfred  de  Musset,  Trans. 

Sullen  old  lion  of  grand  St.  Mark 
Lordeth  and  lifteth  his  front  from  the  dark. 

Joaquin  Miller. 

Lions.  See  Court  of  Lions  and 
Gate  of  the  Lions. 

Lion’s  Mouth.  [Ital.  Boccci  di 
Leone.]  A famous  hole  or  open- 
ing in  the  wall,  in  the  ante-cliam- 
ber  of  the  Great  Council,  in  the 
Doge’s  Palace,  Venice,  through 
which  anonymous  accusations 
were  passed  in  against  individu- 


als who  had  incurred  suspicion 
or  enmity. 

And  in  the  palace  of  St.  Mark 
Unnamed  accusers  in  the  dark 
Within  the  “ Lion's  mouth  ” had  placed 
A charge  against  him  uneffaced. 

Byron. 

Liparata,  Santa.  See  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore. 

Lippi,  Fra  Filippo.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1412-1469). 
In  the  Museum  at  Berlin,  Prus- 
sia. 

Lismore  Castle.  A seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Waterford,  Ireland. 

Lit  de  Justice.  See  Bed  of  Jus- 
tice. 

Literary  Club.  See  Club,  The. 

Literary  Fund.  A society  estab- 
lished in  London,  in  1790,  by  Da- 
vid Williams,  the  object  of  which 
is  to  furnish  aid  to  authors  who 
may  be  in  distress,  and  to  render 
assistance  to  their  widows  and 
children. 

42T  “ Some  of  the  brightest  names 
in  contemporary  literature  have  been 
beholden  to  the  bounty  of  this  institu- 
tion, and  in  numerous  instances  its  in- 
terference has  shielded  friendless  merit 
from  utter  ruin.”  Quarterly  Review. 

4®=*  The  permanent  fund  of  the  Lit- 
erary Fund  on  the  1st  of  January,  1880, 
consisted  of  £6,200  in  consols.  The 
actual  number  of  grants  paid  by  the 
society  from  its  foundation  up  to  1880 
was  3,796,  amounting  to  £90,617. 

Little  Bengal.  A name  applied  to 
Cavendish  and  Portman  Squares, 
and  adjoining  streets,  in  London, 
— a district  inhabited  by  retired 
Indians. 

Little  Britain.  This  quarter  in 
London,  so  called  from  having 
been  in  old  times  the  residence 
of  the  Dukes  of  Brittany,  was,  in 
the  reigns  of  the  Stuarts,  remark- 
able as  a great  centre  for  book- 
sellers — a sort  of  Paternoster 
Bow. 

“ Little  Britain  was  a plentiful  and 
perpetual  emporium  of  learned  au- 
thors, and  men  went  thither  as  to  a 
market.  . . . But  now  this  emporium 
has  vanished,  and  the  trade  contracted 
into  the  hands  of  two  or  three  per- 
sons.” Roger  North. 


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J 8®=-  “In  the  centre  of  the  great  City 
of  London  lies  a small  neighborhood, 
consisting  of  a cluster  of  narrow  streets 
and  courts,  of  very  venerable  and  de- 
bilitated houses,  which  goes  by  name 
of  Little  Britain.  Little  Britain  may 
truly  be  called  the  heart’s  core  of  the 
city,  the  stronghold  of  true  John  Bull- 
ism.  It  is  a fragment  of  London  as  it 
was  in  its  better  days,  with  its  anti- 
quated folks  and  fashions.”  Irving. 

The  race  of  booksellers  in  Little  Britain 
is  now  [1731]  almost  extinct. 

Gentleman's  Magazine. 

Little  Messenger,  The.  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Jean  Louis  Er- 
nest Meissonier  (b.  1811). 

Little  Hound  Top.  A rugged  emi- 
nence in  the  vicinity  of  Gettys- 
burg, Penn.,  famous  as  the  scene 
of  a desperate  struggle  between 
the  Union  forces  and  the  Con- 
federate troops  on  the  2d  of  July, 
1863,  which  led  to  the  greater 
battle  of  Cemetery  Hill  on  the 
next  day. 

Little  Trianon.  See  Petit  Tri- 
anon. 

Lizard  Point.  A famous  headland, 
the  southernmost  promontory  of 
England,  — the  Ocrimtm  of  Ptole- 
my, the  ancient  geographer. 
There  are  two  large  light-houses 
here. 

May  never  saw  dismember  thee, 

Nor  wielded  axe  disjoint; 

Thou  art  the  fairest  spoken  tree 
From  here  to  Lizard  Point. 

Tennyson. 

Lloyd’s.  The  name  given  to  a series 
of  rooms  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 
London,  — the  rendezvous  of  the 
most  eminent  merchants,  ship- 
owners (and  those  who  seek  ship- 
ping news),  underwriters,  insur- 
ance, stock  and  exchange  brok- 
ers, etc.  The  name  originated 
with  one  Lloyd,  a coffee-house 
keeper  in  Lombard  Street,  at 
whose  house  merchants  were  in 
the  habit  of  congregating  in 
the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century  for  the  transaction  of  the 
business.  The  subscribers  to 
Lloyd’s  represent  the  greater 
part  of  the  mercantile  wealth  of 
England.  A similar  institution 
was  established  at  Trieste,  Aus- 
tria, in  1833,  and  is  known  as  the 
Austrian-Lloyds. 


Loch  Inch  Castle.  The  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Stair,  near  Stranraer, 
Scotland. 

Lochleven  Castle.  An  ancient 
castle  on  an  island  in  the  lake  of 
Lochleven,  Scotland,  memorable 
as  the  scene  of  the  imprisonment 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  Her 
escape  from  this  fortress  is  re- 
lated in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
entitled  “ The  Abbot.” 

Put  off,  put  off,  and  row  with  speed. 

For  now’s  the  time  and  the  hour  of  need ! 
To  oars,  to  oars,  and  trim  the  hark, 

Nor  Scotland's  queen  be  a warder’s  mark  ! 
Those  ponderous  keys  shall  the  kelpies 
keep. 

And  lodge  in  their  caverns  dark  and  deep; 
Nor  shall  Lochleven' s towers  or  hall 
Hold  thee,  our  lovely  lady,  in  thrall. 

Robert  Allan. 

Locum  Abbey.  A fine  monastic 
ruin  near  Wunstorf  in  Prussia. 
The  abbey  dates  from  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

Lodi,  Bridge  of.  See  Bridge  of 
Lodi. 

Lodore.  A noted  waterfall  in  the 
lake  district  of  England,  near 
Keswick.  The  effect  of  the  cas- 
cade is  dependent  in  a good 
measure  upon  the  state  of  the 
weather,  and  the  quantity  of 
water. 

How  does  the  water 
Come  down  at  Lodore  ? 


All  at  once  and  all  o'er,  with  a mighty  up- 
roar; 

And  this  way  the  water  comes  down  at 
Lodore.  Southey. 

Logan  Stone.  A famous  rock- 
ing-stone near  the  Gap  of  Dun- 
Loe  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ire- 
land. It  is  thought  to  be  a 
Druidical  remain  of  remote  antiq- 
uity. The  poet  Moore  likens  it 
to  the  poet’s  heart,  which 

“ The  slightest  touch  alone  sets  moving, 
But  all  earth’s  power  could  not  shake 
from  its  base.” 

Loggia  de’  Lanzi.  A well-known 
arcade  in  Florence,  Italy,  built 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
containing  famous  works  of  sculp- 
ture. The  name  is  derived  from 
the  Swiss  lancers  in  the  employ 
of  Cosimo  de’  Medici  (1389-1464). 

No  ! the  people  sought  no  wings 
From  Perseus  in  the  Loggia , nor  implored 
An  inspiration  in  the  place  beside, 


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281 


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From  that  dim  bust  of  Brutus,  jagged  and 
grand. 

Where  Buonarotti  passionately  tried 
Out  of  the  clenched  marble  to  demand 
'jlic  head  of  Home  s Miblimest  homicide. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Loggie  of  Raphael.  A celebrated 
portico  (the  Loggie  form  a series 
of  three  corridors,  or  a triple 
portico,  round  three  sides  of  an 
open  court)  in  the  Vatican  Pal- 
ace at  Rome,  deriving  its  name 
from  the  frescos  of  that  master 
and  his  pupils  which  it  contains. 

“ From  the  Sis  tine  Chapel  we 
went  to  Raphael’s  Loggie , and  1 hardly 
venture  to  say  that  we  could  scarcely 
bear  to  look  at  them.  The  eye  was  so 
educated  and  so  enlarged  by  those 
grand  forms  and  the  glorious  complete- 
ness of  all  their  parts,  that  it  could 
take  no  pleasure  in  the  imaginative 
play  of  arabesques,  and  the  scenes 
from  Scripture,  beautiful  as  they  are, 
had  lost  their  charm.  To  see  these 
works  often  alternately,  and  to  compare 
them  at  leisure  and  without  prejudice, 
must  be  a great  pleasure ; but  all  sym- 
pathy is  at  first  one-sided.” 

Goethe , Trans. 

Lollards’  Prison.  A celebrated 
prison-room  in  the  tower  of  Lam- 
beth Palace,  London,  in  which 
many  followers  of  Wickliffe 
(known  as  Lollards),  as  well  as 
others,  were  confined.  The  apart- 
ment is  some  12  feet  square  and 
8 feet  high.  The  walls,  ceiling, 
and  floor  are  laid  with  rough- 
hewn  boards  upon  which  are  nu- 
merous fragments  of  inscriptions, 
and  notches  to  mark  the  passage 
of  time,  cut  by  those  imprisoned 
here. 

4SP  “ In  order  to  get  to  the  tower, 
we  had  to  go  through  a great  many 
apartments,  passages,  and  corridors, 
and  terminate  all  by  climbing  a wind- 
ing staircase,  steeper  and  narrower 
than  wras  at  all  desirable  for  any  but 
wicked  heretics.  The  room  is  33  feet 
by  12,  and  about  8 feet  high,  wain- 
scoted with  oak,  which  is  scrawled 
over  with  names  and  inscriptions. 
There  are  eight  large  iron  rings  in  the 
wall,  to  which  the  prisoners  were 
chained;  for  aught  we  know,  Wickliffe 
himself  may  have  been  one.  . . . We 
all  agreed,  however,  that,  considering 
the  very  beautiful  prospect  this  tower 
commands  up  and  down  the  Thames, 
the  poor  Lollards  in  some  respects 
might  have  been  worse  lodged.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 


Lollards’  Tower.  A famous  tower 
in  London.  See  Lollards’  Pris- 
on. 

Lombard  Street.  A celebrated 
street  in  London,  the  centre  of 
the  “ banking  world.”  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  Longobards,  a 
family  of  whom,  in  early  times, 
settled  here,  and  established  a 
bank.  The  poet  Pope  w'as  born 
in  this  street. 

“ Lombard  Street  and  Thread- 
needle  Street  are  merely  places  where 
men  toil  and  accumulate.  They  go 
elsewhere  to  enjoy  and  to  expend.” 

Macaulay. 

London  Bridge.  The  last  bridge 
on  the  Thames,  or  the  one  near- 
est the  sea,  built  of  granite,  and 
first  opened  to  the  public  by  Wil- 
liam IV.,  Aug.  1,  1831.  It  was 
built  at  an  outlay  of  £2,566,2(18, 
from  designs  of  John  Rennie 
and  his  sons  John  and  George. 
In  Saxon  times  there  was  a bridge 
at  this  spot,  and  in  1176  the  first 
stone  bridge  was  built  here.  The 
old  London  Bridge  had  houses 
upon  each  side.  At  one  time  it 
was  noted  for  its  booksellers’ 
shops,  and  at  a later  period  was 
famous  for  its  many  pin-makers. 
Pennant  says  that  the  street  on 
Old  London  Bridge  was  “ nar- 
row, darksome,  and  dangerous 
to  passengers  from  the  multitude 
of  carriages;  frequent  arches  of 
strong  timbers  crossing  the  street 
from  the  tops  of  the  houses,  to 
keep  them  together  and  from  fall- 
ing into  the  river.  Nothing  but 
use  could  preserve  the  repose  of 
the  inmates,  who  soon  grew  deaf 
to  the  noise  of  falling  waters,  the 
clamors  of  watermen,  or  the  fre- 
quent shrieks  of  drowning  wretch- 
es.” London  Bridge,  in  the  time 
of  Shakespeare  and  for  years  af- 
terwards, was  built  of  wood  and 
lined  with  houses  on  either  side. 
In  the  second  part  of  King  Henry 
VI.,  Cade  says,  “ Come,  then, 
let’s  go  light  with  them.  But, 
first,  go  and  set  London-bridfje  on 
fire;  and,  if  you  can,  burn  down 
the  Tower  too.” 

4®=*  “ It  has  been  ascertained  that 
the  number  of  carriages  of  all  descrip- 
tions, and  equestrians,  who  daily  pass 


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282 


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along  London  Bridge  in  the  course  of 
24  hours,  exceeds  20,000 ; and  that  the 
number  of  pedestrians  who  pass  across 
the  bridge  daily  during  the  same  space 
of  time  is  no  fewer  than  107,000.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

“ Such  who  only  see  it  [the  old 
bridge]  beneath , where  it  is  a bridge, 
cannot  suspect  that  it  should  be  a street ; 
and  such  who  behold  it  above,  where 
it  is  a street,  cannot  believe  it  is  a 
bridge.”  Fuller. 

Stopp’d  by  the  houses  of  that  wondrous 
street, 

Which  rides  o’er  the  broad  river  like  a 
fleet.  Cowley. 

London  bridge  is  broken  down, 

Dance  o’er  my  lady  Lee ; 

London  bridge  is  broken  down, 

With  a gay  lady.  Mother  Goose. 

As  I was  going  o’er  London  Bridge , 

And  peeped  through  a nick, 

I saw  four  and  twenty  ladies 
hiding  on  a stick!  Mother  Goose. 

London  Coffee-house.  1.  Former- 
ly an  establishment  on  Liulgate 
Hill,  London,  now  a tavern.  It 
was  opened  before  1731. 

Yesterday  morning  I came  early  to 
Bath,  . . . and  at  five  in  the  evcnii  g took 
my  seat  in  the  mail-coach,  which,  th  s 
morning  at  eight,  landed  me  safely  in  the 
London  Coffee-House , Ludgate  Hill. 

George  Ticknor. 

2.  A noted  old  building  in  Phil- 
adelphia, Penn.,  on  Market  Street, 
erected  in  1702,  and  a place  of 
much  resort  before  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

London  Docks.  An  immense  es- 
tablishment, in  London,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Thames,  covering 
an  area  of  90  acres,  and  including 
20  warehouses,  18  sheds,  17  vaults, 
and  six  quays.  The  first  dock 
was  opened  in  1805.  The  West- 
ern and  Eastern  Docks  embrace 
respectively  20  and  7 acres;  and 
the  Wapping  Basin,  3 acres.  The 
cost  of  the  whole  structure  has 
exceeded  £4,000,000,  and  the 
number  of  laborers  employed  to 
carry  on  the  business  of  the  docks 
varies  from  1.000  to  3,000. 

“ As  you  enter  the  dock,  the 
sight  of  the  forest  of  masts  in  the  dis- 
tance and  the  tall  chimneys  vomiting 
clouds  of  black  smoke,  and  the  many- 
colored  flags  flying  in  the  air,  has  a 
most  peculiar  effect;  while  the  sheds, 
with  the  monster  wheels  arching 


through  the  roofs,  look  like  paddle- 
boxes  of  huge  steamers.” 

Henry  May  hew . 

JOGgr*  “ These  docks  are  prodigious, 
overpowering.  . . . There  are  ships 
everywhere,  and  ships  upon  ships  in 
rows  show  their  heads  and  their  swell- 
ing bosoms,  like  beautiful  flsli  under 
their  cuirass  of  copper.” 

Taine , Trans. 

London  House.  Once  the  town 
residence  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don. 

London  Monument.  See  Monu- 
ment, The. 

London  Stone.  An  ancient  relic, 
supposed  to  be  a fragment  of  the 
milliarium , or  mile-stone  of  the 
Romans,  now  preserved  in  Can- 
non Street,  London.  There  is 
evidence  that  it  was  placed  there 
a thousand  years  ago;  and  Cam- 
den considers  it  to  have  been 
the  great  central  mile-stone,  from 
which  the  British  high  roads  radi- 
ated, similar  to  that  in  the  Forum 
at  Rome.  Tradition  declares  that 
the  stone  was  brought  from  Troy 
by  Brutus,  and  laid  by  his  own 
hand  as  the  foundation-stone  of 
London,  and  its  palladium.  It 
is  referred  to  in  the  ancient  Sax- 
on charters  as  a local  mark  of 
immemorial  antiquity.  The  stone 
before  the  Great  Fire  [1G6(>]  was 
much  worn  away:  it  was  then 
cased  over  with  new  stone,  ad- 
mitting the  ancient  stone  to  be 
seen  through  a large  aperture  at 
the  top.  It  is  now  placed  against 
the  south  wall  of  St.  Swithin’s 
Church.  It  has  been  from  the 
earliest  ages  jealously  guarded 
and  embedded,  perhaps  from  a 
superstitious  belief  in  the  identity 
of  the  fate  of  London  with  it's 
palladium.  Jack  Cade  struck 
London  Stone,  exclaiming,  “ Now 
is  Mortimer  lord  of  this  cjty.” 

jgQf3  “ On  the  south  side  of  this  high 
street,  neere  unto  the  channell,  is 
pitched  upright  a great  stone,  called 
London  Stone,  fixed  in  the  ground  very 
deep,  fastened  with  bars  of  iron,  and 
otherwise  so  stronglie  set  that  if  cartes 
do  runne  against  it  through  negligence, 
the  wheeles  be  broken  and  the  stone  it- 
selfe  unshaken.  The  cause  why  this 
stone  was  there  set,  the  verie  time 


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when,  or  other  memory  hereof,  is  there 
none;  but  that  the  same  hath  long  con- 
tinued there,  is  manifest,  namely  since, 
or  rather  before  the  time  of  the  Con- 
quest.” Stow. 

Cade.  And  here,  sitting  upon  London 
Stone , I charge  and  command,  that,  of  the 
city’s  cost,  the  conduit  run  nothing  but 
claret  wine  this  first  year  of  our  reign. 

King  Henry  VI.,  Part  II. 

Jack  Straw  at  London  Stone  with  all  his 
rout 

Struck  not  the  city  with  so  loud  a shout. 

Dry  den. 

London  Stone  Tavern.  A house 
near  the  famous  London  Stone, 
in  London,  which  has  been  incor- 
rectly called  the  oldest  tavern  in 
the  metropolis.  The  celebrated 
Robin  Hood  society  originated 
here. 

London  Tavern.  A well-known 
place  of  entertainment  in  Lon- 
don, where  are  held  many  meet- 
ings, banquets,  and  other  gather- 
ings. It  is  situated  in  Bishops- 
gate  Street  Within.  Dickens  in 
“Nicholas  Nickleby  ” describes 
a meeting  of  the  “ United  Metro- 
politan Improved  Hot  Muffin  and 
Crumpet  Baking  and  Punctual 
Delivery  Company,”  holden  at 
the  London  Tavern. 

London  University.  The  Univer- 
sity of  London,  Burlington  Gar- 
dens, was  established  in  1837  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  examining 
candidates  for  academical  honors, 
and  for  conferring  degrees  on 
college  graduates,  previously 
matriculated  at  this  university. 
The  university  has  nothing  to  do 
with  the  ordinary  business  of  ed- 
ucation, and  the  board  of  exam- 
iners is  paid  by  Government. 

London  Wall.  This  name  is  now 
applied  to  a street  in  London,  the 
north  side  of  which  occupies  the 
site  of  part  of  the  old  City  wall. 
The  wall,  thought  to  be  the  work 
of  the  later  Roman  period,  ex- 
tended “ from  the  Tower  through 
the  Minories  to  Aldgate,  Hounds- 
ditch,  Bishopsgate,  along  London 
Wall  to  Fore-street,  through  Crip- 
plegate  and  Castle-street  "to  Ald- 
ersgate,  and  so  through  Christ’s 
Hospital  by  Newgate  and  Ludgate 
towards  the  Thames  ” ( Timbs ). 


And  when  we  come  to  London  Wall, 

A pleasant  sight  to  view, 

Come  forth  ! come  forth,  ye  cowards  all. 
Here's  men  as  good  as  you. 

R.  S.  Hawker . 

Lone  Mountain.  A well-known 
cemetery,  or  cluster  of  cemeteries, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.  Around  the  conical 
peak  called  the  Lone  Mountain 
a number  of  burial-places  have 
been  laid  out. 

Long  Acre.  A well-known  street 
in  London,  between  Co  vent  Gar- 
den and  St.  Giles’s. 

Dick  Swiveller.  This  dinner  to-day 
closes  Long  Acre  . . . There’s  only  one 
avenue  to  the  Strand  left  open  now,  and  I 
shall  have  to  stop  up  that  to-night  with  a 
pair  of  gloves.  Dickens . 

Make  his  acquaintance  by  chance,  and 
he  takes  you  home  to  supper  in  a plain 
chariot  on  the  best  springs  Long  Acre  c«n 
turn  out.  JV.  P.  Willis. 

Long  Bridge.  A structure  about 
a mile  in  length,  crossing  the  Po- 
tomac River  at  Washington.  This 
bridge  was  famous  during  the 
civil  war,  being  strongly  fortified, 
and  the  great  thoroughfare  for 
troops  and  supplies,  and  the  main 
avenue  of  communication  with 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Long  Meg.  A singular  relic,  sup- 
posed to  be  a part  of  a Druidical 
temple,  near  Penrith,  in  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  England. 
It  is  a square  unhewn  column  of 
red  freestone,  15  feet  in  circum- 
ference, and  18  feet  high.  Sixty- 
seven  stones  arranged  in  a circle 
near  by  are  known  as  Long  Meg’s 
Daughters. 

“When  I first  saw  this  monu- 
ment, as  I came  upon  it  by  surprise,  I 
might  overrate  its  importance  as  an 
object;  but,  though  it  will  not  bear  a 
comparison  with  Stonehenge,  I have  not 
seen  any  other  relic  of  those  dark  ages 
which  can  pretend  to  rival  it  in  singu- 
larity and  dignity  of  appearance.” 

Wordsworth . 

A weight  of  awe,  not  easy  to  be  borne, 

Fell  suddenly  upon  my  spirit  — 

When  first  I saw  that  family  forlorn  — 
That  sisterhood,  in  hieroglyphic  round. 

Wordsworth 

Long  Walk.  A famous  avenue 
in  Windsor  Park,  near  London, 
nearly  three  miles  in  length,  in  a 


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284 


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perfectly  straight  line,  lined  with 
trees,  and  terminated  by  the  co- 
lossal equestrian  statue  of  George 
III.,  in  bronze,  by  Westmacott 
(1775-1856).  It  is  considered  the 
finest  avenue  of  the  kind  in 
Europe. 

Long  Walls.  The  name  given  to 
the  walls  which  in  ancient  times 
connected  Athens  with  the  sea. 
There  were  three  “ Long  Walls;  ” 
but  the  name  appears  to  have 
been  applied  to  those  two  which 
connected  the  city  with  the  Pi- 
rams,  that  leading  to  Phalerum 
being  called  the  Plialerian  Wall. 
These  two  walls  (to  the  Piraeus) 
were  but  a short  distance  apart. 
The  foundations  of  the  Long 
Walls  may  still  be  traced  in  part, 
though  they  were  in  ruins  in  the 
time  of  Pausanias.  They  were 
built  during  the  administrations 
of  Tliemistocles  and  of  Pericles, 
in  the  fifth  century  B.C.  A rail- 
way seven  miles  in  length  now 
extends  from  Athens  to  Piraeus, 
and  follows  the  course  of  one  of 
these  famous  walls. 

Longford  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Radnor,  near  Salisbury, 
England.  The  mansion  contains 
a fine  collection  of  pictures. 

Longleat.  The  seat  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Bath,  on  the  borders  of 
Wiltshire,  England.  A beautiful 
mansion  of  the  Elizabethan  age. 

We  should  see  the  keeps  where  nobles, 
insecure  themselves,  spread  insecurity 
around  them,  giving  place  to  the  halls  of 
peaceful  opulence,  to  the  oriels  of  Longleat , 
and  the  stately  pinnacles  of  Burleigh. 

Macaulay. 

O’e  Longleat’s  towers,  o’er  Cranbourne’s 
oaks. 

The  fi-  ry  herald  flew; 

He  roused  the  shepherds  of  Stonehenge. 

The  rangers  of  Beaulieu.  Macaulay. 

Longwood.  Napoleon  Bonaparte’s 
villa,  on  the  island  of  St.  Helena, 
occupied  by  the  emperor  during 
his  exile.  It  was  here  that  he 
died  May  5,  1821. 

Our  age  lias  indeed  been  fruitful  of 
warnings  to  the  eminent,  and  of  conso’a- 
tion  to  the  obscure.  Two  men  have  died 
within  our  recollection,  who,  at  a time  of 
life  at  which  few  people  have  completed 
their  education,  have  raised  themselves, 


each  in  his  own  department,  to  the  height, 
of  glory.  One  of  them  died  at  Longwood ; 
the  otlier  at  Missolonghi.  Macaulay. 

Lord  Clyde.  An  armor-plated  ship 
of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Oct  13,  1861. 

Lord  Mayor’s  Coach.  The  car- 
riage in  which,  on  state  occasions, 
the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  rides 
forth.  It  is  a great  lumbering 
vehicle,  carved  and  gilded,  said 
to  have  been  designed  and  paint- 
ed by  Cipriani  in  1757,  built  at  an 
original  cost  of  £1,065,  and  kept 
in  repair  at  an  annual  expediture 
of  £100.  See  Coronation  Coach. 

J Kg"  “ It  seemed  to  me  that  a man  of 
any  sense  must  be  very  glad  to  get  out 
of  such  a vehicular  gimcrack  as  that. 
. . . Nothing  could  be  more  out  of  place, 
more  incongruous,  than  this  childish 
masquerading  seemed  to  be  with  Eng- 
lish common-sense,  and  with  the  so- 
briety and  true  dignity  befitting  such 
an  official  person  as  the  mayor  of  the 
city  of  London.” 

Richard  Grant  White. 

Lord  Warden.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
May  27,  1865. 

Lords,  House  of.  See  House  of 
Lords. 

Lorelei,  The.  [Ger.  Lurleiberg .] 
Rugged  and  precipitous  rocks, 
rising  420  feet  from  the  river 
Rhine.  The  old  legend  of  a 
siren  who  lived  on  the  summit  of 
the  rock,  and  enticed  sailors  and 
fishermen  to  their  destruction  in 
the  rapids  at  the  base  of  the  rock, 
has  formed  a subject  for  poets 
and  painters.  Goethe’s  pretty 
little  ballad  is  perhaps  most  fa- 
miliar. Heinrich  Heine,  the 
German  poet  (1799?-! 856),  has  a 
well-known  lyric  entitled  the 
“ Lorelei.”  [Written  also  Lurlei 
and  Loreley.\ 

Yonder  we  see  it  from  the  steamer’s  deck, 
The  haunted  mountain  of  the  Lorelei. 

The  o’erhanging  crags  sharp-cut  against 
a sky 

Clear  as  a sapphire  without  flaw  or  rack. 

T.  B.  Aldrich. 

Loreley.  A popular  picture  illus- 
trating the  well-known  legend 
upon  the  subject  of  the  Loreley, 
by  W.  Kray.  The  same  subject 


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has  also  been  treated  by  others. 
See  Lorelei. 

Lorenzo  de’  Medici.  A famous 
statue  by  Michael  Angelo  Buo- 
narotti  (1475-1564).  In  the  Church 
of  S.  Lorenzo,  Florence,  Italy. 
Called  “ II  Pensoso,”  “ the  think- 
er.” 

“ From  its  character  of  profound 
reflection,  the  figure  of  Lorenzo  has 
acquired  the  distinctive  appellation  of 
‘ La  Pensee  de  Michel  Ange.’  It  is,  in 
fact,  the  personification  of  contempla- 
tive thought.”  J.  S.  Harford. 

“ Of  a still  higher  order  of  art  is 
the  statue  of  Lorenzo.  . . . The  air  of 
the  figure  is  thoughtful  and  contempla- 
tive. It  is  that  of  a man  meditating 
dnd  absorbed  by  some  great  design,  and 
not  without  a dash  of  the  formidable. 
There  is  something  dangerous  in  that 
deep,  solemn  stillness  and  intense  self- 
involution. Deadly  will  be  the  spring 
that  follows  the  uncoiling  of  those 
folds.  I recall  no  work  in  marble 
wdiich  leaves  the  same  impression  as 
this  remarkable  statue.  Its  power  is 
like  that  of  a magician’s  spell,  . . . 
such  a work  as  would  have  been  pro- 
nounced impossible  to  be  executed  in 
marble,  had  it  not  been  done.” 

Hillard. 

“ I observe  that  the  costume  of 
the  figure,  instead  of  being  mediaeval, 
is  Roman ; but,  be  it  what  it  may,  the 
grand  and  simple  character  of  the  fig- 
ure imbues  the  robes  with  its  individ- 
ual propriety.  I still  think  it  the 
greatest  miracle  ever  wrought  in  mar- 
ble.” Hawthorne. 

4ST  “ It  really  is  not  worthy  of  Mr. 
Powers  to  say  that  the  whole  effect  of 
this  mighty  statue  depends,  not  on  the 
positive  efforts  of  Michael  Angelo’s 
chisel,  but  on  the  absence  of  light  in 
the  space  of  a few  inches.  He  wrought 
the  whole  statue  in  harmony  with  that 
small  part  of  it  which  he  leaves  to  the 
spectator’s  imagination,  and,  if  he  had 
erred  at  any  point,  the  miracle  Avould 
have  been  a failure;  so  that,  working 
in  marble,  he  has  positively  reached  a 
degree  of  excellence  above  the  capabil- 
ity of  marble,  sculpturing  his  highest 
touches  upon  air  and  duskiness.” 

Hawthorne. 

Lorenzo,  San.  See  San  Lorenzo. 
Loreto.  See  Santa  Casa. 

Lorsch,  Abbey  of.  A ruined  mon- 
astery near  Bensheim,  Germany. 
It  is  considered  one  of  the  oldest 
Gothic  edifices  in  Germany,  parts 


of  the  existing  building  dating 
from  the  year  774. 

Lost  Pleiad.  An  admired  picture 
by  Thomas  Buchanan  Read  (1822- 
1872). 

Lost  River.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Hampshire  County,  W.Va.  A 
stream  disappears  abruptly  at 
the  base  of  a mountain,  through 
which  it  finds  its  way  by  under- 
ground channels. 

Lothbury.  A district  in  London 
where  live  many  candlestick- 
makers  and  pewterers.  Accord- 
ing to  Stow  the  name  is  derived 
from  the  loathsome  noise  proceed- 
ing from  the  shops  of  these  metal- 
workers. 

And,  early  in  the  morning,  will  I send 
To  all  the  plumbers  and  the  pewterers, 
And  buy  their  tin  and  lead  up;  and  to 
Lothbury 

For  all  the  copper.  Ben  Jonson . 

Tis  a note  of  enchantment;  what  ails 
her  ? she  sees 

A mountain  ascending,  a vision  of  trees; 
bright  volumes  of  vapor  through  Loth- 
bury glide, 

And  a river  flows  on  through  the  vale  of 
Cheapside.  Wordsworth. 

Lot’s  Wife.  The  name  given  to  a 
pillar  covered  with  asphaltum, 
which  stands  in  a region  adjacent 
to  the  Dead  Sea,  Palestine.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  account  given 
in  Gen.  xix.  26. 

Lottatori,  I.  See  Wrestlers, The. 

Loudon  Castle.  An  ancient  feudal 
mansion  near  Galston,  Scotland, 
belonging  to  Lord  Bute,  who  pur- 
chased it  in  1868  for  $o00,000. 

Loudon  Park.  A fine  cemetery 
near  Baltimore,  Md.  The  grounds 
cover  100  acres. 

Louis-le-Grand,  College.  A fa- 
mous school  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  in  Paris.  It  was  the  great 
school,  the  Eton,  of  France,  at- 
tended by  thousands  of  the  chil- 
dren of  the  most  distinguished 
families  in  the  kingdom.  Vol- 
taire was  at  one  time  a member 
of  this  school.  It  was  under  the 
control  of  the  Jesuits,  and  was 
originally  known  as  the  College 
of  Clermont,  but  was  afterwards 
named  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV, 


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286 


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The  school  still  exists  upon  its 
old  site  in  Paris. 

Louis,  St.  See  St.  Louis. 

Louisa,  Queen  of  Prussia.  A work 
of  sculpture  by  Christian  Rauch 
(1777-1857),  and  regarded  as  one 
of  his  masterpieces.  At  Charlot- 
tenburg,  Prussia. 

Louise  Home.  A fine  building  in 
Washington,  erected  by  W.  W. 
Corcoran,  and  intended  as  a home 
for  indigent  ladies  of  culture. 

Louisiana,  The.  1.  A gunboat 
of  the  United  States  navy  during 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  Hav- 
ing been  laden  with  250  tons  of 
powder,  she  was  towed  close  un- 
der the  walls  of  Fort  Fisher,  in 
North  Carolina,  when  the  pow- 
der was  exploded  on  the  24tli  of 
December,  1804,  but  without  do- 
ing any  serious  injury  to  the  for- 
tifications. 

4®=-  “ A capital  feature  in  the  plan 
of  the  expedition  was  the  explosion  of 
an  enormous  floating-mine  as  near  the 
fort  as  possible,  with  the  intention  of 
demolishing  the  work,  or  so  paralyz- 
ing the  garrison  that  the  seizure  of  the 
fort  might  be  an  easy  task  for  the 
troops  that  were  to  debark  immedi- 
ately after  the  explosion.  A captured 
blockade-runner  was  converted  into  a 
monster  torpedo,  charged  with  430,000 
pounds  of  gunpowder,  and  placed  un- 
der command  of  Capt.  Rhind.  The 
powder  was  in  barrels  and  bags,  and 
penetrated  by  Gomez  fuses  for  igni- 
tion. It  was  intended  to  have  her 
towed  near  the  fort  by  a tug,  in  which 
the  crew,  after  firing  combustibles 
which  were  placed  on  board  the  tor- 
pedo-vessel, might  escape.  . . . Before 
their  [the  transports’]  return  with  the 
troops  that  were  to  play  an  important 
part  with  the  torpedo-vessel,  Porter 
had  exploded  that  mine  without  any 
visible  effect  on  the  fort  or  garrison.” 
Lossing. 

2.  A Confederate  steam-bat- 
tery used  in  the  defence  of  the 
approaches  to  New  Orleans,  La. 
She  was  destroyed  by  the  vessels 
of  Admiral  Farragut’s  fleet,  April 
24,  18(12. 

Lourdes,  Virgin  of.  See  Grotto 
DE  LA  VlERGE. 

Louvre,  The.  This  palace  in  Paris, 


France,  is  connected  with  the 
Tuileries  by  a long  gallery  which 
contains  the  French  national  col- 
lection of  pictures.  On  the  site 
of  the  present  palace  once  stood 
a castle,  the  hunting-seat  of  King 
Dagobert,  which  was  called  Lou- 
veterie,  or  wolf-hunting  establish- 
ment, whence  the  name  Louvre 
is  said  to  be  derived.  The  build- 
ing was  completed  by  Napoleon 
250  years  after  the  first  founda- 
tions were  laid.  It  was  occupied 
as  a residence  by  several  mon- 
archs  of  France,  but  since  the  time 
of  Louis  XV.  it  has  been  devoted 
to  the  exhibition  of  works  of  art. 
Its  galleries  are  filled  with  paint- 
ings by  the  best  masters,  such  as 
Raphael,  Murillo,  Guido,  Dome- 
nichino,  and  others,  also  splendid 
vases,  mosaics,  and  sculptures, 
with  many  valuable  and  magnifi- 
cent reliques  of  the  kings  and 
queens  of  France. 

4®"  “ I must  confess  that  the  vast 
and  beautiful  edifice  struck  me  far 
more  than  the  pictures,  sculpture,  and 
curiosities  which  it  contains,  — the  shell 
more  than  the  kernel  inside;  such  no- 
ble suites  of  rooms  and  halls  were 
those  through  which  we  first  passed, 
containing  Egyptian,  and,  farther  on- 
ward, Greek  and  Roman  antiquities; 
the  walls  cased  in  variegated  marbles, 
the  ceilings  glowing  with  beautiful  fres- 
cos; the  whole  extended  into  infinite 
vistas  by  mirrors  that  seemed  like  va. 
cancy,  and  multiplied  every  thing  for- 
ever. . . . From  the  pictures  we  went 
into  a suite  of  rooms  where  are  pre- 
served many  relics  of  the  ancient  and 
later  kings  of  France.  ...  If  each 
monarch  could  have  been  summoned 
from  Hades  to  claim  his  own  relics,  we 
should  have  had  the  halls  full  of  the 
old  Childerics,  Charleses,  Bourbons 
and  Capets,  Henrys  and  Louises, 
snatching  with  ghostly  hands  at  scep- 
tres, swords,  armor,  and  mantles;  and 
Napoleon  would  have  seen,  apparently, 
almost  every  thing  that  personally  be- 
longed to  him,  — his  coat,  his  cocked 
hats,  his  camp-desk,  his  field-bed,  his 
knives,  forks,  and  plates,  and  even  a 
lock  of  his  hair.”  Hawthorne. 

4®"  “ What  a paradise  this  gallery 
is  for  French  students,  or  foreigners 
who  sojourn  in  the  capital ! It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  that  the  brethren  of 
the  brush  are  not  usually  supplied  by 
Fortune  with  any  extraordinary  wealth 
or  means  of  enjoying  the  luxuries  with 


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which  Paris,  more  than  any  other  city, 
abounds.  But  here  they  have  a luxury 
which  surpasses  all  others,  and  spend 
their  days  in  a palace  which  all  the 
money  of  all  the  Rothschilds  could  not 
buy.  They  sleep,  perhaps,  in  a garret, 
and  dine  in  a cellar;  but  no  grandee 
in  Europe  has  such  a drawing-room. 
Kings’  houses  have  at  best  but  damask 
hangings  and  gilt  cornices.  What  are 
those  to  a wall  covered  with  canvas  by 
Paul  Veronese,  or  a hundred  yards  of 
Rubens?  . . . Here  is  a room  half  a 
mile  long,  with  as  many  windows  as 
Aladdin’s  palace,  open  from  sunrise  till 
evening,  and  free  to  all  manners  and 
varieties  of  study.”  Thackeray. 

The  next  day  I went  to  see  the  Louvre 
with  more  attention,  its  severall  courts 
and  Pavilf  ns.  One  of  the  quadrangles, 
begun  by  Hen.  IV.  and  finished  by  his 
son  and  grandson,  is  a superb  but  mix’d 
structure.  The  cornices,  mouldings,  and 
compartments,  with  the  insertion  of  sev- 
eral colored  marbles  have  been  of  great 
ex  pence.  We  went  through  the  long  gal- 
lery, pav’d  with  white  and  black  marble, 
richly  fretted  and  painted  afresca.  I he 
front  looking  to  the  river,  tho'  of  rare 
work  for  the  carving,  a et  wants  of  that 
magnificence  which  a plan  er  and  truer 
designe  would  have  contributed  to  it. 

John  Evelyn , Diary , 3 Feb.,  1644. 

Tt  was  th  v Pleasure  House,  thy  Palace 
of  Dainty  Devices;  thy  Louvre. , or  thy 
White-Hall.  Charles  Lamb. 

Louvre,  Musee  du.  See  Musee 
du  Louvre. 

Love.  See  Earthly  Love,  Gar- 
den of  Love,  and  Sacred  and 
Profane  Love. 

LoveiPs  Pond.  See  Lovewell’s 
Pond. 

Lovers’  Leap.  See  Sappho’s  Leap. 

LovewelPs  Pond.  A small  lake 
near  the  village  of  Fryeburg,  in 
Maine,  noted  as  being  the  scene 
of  a desperate  fight  with  the  In- 
dians in  the  old  colonial  days.  It 
was  one  of  the  most  fierce  and 
sanguinary  of  the  many  encoun- 
ters between  the  early  settlers 
and  the  savages;  and  the  fame  of 
the  heroism  there  displayed  by 
the  brave  colonists,  under  the 
lead  of  Capt.  John  Lovewell 
(from  whom  the  pond  takes  its 
name),  still  survives  in  ballad  and 
tradition.  [Also  Lovell's  Pond.] 

“ What,  time  the  noble  Lovewell  came 
With  fifty  men  from  Dunstable, 

The  cruel  Pequot  tribe  to  tame, 

With  arms  and  bloodshed  terrible. 


With  footsteps  low  shall  travellers  go 
Where  Lovewell' s Pond  shines  clear  and 
bright, 

And  mark  the  place  where  those  are  laid 
Who  fell  in  Lovewell’s  blood}'  fight.  ’ 

Loving  Cup.  The  name  given  to 
a goblet,  usually  of  silver,  which 
on  ceremonial  occasions,  like  the 
Lord  Mayor’s  feast,  is  passed  from 
one  guest  to  another  at  the  table, 
each  raising  it  to  his  lips  and 
tasting  of  its  contents. 

A playful  fancy  could  have  carried  the 
matter  farther,  could  have  depicted  the 
feast  in  the  Egyptian  Hall,  . . . and  Mr. 
Tcole  behind  the  central  throne,  bawling 
out  to  the  assembled  guests  and  dignita- 
ries : “ My  Lord  So-and-so, my  Lord  What- 
c’ye-call-Tm,  my  Lord  Etcaetera,  the 
Lord  Mayor  pledges  you  all  in  a Loving - 
Cup.”  Thackeray. 

Low  Life  and  High  Life.  A pic- 
ture of  two  dogs  by  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer  (1802-1873).  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  The  sub- 
ject of  High  Life  is  a slender  and 
delicate  deerhound,  long  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  a portrait  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  “ Maida,”  at  home 
in  the  luxurious  chamber  of  its 
master.  The  picture  was  painted 
in  1829.  The  subject  of  Low  Life 
is  a massive  bull-dog,  sitting  in  a 
rude  doorway,  keeping  guard 
with  one  eye  over  the  liat,  boots, 
and  pint-pot  of  his  master  the 
butcher,  and  with  the  other  lazily 
blinking  in  the  warm  sunshine. 

Lowenburg.  An  artificial  ruined 
c as  tl  e n e ar  C ass  el , G e r m an  y , li  tted 
in  every  respect  to  correspond 
with  the  description  of  a Middle- 
Age  fortress,  “ with  moat,  draw- 
bridge, chapel,  and  garden  of 
pyramidal  trees.” 

Lowendenkmal.  See  Lion  of  Lu- 

. CERNE. 

Lowther  Arcades.  One  of  the 
principal  arcades  in  London. 

Lowther  Castle.  The  seat  of  Ihe 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  near  Carlisle, 
England. 

Luca,  Accademia  di  San.  See  St. 

Luke. 

Luccombe  Chine.  A curious  and 
celebrated  ravine  on  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  not  far  from  Yentnor, 
much  visited  by  tourists. 


LUC 


288 


LUD 


Lucerne,  Lion  of.  See  Lion  of 
Lucerne. 

Luchsberg.  [Lynx  Mountain.]  A 
remarkable  natural  curiosity  in 
the  shape  of  a disintegrated  and 
phosphorescent  mountain  near 
Alexandersbad,  on  the  route  be- 
tween Frankfurt  and  Carlsbad  in 
Germany.  The  phenomenon  is 
probably  owing  either  to  an 
earthquake,  or  to  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  rocks,  and  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere  upon 
them. 

Luck  of  Edenhall.  This  name  is 
given  to  a drinking-vessel  long 
and  carefully  preserved  at  Eden- 
hall,  in  Cumberland,  England. 
It  is  traditionally  said  to  have 
been  stolen  from  the  elves  at  one 
of  their  banquets,  by  a member 
of  the  ancient  family  of  Mus- 
grave,  or,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, by  one  of  their  domestics. 
The  fortunes  of  the  house  are,  or 
at  least  were,  believed  to  depend 
upon  its  preservation. 

“ If  that  glass  do  break  or  fall. 

Farewell  to  the  luck  of  Edenhall.” 

It  is  described  as  a tall  enam- 
elled glass,  apparently  of  Vene- 
tian workmanship  of  the  tenth 
century;  and  it  is  supposed  to 
have  been  a chalice  belonging  to 
St.  Cuthbert’s  ruined  chapel,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  hall. 
Longfellow  has  translated  from 
the  German  poet  Uhland  a pretty 
ballad  about  the  “ Luck  of  Eden- 
hall.” 

Xfeit'One  legend  connected  with  this 
curious  heirloom  relates  that  the  but- 
ler having  gone  to  the  well  of  St.  Cuth- 
bert  found  there  a group  of  fairies, 
and  this  remarkable  goblet  standing 
on  the  brink  of  the  well.  He  seized  it; 
and  the  fairies,  having  tried  in  vain  to 
recover  it,  fled,  exclaiming, — 

“ If  this  glass  do  break  or  fall, 

Farewell  the  luck  of  Edenhall.” 

The  letters  I.  H.  S.  are  inscribed  on 
the  case  containing  the  cup,  hence  the 
surmise  that  if  was  originally  a chal- 
ice. 

For  its  keeper  takes  a race  of  might, 

The  fragile  goblet  of  crystal  tall ; 

It  has  lasted  longer  than  is  right; 

Kling  ! klang ! — with  a harder  blow  than 
all 

Will  I try  the  Luck  of  Edenliall ! 


As  the  goblet  ringing  flies  apart, 

Suddenly  cracks  the  vaulted  hall ; 

And  through  the  rift,  the  wild  flames 
start; 

The  guests  in  dust  are  scattered  all, 

With  the  breaking  Luck  of  Edenliall ! 

Lucretia.  A picture  by  Albert 
Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  "German 
painter.  In  the  Gallery  of  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

Lucretia.  A picture  by  Jacopo 
Palma,  called  Palma  Vecchio 
(1480  ?-1548  ?).  In  the  Belvedere 
Gallery,  Vienna,  Austria. 

Lucretia.  A picture  by  Bembrandt 
van  Byn  (1607-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter.  Now  in  possession  of 
Mrs.  Butler  Johnstone,  London. 

Ludgate.  Anciently  one  of  the 
principal  gates  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
don. Its  traditional  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  mythical  British 
king  Lud  (66  B.C.),  who  is  said 
by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  to  have 
built  it.  Ludgate  Hill  is  the 
name  of  the  great  street,  one  of 
the  most  crowded  thoroughfares 
in  London,  extending  from  Bridge 
Street  to  St.  Paul’s. 

Ludgate  Hill.  See  Ludgate. 

Clieapside,  the  Strand,  Fleet  Street,  and 
Ludgate  Hill , 

Each  name  a very  story  in  itself. 

Robert  Leighton. 

Ludgate  Prison.  A celebrated 
prison  for  poor  debtors  in  Lon- 
don, taken  down  in  1760-62. 

Ludlow  Castle.  An  ancient  castle 
in  Ludlow,  county  of  Salop,  Eng- 
land, of  which  fine  remains  exist. 

4®^“  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  the  preux 
chevalier  of  his  age,  the  poet,  and  lov- 
er of  letters  and  men  of  letters,  was 
no  doubt  a frequent  resident  in  Ludlow 
Castle,  and  probably  there  collected 
at  times  around  him  the  Spensers  and 
the  Raleighs  and  the  other  literary 
stars  of  the  day.”  Thomas  Wright. 

I must  hold  Ludlow  Castle  an  honest 
house,  for  which  Milton’s  “ Comus”  was 
written,  and  the  company  nobly  bred, 
which  performed  it  with  knowledge  and 
sympatlw.  Emerson. 

Ludovisi  Juno.  See  Juno,  and 
also  Villa  Ludovisi. 

Ludovisi,  Villa.  See  Villa  Lu- 
dovisi. 


LUD 


289 


LYC 


\ 


Ludwigstrasse.  [Louis  Street.]  A 
noted  street  in  Munich,  Bavaria, 
with  magnificent  buildings. 

Lueg  Castle.  A remarkable  castle 
constructed  in  a cavern  near  the 
grotto  of  Adelsberg,  in  Southern 
Austria.  It  was  built  in  1570. 
It  can  only  be  approached  by 
steps  cut  in  the  rock,  by  ladders 
and  drawbridges.  It  has  served 
as  a mysterious  place  of  retreat 
for  centuries. 

Luke,  St.  See  St.  Luke. 

Lumley  Castle.  A seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Scarborough,  near  Dur- 
ham, England. 

Lundy’s  Lane.  A locality  in  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada.  It 
was  the  scene  of  a battle  between 
the  United  States  forces  and  the 
British  in  1814,  resulting  in  the 
defeat  of  the  latter. 

The  courage  which  girls  exhibit  is  like 
a battle  of  Lundy's  Lane , or  a sea- light. 

Emerson. 

Lung’  Arno.  [Along  the  Arno.] 
The  celebrated  street  and  thor- 
oughfare of  Florence,  Italy,  ex- 
tending along  the  right  bank  of 
the  river,  the  Arno,  which  divides 
the  city.  Also  the  principal 
street  in  Pisa,  Italy. 

Who,  that  remembers  Florence,  does 
not  remember  well  the  San  Miniato  in 
.Monte,  towering  on  its  lofty  eminence 
above  the  city,  and  visible  along  the 
Lung ’ Arno  from  the  Ponte  alle  Grazie  to 
the  Ponte  alia  Carraja?  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Lurlei.  See  Lorelei. 

Lute  Player.  A picture  by  Michel- 
angelo Amerighi,  called  Caravag- 
gio (1569-1609).  In  the  Lichten- 
stein Collection,  Vienna,  Austria. 
See  Lady  with  the  Lute. 

Luther’s  Beech.  A magnificent 
tree  which  formerly  stood  near 
Liebenstein,  Germany,  on  the 
borders  of  the  Tlmringian  forest, 
and  was  celebrated  as  the  tree 
under  which  the  reformer  was 
seized  on  his  return  from  Worms, 
and  carried  to  the  prison  of  the 
W artburg. 

Luther’s  Cell.  A room  in  the  Au- 
gustine convent  in  Erfurt,  Ger- 


many, memorable  as  the  apart- 
ment in  which  the  great  reformer 
lived  whilq  a monk,  and  which 
contains  his  Bible  and  other  in- 
teresting relics. 

Luther’s  Elm  Tree.  A tree  near 
Worms,  Germany,  famous  from 
the  tradition  that  the  great  re- 
former rested  under  it  on  his 
memorable  journey  to  the  city. 

Luther’s  House.  A mansion  in 
Wittenberg,  Germany,  where  the 
reformer  lived  after  his  mar- 
riage, and  which  is  carefully  jire- 
served  in  an  almost  unaltered 
condition.  It  contains  various 
interesting  relics. 

Luton-Hoo.  Formerly  the  seat  of 
the  Marquis  of  Bute,  near  Bed- 
ford, England.  It  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1843. 

“ This  is  one  of  the  places  I do  not 
regret  having  come  to  see.  It  is  a very 
stately  palace  indeed.  The  dignity  of 
the  rooms  is  very  great,  and  the  quanti- 
ty of  the  pictures  is  beyond  expectation 
— beyond  hope.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

Luxembourg.  See  Musee  du  Lux- 
embourg and  Palais  de  Luxem- 
bourg. 

Luxor.  See  Obelisk  of  Luxor 
and  Temple  of  Luxor. 

Lycabettus.  A rocky  conical  hill 
of  considerable  height,  about  one 
mile  north-east  of  the  Acropolis, 
and  forming  a striking  feature  in 
the  scenery  of  Athens,  Greece. 
This  hill  is  said  to  have  been 
dropped  here,  that  it  might  serve 
as  a bulwark  of  Athens,  by  Pal- 
las Minerva,  who,  at  the  birth  of 
Ericlithonius,  the  ancient  king  of 
Attica,  came  from  her  temple  at 
Pallene,  and  bore  this  hill  through 
the  air  in  her  arms  as  a birthday 
gift.  It  is  now  known  as  the 
mountain  of  St.  George. 

Jg®=*  “ This  hill  is  to  the  Grecian 
capital  what  Vesuvius  is  to  Naples,  or 
Arthur’s  Seat  to  Edinburgh ; from  its 
summit  Athens  and  its  neighborhood 
lie  unrolled  before  the  eye  as  in  a map.” 
Murray. 

Lyceum.  A famous  school  in  an- 
cient Athens,  where  the  philos- 


LYC 


290 


LYY 


opher  Aristotle  taught  his  pupils 
while  walking  about  with  them, 
from  which  circumstance  his 
school  is  known  as  the  Peripa- 
tetic (from  Gr.  TrepiTrareb,  to  Walk 
about).  The  Lyceum  derived  its 
name  from  Lyceius,  a surname  of 
Apollo  to  whom  it  was  dedicated, 
and  lias  bequeathed  the  name  to 
similar  modern  institutions  of 
learning. 

The  schools  of  ancient  sages ; his  who  bred 
Great  Alexander  to  subdue  the  world, 
Lyceum  there,  and  painted  Stoa  next. 

Milton. 

Lyceum  Theatre.  The  Royal  Ly- 
ceum Theatre,  Strand,  London, 
was  built  in  1834,  and  so  called 
from  a former  academy  or  ex- 
hibition-room, which  was  con- 
verted into  a theatre  in  1790,  and 
burnt  in  1830. 

Lycian  Gallery.  A collection  of 
Greek  works  of  sculpture,  con- 
sisting of  reliefs,  tombs,  and  sar- 
cophagi brought  to  England  by 


Sir  Charles  Fellows  from  Xan- 
thus,  in  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
1841,  and  now  deposited  in  a room 
specially  devoted  to  the  purpose 
in  the  British  Museum,  London. 
[Called  also  the  Lycian  Marbles. J 

Lyon’s  Inn.  A seminary  of  legal 
learning  in  London— one  of  the 
nine  inns  of  chancery.  Lyon’s 
Inn,  once  a hostelry,  was  de- 
stroyed in  1863. 

They  cut  liis  throat  from  ear  to  ear, 

His  brains  they  battered  in; 

His  name  was  Mr.  William  Weare, 

He  dwelt  in  Lyon's  Inn. 

Lysicrates.  See  Choragic  Monu- 
ment of  Lysicrates. 

Lyversberg  Passion.  A painting 
of  the  Passion,  or  suffering  of 
Christ,  attributed  to  Israel  von 
Meckenen  (1440-1503),  but  really 
by  an  unknown  master.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  having  been 
owned  by  Herr  Lyversberg.  At 
Cologne,  Germany. 


MAB 


291 


MAD 


M. 


Mabille.  See  Jardin  Mabille. 

Macaroni  Club.  A company  of 
eccentric  fops  who  flourished  in 
England  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. They  dressed  in  the  most 
fantastic  manner.  One  of  their 
most  noticeable  peculiarities  was 
wearing  a large  knot  of  hair  upon 
the  back  of  the  head.  Their 
name  was  derived  from  their  hav- 
ing always  upon  the  dinner-table 
a dish  of  macaroni,  then  a novelty 
in  England.  For  a time  these 
eccentric  young  men  were  the 
leaders  of  fashion  in  London. 
Every  thing,  from  the  costume  of 
the  clergy  to  the  music  at  public 
entertainments,  was  a la  Maca- 
roni. 

“A  winter  without  politics  — 
even  our  Macaronis  entertain  the  town 
with  nothing  hut  new  dresses,  and  the 
size  of  their  nosegays.  They  have 
lost  all  their  money,  and  exhausted 
their  credit,  and  can  no  longer  game 
for  £20,000  a night.”  Horace  Walpole. 

Macbeth’s  Cairn.  This  is  sup- 
posed to  be  on  the  spot  where 
Macbeth,  flying  from  his  castle 
at  Dunsinane,  was  slain  by  Mac- 
duff. See  Dunsinane  Hile. 

Macedonian,  The.  A British  frig- 
ate captured  in  the  war  of  1812 
by  the  United  States  frigate  Con- 
stitution. 

McGill  Street.  A main  thorough- 
fare in  Montreal,  Can. 

McHenry,  Fort.  See  Fort  Mc- 
Henry. 

M{Swine’s  Gun.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  the  county  of  Donegal, 
Ireland.  It  is  a prodigious  cavity 
into  which  the  tide  rushes  with 
such  force  as  to  produce  a sound 
capable,  it  is  said,  of  being  heard 
distinctly  a distance  of  between 
20  and  30  miles,  and  shooting  up 
a shaft  of  water  some  hundreds  of 
feet  into  the  air. 


“ Altogether,  perhaps,  so  ex- 
traordinary a natural  marvel  does  not 
exist  in  the  British  dominions.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Machpelah,  Cave  of.  See  Cave 
of  Machpelah. 

Mad  Margery.  [Dutch,  Dc  dvlle 
Griete.]  An  enormous  piece  of 
ordnance  preserved  at  Ghent, 
Belgium.  It  is  made  of  wrought 
iron,  and  was  used  by  the  citizens 
of  Ghent  at  the  siege  of  Oude- 
narde  in  1382. 

Madam  a,  Villa.  See  Villa  Ma- 
dam a. 

Madame  Tussaud’s  Exhibition. 
A famous  exhibition  of  waxwork 
figures  in  London.  It  is  situated 
in  Baker  Street. 

“ Many  of  these,  especially 
those  relating  to  the  French  Revolution, 
were  modelled  from  life,  or  death,  by 
Madame  Tussaud,  who  was  herself  im- 
prisoned and  in  danger  of  the  guillo- 
tine, with  Madame  Beauharnais  and 
her  child  Ilortense  as  her  associates.” 
Hare. 

Madeleine,  The.  This  church  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  build- 
ings in  Paris.  It  was  begun  by 
Louis  XV.,  and  completed  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  Philippe.  It  is  of 
Grecian  architecture.  The  prin- 
cipal fa9ade  looks  upon  the  Rue 
Royale  and  the  Place  de  la  Con- 
corde, and  is  very  magnificent. 
The  interior  of  the  church  is  rich- 
ly decorated  in  gilt  and  marble. 
It  contains  many  paintings  and 
sculptures  illustrative  of  the  life 
of  the  Magdalene.  In  May,  1871, 
300  insurgents  were  driven  by  the 
Versailles  troops  into  this  church 
and  there  killed. 

“ The  most  sumptuous  fane  ever 
erected  to  her  [the  Magdalen’s]  special 
honor  is  that  which,  of  late  years,  has 
arisen  in  the  city  of  Paris.  The  church, 
or  rather  temple,  of  La  Madeleine 
stands  an  excelling  monument,  if  not 


MAD 


292 


MAD 


of  modern  piety  at  least  of  modern  art. 
That  which  is  now  the  temple  of  the 
lowly  penitent  was,  a few  years  ago, 
Le  Temple  de  la  Gloire .” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 
jggg**  “A  Grecian  temple  requires  to 
be  seen  against  the  sky,  and  loses  all 
its  dignity  when  surrounded  by  lofty 
buildings.”  Ferg  assort. 

The  Attic  temple  whose  majestic  room 
Contained  the  presence  of  Olympian  Jove, 
With  smooth  Hymettus  round  it  and 
above 

Softening  the  splendor  by  a sober  bloom, 
Is  yielding  fast  to  Time’s  irreverent  doom ; 
While  on  the  then  barbarian  banks  of 
Seine 

That  nobler  ty pe  is  realized  again 
In  perfect  form,  and  dedicate  — * to  whom  ? 
To  a poor  Syrian  girl  of  lowest  name, 

A hapless  creature,  pitiful  and  frail 
As  ever  wore  her  life  in  sin  and  shame ; 

Of  whom  all  history  has  this  single  tale,  — 
“ She  loved  the  Christ,  she  wept  beside 
his  grave, 

And  He.  for  that  love’s  sake,  all  else  for- 
gave. 1 1 Lord  Houghton. 

Madeleine,  Boulevart  de  la.  One 
of  the  boulevards  of  Paris,  ex- 
tending only  about  GOO  feet  from 
the  church  of  the  Madeleine.  See 
Boulevards. 

Madem’s  Well.  See  St.  Madem’s 
Well. 

Madison  Square.  A fashionable 
park  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
some  six  acres  in  extent,  three 
miles  from  the  Battery.  It  is 
bordered  by  magnificent  hotels, 
and  contains  a monument  erected 
to  the  memory  of  Gen.  Worth. 

Miss  Flora  M‘Flimsey,  of  Madison  Square. 

IF.  A.  Butler. 

Madison’s  Cave.  A.  natural  curi- 
osity in  Augusta  County,  Ya. 

4®=*  “ It  extends  into  the  earth  about 
300  feet,  branching  into  subordinate 
caverns,  and  at  length  terminates  in 
two  different  places  at  basins  of  water 
of  unknown  extent.  The  vault  of  this 
cave  is  of  solid  limestone  from  *20  to  40 
or  50  feet  high,  through  which  water 
is  continually  percolating.  This  trick- 
ling down  the  sides  of  the  cave  has 
incrusted  them  over  in  the  form  of  ele- 
gant drapery.”  Jefferson. 

Madness.  One  of  two  celebrated 
statues  by  Cains  Gabriel  Cibber 
(d.  1700?),  which  formerly  adorned 
the  principal  gate  of  the  old  Beth- 
lehem Hospital,  London,  and  are 
now  in  the  entrance-hall  of  the 


new  Bethlem  Hospital.  The  com- 
panion figure  is  called  Melan- 
choly. See  Melancholy. 

4£iP  “ These  are  the  earliest  indica- 
tions of  the  appearance  of  a distinct 
and  natural  spirit  in  sculpture.  . . . 
Those  who  see  them  for  the  first  time 
are  fixed  to  the  spot  with  terror  and 
awe.  . . . From  the  degradation  of  the 
actual  madhouse  we  turn  overpowered 
and  disgusted,  but  from  these  magnifi- 
cent creations  we  retire  in  mingled  awe 
and  admiration.”  Gunning  ham. 

Madonna.  [My  Lady,  i.e.  the  Vir- 
gin Mary.]  The  favorite  subject 
of  pictorial  representation  by  the 
great  religious  painters  of  the 
Middle  Ages. 

4@"  “ Of  the  pictures  in  our  galler- 
ies, public  or  private,  . . . the  largest 
and  most  beautiful  portion  have  refer- 
ence to  the  Madonna,  — her  character, 
her  person,  her  history.  It  was  a theme 
which  never  tired  her  votaries,  whether, 
as  in  the  hands  of  great  and  sincere 
artists,  it  became  one  of  the  noblest  and 
loveliest,  or,  as  in  the  hands  of  super- 
ficial, unbelieving,  time-serving  artists, 
one  of  the  most  degraded.  All  that 
human  genius,  inspired  by  faith,  could 
achieve  of  best  ; all  that  fanaticism, 
sensualism,  atheism,  could  perpetrate 
of  worst,  — do  we  find  in  the  cycle  of 
those  representations  which  have  been 
dedicated  to  the  glory  of  the  Virgin.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Of  the  almost  innumerable  com- 
positions upon  this  theme,  a few 
of  the  more  celebrated  and  famil- 
iar, especially  those  which  bear  a 
distinctive  title,  are  given  below. 
See  also,  for  pictures  relating  to 
this  subject,  Holy  Family  and 
Virgin. 

Madonna.  An  altar-piece  by  Gio- 
vanni Cimabue  (1240-1302?)  In 
the  church  of  S.  Maria  Novella, 
Florence,  Italy. 

4QT  “In  spite  of  its  colossal  size, 
and  formal  attitude  and  severe  style, 
the  face  of  this  Madonna  is  very  strik- 
ing, and  has  been  well  described  as 
‘sweet  and  unearthly,  reminding  you 
of  a sibyl.’”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4®=  “ It  happened  that  this  work 
was  so  much  an  object  of  admiration  to 
the  people  of  that  day,  they  having 
then  never  seen  any  thing  better,  that 
it  was  carried  in  solemn  procession, 
with  the  sound  of  trumpets  and  other 
festal  demonstrations,  from  the  house  of 


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Cimabue  to  the  church.  . . . All  the 
men  and  women  of  Florence  hastened 
in  crowds  to  admire  it,  making  all  pos- 
sible demonstrations  of  delight.” 

Vasari,  Trans. 

4®"  “ We  next  saw  the  famous  pic- 
ture of  the  Virgin  by  Cimabue,  which 
was  deemed  a miracle  in  its  day,  and 
still  brightens  the  sombre  walls  with 
the  lustre  of  its  gold  ground.” 

Hawthorne. 

Bright  and  brave, 

That  picture  was  accounted,  mark,  of  old  ! 

A king  >tood  bare  before  its  sovran  grace; 
A reverent  people  shouted  to  behold 
The  picture,  not  the  king;  and  even  the 
place 

Containing  such  a miracle,  grew  bold. 
Named  the  glad  Borgo  from  that  beau- 
teous lace. 

A noble  picture  ! worthy  of  the  shout 
Wherewith  along  the  streets  the  people 
bore 

Its  cherub  faces,  which  the  sun  threw  out 
Until  they  stooped  and  entered  the 
church  door!  Mrs.  Browning. 

Madonna.  A marble  statue  of  the 
Virgin  by  Michael  Angelo  Buona- 
rotti  (1474-1564).  In  the  Church 
of  Notre  Dame  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium. 

4®"  “ This  Madonna  is  one  of  Mi- 
chael Angelo’s  finest  works.  She  is 
looking  straight  forward;  a handker- 
chief is  placed  across  her  hair,  and  falls 
softly,  on  both  sides,  on  her  neck  and 
shoulders.  In  her  countenance,  in  her 
look,  there  is  a wonderful  majesty,  a 
queenly  gravity,  as  if  she  felt  the  thou- 
sand pious  glances  of  the  people  who 
look  up  to  her  on  the  altar.” 

Grimm , Trans. 

Madonna  Aldobrandini.  A well- 
known  picture  of  the  Virgin  and 
Child  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1488- 
1520),  representing  her  as  “ seated 
upon  a bench,  and  bending  ten- 
derly toward  the  little  St.  John, 
her  left  arm  around  him;  he 
reaches  up  playfully  for  a flower 
offered  to  him  by  the  Infant 
Christ  who  rests  on  his  mother’s 
lain”  This  picture  is  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Madonna  Ancajani.  A picture  of 
the  Holy  Family  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  so  called  from 
a family  of  that  name  at  Spoleto, 
Italy,  to  whom  it  formerly  be- 
longed. It  is  said  to  be  the  lar- 
gest picture  by  Raphael  in  Ger- 
many, after  the  Sistine  Madonna, 


but  it  has  suffered  much  from  in- 
jury. In  the  Museum  at  Berlin, 
Prussia. 

Madonna  and  Child  with  a Lily. 

An  admired  picture  by  Carlo 
Dolce  (1616-1686),  one  of  his  best 
works.  In  the  Pinakothek  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Madonna  and  Child  with  S.  Anne. 

A group  of  figures  executed  by 
Andrea  Sansovino  (1460-1529),  the 
Italian  sculptor,  for  the  church 
of  S.  Agostino,  Florence,  Italy. 

4®=*  “ One  of  the  most  beautiful  de- 
tached groups  of  modern  art.” 

Lubke,  Trans. 

Madonna  at  the  Well.  A picture 
by  Giuliano  Bugiardini  (1481- 
1556).  Formerly  attributed  to 
Raphael.  In  the  Uffizi,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Madonna  col  Divino  Amore.  [Ma- 
donna with  the  Divine  Love.]  A 
picture  of  the  Holy  Family  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  or, 
as  some  think,  by  Giulio  Romano 
(1492-1546).  Now  in  the  Museum 
of  Naples,  Italy. 

Madonna  dei  Ansidei.  A picture 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520). 
Now  at  Blenheim,  England. 

Madonna  del  Bacino.  [Madonna 
of  the  Basin.]  A well-known 
picture  by  Giulio  Romano  (1492- 
1546).  In  the  gallery  at  Dresden, 
Saxon  y. 

4®"  “ The  Child  stands  in  a basin, 
and  the  young  St.  John  pours  water 
upon  him  from  a vase,  while  Mary 
washes  him.  St.  Elisabeth  stands  by, 
holding  a napkin;  St.  Joseph  behind  is 
looking  on.  Notwithstanding  the  home- 
liness of  the  action,  there  is  here  a reli- 
gious and  mysterious  significance,  pre- 
figuring the  Baptism.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  del  Baldacchino.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Canopy.]  1.  A 
celebrated  altar-piece  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  in  which  the 
Virgin  and  the  Child  are  repre- 
sented as  seated  on  a throne  over 
which  is  a canopy  (baldacchino), 
the  curtains  of  which  are  held  by 
two  angels.  This  picture  was 
left  unfinished  by  Raphael.  It  is 


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in  the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence, 
Italy. 

4®=°  “ The  picture  is  not  deficient 
in  the  solemnity  suited  to  a church 
subject,  ...  in  other  respects,  how- 
ever, the  taste  of  the  naturalisti  pre- 
vails, and  the  heads  are  in  general  de- 
void of  nobleness  and  real  dignity.” 

Eastlake. 

2.  A large  picture  by  Fra  Bar- 
tolommeo (1469-1517),  the  Italian 
painter.  In  the  Pitti  Palace, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Madonna  del  Cardellino.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Goldfinch.]  A beau- 
tiful painting  of  the  Virgin  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520).  Now 
in  the  Tribune  of  the  Uffizi  Pal- 
ace in  Florence,  Italy.  The  lit- 
tle St.  John  is  represented  as 
offering  a goldfinch  to  the  Infant 
Christ,  whence  the  name  of  the 
picture. 

4®"  “ The  form  and  countenance  of 
the  Madonna  are  here  of  the  purest 
beauty;  the  little  Baptist  also  is  ex- 
tremely sweet ; but  the  conception  of 
the  Infant  Christ  does  not  fulfil  the  mas- 
ter’s intention,  which  appears  to  have 
been  to  represent  the  dignity  of  a di- 
vine being  in  a childlike  form;  both 
the  figure  and  expression  are  rather 
stiff  and  affected.”  Eastlake. 

“ Perhaps  the  most  perfect  ex- 
ample [of  the  domestic  style  of  treat- 
ment] which  could  be  cited  from  the 
whole  range  of  art  is  Raphael’s  Ma- 
donna del  Cardellino .” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

4SP  “ The  divine  goodness  expressed 
in  the  countenance  of  the  Child  Jesus 
whilst  he  holds  his  hands  over  the  lit- 
tle bird,  and  seems  to  say,  ‘ Not  one  of 
these  is  forgotten  by  my  Father,’  is  be- 
yond all  description.” 

Frederika  Bremer. 

Madonna  del  Donatore.  See  Ma- 
donna di  Foligno. 

Madonna  del  Giglio.  [Madonna 
of  the  Lily.]  A picture  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In  the 
collection  of  Lord  Garvagli. 

Madonna  del  Gran  Duca  [of  the 
Grand  Duke].  A well-known 
picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  representing  the  Mother 
holding  the  Child  tranquilly  in 
her  arms,  and  looking  down  in 
deep  thought.  In  the  Palazzo 
Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 


40^  “The  Madonna  Gran  Duca 
marks  the  growing  transition  from  the 
first  to  the  second  manner  of  Raphael.” 
J.  S.  Harford. 

Madonna  del  Orto.  A celebrated 
church  of  the  fourteenth  century 
in  Venice,  Italy.  It  contains 
among  other  pictures  the  famous 
Last  Judgment  of  Tintoretto. 

Madonna  del  Passegio.  [Madon- 
na of  the  Walking-place.]  A pic- 
ture of  the  Holy  Family,  consist- 
ing of  four  figures,  — the  Virgin, 
the  Child,  the  infant  St.  John, 
with  St.  Joseph  standing  by, — 
commonly  attributed  to  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  but  which 
some  suppose  to  have  been  paint- 
ed by  Francesco  Penni.  It  was 
formerly  in  the  Orleans  Gallery, 
but  is  now  in  the  Bridgewater 
Collection,  in  London.  Copies  of 
this  picture  are  in  the  Museum  of 
Naples,  and  elsewhere. 

4®^“  In  a Holy  Family  of  four  fig- 
ures, we  have  frequently  the  Virgin, 
the  Child,  and  the  infant  St.  John, 
with  St.  Joseph  standing  by.  Rapha- 
el’s Madonna  del  Passegio  is  an  exam- 
ple.” Mrs.  Jameson . 

Madonna  del  Pesce.  [Madonna 
of  the  Fish.]  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  representing  the  Virgin 
and  Child  enthroned,  with  St. 
Jerome  on  one  side,  and  on  the 
other  an  archangel  with  the 
young  Tobit  who  carries  a fish. 
The  picture  derives  its  name 
from  this  last  circumstance.  It 
is  considered  one  of  the  finest  of 
Raphael’s  Madonnas.  This  pic- 
ture is  now  in  the  Gallery  of 
Madrid,  Spain. 

4ST  “ Tobias  with  the  fish  was  an 
early  type  of  baptism.  In  Raphael’s 
Madonna  dell’  Pesce,  he  is  introduced 
as  the  patron  saint  of  the  painter,  but 
not  without  a reference  to  a more 
sacred  meaning,  that  of  the  guardian 
spirit  of  all  humanity.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  del  Pozzo.  [Madonna 
of  the  Well.]  A picture  attrib- 
uted to  Raphael  (1483-1520),  but 
thought  by  some  to  be  the  work 
of  Giulio  Romano  (1492-1546).  In 
the  Tribune  of  the  Uffizi,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 


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Madonna  del  Rosario.  [Madonna 
of  the  Rosary.]  A picture  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child  by  Giovanni 
Battista  Salvi,  sur named  Sasso- 
ferrato  (1605-1685),  and  his  most 
celebrated  work.  In  the  church 
of  S.  Sabina,  at  Rome. 

4SP  “ When  the  Virgin  or  the  Child 
holds  the  rosary,  it  [the  picture]  is 
then  a Madonna  del  Rosario,  and  paint- 
ed for  the  Dominicans.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

jggp  “ Domenichino,  who  died  of  a 
broken  heart  at  Rome,  because  his  pro- 
ductions were  neglected,  is  a painter 
who  always  touches  one  nearly.  His 
Madonna  del  Rosario  is  crowded  with 
beauty.  Such  children  I never  saw  in 
painting,  — the  very  ideals  of  infantine 
grace  and  innocence.”  N.  P.  Willis. 

Madonna  del  Sacco.  [Madonna 
of  the  Sack.]  A picture  by  An- 
drea Vanucchi,  called  Andrea 
del  Sarto  (1487-1531),  the  Italian 
painter,  and  regarded  as  one  of 
his  masterpieces.  “A  lunette 
fresco,  known  and  praised  the 
world  over.”  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  sack  on  which  Joseph 
leans.  It  is  painted  over  a door 
in  the  court  of  the  Convent  of  SS. 
Annunziata,  Florence,  Italy. 

4ST  “ 1645,  21  May.  We  went  to 
see  the  famous  piece  of  Andrea  del 
Sarto  in  the  Annunciata;  the  storie  is 
that  the  Painter  in  a time  of  dearth  bor- 
row’d a sack  of  corne  of  the  religious  of 
that  convent,  and  repayment  being  de- 
manded, he  wrought  it  out  in  this  pic- 
ture, which  represents  Joseph  sitting 
on  a sack  of  corne,  and  reading  to  the 
B.  Virgin ; a piece  infinitely  valued.”  . 

John  Evelyn. 

4SP  “ Michael  Angelo  and  Raphael 
are  said  to  have  ‘ gazed  at  it  unceas- 
ingly.’ It  is  much  defaced,  and  pre- 
serves only  its  graceful  drawing.  The 
countenance  of  Mary  has  the  beau  reste 
of  singular  loveliness.”  IV.  P.  Willis. 

Madonna  del  Tempi.  A well- 
known  picture  of  the  Virgin  and 
Child  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  so  called  from  the  Palazzo 
Tempi  at  Florence,  Italy,  where 
it  was  formerly  situated.  It  is 
now  in  the  Pinakothek,  at  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

Madonna  del  Trono.  [Madonna 
of  the  Throne.]  A famous  pic- 
ture by  Fra  Bartolommeo  (1469- 


1517).  In  the  Uffizi  Gallery, 
Florence,  Italy. 

“ The  perfect  architectonic  idea  is 
not  only  everywhere  set  forth  in  a live- 
ly manner,  but  also  filled  with  the  no- 
blest individual  life.”  Burckhardt. 

Madonna  del  Viaggio.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Git  an  Duca. 

Madonna  della  Candelabra.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Candlestick.]  A 
well-known  circular  picture  of 
the  Virgin  and  Child  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  in  which  the 
Madonna  is  represented  seated, 
with  an  angel  on  each  side  bear- 
ing a torch.  This  picture  is  now 
the  property  of  Hon.  II.  Butler 
Johnstone,  England.  [Called  also 
La  Vierge  aux  Candelabres.] 

Madonna  della  Casa  Colonna.  A 
picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520).  In  the  Museum  at  Berlin, 
Prussia. 

Madonna  della  Casa  d’  Alba.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  House  of  Alva, 
called  also  Madonna  della  Fa- 
miglia  d’Alva.]  A beautiful  and 
well-known  circular  picture  of 
the  Virgin  and  Child  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  representing 
the  Madonna,  **  a full-length  fig- 
ure seated  in  a quiet  landscape; 
the  Child  on  her  lap,  she  holds  a 
book  in  her  hand;  the  little  St. 
John,  kneeling  before  his  divine 
companion,  offers  him  a cross, 
which  he  receives  with  looks  of 
unutterable  love.”  This  picture, 
which  was  formerly  in  London, 
is  now  in  the  Hermitage,  St. 
Petersburg.  There  is  a copy  of 
it  in  the  Palazzo  della  Torre, 
Ravenna,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Casa  Tempi.  A 
picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  in  which  the  Virgin  is  rep- 
resented standing  and  pressing 
the  Child  closely  to  her.  This 
picture  was  formerly  in  Florence, 
Italy,  but  is  now  in  the  Gallery 
of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Madonna  della  Cintola.  [Madon- 
na of  the  Girdle.]  A legendary 
subject  frequently  treated  by  the 
Middle-Age  artists. 

4ST  “The  legend  relates  that  when 


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the  Madonna  ascended  into  heaven,  in 
the  sight  of  the  apostles,  Thomas  was 
absent;  but  after  three  days  he  re- 
turned, and,  doubting  the  truth  of  her 
glorious  translation,  he  desired  that  her 
tomb  should  be  opened,  which  was 
done,  and  lo!  it  was  found  empty. 
Then  the  Virgin,  taking  pity  on  his 
weakness  and  want  of  faith,  threw 
down  to  him  her  girdle,  that  this  tan- 
gible proof  might  remove  all  doubts  for- 
ever from  his  mind.  Hence,  in  many 
pictures,  St.  Thomas  is  seen  below, 
holding  the  girdle  in  liis  hand.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  della  Famiglia  Benti- 
voglio.  [Madonna  of  the  Benti- 
voglio  Family.]  A picture  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child,  by  Lorenzo 

Costa  ( 1530?).  It  was  painted 

for  Giovanni  II.,  lord  of  Bologna 
from  1462  to  1506.  In  the  church 
of  San  Giacomo  at  Bologna,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Famiglia  d’Alva. 
See  Madonna  della  Casa  d’ Al- 
ba. 

Madonna  della  Famiglia  Pesaro. 
A picture  by  Titian  (1477-1576). 
In  the  church  of  S.  Maria  dei 
Frari,  at  Venice,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Gatta.  [Madonna 
of  the  Cat.]  A picture  of  the 
Holy  Family,  much  resembling 
the  so-called  “Pearl”  by  Ra- 
phael, executed  by  Giulio  Ro- 
mano (1402-1546).  The  picture, 
which  derives  its  name  from  a 
cat  that  appears  in  it,  crouching 
in  a corner,  is  in  the  Museum  at 
Naples,  Italy. 

4ST  There  is  another  picture  bear- 
ing this  name,  the  work  of  Federigo 
Baroccio  (1528-1612).  In  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

Madonna  dell’  Impannata  [of  the 
Paper  Window].  A well-known 
picture  of  the  Virgin  and  Child 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
deriving  its  name  from  the  oiled- 
paper  window  in  the  background. 
It  is  in  the  Pitti  Palace,  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

j@6g=*  “The  incident  is  most  charm- 
ing. Two  women  have  brought  the 
Child,  and  hand  it  to  the  Mother;  and 
while  the  boy  turns,  still  laughing, 
after  them,  he  takes  fast  hold  of  the 
Mother’s  dress,  who  seems  to  say, 

‘ Look,  he  likes  best  to  come  to  me.’  ” 
Burckhardt. 


Madonna  dell’  Xmpruneta.  A 

celebrated  church  and  pilgrim- 
shrine  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Florence,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Lucertola.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Lizard.]  A copy  in 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  of  a 
Holy  Family  now  in  the  gallery 
at  Madrid,  Spain.  This  copy  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  lizard 
which  appears  in  the  picture. 
See  Holy  Family  under  the 
Oak. 

Madonna  della  Misericordia.  A 
celebrated  picture  by  Fra  Bar- 
tolommeo (1469-1517),  the  Italian 
painter;  his  largest,  and  by  many 
considered  his  most  important, 
work.  It  has  suffered  from  in- 
juries and  restorations.  It  is  in 
the  church  of  S.  Romano,  Lucca, 
Italy. 

Madonna  della  Rosa.  [Madonna 
with  the  Rose.]  A well-known 
picture  by  Francesco  Maria  Maz- 
zuoli,  called  II  Parmigiano  (1503- 
1540).  In  the  Gallery  of  Dresden, 
Germany. 

Madonna  della  Scodella.  [Madon- 
na of  the  Cup.]  A picture  of  the 
Holy  Family  by  Antonio  Allegri, 
surnamed  Correggio  (1494-1534), 
representing  the  Virgin  as  hold- 
ing in  her  hand  a cup  (whence 
the  name),  and  Joseph  as  bend- 
ing down  the  branches  of  a palm- 
tree  to  gather  dates.  This  Ma- 
donna belongs  to  the  class  of 
pictures  called  II  Biposo,  or  the 
Repose  in  Egypt,  q.v.  This  pic- 
ture is  in  the  Gallery  of  Parma, 
Italy. 

“ This  entirely  realistic  compo- 
sition,-—the  infant  Saviour  is  dressed 
like  a little  Italian  boy,  — though  much 
injured,  is  still  one  of  the  most  trans- 
parently beautiful  of  his  [Correggio’s] 
works.” 

Bastlake,  Handbook  of  Painting. 

Madonna  della  Sedia.  [Madonna 
of  the  Chair.]  See  Madonna 

DELLA  SEGGIOLA. 

Madonna  della  Seggiola  [of  the 
low  Chair].  A celebrated  picture 
of  the  Virgin  and  Child  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520),  and  per- 


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haps  the  most  familiar  of  all  his 
Madonnas  from  the  numerous  en- 
gravings and  other  reproductions 
of  it.  It  is  a circular  picture, 
representing  the  Mother  seated 
on  a low  chair,  holding  the  Child 
in  her  arms.  The  little  St.  John 
stands  by  her  side  with  folded 
hands.  “ The  Madonna  wears  a 
gay  striped  handkerchief  on  her 
shoulders,  and  another  on  her 
head,  after  the  manner  of  the 
Italian  women.  She  appears  as  a 
beautiful  and  blooming  woman, 
looking  out  of  the  picture  in  the 
tranquil  enjoyment  of  maternal 
love;  the  Child,  full  and  strong 
in  form,  has  an  ingenuous  and 
grand  expression.”  The  picture 
is  in  the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence, 
Itay.  It  is  well  known  through 
the  engravings  of  Raphael  Mor- 
ghen  (1758-1833)  and  John  Gott- 
fried Muller  (1717-1830). 

j “ The  most  beautiful  picture  in 
the  world,  I am  convinced,  is  the  Ma- 
donna della  Seggiola.  I was  familiar 
with  it  in  a hundred  engravings  and 
copies,  and  therefore  it  shone  upon  me 
as  with  a familiar  beauty,  though  in- 
finitely more  divine  than  I had  ever 

seen  it  before.  . . . Miss , whom  I 

met  in  the  gallery,  told  me  that  to  copy 
the  ‘Madonna  della  Seggiola,’  appli- 
cation must  be  made  five  years  before- 
hand, so  many  are  the  artists  who 
aspire  to  copy  it.”  Hawthorne. 

The  crowned  Queen-Yirgin  of  Perugino 
sank  into  a simple  Italian  mother  in  llaf- 
laelle’s  “ Madonna  of  the  Chair."  Ruskin. 

Created  by  Raphael  in  one  of  his  poeti- 
cal inspirations,  it  is  of  magical  and  fas- 
cinating beauty.  Perhaps  no  picture  has 
ever  been  rendered  so  popular  by  copies 
and  imitations  of  every  sort.  Passavant. 

Madonna  della  Stella.  [Madonna 
of  the  Star.]  A picture  by  Gio- 
vanni da  Fiesole,  called  Fra  An- 
gelico (1387-1455).  In  the  Museum 
of  St.  Mark,  Florence,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Tenda.  [Madonna 
of  the  Curtain.]  A picture  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  celebrated  Madonna 
della  Seggiola,  of  the  Pitti  in 
Florence.  The  picture  derives 
its  name  from  a curtain  in  the 
background.  Now  at  Munich, 
Bavaria.  There  is  a repetition  of 


this  picture,  also  said  to  be  an 
original,  at  Turin,  Italy. 

Madonna  della  Vittoria.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Victory.]  A large 
altar-piece  by  Andrea  Mantegna 
(1431-1503),  the  Italian  painter. 
It  was  painted  in  commemoration 
of  a victory  supposed  to  have 
been  obtained  by  Gonzaga  over 
Charles  VIII.  of  France.  It  is 
now  .in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

4®"  “ Another  class  of  votive  pic- 
tures are  especial  acts  of  thanksgiving; 
first,  for  victory,  as  La  Madonna  della 
Vittoria,  Notre  Dame  des  Victoires. 
The  Virgin  on  her  throne  is  then  at- 
tended by  one  or  more  of  the  warrior 
saints,  together  with  the  patron  or  pat- 
roness of  the  victors.  She  is  then  Our 
Lady  of  Victory.  A very  perfect  ex- 
ample of  these  victorious  Madonnas 
exists  in  a celebrated  picture  by  An- 
drea Mantegna.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

He  [St.  Maurice]  stands  on  the  left  of 
the  Madorna  in  Mantegna's  famous  Ma- 
donna della  Vittoria,  in  the  Louvre. 

Mrs . Jameson. 

Madonna  delPLungo  Collo.  [Ma- 
donna of  the  Long  Neck.]  A 
well-known  picture  by  Francesco 
Maria  Mazzuoli,  called  II  Parmi- 
giano  (1503-1540).  In  the  Palazzo 
Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

/ISP*  “ The  Madonna  dell’Lungo  Collo 
of  Parmigiano  might  be  cited  as  a favor- 
able example  of  artificial  and  wholly 
mistaken  grace.”  Mrs.  Jameson . 

Madonna  dello  Spasimo.  See 

Spasimo,  Lo. 

Madonna  di  Foligno.  A noted 
altar-picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  in  the  Vatican  Gal- 
lery at  Rome,  originally  painted 
for  the  Church  of  Ara  Cceli.  In 
1565  it  was  removed  to  Foligno, 
and  later  to  Paris  where  it  was 
transferred  to  canvas  from  the 
wood  on  which  it  was  originally 
painted.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  city  of  Foligno,  which  is 
represented  in  the  background 
with  a bomb  falling  upon  it — in 
allusion  probably  to  its  escape 
from  some  calamity.  A tablet 
in  the  foreground  gives  color  to 
the  supposition  that  this  was  de- 
signed to  be  a votive  picture. 
[Called  also  La  Viercje  an  Bona- 
taire.] 


MAD 


298 


MAD 


J 0®*  “The  whole  picture  glows 
throughout  with  life  and  beauty,  hal- 
lowed by  that  profound  religious  senti- 
ment which  suggested  the  offering,  and 
which  the  sympathetic  artist  seems  to 
have  caught  from  the  grateful  donor.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  di  Loreto.  A picture  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin  as  lifting  the 
veil  from  the  Child  who  is  just, 
waking.  The  original  of  this  pic- 
ture is  thought  to  be  lost ; but 
there  is  a picture  at  Florence,  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Lawrie,  which  is 
pronounced  by  Sir  Charles  East- 
lake  “the  best  of  the  many  edi- 
tions of  the  Loreto  Raphael,”  and 
“ partly  by  his  hand.” 

Madonna  di  Lucca.  A picture 
by  the  Flemish  painter  Jan  van 
Eyck  (1370-1441),  representing 
the  Virgin  enthroned,  giving  her 
breast  to  the  Child.  It  was  so 
called  from  having  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  Duke  of  Luc- 
ca, but  is  now  in  the  Stiidel  In- 
stitute in  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Germany. 

Madonna  di  Misericordia..  [Ma- 
donna of  Mercy.]  A common 
subject  of  representation  by  the 
great  mediaeval  painters.  As  an 
example,  see  Misericordia  di 
Lucca. 

Madonna  di  San  Brizio.  An  old 
Greek  representation  of  the  Vir- 
gin and  Child,  “venerated  as 
miraculous,  and  to  which  is  at- 
tributed a fabulous  antiquity.” 
In  the  cathedral  of  Orvieto, 
Italy. 

Madonna  di  San  Francesco.  [Ma- 
donna of  St.  Francis.]  A pic- 
ture by  Andrea  Vanucchi,  called 
Andrea  del  Sarto  (1487-1531), 
the  Italian  painter,  and  regard- 
ed as  one  of  his  most  beautiful 
compositions.  It  is  in  the  Tri- 
bune of  the  Uffizi  at  Florence, 
Italy. 

j@Sg=*  “ Andrea  del  Sarto  has  placed 
harpies  at  the  corner  of  the  pedestal  of 
the  throne,  in  his  famous  Madonna  di 
San  Francesco,  — a gross  fault  in  that 
otherwise  grand  and  faultless  picture.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 


Madonna  di  San  Giorgio.  [Ma- 
donna of  St.  George.]  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Antonio  Alle- 
gri, called  Correggio  (1494-1534). 
In  the  Gallery  of  Dresden,  Ger- 
many. 

“ The  Madonna  di  San  Giorgio 
of  Correggio  is  a votive  altar-piece  ded- 
icated on  the  occasion  of  a great  inun- 
dation of  the  river  Secchia.  The  Vir- 
gin is  seated  on  her  throne,  and  the 
Child  looks  down  on  her  worshippers 
and  votaries.  St.  George  stands  in 
front  victorious,  his  foot  on  the  head  of 
the  dragon.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  di  San  Sebastiano.  See 
St.  Sebastian. 

Madonna  di  San  Sisto.  A large 
altar-picture  of  the  Virgin  and 
Child  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  perhaps  the  most  widely 
known  of  all  his  works  through 
the  numerous  reproductions  of 
it,  and  universally  regarded  as 
one  of  the  supreme  and  most 
wonderful  works  of  art.  Vasari 
relates  that  Raphael  painted  this 
picture  for  the  church  of  St. 
Sixtus  at  Piacenza.  It  is  now 
in  the  Gallery  of  Dresden,  Ger- 
many. 

“ The  Madonna,  in  a glory  of 
cherubim,  standing  on  the  clouds,  with 
the  eternal  Son  in  her  arms,  appears 
truly  as  the  Queen  of  Heaven ; St.  Six- 
tus and  St.  Barbara  kneel  at  the  sides. 
These  two  figures  help  to  connect  the 
composition  with  the  real  spectators.  A 
curtain  drawn  back  encloses  the  picture 
on  each  side;  below  is  a light  parapet 
on  which  two  beautiful  boy  angels  lean. 
The  Madonna  is  one  of  the  most  won- 
derful creations  of  Raphael’s  pencil. 
. . . The  Child  rests  naturally,  but  not 
listlessly,  in  her  arms,  and  looks  down 
upon  the  world  with  the  grandest  ex- 
pression. Never  has  the  loveliness  of 
childhood  been  blended  so  marvellous- 
ly with  the  solemn  consciousness  of  a 
high  calling,  as  in  the  features  and 
countenance  of  this  Child.” 

Eastlake , Handbook  of  Painting. 

This  picture  is  entirely  by  the  hand 
of  Raphael.  It  was  painted  upon  wood, 
and  has  been  transferred  to  canvas. 
The  best  engraving  is  that  by  Steinla 
(1791-1858).  There  is  also  one  by 
Christian  Friedrich  von  Muller  (1783- 
181G) . 

“For  myself,  I have  seen  my 
ideal  once  and  only  once  attained,  there 


MAD 


299 


MAD 


where  Raphael  — inspired  if  ever  a 
painter  was  inspired  — projected  on  the 
space  before  him  that  wonderful  crea- 
tion which  we  style  the  Madonna  di 
San  Si* to.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4^  “The  head  of  the  Virgin  is 
perhaps  nearer  the  perfection  of  female 
beauty  and  elegance  than  any  thing  in 
painting.”  Wilkie. 

Madonna  di  Terranuova.  A pic- 
ture by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520).  In  the  Museum  at  Berlin, 
Prussia. 

Madonna  Enthroned.  A picture 
by  Fra  Bartolommeo  ( Della  Porta) 
(1469-1517).  At  Lucca,  Italy. 

Madonna  Incoronata.  [The  Vir- 
gin Crowned.]  A picture  by 
Sandro  Botticelli  (1448-1505).  In 
the  Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

Madonna,  Diisseldorf.  See  Dtis- 
seldorf  Madonna. 

Madonna,  Iberian.  See  Iberian 
Madonna. 

Madonna  Litta.  A picture  by  Leo- 
nardo da  Vinci  (1452-1519).  In 
the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg. 

Madonna,  Medica.  See  Medici 
Madonna. 

Madonna  of  Francis  I.  A picture 
of  the  Holy  Family  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  painted  by 
him  for  the  Duke  of  Urbino  as 
a present  from  the  latter  to 
Francis  I.  Parts  of  this  picture 
were  executed  by  Giulio  Ro- 
mano. It  is  now  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

46^  “Mary,  a noble  queenly  crea- 
ture, is  seated,  and  bends  towards  her 
Child,  who  is  springing  from  his  cra- 
dle to  meet  her  embrace.  Elizabeth 
presents  St.  John,  and  Joseph,  lean- 
ing on  his  hand,  contemplates  the 
group ; two  beautiful  angels  scatter 
flowers  from  above.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Madonna  of  Mercy.  See  Madon- 
na di  Misericordia. 

Madonna  of  the  Basin.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Bacino. 

Madonna  of  the  Bridgewater 
Gallery.  A picture  of  the  Vir- 
gin and  Child  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  belonging  to  Lord 


Ellesmere,  and  forming  part  of 
the  Bridgewater  Gallery.  Cop- 
ies of  this  picture  are  in  the  mu- 
seums at  Berlin,  Naples,  and 
elsewhere. 

Madonna  of  the  Burgomaster 
Meyer.  A celebrated  picture  by 
Hans  Plolbein  the  Younger  (1498- 
1543).  In  the  Gallery  of  Dresden, 
Germany.  It  was  painted  for  the 
burgomaster,  Jacob  Meyer,  of 
Basle.  There  is  another  beauti- 
ful picture  in  the  possession  of 
Princess  Charles  of  Hesse  at 
Darmstadt,  very  similar  to  this, 
respecting  the  priority  of  which 
there  has  been  much  discussion, 
many  inclining  to  the  opinion 
that  the  Darmstadt  Madonna  is 
the  original,  and  the  Dresden  pic- 
ture a copy.  The  engraving  of 
this  picture  by  Steinla  is  very 
celebrated. 

4SP*  “ In  purity,  dignity,  humility, 
and  intellectual  grace,  this  exquisite 
Madonna  has  never  been  surpassed, 
not  even  by  Raphael;  the  face  once 
seen  haunts  the  memory.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

Madonna  of  the  Candlestick.  See 
Madonna  della  Candelabra. 

Madonna  of  the  Canopy.  See 
Madonna  del  Baldacchino. 

Madonna  of  the  Cat.  See  Madon- 
na del  Gatta. 

Madonna  of  the  Certosa  at  Pa- 
via. A celebrated  picture  by  Pie- 
tro Perugino  (1446-1524),  the  Ital- 
ian painter,  and  regarded  as  his 
masterpiece.  It  is  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Madonna  of  the  Chair.  See  Ma- 
donna DELLA  SEGGIOLA. 

Madonna  of  the  Cup.  See  Ma- 
donna DELLA  SCODELLA. 

Madonna  of  the  Curtain.  See 
Madonna  della  Tend  a. 

Madonna  of  the  Fish.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Pesce. 

Madonna  of  the  Girdle.  See 
Madonna  della  Cintola. 

Madonna  of  the  Goldfinch.  See 
Madonna  del  Cardellino. 


MAD 


800 


MAG 


Madonna  of  the  Grand  Duke. 
See  Madonna  del  Gran  Duca. 

Madonna  of  the  Lily.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Giglio  and  Madonna 
and  Child  with  a Lily. 

Madonna  of  the  Lizard.  See 
Madonna  della  Lucertola. 

Madonna  of  the  Long  ITeek.  See 
Madonna  dell’  Lungo  Collo. 

Madonna  of  the  Meadow.  A pic- 
ture by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520).  In  Vienna,  Austria. 

Madonna  of  the  Hapkin.  See 
Viugen  de  la  Serviletta. 

Madonna  of  the  Paper  Window. 
See  Madonna  dell’  Impannata. 

Madonna  of  the  Pearl.  See  Pearl, 
The. 

Madonna  of  the  Pose.  See  Ma- 
donna della  Rosa. 

Madonna  of  the  Rosary.  See 
Madonna  del  Rosario. 

Madonna  of  the  Sack.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Sacco. 

Madonna  of  the  Star.  See  Ma- 
donna della  Stella. 

Madonna  of  the  Tempi  Family. 
See  Madonna  della  Casa  Tempi. 

Madonna  of  the  Victory.  See 
Madonna  della  Vittoria. 

Madonna  of  the  Walking  Place. 
See  Madonna  del  Passegio. 

Madonna  of  the  Well.  See  Ma- 
donna del  Pozzo. 

Madonna,  Staffa.  See  Staffa 
Madonna. 

Madonna  with  the  Pink.  A pic- 
ture representing  the  Virgin  with 
the  Child  in  her  lap,  who  is  reach- 
ing gayly  towards  the  pink  which 
she  is  giving  him.  The  original 
of  this  picture  is  unknown.  There 
is  a repetition  of  it,  said  to  be 
probably  by  Sassoferrato,  at 
Basle. 

Madracen.  A remarkable  and 
elegant  Mauritanian  sepulchral 
monument  in  Algeria.  It  has  a 
Doric  peristyle, surmounted  by  an 
Egyptian  cornice,  and  is  undoubt- 


edly a work  of  ante-Christian 
times. 

Mafra  Palaco  and  Convent.  A 
superb  pile  of  buildings  at  Mafra, 
near  Lisbon,  Portugal,  built  in 
1717  by  John  V.,  in  imitation  of 
the  Escurial  at  Madrid. 

But  here  the  Babylonian  whore  hath 
built 

A dome,  where  flaunts  she  in  such  glori- 
ous sheen, 

That  men  forget  the  blood  which  she  hath 
spilt, 

And  bow  the  knee  to  Pomp  that  loves  to 
varnish  guilt.  Byron. 

Magdalene,  The.  A famous  statue 
carved  in  wood  by  Donatello 
(1383-1466).  In  the  Baptistery  at 
Florence,  Italy. 

Magdalen,  The.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Titian  (1477-1576),  so  fa- 
mous in  its  day  that  he  painted 
five  or  six  copies  of  it,  and  there 
have  been  since  numerous  copies 
and  engravings.  It  is  said  that 
his  model  for  this  picture  was  “ a 
young  girl,  who  being  fatigued 
with  long  standing,  the  tears  ran 
down  her  face.” 

Magdalen,  The.  A picture  by  Ti- 
tian (1477-1576).  In  the  Manfrini 
Palace,  Venice,  representing  the 
Magdalen  as  standing  at  the  en- 
trance of  her  cave. 

“ I do  not  know  why  this  lovely 
Manfrini  picture  should  be  so  much 
less  celebrated  than  the  Dresden  Mag- 
dalen.” Mrs.  Jameson. 

Magdalen,  The.  A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Palazzo 
Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

Magdalen,  The.  A famous  and 
often-repeated  picture  by  Anto- 
nio Allegri,  surnamed  Correggio 
(1494-1534),  representing  the  Mag- 
dalene as  penitent,  reclining,  and 
reading  from  a book.  It  is  in  the 
gallery  at  Dresden,  Germany, 
having  been  purchased  by  Au- 
gustus III.,  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, from  the  Duke  of  Modena, 
in  1745.  Tli is  picture  was  paint- 
ed on  copper  over  a wash  of  gold 
in  1533.  It  was  formerly  kept  in 
the  Golden  Chamber  of  the  Castle 
of  Modena,  in  a costly  silver 
frame  ornamented  with  precious 
stones. 


MAG 


301 


MAG 


4gp“The  earliest,  example  I can 
remember  of  the  Penitent  Magdalene, 
dramatically  treated,  remains  as  yet 
unsurpassed,  — the  Reading  Magda- 
lene of  Correggio,  in  the  Dresden  Gal- 
lery. This  lovely  creation  has  only 
one  fault,  — the  virginal  beauty  is  that 
of  a Psyche  or  a seraph.  In  Oelen- 
schlager’s  drama  of  ‘ Correggio  ’ there 
is  a beautiful  description  of  this  far- 
famed  picture  : he  calls  it  ‘ Die  Gotti nn 
des  Waldes  Frommigkeit,’ — the  god- 
dess of  the  religious  solitude.  And,  in 
truth,  if  we  could  imagine  Diana  read- 
ing instead  of  hunting,  she  might  have 
looked  thus.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

“ Correggio’s  other  pictures  are 
excellent,  but  this  one  is  wonderful.” 
Mengs. 

Magdalen.  A picture  by  Jacopo 
Robusti  Tintoretto  (1512-1594). 
In  the  Museum  of  the  Capitol, 
Rome. 

46^  “A  * Magdalen  ’ by  Tintoretto, 
on  a heap  of  straw,  dark,  haggard,  with 
hair  dishevelled,  and  profoundly  peni- 
tent. . . . Through  the  entrance  of  the 
cavern  gleams  the  mournful  crescent 
moon;  that  glimpse  of  the  desert,  with 
the  terrors  of  night  above  the  poor  sob- 
bing creature,  is  heart-rending.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Magdalen.  A noted  picture  by 
Francesco  Barbieri  Guercino 
(1590-1666),  representing  the  Mag- 
dalen in  prayer.  In  the  Museum 
at  Naples,  Italy. 

“ His  [Guercino’s]  charming 
Magdalen.  How  remote  from  the  sim- 
plicity {)nd  vigor  of  the  preceding  age. 
The  reign  of  pastorals,  sigisbes,  and 
devout  sentimentality,  has  commenced ; 
this  Magdalen  is  related  to  the  Hermi- 
nias  and  Sophronias  and  the  gentle 
heroines  of  Tasso,  and,  with  them,  is 
born  out  of  the  Jesuitical  reformation.” 
Taine,  Trans. 

Magdalen.  A picture  by  Carlo 
Dolce  (1616-1686).  In  the  Uffizi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Magdalen.  An  admired  picture  by 
Pompeo  Girolamo  Batoni  (1708- 
1787).  In  the  Gallery  of  Dres- 
den, Germany. 

Magdalen  clinging  to  the  foot  of 
the  Cross.  A picture  by  Ary 
Scheffer  (1795-1858).  Very  famil- 
iar by  reproductions. 

Magdalen  College.  A noted  col- 
lege in  Oxford,  England,  one  of 
the  nineteen  colleges  included  in 


the  university.  Founded  in  the 
year  1457. 

4®=-  “A  walk  in  Magdalen  College. 
I never  weary  with  admiring  these  old 
edifices  festooned  with  ivy  and  black- 
ened by  age;  . . . above  all  these  vast 
square  courts,  of  which  the  arcades 
form  a promenade  like  the  Italian  con- 
vents.” Taine , Trans. 

Greek  erudition  exists  on  the  Isis  mid 
Cam,  whether  the  Maud  man  or  the  Bra- 
sen  Nose  man  be  properly  tanked  or  not; 
the  atmosphere  is  loaded  with  Greek  learn- 
ing; the  whole  river  has  reached  a certain 
height,  ami  kills  all  that  growth  of  weeds, 
which  this  Castalian  water  kills. 

Emerson. 

My  chums  will  burn  their  Indian  weeds 
'1  he  very  night  I pass  away, 

And  cloud  propelling  puff  and  puff, 

As  white  the  thin  smoke  melts  away; 
Then  Jones  of  Wadham,  eyes  half  closed, 
Rubbing  the  ten  hairs  on  his  chin, 

Will  say,  “This  very  pipe  I use 
Was  poor  old  Smith’s  of  Maudlin 

Walter  Thornbury. 

Magdalene  College.  A founda- 
tion of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, England.  Established  in 
1519. 

Magdalen,  Dance  of  the.  See 

Dance  of  tiie  Magdalen. 

Magdalene,  Dying.  See  Dying 
Magdalene. 

Magdalen  Hospital.  A hospital 
in  London,  instituted  in  1758. 
The  building  in  Leigham  Court 
Road,  Streatham,  was  opened  in 
1869. 

Magdalen,  Penitent.  See  Peni- 
tent Magdalen. 

Magdalen  washing  the  feet  of 
Christ.  A picture  by  Paolo 
Cagliari,  called  Paul  Veronese 
(1540  ?-1588).  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Magdalenen-Grotto.  A celebrated 
cavern  in  the  limestone  rock,  near 
the  Grotto  of  Adelsberg,  in  South- 
ern Austria. 

Magenta,  Boulevard  de.  A fine 
avenue  in  Paris,  France.  See 
Boulevards. 

Magi,  Adoration  of  the.  See  Ad- 

oration of  the  Magi. 

Magliabecchian  Library.  A cele- 
brated library  in  Florence,  Italy, 
so-called  after  its  founder,  Anto- 
nio Magliabecchia  (d.  1714).  It  is 


MAG 


302 


MAI 


now  incorporated  with  the  Na- 
tional Library. 

Magna  Charta  Island.  An  island 
in  the  river  Thames,  near  Egham, 
England,  on  which  the  Great 
Charter  was  signed  in  1215. 

Magnolia.  A well-known  ceme- 
tery in  Charleston,  S.C. 

Magog.  See  Gog  and  Magog. 

Maid  and  the  Magpie.  A picture 
by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1802- 
1873).  In  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Maid  of  the  Mist.  A little  steamer 
formerly  accustomed  to  ply  on 
the  Niagara  River  below  the  falls, 
and  used  to  take  adventurous 
tourists  up  amid  the  spray  as  near 
to  the  cataract  as  possible.  She 
is  celebrated  for  having  “shot” 
the  famous  Whirlpool  Rapids, 
June  15,  1867,  with  only  slight 
injury,  successfully  reaching  the 
calm  water  below  Lewiston.  It 
is  said  that  the  chances  are  fifty 
to  one  against  any  vessel  which 
should  undertake  to  repeat  this 
marvellous  and  unprecedented 
adventure.  See  Whiulpool  Rap- 
ids. 

“ The  story  of  that  wondrous 
voyage  was  as  follows.  . . . The  Maid 
of  the  Mist  got  into  debt,  or  her  owner 
had  embarked  in  other  and  less  profit- 
able speculations : at  any  rate,  he  be- 
came subject  to  the  law,  and  tidings 
reached  him  that  the  sheriff  would  seize 
the  Maid.  . . . There  was  but  a mile 
or  two  on  which  she  could  ply : the 
sheriff’s  prey,  therefore,  was  easy,  and 
the  Maid  was  doomed.  . . . He  [the 
captain]  concluded  to  run  the  rapids, 
and  he  procured  two  others  to  accom- 
pany him  in  the  risk.  ...  I was  told 
by  a man  who  saw  the  boat  pass  under 
the  bridge,  that  she  made  one  long  leap 
down  as  she  came  thither ; that  her  fun- 
nel was  at  once  knocked  flat  on  the 
deck  by  the  force  of  the  blow;  that  the 
wafers  covered  her  from  stem  to  stern ; 
and  that  then  she  rose  again,  and  skim- 
med into  the  whirlpool  a mile  below. 
When  there  she  rode  with  comparative 
ease  upon  the  waters,  and  took  the 
sharp  turn  round  into  the  river  below 
without  a struggle.  The  feat  was  done, 
and  the  Maid  was  rescued  from  the 
sheriff.”  Anthony  Trollope. 

Maidan.  A magnificent  bazaar  in 
Ispahan,  Persia.  It  was  built  by 


Shah  Abbas  the  Great  (1585-1629), 
whose  great  works  rendered  Is- 
pahan one  of  the  most  splendid 
cities  of  the  East. 

J&g**  “ The  Maidan  Shah,  and  its  ac- 
companying gates  and  mosques,  — the 
whole  the  work  of  one  king  and  on 
one  design,  — present  a scene  of  gor- 
geous, though  it  may  be  somewhat  bar- 
barous, splendor,  almost  unequalled  in 
the  whole  world.  Even  now  in  its 
premature  decay,  it  strikes  almost  ev- 
ery traveller  with  astonishment,  though 
the  style  is  not  one  that  looks  well  in 
ruin,  owing  to  the  perishable  nature  of 
the  materials  employed,  and  the  taw- 
dry effect  of  glazed  tiles  when  atten- 
tion is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  they  are 
a mere  surface  ornament  to  the  walls.” 
Fergusson. 

Maiden,  Halifax  Gibbet,  or  Wid- 
ow. An  ancient  instrument  of 
execution,  similar  to  the  guillo- 
tine, used  in  both  England  and 
Scotland  during  the  Middle 
Ages. 

He  [Argyle]  mounted  the  scaffold, 
where  the  rude  old  guillotine  ot  Scotland, 
called  the  Maiden , awaited  him,  and  ad- 
dressed the  people  in  a speech,  tinctured 
with  the  peculiar  phraseology  of  his  sect, 
but  breathing  the  spirit  of  serene  piety. 

Macaulay. 

Maiden  Bower.  An  ancient  Brit- 
ish fortification  near  Dunstable, 
England. 

Maiden  Castle.  A famous  earth- 
work near  Monkton,  in  England, 
of  great  antiquity,  supposed  to 
belong  to  a period  earlier  even 
than  that  of  the  Britons  and  Ro- 
mans. The  works  are  a mile  in 
extent,  and  in  some  portions  60 
feet  high.  It  had  four  stone  gate- 
ways, and  occupied  the  summit 
of  a hill. 

Maiden  Lane.  Situated  to  the 
south  of  Covent  Garden,  London. 
Here  Turner,  the  artist,  was  born 
in  1775. 

Maiden  Stone.  A curious  sculp- 
tured stone  near  Inveramsay, 
Scotland,  supposed  to  be  an  early 
Christian  monument, 

Maids  of  Honor.  [Span.  Las  Me- 
ninas.]  A celebrated  picture  by 
Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silva  y Ve- 
lasquez (1599-1660),  the  Spanish 
painter.  In  the  Museum  of  Ma- 


MAI 


303 


MAL 


drid,  Spain.  “ This  wonderful 
picture  is  alike  a masterpiece  in 
local  color  and  in  aerial  lineal 
perfection.” 

Maison  Anseatic.  [Hanseatic 
House.]  A public  building  in 
Antwerp,  Belgium. 

Maison  Carree.  [Square  House.] 
A celebrated  Roman  ruin  at 
Nimes,  in  Southern  France. 

4SP*  “ France,  which  was  under  the 
dominion  of  Rome  for  mor&'  than  500 
years,  still  preserves  some  antique  tem- 
ples reared  under  the  influence  of  the 
Romans.  Undoubtedly  the  best  pre- 
served and  most  important  of  these 
ancient  structures  which  have  escaped 
the  devastations  of  barbarians  and  the 
hostile  zeal  of  early  Christians,  is  situ- 
ated at  Nimes.  It  is  called  the  Maison 
Carree,  owing  doubtless  to  its  rectan- 
gular form.  At  the  present  day  its 
interior  is  used  as  a museum.  This 
beautiful  edifice  was  attributed  to  Au- 
gustus ; but  the  exaggerated  richness 
of  the  frieze  and  the  Corinthian  cor- 
nices, and  an  inscription  on  the  facade, 
fix  the  period  of  its  construction  in  the 
time  of  the  Antonines.” 

Lefevre , Trans. 

4QP  “ The  finest  specimen  [of  the 
pseudo-peripteral  temples]  now  re- 
maing  to  us  is  the  so-called  Maison 
Carree  at  Nimes,  which  is  indeed  one  of 
the  most  elegant  temples  of  the  Roman 
world,  owing  probably  a great  deal  of 
its  beauty  to  the  taste  of  the  Grecian 
colonists  long  settled  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. . . . The  temple  is  small,  only 
45  by  85  feet;  but  such  is  the  beauty  of 
its  proportions  and  the  elegance  of  its 
details  that  it  strikes  every  beholder 
with  admiration.  The  date  of  this 
temple  has  not  been  satisfactorily  as- 
certained. From  the  nail-holes  of  the 
inscription  on  the  frieze,  it  has  been 
attempted  to  make  out  the  names  of 
Caius  and  Julius  Caesar,  and  there  is 
nothing  in  the  style  of  architecture  to 
contradict  this  hypothesis.  . . . But 
for  their  evidence  we  might  almost  be 
inclined  to  fancy  its  style  represented 
the  age  of  Trajan.”  Fergusson. 

Remains  of  giant  old  whose  magnitude 
Can  show  the  scale  of  Nimes  as  once  she 
stood, 

The  stranger’s  being  thrills  wfith  feeling 
deep. 

When  thy  vast  outlines  stretch  before  his 
eyes ; 

No  stirring  reveries  in  me  arise. 

For  here  did  boyhood  sleep. 

Jean  Reboul,  Trans. 

Maison  de  Francois  I.  [House 
of  Francis  I.]  A house  in  Paris, 


copied  from  one  built  in  1520  for 
his  sister  by  Francis  I.  at  Moret 
near  Fontainebleau,  and  orna- 
mented with  sculptured  work  by 
Jean  Goujon,  removed  from  Mo- 
ret. 

Maison  Dor^e.  [The  Golden 
House.]  One  of  the  most  cele- 
brated cafes  in  Paris,  on  the 
Boulevard  des  Italiens.  Its  ar- 
chitecture is  very  fine,  and  it  is 
highly  ornamented  with  gold. 

Maison  Pompeian.  [Pompeian 
House.]  This  building  in  Paris 
was  built  for  Prince  Napoleon, 
and  is  profusely  ornamented  with 
statues  and  paintings. 

4Sf*  “ An  imitation  of  a Pompeian 
house,  familiar  to  our  readers  from 
that  at  the  Crystal  Palace.” 

Murray’s  Handbook. 

Majorat’s  Haus.  A grand  palace 
in  Vienna,  Austria,  the  residence 
of  Prince  Liechtenstein. 

Mala,  Via.  See  Via  Mala. 

Malahide.  One  of  the  most  vener- 
able and  interesting  castles  of 
Ireland,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Dublin,  the  ancient  fortified  man- 
sion of  the  “ Talbots,”  and  still 
held  by  that  family. 

4®"“  The  hall  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
purest  examples  of  Norman  architec- 
ture to  be  found  in  the  kingdom.  The 
mansion  is  beautifully  furnished,  and 
the  collection  of  paintings,  though  not 
extensive,  is  unsurpassed  in  value. 
Among  them  are  choice  specimens  of 
the  old  Butch  and  Italian  masters  in 
excellent  preservation.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Malakhoff.  A stone  tower  forming 
one  of  the  defences  of  Sebastopol 
in  the  Crimea,  during  the  war 
between  the  Russians  and  the 
Allies  in  1851.  It  was  of  immense 
strength,  and  believed  to  be  im- 
pregnable, but  was  taken  by  as- 
sault, Sept.  8,  1855,  by  the  com- 
bined French  and  Sardinian 
forces. 

Malesherbes,  Boulevart  de.  A 
splendid  street  in  Paris,  one  of 
the  new  boulevards,  lined  with 
grand  hotels,  extending  from  the 
Church  of  the  Madeleine  to  the 


MAL 


304 


MAM 


Pari:  of  Mor^eau.  See  Boule- 
vards. 

Malick  6 Meidan.  An  immense 
piece  of  ordnance  cast  in  1686  at 
Bejapore,  India,  to  commemorate 
the  capture  of  the  city  in  that 
year  by  Aurungzebe.  It  is  said 
to  be  the  largest  brass  cannon  in 
existence,  sending  a shot  weigh- 
ing 1,G00  pounds. 

Mall,  The.  1.  A well-known 
promenade,  and  once  the  most 
fashionable  public  resort  in  Lon- 
don, in  St.  James’s  Park.  For 
the  origin  of  the  name  see  Pall 
Mall. 

The  ladies,  gayly  drest,  the  Mall  adorn 
With  various  dyes,  and  paint  the  sunny 
morn.  Gay. 

When  late  their  miry  sides  stage-coaches 
show. 

And  their  stiff  horses  through  the  town 
move  slow; 

When  all  the  Mall  in  leafy  ruin  lies, 

And  damsels  first  renew  tueir  oyster- 
cries.  Gay. 

2.  A beautiful  esplanade  in 
Central  Park,  New  York,  orna- 
mented with  line  groups  of  stat- 
uary. It  is  over  1,200  feet  in  length 
and  some  SCO  feet  in  width,  lined 
with  trees.  It  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal attractions  of  the  park. 

Malmaiscn.  A noted  villa  or  cha- 
teau in  France,  the  favorite  resi- 
dence of  the  Empress  Josephine, 
wife  of  Napoleon  I.,  near  Paris, 
on  the  road  to  St.  Germain.  It 
was  owned  for  a time  by  Queen 
Christina  of  Spain,  but  purchased 
by  Napoleon  III.  in  1861,  and 
partially  restored  by  the  Em- 
press. The  attractions  of  the 
place  are  due  to  art  rather  than 
to  nature. 

At  last  he  [Napoleon]  spoke,  and 
slowly  turned 
(A  moisture  in  his  eyes), — 

Massena  gave  a shrug  that  showed 
A cynical  surprise: 

“ Long  ears  ago,  at  Malmaison, 

When  all  unknown  of  men, 

I hoard  just  such  a laughing  peal, 

And  I was  happy  then.” 

Walter  Thorribury. 

Malvern,  The.  A vessel  of  war 
of  the  United  States  navy  in  the 
Civil  War  in  1861-1865.  She  was 
the  flag-ship  of  Admiral  Porter. 
It  was  on  this  vessel  that  on  the 
4th  of  April,  1865,  President  Lin- 


coln went  up  to  Bichmond  from 
City  Point. 

Malvern  Hill.  A hill  about  11 
miles  from  Richmond,  Va.,  and 
one  mile  from  the  James  River, 
where  on  the  1st  of  July,  1862, 
took  place  a severe  battle  be- 
tween the  Union  and  Confeder- 
ate troops,  resulting  in  the  defeat 
of  the  latter. 

Mamelon.  A fortified  hill  forming 
one  of  the  defences  of  Sebastopol. 
It  was  captured  by  the  French, 
June  8,  1855. 

Mamertine  Prisons.  A celebrated 
state  prison  on  the  slope  of  the 
Capitoline  in  Rome.  It  is  one  of 
the  few  remaining  works  of  the 
time  of  the  kings,  begun,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  by  Ancus  Mar- 
tius,  and  said  to  have  been  en- 
larged by  Servius  Tullius,  from 
whom  (or  from  a spring,  tullius , 
issuing  from  the  floor  of  the  dun- 
geon) it  took  the  name  of  Tullian. 
Here  Jugurtha  is  said  to  have 
been  starved  to  death,  the  accom- 
plices of  Catiline  strangled  by 
command  of  Cicero,  and  Sejanus, 
the  minister  and  favorite  of  Tibe- 
rius, executed.  According  to  the 
tradition  of  the  Church,  this 
prison  has  been  consecrated  as 
the  place  where  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul  were  confined  by  order  of 
Nero.  It  is  entered  through  the 
Clmrcli  of  San  Pietro  in  Car- 
cere. 

“ The  Mnmertine  Prison  is  a 
hideous  vault  divided  into  an  upper 
and  lower  portion,  scooped  out  of  the 
solid  rock  . . . and  lined  with  massive 
blocks  in.  the  Etruscan  style  of  archi- 
tecture. A more  heart-breaking  place 
of  confinement  it  is  not  easy  to  imagine. 
According  to  the  traditions  of  the 
Church,  St.  Peter  was  imprisoned  here 
by  order  of  Nero;  and  the  pillar  to 
which  he  was  bound,  and  a fountain 
which  sprang  up  miraculously  to  fur- 
nish the  water  of  baptism  to  his  jailers 
whom  he  converted,  are  shown  to  the 
visitor.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt 
that  Jugurtha  was  starved  to  death  in 
these  pitiless  vaults.  . . . Here,  too, 
the  companions  of  Catiline  were  stran- 
gled. It  is  a curious  fact  that  the 
chances  of  literature  and  history  should 
have  carved  two  such  names  as  those 
of  Sallust  and  Cicero  on  these  Cyclo- 
pean walls.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 


MAM 


305 


MAN 


Mammoth  Cave.  A celebrated 
cavern  in  Kentucky,  near  Green 
River,  about  28  miles  from  Bowl- 
ing Green.  It  is  unequalled,  prob- 
ably, in  the  world,  in  point  of 
extent,  and  in  the  variety  of  in- 
teresting objects.  It  has  been 
explored  a distance  of  more  than 
10  miles,  and  is  thought  to  in- 
clude as  many  as  40  miles  of  tor- 
tuous passages.  It  comprises 
large  and  lofty  galleries  and  halls, 
with  curious  limestone  forma- 
tions in  the  shape  of  huge  stalac- 
tites and  stalagmites;  and  also 
streams  and  ponds  inhabited  by 
sightless  fishes.  One  room  in 
this  cavern  is  said  to  occupy  two 
acres,  and  to  be  surmounted  by 
a dome  of  solid  rock  120  feet  in 
height.  This  natural  curiosity  is 
a great  resort  of  tourists. 

In  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky,  the 
torches  which  each  traveller  carries 
make  a dismal  funeral  procession,  and 
serve  no  purpose  but  to  see  the  ground. 

. . . But  the  guide  kindled  a Roman  can- 
dle, and  held  it  here  and  there,  shooting 
its  fireballs  successively  into  each  crypt  of 
the  groined  roof,  disclosing  its  starry 
splendor,  and  showing  for  the  first  time 
what  that  plaything  was  good  for. 

Emerson. 

Then,  again,  some  kinds  of  thoughts 
breed  in  the  dark  of  one’s  mind  like  the 
blind  fishes  in  the  Mammoth  Cave. 

Holmes. 

Mammoth  Mound.  A noted  In- 
dian relic  in  Marshall  County, 
Ya.  The  mound  is  75  feet  in 
height,  and  is  thought  to  be  a 
sepulchral  monument  to  some 
personage  of  high  rank  among 
the  aborigines. 

Mammoth  Trees  of%  California. 
See  Calaveras. 

Man  with  the  Pinks.  The  por- 
trait of  a beardless  and  weather- 
beaten old  man  by  the  Flemish 
painter  Jan  van  Eyck  (1370-1441). 
It  is  now  in  the  Suermondt  Col- 
lection, at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Ger- 
many. 

Manassas,  The.  A powerful  Con- 
federate iron-plated  ram,  used  in 
the  defence  of  the  approaches  to 
New  Orleans.  She  was  destroyed 
by  the  vessels  of  Admiral  Farra- 
gut’s  fleet,  who  forced  the  passage  I 
of  the  river,  April  24,  1802.  I 


Manchester  House.  The  city 
mansion  of  Sir  Richard  Wallace 
in  London,  recently  belonging  to 
the  late  Marquis  of  Hertford,  and 
containing  one  of  the  finest  col- 
lections of  paintings  in  the  city. 

Manchester  Square.  A well- 
known  square  in  London. 

< Mi.  who  will  repair  to  Manchester  Square. 
And  see  if  tne  lovely  Marchesa  be  there  ? 

Moore. 

Manco  Capac’s  House.  An  an- 
cient ruin  in  Peru,  situated  on 
an  island  in  Lake  Titicaca,  and 
believed  to  be  the  oldest  building 
of  the  Incas. 

45^  “ At  about  that  period  [three  or 
four  centuries  before  the  Spanish  con- 
quest], it  is  fabled  that  a godlike  man, 
Manco  Capac,  appeared  with  a divine 
consort,  on  an  island  in  the  Lake  of 
Titicaca,  journeying  from  whence  they 
taught  the  rude  and  uncivilized  in- 
habitants of  the  country  to  till  the 
ground,  to  build  houses  and  towns, 
and  to  live  together  in  communities. 
Like  the  Indian  Bacchus,  Manco  Capac 
was  after  his  death  reverenced  as  a 
god,  and  his  descendants,  the  Incas, 
were  considered  as  of  divine  origin, 
and  worshipped  as  children  of  the  Sun, 
which  was  the  great  object  of  Peruvian 
adoration.”  Fergusson. 

Manfrini  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Manfrini.\  A noted  palace  of 
the  seventeenth  century  in  Ven- 
ice, Italy.  It  contains  a gallery 
of  pictures. 

And  when  you  to  Manfrini* s Palace  go, 
That  picture  (howsoever  fine  the  rest) 
is  loveliest,  to  my  mind,  of  ail  the  show. 

Byron. 

Manse,  The  Old.  See  Old  Manse. 

Mansion  House.  The  official  resi- 
dence of  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, built  in  1739-41.  It  occupies 
the  site  of  the  Stocks  Market, 
nearly  facing  the  Royal  Ex- 
change. The  grand  banquet- 
room  is  called  the  Egyptian  Hall. 
Here  the  Lord  Mayor  gives  his 
state  banquets. 

Cornhill  is  accustomed  to  grandeur  and 
greatness,  and  has  witnessed  every  9th  of 
November,  for  I don’t  knowhow  many 
centuries,  a prodigious  annual  pageant, 
chariot,  progress,  and  flourish  of  trum- 
petry,  and.  being  so  very  near  the  Mansion 
House,  I am  sure  the  reader  will  under- 
stand how  the  idea  of  pageant  and  pro- 
cession came  naturally  to  my  mind. 

Thackeray 


MAR 


306 


MAR 


Mar  Saba.  See  Santa  Saba. 

Marbles,  JEgina.  See  Angina 
Marbles;  and  for  Arundelian 
Marbles,  Elgin  Marbles,  and 
the  like,  see  the  various  adjec- 
tives Arundelian,  Elgin,  etc. 

Marcellus,  Theatre  of.  See  Thea- 
tre of  Marcellus. 

March  Club.  See  October  Club. 

March,  to  Finchley.  A celebrated 
picture  by  William  Hogarth  ( 1697- 
1764).  Now  in  the  Foundling 
Hospital,  London. 

Marco,  San.  See  San  Marco  and 
St.  Mark’s  Square. 

Marcus  Aurelius.  A celebrated 
bronze  equestrian  statue  now  in 
the  centre  of  the  Piazza  del  Cam- 
pidoglio  upon  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
Rome.  It  is  the  only  entire 
bronze  equestrian  statue  which 
has  come  down  to  us  from  an- 
tiquity, and  is  regarded  as  a mag- 
nificent specimen  of  ancient  art. 
Michael  Angelo  had  great  admi- 
ration for  this  work,  and  is  said 
to  have  exclaimed  to  the  horse, 
‘‘  Cammina ! ” “ Go  along  ! ” 

46^  “ It  is  the  most  majestic  repre- 
sentation of  the  kingly  character  that 
the  world  has  ever  seen.  A sight  of 
the  old  heathen  emperor  is  enough  to 
create  an  evanescent  sentiment  of  loy- 
alty, even  in  a democratic  bosom,  so 
august  does  he  look,  so  fit  to  rule.” 

Hawthorne. 

46^  “ The  proportions  of  the  horse 
are  not  such  as  would  satisfy  a New- 
market jockey;  but  the  animation  and 
spirit  of  the  attitude,  and  the  air  of 
life  which  informs  the  limbs  and  seems 
actually  to  distend  the  nostrils,  cannot 
be  too  much  praised.  The  face  and 
figure  of  the  rider  are  worthy  of  the 
noble  animal  on  which  he  is  seated,  and 
worthy  of  the  good  name  which  he  has 
left  in  history.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

4®=*  “ The  attitude  is  perfectly  easy 
and  natural : he  is  making  a sign  with 
his  right  hand,  a simple  action,  that 
leaves  him  calm,  while  it  gives  life  to 
the  entire  person.  He  is  going  to  ad- 
dress his  soldiery,  and  certainly  be- 
cause he  has  something  important  to 
say  to  them.  He  does  not  parade  him- 
self, he  is  not  a riding-master  like  most 
of  our  modern  equestrian  figures,  nor  a 
prince  in  state,  displaying  his  rank: 
the  .'intique  is  always  simple.” 

Taine , Trans. 


Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus,  Col- 
umn of.  See  Antonine  Column. 

Maremma.  A pestilential  and  fa- 
tal tract  of  country  in  Western 
Italy  in  the  southern  part  of  Tus- 
cany. 

“ Farther  south  is  the  Maremma,  a 
region,  which,  though  now  worse  than 
a desert,  is  supposed  to  have  been  an- 
ciently both  fertile  and  healthy.  The 
Maremma  certainly  formed  part  of  that 
Etruria  which  was  called  from  its  har- 
vests the  annonaria.  ...  Yet  both 
nature  and  man  seem  to  have  con- 
spired against  it.”  Forsyth . 

Marforio.  A colossal  recumbent 
statue  of  Oceanus,  or  some  river- 
god,  but  now  known  by  the  name 
of  Marforio,  probably  from  its 
having  stood  in  the  Forum  of 
Mars,  and  famous  for  the  witty 
and  caustic  replies  to  the  satire 
of  Pasquino,  which  were  affixed 
to  it.  This  statue  formerly  stood 
near  the  entrance  to  the  Museo 
Capitolino,  in  Rome,  but  has  late- 
ly been  placed  in  the  Capitol.  See 
Pasquino. 

Margaret  at  Church.  A picture 
by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858). 

Margaret  at  the  Spinning-wheel. 
A picture  by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795- 
1858). 

Margaret,  St.  See  St.  Margaret. 

Margaux.  An  Italian  villa  on 
the  Garonne  below  Bordeaux, 
France,  in  the  midst  of  vine- 
yards noted  for  the  wine  they 
produce,  called  the  Chateau  Mar- 
gaux. 

Marguerite.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Alexandre  Cabanel  (b. 
1823),  a French  painter. 

Marguerite,  St.  See  St.  Margue- 
rite. 

Marguerites,  The.  A picture  by 
William  Morris  Hunt.  There  is 
a popular  lithograph  of  this  pic- 
ture. 

4SIP  “A  beautiful  girl  slowly  testing 
her  love,  by  nipping  leaf  after  leaf  from 
the  flower  of  that  name,  — simple  in 
action,  but  naively  true.”  Tmkerman. 

Maria,  Santa.  See  Santa  Maria. 

Marie  de  Medicis.  A series  of 
twenty-one  large  pictures,  repre- 


MAR 


307 


MAR 


senting  scenes  in  the  life  of  Mary 
of  Medicis,  by  Peter  Paul  Ru- 
bens (1577-1640).  They  are  in  the 
Louvre  Gallery  in  Paris. 

Marienburg.  A ruined  fortress  on 
the  Moselle,  near  the  village  of 
Punderich. 

Mario,  Monte.  See  Monte  Mario. 

Mariposa.  See  Calaveras  Pines. 

Marischal  College.  A fine  build- 
ing in  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  The 
college,  which  was  founded  in 
1595,  now  forms  a part  of  the  new 
University  of  Aberdeen. 

The  general  idea  of  the  character  [Du- 
gald  Dalgetty]  is  familiar  to  our  comic 
dramatists  after  the  Restoration,  and  may 
be  said  in  some  measure  to  be  compounded 
of  Captain  Fluellen  and  Bobad  1;  but  the 
ludicrous  combination  of  the  soldado  with 
the  divinity  student  of  Marischal  College 
is  entirely  original.  Jeffrey. 

Marjelen  See.  A small  mountain 
lake  in  Switzerland,  bordering  on 
the  Aletscli  glacier,  formed  by 
the  drainage  from  the  moun- 
tains in  the  summer. 

Mark  and  Paul.  A picture  of  the 
two  apostles,  the  figures  the  size 
of  life,  by  Albert  Dtirer  (1471- 
1528),  the  German  painter  and  en- 
graver, and  considered  to  be  one 
of  his  grandest  works.  It  is  now 
in  the  gallery  at  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. A companion  picture  to  this 
is  that  of  John  and  Peter  ( q.v .), 
which  is  also  in  the  same  gallery. 

Mark-Lane.  A street  in  London 
which  is  widely  known  as  the 
seat  of  the  great  Corn  Market, 
and  a scene  of  busy  traffic.  It 
was  originally  called  “ Mart  Lane 
from  the  privilege  of  fair  accorded 
by  Edward  I.  to  Sir  Thomas  Ross 
of  Hamlake.” 

Mark,  St.  See  St.  Mark. 

Market  Street.  A great  thorough- 
fare in  Philadelphia,  Penn.  It  is 
100  feet  wide. 

Marksbnrg.  An  imposing  ruin  on 
the  Rhine  near  Boppart.  The 
emperor  Henry  IY.  was  impris- 
oned in  this  castle. 

Marlborough  House.  A palace  in 


London,  built  by  Wren  in  1709-10 
for  the  great  Duke  of  Marlbor- 
ough. It  was  purchased  in  1817 
by  the  Crown,  and  has  been  since 
enlarged  and  fitted  up  for  the  res- 
idence of  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales. 

Playing  the  part  of  artists  they  prompt 
the  setting  up  of  drawing  schools,  provide 
masters  and  models,  and  at  Marlborough 
House  enact  what  shall  be  considered  good 
taste  and  what  bad.  Herbert  Spencer. 

Marriage  a la  Mode.  A famous 
dramatic  and  satirical  picture  by 
William  Hogarth  (1697-1764).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

“If  catching  the  manners  and 
follies  of  an  age  ...  be  comedy,  Ho- 
garth composed  comedies  as  much  as 
Moliere ; in  his  Marriage  d la  Mode 
there  is  even  an  intrigue  carried  on 
throughout  the  piece.  Hogarth  had  no 
model  to  follow  and  improve  upon.  He 
created  his  art,  and  used  colors  instead 
of  language.”  Walpole. 

46^  “ His  [Hogarth’s]  series  of  six- 
scenes  known  as  ‘ Marriage  a la  Mode  ’ 
were  sold  by  auction  in  1750,  when  the 
painter  was  at  the  height  of  his  power, 
in  his  forty-seventh  year;  but  only  one 
bidder  appeared,  and  the  whole  series 
were  knocked  down  to  him  at  a hun- 
dred and  ten  guineas,  while  the  frames 
alone  had  cost  the  painter  twenty -four 
guineas.”  Sarah  Tytler. 

4®=*  “ Note  in  the  Marriage  a la 
Mode  the  sorrowing  gesture  of  the  old 
steward  who  foresees  the  ruin  of  the 
house,  and  deprecates  with  uplifted 
hands  the  gross  and  sensual  folly  of  the 
bridegroom.”  Taine , Trans. 

Marriage  at  Cana.  [Ital.  Le  Nozze 
di  Cana , Fr.  Les  Noces  de  Cana.] 
A very  frequent  subject  of  repre- 
sentation by  the  mediaeval  paint- 
ers. Of  the  more  celebrated  pic- 
tures treating  of  this  theme,  the 
following  may  be  named. 

Marriage  at  Cana.  A colossal 
picture,  30  feet  wide  by  20  feet 
high,  executed  by  Paul  Veronese 
(1530?-1588).  It  was  formerly  in 
the  refectory  of  S.  Giorgio  Mag- 
giore,  at  Venice,  Italy,  but  is  now 
in  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre,  at 
Paris.  “The  most  remarkable 
feature  is  a group  of  musicians 
in  the  centre,  in  front,  round  a 
table;  also  portraits,  — Paul  Ver- 
onese himself  is  playing  the  vio- 
loncello, Tintoret  a similar  instru- 


MAR 


308 


MAR 


ment,  the  gray-haired  Titian,  in 
a red-damask  robe,  the  contra- 
bass.” There  is  a smaller  repeti- 
tion of  this  picture  in  the  Brera 
at  Milan,  and  another  in  the 
Dresden  Gallery. 

46^  “ The  chief  action  to  he  repre- 
sented, the  astonishing  miracle  per- 
formed by  him  at  whose  command  ‘ the 
fountain  blushed  into  wine,’  is  here 
quite  a secondary  matter ; and  the  value 
of  the  picture  lies  in  its  magnitude  and 
variety  as  a composition,  and  the  por- 
traits of  the  historical  characters  and 
remarkable  personages  introduced.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Marriac/e  at  Cana.  A fine  pic- 
ture by  Jacopo  Robusti,  called  II 
Tintoretto  (1512-1594),  in  the 
church  of  Della  Salute  in  Venice, 
Italy. 

4®"  “ Taken  as  a whole,  the  picture 
is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  example 
which  human  art  has  produced  of  the 
utmost  possible  force  and  sharpness  of 
shadow  united  with  richness  of  local 
color.  This  picture  unites  color  as  rich 
as  Titian’s  with  light  and  shade  as  for- 
cible as  Rembrandt’s,  and  far  more  de- 
cisive.” Ruskin. 

Marriage  at  Cana . A picture 
by  Gheerardt  David  (1484-1523), 
the  Flemish  painter.  It  was  for- 
merly in  the  church  of  St.  Basile 
at  Bruges,  Belgium,  but  is  now 
in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

Marriage  of  Alexander  and  Rox- 
ana. A celebrated  picture  by  the 
Greek  painter  Aetion,  the  precise 
date  of  whose  life  is  unknown. 
The  picture  was  carried  to  Rome, 
and  has  been  described  by  Lu- 
cian. 

Marriage  of  Alexander  and  Rox- 
ana. A mythological  fresco  de- 
signed by  Raphael,  but  executed 
by  one  of  his  scholars,  probably 
Peri  no  del  Vaga.  Now  in  the 
Borghese  Palace,  Rome. 

Marriage  of  Alexander  and  Rox- 
ana. A fresco  painting  by  Gian- 
antonio  Bazzi,  called  II  Sodo- 
rna  (1479-1554).  In  the  Farnesina, 
Rome. 

Marriage  of  Cupid  and  Psyche. 

A large  fresco  in  the  Farnesina, 
Rome,  designed  by  Raphael,  but 
executed  wholly  or  chiefly  by  his 
pupil  Giulio  Romano  (1492-1546). 


Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

celebrated  and  often  repeated 
picture  by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
named  Correggio  (1494-1534),  rep- 
resenting the  saint  as  betrothed 
to  the  infant  Saviour  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  Virgin  and  St.  Sebas- 
tian. It  is  supposed  to  be  con- 
nected with  “ a domestic  incident 
in  the  life  of  the  painter,  viz.,  the 
marriage  of  his  sister,  Caterina 
Allegri,  in  1519,  for  whom  it  was 
painted.”  The  picture  is  now  in 
the  gallery  of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
There  is  another  upon  the  same 
subject,  but  different  in  some  par- 
ticulars, at  Naples,  Italy.  Other 
early  copies  are  now  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  in  the  Capitol  at 
Rome,  and  elsewhere. 

4SP  “ St.  Catherine  bends  down 
with  the  softest,  meekest  tenderness 
and  submission,  and  the  Virgin  unites 
her  hand  to  that  of  the  infant  Christ, 
who  looks  up  in  his  mother’s  face  with 
a divine  yet  infantine  expression.  St. 
Sebastian  stands  by  holding  his  arrows. 
It  is  of  this  picture  that  Vasari  truly 
says  that  the  heads  appeared  to  have 
been  painted  in  Paradise.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

picture  by  Fra  Bartolommeo 
(1469-1517).  Now  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

picture  by  Bartolome  Esteban 
Murillo  (1618-1682).  In  the  Vati- 
can, Rome. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

picture  by  Jacopo  Robusti,  called 
Tintoretto  (1512-1594).  In  the  Du- 
cal Palace,  Venice,  Italy. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

picture  by  Bartolome  Esteban 
Murillo  (1618-1682),  the  Spanish 
painter.  Now  at  Cadiz,  Spain. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

picture  by  Hans  Memling  (d. 
1495),  the  Flemish  painter,  in 
the  Gallery  of  Strasburg.  This 
picture  was  destroyed  by  fire  dur- 
ing the  bombardment  of  Stras- 
burg in  1870.  There  is  another 
upon  the  same  subject  by  this 
artist  in  St.  John’s  Hospital  at 
Bruges,  Belgium. 

Marriage  of  the  two  SS.  Catherine. 
A picture  by  Fra  Bartolommeo 
(1469-1517),  the  Italian  painter, 


MAR 


309 


MAR 


and  regarded  as  his  grandest 
work.  It  is  now  in  the  Pitti  Pal- 
ace, Florence,  Italy.  He  was  as- 
sisted in  the  composition  of  this 
picture  by  Mariotto. 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin.  [Ital. 

Lo  Sposalizio.]  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  well  known  by  the  engrav- 
ing of  Longlii.  The  painting  has 
undergone,  within  a few  years,  a 
very  careful  restoration,  which 
will  insure  its  continuance  for  a 
long  time.  It  is  now  in  the  Bre- 
ra  at  Milan,  Ital}’. 

“Every  one  knows  the  famous 
Sposalizio  of  the  Brera.  It  was  painted 
by  Raphael  in  his  twenty-first  year,  for 
the  church  of  S.  Francesco,  in  Citta  di 
Castello,  and  though  he  has  closely  fol- 
lowed the  conception  of  his  master,  it 
is  modified  by  that  ethereal  grace  which 
even  then  distinguished  him.  ...  In 
fact,  the  whole  scene  is  here  idealized; 
it  is  like  a lyric  poem.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

“ Raphael’s  * Sposalizio  ’ leaves 
no  recollections  but  those  of  unmingled 
pleasure.  It  is  well  known  by  engrav- 
ings, and,  as  its  prominent  merits  are 
in  the  drawing  and  expression,  it  loses 
little  in  this  interpretation.  It  was  an 
old  friend  in  a richer  and  more  becom- 
ing costume.”  G.  S.  Hillard. 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin.  A cele- 
brated fresco  by  Bernardin  Luini 
( — aft.  1530).  In  Saronno,  Italy, 
it  lias  been  chromo-lithographed. 

Mars,  Field  of.  See  Campus  Mar- 
tius. 

Mars  Hill.  See  Areopagus. 

Mars  Ultor,  Temple  of.  See  Tem- 
ple of  Mars  Ultor. 

Marshall’s  Pillar.  An  imposing 
mass  of  rock  rising  in  columnar 
form  to  a height  of  1 ,000  feet.  It  is 
situated  in  Fayette  county,  Va., 
and  is  regarded  as  a striking  nat- 
ural curiosity. 

Marshalsea,  The.  An  old  prison 
in  London,  so  called,  as  “ pertain- 
ing to  the  Marshalles  of  Eng- 
land.” It  is  not  now  standing. 
Here  were  imprisoned  many  of 
the  martyrs  who  were  persecuted 
for  their  religion  in  the  bloody 
reign  of  Mary.  George  Wither 


was  here  imprisoned  for  writing 
his  “ Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt,” 
and  while  confined  here  wrote 
his  “ Shepheard’s  Hunting.”  The 
Marshalsea  figures  prominently 
in  Dickens’s  novel  of  “ Littfe 
Dorrit.” 

Marston  Moor.  A place  in  the 
county  of  York,  England,  famous 
for  the  battle  fought  in  1044,  in 
which  King  Charles  I.  was  de- 
feated. 

Martin,  St.  See  St.  Martin, 
Porte  St.  Martin,  and  St.  Mar- 
tin Rue. 

Martinella.  A famous  bell  which, 
in  the  old  days  of  Florence,  was 
used  to  signalize  the  outbreak  of 
war. 

liGgT  “ Besides  the  Caroccio,  the  Flor- 
entine army  was  accompanied  by  a 
great  bell  called  Martinella,  or  Carapa- 
na  degli  Asini,  which,  for  thirty  days 
before  hostilities  began,  tolled  continu- 
ally day  and  night  from  the  arch  of 
Porta  Santa  Maria,  as  a public  declara- 
tion of  war,  and,  as  the  ancient  chroni- 
cle hath  it,  ‘ for  greatness  of  mind  that 
the  enemy  might  have  full  time  to  pre- 
pare himself.’  ” Napier. 

See  Caroccio. 

Martin’s,  St.  See  St.  Martin’s  in 
the  Fields,  St.  Martin’s  le 
Grand,  St.  Martin’s  Ludgate. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Domenichino 
(1581-1641),  and  reckoned  among 
the  most  celebrated  productions 
of  the  Bologna  school.  Now  in 
the  gallery  at  Bologna,  Italy.  See 
St.  Agnes. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Catherine.  1. 
A picture  by  Giuliano  Bugiar- 
dini  (1480-1552),  and  his  most 
important  work.  In  the  Capella 
Rucelai,  in  S.  Maria  Novella, 
Florence,  Italy. 

4®"  “ The  subject  usually  called  the 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Catherine , her  ex- 
posure to  the  torture  of  the  wheels, 
should  rather  be  called  the  Deliver- 
ance of  St.  Catherine.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  frequent  subjects  in  early  art.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

2.  A grand  picture  by  Gau- 
denzio  Ferrari  (1484-1550). " In  the 
Brera  at  Milan,  Italy. 


MAB 


310 


MAB 


Martyrdom  of  St.  Erasmus.  An 

altar-piece  by  Dierick  Stuerbout 
(d.  1475),  a Flemish  painter.  In  the 
church  of  St.  Peter’s  at  Louvain, 
Belgium. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Hippolitus.  An 
altar-piece  by  Dierick  Stuerbout 
(d.  1475),  a Flemish  painter.  In 
the  cathedral  of  Bruges,  Belgium. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Sebastian.  1. 
A picture  by  Hans  Holbein  the 
Younger  (1498?-1543).  In  thePina- 
kotliek  at  Munich,  Bavaria.  See 
also  St.  Sebastian. 

2.  A picture  by  II  Sodoma 
(1479-1554).  In  the  Uffizi  Palace, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Stephen.  1. 
An  altar-piece  by  Giulio  Romano 
(1492-1546),  the  pupil  of  Raphael, 
and  painted  immediately  after 
the  death  of  the  latter,  for  the 
church  of  S.  Stephano  at  Genoa, 
Italy. 

2.  A picture  by  Giorgio  Barba- 
relli,  called  Giorgione  (1477-1511). 
In  Verona,  Italy. 

Martyrdom  of  San  Lorenzo.  A 
celebrated  picture  by  Titian  (1477- 
1576).  In  the  Jesuits’  church  at 
Venice,  Italy. 

Martyrdom  of  San  Placido  and 
Santa  Flavia.  A picture  by  An- 
tonio Allegri,  surnamed  Correg- 
gio (1494-1534).  In  the  Gallery  of 
Parma,  Italy. 

Martyrdom  of  Santa  Felicita.  A 
fresco  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  or  by  one  of  his  best  pupils, 
painted  for  the  chapel  of  the  cas- 
tle of  La  Magliana,  a residence  of 
Leo  X.  It  has  been  transferred 
to  canvas,  and  is  now  in  the 
Monte  di  Pieta,  Rome. 

/£&=*  “There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
we  have  here  the  death  of  St.  Cecilia, 
and  not  the  death  of  St.  Felicitas ; that 
this  was  the  subject  designed  by  Ra- 
phael, probably  about  the  time  that  he 
painted  the  St.  Cecilia  at  Bologna,  and 
that  the  print  was  afterwards  mis- 
named.” Mrs.  Jameson. 

Martyrdom  of  Santa  Petronilla. 
A mosaic  in  St.  Peter’s  Church, 
Rome.  The  work  of  Francesco 
Barbieri,  called  Guercino  (1590-  I 


1666).  It  is  a copy  of  the  picture 
by  the  same  master  in  the  Muse- 
um of  the  Capitol. 

jggr  “ The  finest  mosaic  in  St.  Pe- 
ter’s (and  consequently  in  the  world), 
is  generally,  and  I think  justly,  said 
to  be  G-uercino’s  famous  Martyrdom  of 
Santa  Petronilla  ; though  why  called  a 
martyrdom,  I cannot  imagine,  since  it 
only  represents  below  the  lifeless  body 
of  the  saint  raised  from  the  grave  at 
the  request  of  her  mourning  lover,  and 
found  to  be  miraculously  preserved  in 
all  the  charms  of  youth  and  beauty.” 
Eaton. 

Martyrdom  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Saints.  A picture  by  Albert  Dii- 
rer  (1471-1528),  the  celebrated 
German  painter  and  engraver. 
It  bears  the  date  of  1508,  and  was 
painted  for  Duke  Frederic  of 
Saxony.  It  is  now  in  the  Belve- 
dere Gallery  at  Vienna,  Austria. 
There  is  also  a copy  in  the 
Schleissheim  Gallery. 

Martyrs.  See  Christian  Mar- 
tyrs (in  the  Coliseum). 

Mary  and  Elizabeth,  Meeting  of. 
A picture  by  Domenico  Gliir- 
landajo  (1449-1498?).  In  the  gal- 
lery of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Mary.  See  Seven  Joys  of  Mary. 

Mary  Rose.  A British  man-of-war 
which  sunk  off  the  coast  of  France 
in  1545,  owing  to  the  weight  of 
the  artillery  she  carried.  It  is 
said  that  breech-loading  cannon 
have  been  recovered  from  the 
wreck. 

Maryland  Avenue.  One  of  the 
principal  streets  in  Washington, 
leading  from  the  Capitol  to  the 
Long  Bridge. 

Maryland  Institute.  A large  build- 
ing in  Baltimore,  Md.,  erected  in 
1854,  used  for  a market,  indus- 
trial exhibitions,  etc.,  with  a li- 
brary and  school  of  art.  In  the 
hall  of  the  Institute,  which  is 
capable  of  holding  5,000  persons, 
the  Southern  Democratic  Con- 
vention held  its  sessions  in  1860. 

Mary-le-Bow,  St.  See  Bow 

Church. 

Mary-le-Strand,  St.  See  St.  Ma- 
ry-le-Strand. 


MAR 


311 


MAS 


Marylebone.  A parliamentary  bor- 
ough of  London,  originally  called 
Tyburn,  or  Ty bourne.  See  Ty- 
burn. 

Marylebone  Gardens.  A popular 
place  of  resort  in  the  north-west 
part  of  London.  It  was  famous 
for  its  bowling-alleys,  and  for  its 
illuminations,  balls,  and  concerts. 
The  poet  Gay  alludes  to  it  more 
than  once  in  his  “ Beggar’s 
Opera.” 

At  the  Groom-porter’s  batter’d  bullies 
play, 

Some  dukes  at  Marybone  bowl  time  away. 

Pope. 

Marys.  See  Four  Marys  and 
Three  Marys. 

Marzocco.  The  name  given  to  a 
celebrated  statue  of  a recumbent 
lion,  the  work  of  Donatello  (1383- 
1466),  standing  at  the  corner  of 
the  Palazzo  Veccliio  in  Florence, 
Italy. 

Masaccio,  Tommaso  Guidi.  (1402- 
1443.)  A portrait  of  himself  by 
the  painter  in  the  collection  of 
autograph  portraits  in  the  Uffizi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Masada.  A remarkable  desert  for- 
tress in  Palestine,  now  in  ruins. 
It  was  placed  upon  a rock  which 
overlooks  the  Dead  Sea,  was  sur- 
rounded by  very  deep  valleys, 
and  was  only  accessible  by  two 
paths  hewn  in  the  rock.  It  was 
first  built  by  Jonathan  Macca- 
beus in  the  second  century  B.C., 
and  afterwards  enlarged  and 
strengthened  by  Herod  the  Great. 
Before  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  by 
Titus,  the  Sicarii  obtained  posses- 
sion of  Masada  and  its  treasures. 
These  Jews,  who  loved  freedom 
and  their  country,  used  every 
means  to  revenge  themselves  for 
their  wrongs  against  the  Romans, 
and  became  a terror  to  the  whole 
country.  The  fortress  of  Masada 
held  out  against  the  Romans  after 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  and 
was  only  taken  after  a fierce  siege. 
The  garrison,  consisting  of  967 
men,  women,  and  children,  find- 
ing defence  hopeless,  resolved  to 
perish  by  their  own  hands  rather 
than  be  taken  by  the  Romans; 


and  when  the  latter,  making  the 
final  attack  and  expecting  fierce 
resistance,  reached  the  summit, 
they  found  only  two  women  and 
a few  children  alive  to  tell  the 
story  of  the  tragedy.  All  trace 
of  this  ancient  fortress  was  for  a 
long  period  lost;  but  within  the 
present  century  its  site  has  been 
discovered  and  identified  by  the 
American  traveller,  Dr.  Robin- 
son. 

Maschere,  Stanza  delle.  See 
Stanza  delle  Maschere. 

Mashita,  Palace  of.  A celebrated 
ruined  palace  of  the  Sassamian 
kings  in  Mesopotamia. 

4QP  “The  great  defect  of  the  pal- 
ace at  Mashita  as  an  illustration  of  Sas- 
samian art  arises  from  the  fact,  that,  as 
a matter  of  course,  Chosroes  did  not 
bring  with  him  architects  or  sculptors 
to  erect  this  building.  He  employed 
the  artists  of  Antioch,  or  Damascus,  or 
those  of  Syria,  as  he  found  them.  He 
traced  the  form  and  design  of  what  he 
wanted,  and  left  them  to  execute  it,  and 
they  introduced  the  vine  and  other  de- 
tails of  Byzantine  art  with  which  Jus- 
tinian had  made  them  familiar.  . . . 
Though  it  stands  thus  alone,  the  dis- 
covery of  this  palace  fills  a gap  in  our 
history  such  as  no  other  building  oc- 
cupies up  to  the  present  time.  ...  Its 
greatest  interest,  however,  lies  in  the 
fact  that  all  the  Persian  and  Indian 
mosques  were  derived  from  buildings 
of  this  class.”  Fergusson. 

Mason  and  Dixon’s  Line.  A cele- 
brated boundary  line  between  the 
State  of  Pennsjdvania  and  the 
States  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
It  was  so  called  after  the  survey- 
ors, Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah 
Dixon,  by  whom  it  was  mainly 
run,  about  the  year  1765.  The 
name  acquired  great  celebrity 
through  the  speeches  of  John 
Randolph  of  Virginia,  who  in 
the  Congressional  debates  in  the 
year  1820,  in  regard  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  slavery  from  the  Territo- 
ries, made  frequent  reference  to 
it,  Penns3dvania  being  a free 
State,  and  Maryland  and  Virginia 
at  that  time  slave  States.  Though 
the  name  has  lost  its  old  impor- 
tance and  significance,  it  is  still 
often  alluded  to.  The  line  was 
originally  over  300  miles  long, 


MAS 


312 


MAU 


and  was  marked  by  stone  posts 
at  intervals  of  one  mile. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line , of  which  we  hear 
so  often,  and  which  was  first  established 
as  the  division  between  slave  soil  and  free 
soil,  runs  between  Pennsylvania  and  Ma- 
ryland. Anthony  Trollope. 

He  [Davis]  is  a wise  man.  He  knows 
what  he  wants,  and  he  wants  it  with  a 
will,  like  Julius  Caesar  of  old.  He  has 
gathered  every  dollar  and  every  missile 
south  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  to  hurl 
a thunderbolt  that  shall  serve  his  purpose. 

W.  Phillips. 

Mass  of  Bolsena.  A well-known 
fresco  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  representing  a miracle 
wrought  in  1203,  by  which  a priest 
who  doubted  the  doctrine  of  tran- 
substantiation  was  convinced  by 
the  blood  which  flowed  from  the 
Host  he  was  consecrating.  It  is 
in  the  stanza  of  the  Heliodorus, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Massachusetts,  The.  A royal  frig- 
ate which  took  part  in  the  attack 
upon  Louisbourg  in  1745,  captur- 
ing the  French  frigate  Vigilant. 

Massachusetts  Avenue.  One  of 
the  principal  streets  and  thor- 
oughfares in  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton. 

Massacre  of  Scio.  A picture  by 
Ferdinand  Victor  Eugene  Dela- 
croix (1799-1863),  the  celebrated 
French  historical  painter. 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents.  A 
celebrated  picture  by  Guido  Reni 
(1575-1642).  In  the  Gallery  of  Bo- 
logna, Italy. 

jggjp  “ Guido’s  celebrated  picture  of 
the  Massacre  of  the  Innocents  is  a pow- 
erful and  painful  thing.  The  marvel 
of  it  to  me  is  the  simplicity  with  which 
its  wonderful  effects  are  produced,  both 
of  expression  and  color.  The  kneeling 
mother  in  the  foreground,  with  her 
dead  children  before  her,  is  the  most 
intense  representation  of  agony  I ever 
saw.  Yet  the  face  is  calm,*  her  eyes 
thrown  up  to  heaven,  but  her  lips  un- 
distorted. It  is  the  look  of  a soul  over- 
whelmed,— that  has  ceased  to  struggle 
because  it  is  full.”  JST.  P.  Willis . 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents.  A 
celebrated  picture  by  Daniele  da 
Volterra  (1509-1566),  the  Italian 
painter,  containing  more  than  70 
figures.  It  is  now  in  the  Tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  at  Florence,  Italy. 


Massacre  of  the  Innocents.  A 
picture  by  Giotto  di  Bondone 
(1276-1336).  In  the  Arena  Chap- 
el, Padua,  Italy. 

Massacre  of  the  Mamelukes.  A 
noted  picture  by  Horace  Vernet 
(1789-1863).  In  the  Luxembourg, 
Paris. 

Massimo  delle  Colonne  Palace. 
[Ital.  Palazzo  Massimo  delle  Co - 
lonne.]  A well-known  palace  in 
Rome,  begun  in  1526,  and  con- 
taining the  celebrated  Discobolus 
found  upon  the  Esquiline  Hill. 

Massimo,  Villa.  See  Villa  Mas- 
simo. 

Mater  Dolorosa.  [The  Mourning 
Mother;  Ital.  La  Madre  di  Dolore, 
L' Addolorata  ; Fr.  Notre  Dame  de 
Pitie'.]  A very  familiar  subject 
of  representation  by  the  great 
painters  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
exhibiting  the  Virgin  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  mother  of  the  cruci- 
fied Redeemer,  and  “queen  of 
martyrs.”  See  also  Pieta,  La. 
Among  the  more  celebrated  pic- 
tures which  treat  of  this  subject 
the  following  may  be  named. 

Mater  Dolorosa.  A picture  by 
Jan  Mostaert  (1499-1555),  a Flem- 
ish painter,  and  regarded  as  his 
most  important  work.  It  is  now 
in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame  at 
Bruges,  Belgium. 

Mater  Dolorosa.  A picture  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver.  Now 
in  the  gallery  at  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. 

Maud.  See  Magdalen  College. 

Maurice,  St.  See  St.  Maurice 
and  Conversion  of  St.  Maurice 
by  Erasmus. 

Mausethurm.  See  Mouse  Tower. 

Mausoleum,  The  (of  Halicarnas- 
sus). A famous  edifice,  built  of 
marble,  erected  as  a monument 
or  mausoleum  to  the  memory  of 
her  husband  by  Artemisia,  the 
Princess  of  Caria,  frequently  al- 
luded to  by  Greek  and  Latin 
writers,  and  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world. 
It  gave  its  name  to  all  monu- 


MAU 


MAY 


312 


mental  structures  of  the  same 
kind.  Some  of  the  relics  of 
this  celebrated  monument  were 
brought  to  England  in  184fi,  and 
are  now  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  in  a room  devoted  to 
the  purpose. 

jggf*  “Till  Mr.  Newton’s  visit  to 
Halicarnassus  in  1856,  the  very  site  of 
this  seventh  wonder  of  the  world  was 
a matter  of  dispute.  We  now  know 
enough  to  be  able  to  restore  the  prin- 
cipal parts  with  absolute  certainty, 
and  to  ascertain  its  dimensions  and 
general  appearance  within  very  insig- 
nificant limits  of  error.  . . . The 
building  consisted  internally  of  two 
chambers,  superimposed  the  one  on 
the  other.  . . . Though  its  height  was 
unusually  great  for  a Greek  building, 
its  other  dimensions  were  small.  It 
covered  only  13,230  feet.  The  admira- 
tion, therefore,  which  the  Greeks  ex- 
pressed regarding  it  must  have  arisen, 
first,  from  the  unusual  nature  of  the 
design,  and  of  the  purpose  to  which  it 
was  applied,  or  perhaps  still  more 
from  the  extent  and  richness  of  its 
sculptured  decorations,  of  the  beauty 
of  which  we  are  now  enabled  to  judge, 
and  can  fully  share  with  them  in  ad- 
miring.” Fergusson. 

Mausolus  worke  will  be  the  Carians 
glorie.  Spenser . 

Her  power,  her  fame, 

Thus  pass  away,  a shade,  a name  ! 

Tim  Mausoleum  murmured  as  1 spoke; 

A spectre  seemed  to  rise,  like  towering 
smoke; 

It  answered  not,  but  pointed  as  it  fled 
To  the  black  carcass  of  the  sightless  dead. 

W.  2.  Bowles. 

Mausoleum  of  Augustus.  A 

magnificent  structure,  now  a 
ruin,  erected  on  the  hanks  of  the 
Tiber,  in  the  Campus  Martius, 
Borne.  This  huge  circular  monu- 
ment built  by  the  Emperor  Au- 
gustus, was  designed  to  contain 
his  own  ashes  and  those  of  the 
whole  imperial  family  and  de- 
pendents. The  first  member  of 
the  family  buried  here  was  Mar- 
cellus;  and  the  mausoleum  is 
alluded  to  by  Virgil  in  these 
famous  lines : — 

What  groans  of  men  shall  fill  the  Martian 
fiel  d ! 

How  fierce  a blaze  his  flaming  pile  shall 
yield ! 

YVhat  fun’ral  pomp  shall  floating  Tyber 
see, 

When,  rising  from  his  bed,  he  views  the 
sad  solemnity ! 


No  youth  shall  equal  hopes  of  glory  give, 
No  youth  afford  so  great  a cause  to  grieve, 
The  Trojan  honor  and  the  Roman  boast, 
Admir’d  when  living,  and  ador'd  when 
lost ! 

Mirror  of  ancient  faith  in  earlv  youth  ! 
Undaunted  worth,  inviolable  truth! 

Ah!  could’st  thou  break  through  Fate’s 
severe  decree, 

A newr  Marcellas  shall  arise  in  thee  ! 

JEneidty  VI.  {Dry den's  Translation). 

4®"  “ In  the  centre  of  that  massive 
mound,  the  great  founder  of  the  em- 
pire was  to  sleep  his  last  sleep;  while 
his  statue  was  ordained  to  rise  con- 
spicuous on  its  summit,  and  satiate  its 
everlasting  gaze  with  the  view  of  his 
beloved  city.”  Merivule. 

Mausoleum  of  Galla  Placidia.  A 
celebrated  sepulchral  monument 
in  Bavenna,  Italy,  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  Empress  Gallia 
Placidia,  daughter  of  Theodosius 
the  Great.  This  tomb  is  interest- 
ing on  account  of  its  architecture 
and  mosaics,  and  rich  decoration. 

Mausoleum  of  Hadrian.  See  St. 

Angelo. 

Maximilian.  A portrait  of  the 
emperor  by  Albert  Diirer  ( 1471— 
1528),  the  German  painter.  It  is 
in  the  gallery  of  the  Belvedere  in 
Vienna,  Austria.  A replica  of 
the  same  was  in  the  collection  of 
Lord  Northwick  at  Tliirlestain 
Hall,  England. 

Maximilian’s  Triumphal  Car.  A 

series  of  wood-cuts  by  Albert 
Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  celebrated 
German  painter  and  engraver. 
They  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Max- Joseph-Platz.  A large  pub- 
lic square  in  Munich,  Bavaria, 
one  of  the  finest  in  Europe. 

May  Pair.  A district  in  London 
so  called  from  the  fair  which  was 
formerly  held  there  in  the  month 
of  May. 

4®=  “ May  Fair  ! What  a name  for 
the  core  of  dissipated  and  exclusive  Lon- 
don ! A name  that  brings  with  it  only 
the  scent  of  crushed  flowers  in  a green 
field,  of  a pole  wreathed  with  roses, 
booths  crowded  with  dancing  peasant- 
girls,  and  nature  in  its  holyday  ! This 
— to  express  the  costly,  the  court-like, 
the  so  called  ‘heartless’  precinct  of 
fashion  and  art  in  their  most  authentic 
and  envied  perfection.  Metis  les  ex- 
tremes se  touchent ; and  perhaps  there 


MAY 


314 


MED 


is  more  nature  in  May  Fair  than  in 
Rose  Cottage  or  Honeysuckle  Lodge.” 
A.  P.  Willis. 

But  the  ordinary  residences  of  fashion- 
able life  — the  mansions  of  Belgravia.  Ty- 
burnia,  and  May fair  — ar e mere  shells  of 
brick  and  stucco,  which  present  such  a 
dreary  appearance  outside  that  one  is  sur- 
prised sometimes  to  find  them  palace^  of 
comfort  within.  C.  L.  Eastlake. 

She  puts  off  her  patched  petticoat  to- 
day, 

And  puts  on  May-fair  manners,  so  be- 
gins 

By  setting  us  to  wait.  Mrs.  Browning. 

Mayflower,  The.  A famous  ves- 
sel of  180  tons,  chartered  by  the 
“Pilgrim  Fathers,”  or  first  set- 
tlers of  Massachusetts,  and  in 
which  a portion  of  them  embarked 
in  the  summer  of  1020  for  the 
New  World.  The  Mayflower  set 
sail  from  Southampton,  England, 
in  company  with  the  Speedwell, 
on  the  5tli  of  August;  but,  the 
courage  of  the  captain  and  crew 
of  the  latter  failing,  both  vessels 
put  back  to  port.  Finally,  on  the 
0th  of  September,  the  Mayflower 
again  spread  her  sails,  and  with 
41  men  and  their  families  (101  in 
all)  crossed  the  Atlantic,  reach- 
ing anchorage  within  Cape  Cod 
after  a stormy  passage  of  03  days. 

Metliinks  I pee  it  now,  that  one,  soli- 
tary. adventurous  vessel,  the  Mayflower , 
of  a forlorn  hope,  freighted  with  the  pros- 
pects of  a future  state,  and  bound  across 
the  unknown  sea.  . . . Suns  rise  and  set, 
and  weeks  and  months  pass,  and  winter 
surprises  them  on  the  deep,  but  brings 
them  not  the  sight  of  the  wished  for  shore. 
...  I see  them,  escaped  from  these  perils, 
pursuing  their  all  but  desperate  undertak- 
ing, and  landed  at  last  after  a five  months’ 
passage  on  the  ice-clad  rocks  of  Plymouth, 
weak  and  weary  from  the  voyage,  poorly 
armed,  . . . without  shelter,  without 
means,  surrounded  by  hostile  tribes. 

Edward  Everett. 

Give  a thing  time, — if  it  can  succeed, 
it  is  it  right  thing.  Look  now  at  American 
Saxondom;  and  at,  that  little  Fact  of  the 
sailing  of  the  Mayflower , two  hundred 
years  ago,  from  Delft  Haven  in  Holland! 
Were  we  of  open  sense  as  the  Greeks  were, 
we  had  found  a Poem  here;  one  of  Na- 
ture’s own  Poems,  such  as  she  writes  in 
broad  facts  over  great  continents. 

Carlyle. 

Or  if  we  shrink,  better  remount  our  ships, 
And,  fleeing  God’s  express  design,  trace 
back 

The  hero-freighted  Mayflower's  prophet- 
track 

To  Europe,  entering  her  blood-red  eclipse. 

Lowell. 


Sad  Mayflower  ! watched  by  winter  stars, 
And  nursed  by  winter  gales. 

With  petals  of  the  sleeted  spars, 

And  leaves  of  frozen  sails ! Whittier. 

O Mother  State,  how  quenched  thy  Sinai 
fires ! 

Is  there  none  left  of  thy  stanch  Mayflower 
breed  ? Lowell. 

Mayor’s  Coach.  See  Lord  May- 
or’s Coach. 

Maypole,  The.  A famous  {tole  134 
feet  high,  which  formerly  stood 
in  the  Strand,  London,  was  taken 
down  in  the  time  of  Cromwell  as 
“ a last  remnant  of  vile  heathen- 
ism, an  idol  of  the  people,”  re- 
erected with  great  ceremony 
under  Charles  II.,  and  finally 
taken  down  in  1717  and  presented 
to  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

Amidst  that  area  wide  they  took  their 
stand, 

Where  the  tall  Maypole  once  o’erlooked 
the  Strand.  Pope. 

Mazarin  Library.  See  Biblio- 
theque  Mazarine. 

Mazas.  A prison  and  house  of  de- 
tention in  the  Boulevard  de' 
l’Hopital,  Paris.  Here  on  the 
night  of  Dec.  2,  1851,  Napoleon 
III.  imprisoned  for  two  days  18 
deputies,  including  MM.  Thiers, 
Baze,  Roger  Charras,  Greppo, 
Miot,  Lagrange,  and  Gens.  Chan- 
garnier,  Lamorieiere,  Cavaignac, 
etc.,  with  (30  chiefs  of  barricades. 

My  neighbor  said  to  a vulgar  creature 
who  was  dancing : “ Has  the  Saltpetrien* 
come  down  to  the  bal  du  Trone  to-da\  ? ” 
“ No ; but  Mazas  has  emptied  itself  to-day 
into  the  bal  du  Trone.”  A distinction  is 
made  between  them.  Taine,  Trans. 

Meadows,  The.  A large  public 
park  and  pleasure-ground  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Meal,  The.  See  Frugal  Meal. 

Medard,  St.  See  St.  Medard. 

Medea.  A picture  by  Ferdinand 
Victor  Eugene  Delacroix  (1799- 
1863),  the  celebrated  French  his- 
torical painter. 

1!®=’  “ Delacroix  is  a man  of  a very 
different  genius,  and  his  ‘Medea’  is  a 
genuine  creation  of  a noble  fancy.” 

Thackeray. 

Medicean  Venus.  See  Venus  de? 
Medici. 


MED 


315 


MEL 


Mediceo-Laurentian  Library.  A 
famous  library  in  Florence,  Italy, 
containing  many  rare  and  pre- 
cious manuscripts  and  early  cop- 
ies of  books. 

Medici  Chapel.  1.  A chapel  in  the 
church  of  Santa  Croce  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy.  It  contains  some 
fine  works  of  Luca  della  Robbia. 

2.  A chapel  built  as  a mauso- 
leum in  the  church  of  S.  Lorenzo, 
Florence.  It  contains  the  ceno- 
taphs of  the  Medici  family. 

Medici,  Lorenzo  de’.  See  Loren- 
zo de’  Medici. 

Medici  Madonna.  The  name  some- 
times given  to  a picture  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child  by  Roger  van 
der  Weyden  ( — d.  1464),  the  Flem- 
ish painter.  Now  in  the  Stadel 
Institute  in  Frankfort,  Germany. 

Medici,  Tombs  of.  See  San  Lo- 
renzo. 

Medici,  Villa.  See  Villa  Medici. 

Medicis.  See  Marie  de  Medicis. 

Medora.  An  admired  statue  bj^ 
Horatio  Greenougli  (1805-1852). 

46^  “Among  the  beautiful  ideal 
works  he  [Greeriough]  executed,  with- 
in the  few  succeeding  years,  was  Me- 
dora— illustrative  of  Byron’s  memor- 
able description  of  the  Corsair’s  bride 
after  death,  of  which  the  greatest 
praise  is  to  say  that  the  marble  em- 
bodies the  verse.”  Tuckerman. 

Medusa.  A celebrated  painting  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1519). 
In  the  Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence, 
Italy.  Grimm  says,  “Leonardo 
collected  a brood  of  venomous 
swelling  toads;  he  put  them  in 
his  house,  provoked  them  to  rage, 
and  observed  them  until  his  im- 
agination had  absorbed  enough 
for  his  painting.  When  com- 
pleted, he  brought  the  picture 
into  a darkened  room,  cut  a hole 
in  the  window-shutter,  so  that 
the  ray  of  light  exactly  fell  upon 
the  head  of  the  Medusa,  and 
beamed  upon  it  with  lustrous 
brightness.  With  this  the  curi- 
ous, who  were  mysteriously 
brought  in,  were  filled  with 
fright.” 


4Sf*  “ The  Medusa's  I/e  ad,  by  Leo. 
mrdo  da  Vinci,  is  a very  curious  work, 
elaborately  painted,  as  all  his  pictures 
were,  and  attracting  the  gaze  by  a 
strange  species  of  fascination.  . . . 
What  could  have  induced  a man  of 
such  various  and  wonderful  powers, 
with  an  organization  so  sensitive  to 
beauty  and  all  pleasurable  sensations, 
to  give  so  much  time  to  a picture 
which  we  are  afraid  to  look  at  steadily, 
lest  it  should  start  into  life  in  our  next 
troubled  dream.”  Hillard . 

Upon  its  lips  and  eyelids  seems  to  lie 
Loveliness  like  a shadow,  from  which 
shine 

Fiery  and  lurid,  struggling  underneath, 
The  agonies  of  anguish  and  of  death. 

Shelley. 

Medusa.  See  Rondinini  Medusa. 

Meduse,  La.  See  Shipwreck  of 
the  Medusa. 

Meg.  See  Long  Meg,  Mons  Meg., 
Roaring  Meg. 

Megaspelion.  A picturesque  and 
irregular  structure  of  large  size 
upon  a steep  and  narrow  ridge  at 
the  mouth  of  a large  cavern,  in 
which  much  of  the  building  is 
contained.  It  is  overhung  by  a 
precipice  several  hundred  feet  in 
height  rising  above  the  cavern. 
The  present  front  is  modern,  but 
the  convent  is  traditionally  one 
of  the  oldest  monastic  founda- 
tions in  Greece.  [Correctly  Me- 
gaspelceon  Gr.  ^/leyaairr^kaiov .] 

Meier  Madonna.  See  Madonna 
of  the  Burgomaster  Meyer. 

Melancholy.  One  of  two  cele- 
brated statues  by  Cains  Gabriel 
Cibber  (d.  1700?),  which  formerly 
adorned  the  principal  gate  of  old 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London, 
and  are  now  in  the  entrance  hall 
of  the  new  Bethlem  Hospital. 
The  companion  figure  is  called 
Madness.  See  Madness. 

4®=  “Cibber,  whose  pathetic  em- 
blems of  Fury  and  Melancholy  still 
adorn  Bedlam,  was  a Dane.” 

Macaulay. 

Where  o’er  the  gates  by  his  famed  father’s 
hand, 

Great  Cibber’s  brazen  brainless  brothers 
stand.  Pope. 

Bedlam,  and  those  carved  maniacs  at  the 
gates, 

Perpetually  recumbent.  Wordsworth 


MEL 


816 


MEL 


Melancholy.  See  Melencolia. 

Meleager,  A celebrated  Greek 
statue  of  Meleager  with  boar’s 
head  and  dog,  now  in  the  Vati- 
can, Koine.  It  was  found  near 
the  Porta  Portese  in  a nearly  per- 
fect state,  the  left  hand,  which  is 
supposed  to  have  held  a spear, 
being  alone  wanting. 

MOT  “ This  is  simply  a body,  but 
one  of  the  finest  I ever  saw.  The 
head,  almost  square,  modelled  in  solid 
sections,  like  that  of  Napoleon,  has 
only  a mediocre  brow,  and  the  expres- 
sion seems  to  be  that  of  an  obstinate 
man.  The  beauty  of  the  figure  con- 
sists in  a powerful  neck  and  a torso 
admirably  continued  by  the  thigh.  He 
is  a hunter  and  nothing  more.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Melencolia.  A celebrated  print 
by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the 
German  painter  and  engraver. 

“ In  the  seated  figure  of  this 
grand  winged  woman,  absorbed  in 
thought,  he  has  expressed,  in  a highly 
original  and  intellectual  manner,  the 
insufficiency  of  the  human  reason, 
either  to  explore  the  secrets  of  life, 
fortune,  and  science,  or  to  unravel 
those  of  the  past.  Symbolical  allu- 
sions of  various  kinds  lie  around,  in 
the  shape  of  the  sphere,  the  book,  the 
crystal  polygon,  the  crucible,  the  bell, 
the  hour-glass,  etc.,  with  many  imple- 
ments of  human  activity,  such  as  the 
plane,  the  hammer,  and  the  rule.  The 
intention  of  the  plate  is  greatly  en- 
hanced by  the  grandly  melancholy 
character  of  the  landscape  back- 
ground.” 

Kngler's  Handbook  of  Painting. 

Mellifont.  A beautiful  ruined 
monastery  on  tlie  river  Mattock, 
near  the  banks  of  the  Boyne,  on 
the  borders  of  Meath  County, 
Ireland,  regarded  as  one  of  the 
finest  architectural  remains  in 
the  island. 

Melon-Eaters,  The.  A picture 
by  Bartolome  Esteban  Murillo 
(H)18-l()82).  In  the  Pinakotliek, 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Melrose  Abbey.  A beautiful  and 
far-famed  ruined  monastery  in 
the  little  town  of  the  same  name 
in  Scotland.  The  existing  ruin  is 
the  relic  of  the  third  building 
which  has  occupied  the  site. 


There  is  probably  no  part  of  the 
present  structure  older  than  the 
year  1400.  It  is  greatly  admired 
for  its  picturesque  beauty,  and 
the  fine  tracery  of  its  windows. 
This  venerablebuilding  is  similar, 
in  the  stone  of  which  it  is  built, 
and  in  the  style  of  its  archi- 
tecture and  ornament,  to  Stras- 
burg  Cathedral.  It  has  been 
twice  rebuilt,  once  by  Robert 
Bruce.  In  the  chancel  is  an 
exquisitely  beautiful  window, 
which  Sir  Walter  Scott  thus  de- 
scribes, — 

“ The  moon  on  the  east  oriel  shore 

Through  slender  shafts  of  shapely  stone, 

By  foliaged  tracery  combined; 

1 hou  wouldst  have  thought  some  fairy’s 
hand 

’ 1'wixt  poplars  straight  the  osier  wand 

In  many  a treakish  knot  had  twined; 

Then  framed  a spell  when  the  work  was 
done. 

And  changed  the  willow  wreaths  to 
swne.” 

The  scene  of  Scott’s  novel  of 
“ The  Monastery  ” is  laid  at  Mel- 
rose Abbey,  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. 

4®=*  “ The  most  beautiful  not  only  of 
the  Scottish  Second  Pointed  churches, 
but  of  all  the  northern  fanes  of  what- 
ever age.  The  splendor  of  middle-age 
romance  which  Scott  has  thrown 
around  the  place  has  almost  obliterated 
its  oider  and  holier  renown,  when  it 
was  described  by  Bede  as  the  home  of 
tlie  meek  Eata,  the  prophetic  Boisil,  the 
austere  Cuthbert  ; when  ...  it  was 
the  lamp  of  that  Anglo-Saxon  Lothian, 
which,  deriving  its  own  faith  from 
Iona,  sped  the  glad  gift  to  many  an 
English  province,  and  even  sent  a mis- 
sionary across  the  seas  to  become  the 
apostle  of  the  Austrasian  tribes  on  the 
Meuse,  the  Waal,  and  the  Rhine.” 

Quarterly  Review. 

4Gir  “ Melrose  is  the  finest  remaining 
specimen  of  Gothic  architecture  in 
Scotland.  . . . The  heart  of  Bruce  is 
supposed  to  have  been  buried  beneath 
the  high  altar.  The  chancel  is  all  open 
to  the  sky,  and  rooks  build  their  nests 
among  the  wild  ivy  that  climbs  over 
the  crumbling  arches.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

4@=-  “ Here  is  this  Melrose,  now, 
which  has  been  berhymed,  bedraggled 
through  infinite  guide-books,  and  been 
gaped  at  and  smoked  at  by  dandies,  and 
been  called  a ‘ dear  love  ’ by  pretty 
young  ladies,  and  been  hawked  about 
as  a trade  article  in  all  neighboring 


MEM 


317 


MEM 


shops,  and  you  know  perfectly  well 
that  all  your  raptures  are  spoken  for 
and  expected  at  the  door,  and  your 
going  off  in  ecstacy  is  a regular  part  of 
the  programme:  and  yet,  after  all,  the 
sad,  wild,  sweet  beauty  of  the  thing 
comes  down  on  one  like  a cloud;  even 
for  the  sake  of  being  original  you  could 
not  in  conscience  declare  you  did  not 
admire  it.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Oh,  the  monks  of  Melrose , they  made  good 
ka  1 

On  Fridays  when  they  fasted  ; 

They  never  wanted  beef  or  ale 
As  long  as  their  neighbors1  lasted. 

Ballad. 

If  thou  wouldst  view  fair  Melrose  aright, 
Go  visit  it  bv  the  pah*  moonlight; 

For  the  gay  beams  of  lightsome  day 
Gild  but  to  flout  the  ruins  gray; 

When  toe  broken  arches  are  black  in  night, 
And  each  shafted  oriel  glimmers  white; 
When  the  cold  light’s  uncertain  shower 
Streams  on  the  ruin’s  central  tower, 

Then  go,  — but  go  alone  the  while,— 

Then  view  St.  David's  ruined  pile; 

And,  home  returning,  soothly  swear, 

Was  never  scene  so  sad  and  fair.  Scott. 
So  perished  Albion’s  “ glammarye,” 

With  him  in  Melrose  Abbey  sleeping. 

His  charmed  torch  beside  his  knee, 

That  even  the  dead  himsell  might  see 
The  magic  scroll  within  his  keeping. 

Whittier. 

Member  of  the  Humane  Society. 

See  Distinguished  Member  of 
the  Humane  Society. 

Memnon.  This  celebrated  vocal 
statue  at  Thebes,  in  Egypt,  is  of 
great  antiquity,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  uttered  at  sunrise  a sound 
like  a metallic  ring  or  the  break- 
ing of  a harp-string.  It  was 
greatly  shattered,  probably  by 
Cambyses  or  by  the  earthquake 
of  27  B C.,  but  has  been  repaired. 
This  and  the  companion  colossus 
(called  “ The  Pair”)  are  about  60 
feet  in  height,  sitting  with  their 
hands  on  their  knees,  apparently 
looking  across  the  river.  They 
are  inexpressibly  grand  and  im- 
pressive. 

4®=*  “ No  record  exists  of  the  sound 
which  made  the  statue  so  famous  hav- 
ing been  heard  while  it  was  entire. 
Strabo,  who  visited  it  with  HClius  Gal- 
lus,  the  governor  of  Egypt,  speaks  of 
the  ‘ upper  part’  having  been  ‘ broken 
and  hurled  down,’ as  he  was  told,  ‘by 
the  shock  of  an  earthquake,’  and  says 
that  he  heard  the  sound,  but  could  ‘ not 
affirm  whether  it  proceeded  from  the 
pedestal  or  from  the  statue  itself,  or 


even  from  some  of  those  who  stood 
near  its  base;’  and  it  appears,  from 
his  not  mentioning  the  name  of  Mem- 
non, that  it  was  not  yet  supposed  to  be 
the  statue  of  that  doubtful  personage. 
But  it  was  not  long  before  the  Roman 
visitors  ascribed  it  to  the  ‘ Son  of  Ti- 
thonus,’  and  a multitude  of  inscrip- 
tions, the  earliest  in  the  reign  of  Nero, 
and  the  most  recent  in  the  reign  of 
SeptimiusSeverus,  testify  to  his  miracu- 
lous powers,  and  the  credulity  of  the 
writers.  Pliny  calls  it  the  statue  of 
Memnon;  and  Juvenal  thus  refers  to 
it . — 

‘Dimidio  magicae  resonant  ubi  Memnone 
chordae.’ 

Various  opinions  exist  among  modern 
critics  as  to  whether  the  sound  this 
statue  was  said  to  emit,  and  which  is 
described  as  resembling  either  the 
breaking  of  a harp-string  or  the  ring  of 
metal,  was  the  result  of  a natural  phe- 
nomenon or  of  priestly  craft.  Some 
say  that  the  action  of  the  rising  sun  upon 
the  cracks  in  the  stone  moist  with  dew 
caused  the  peculiar  sound  produced ; 
while  others  declare  that  it  was  a trick 
of  the  priests,  one  of  whom  hid  himself 
in  the  statue,  and  struck  a metallic- 
sounding  stone  there  concealed.  The 
chief  arguments  in  favor  of  this  last 
view  are,  that  such  a stone  still  exists 
in  the  lap  of  the  statue,  with  a recess 
cut  in  the  block  immediately  behind  it, 
capable  of  holding  a person  completely 
screened  from  view  below;  and,  above 
all,  the  suspicious  circumstance  that 
the  sound  was  heard  twice  or  thrice  by 
important  personages,  like  the  Emper- 
or Hadrian,  — ‘ Xaipujv  kcu  tpltou  a\ov 
iri,’  rejoicing  (at  the  presence  of  the 
emperor),  it  ‘uttered  a sound  a third 
time,’  — while  ordinary  people  only 
heard  it  once,  and  that  sometimes  not 
until  after  two  or  three  visits.” 

Murray’s  Handbook  for  Egypt. 

45^=*  “And  next  appeared  — and  my 
heart  stood  still  at  the  sight  — the  Pair. 
There  they  sat,  together  yet  apart,  in 
the  midst  of  the  plain,  serene  and  vigi- 
lant, still  keeping  their  untired  watch 
over  the  lapse  of  ages  and  the  eclipse 
of  Egypt.  I can  never  believe  that 
any  thing  else  so  majestic  as  this  Pair 
lias  been  conceived  of  by  the  imagina- 
tion of  Art.  Nothing  even  in  nature 
certainly  ever  affected  me  so  unspeaka- 
bly; no  thunder-storm  in  my  child- 
hood, nor  any  aspect  of  Niagara,  or  the 
Great  Lakes  of  America,  or  the  Alps, 
or  the  Desert,  in  my  later  years.” 

Miss  Martineau. 

46g=*  “ The  impression  of  sublime 
tranquillity  which  they  convey  when 
seen  from  distant  points  is  confirmed  by 


MEM 


318 


MER 


a near  approach.  There  they  sit,  keep- 
ing watch,  — hands  on  knees,  gazing 
straight  forward,  seeming,  though  so 
much  of  the  faces  is  gone,  to  be  looking 
over  to  the  monumental  piles  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river,  which  became 
gorgeous  temples  after  these  throne 
seats  were  placed  here  — the  most  im- 
movable thrones  that  have  ever  been 
established  on  this  earth.” 

Miss  Martineau. 
Then  -ay,  what  secret  melody  was  hidden 
In  Memnon’s  statue , which  at  sunrise 
played  ? 

Perhaps  thou  wert  a priest:  if  so,  my 
struggles 

Are  vain,  for  priestcraft  never  owns  its 
juggles!  Horace  Smith. 

I thank  no  one  for  enlightening  my  cre- 
dulity on  points  of  poetical  belief.  It  is 
like  robbing  the  statue  of  Memnon  of  its 
mysterious  music.  Washington  Irving. 

But  what  is  the  song  they  sing?  Is  it  a 
tone  of  the  Memnon  Statue,  breathing  mu- 
sic as  the  light  first  touches  it?  a “liquid 
wisdom,”  disclosing  to  our  sense  the  deep, 
infinite  harmonies  of  Nature  and  man’s 
soul  ? Carlyle 

Of  a more  glorious  sunrise  than  of  old 
Drew  wondrous  melodies  from  Memnon 
huge. 

Yea,  draws  them  still,  though  now  he  sits 
waist-deep 

In  the  ingulfing  flood  of  whirling  sand. 

Lowell. 

Twas  close  bes’de  him  there. 

Sunrise  whose  Memnon  is  the  soul  of  man. 

Lowell. 

And  morning-smitten  Memnon , singing, 
wakes ; 

And,  listening  by  his  Nile, 

O’er  Ammon's  grave  and  awful  visage 
breaks 

A sweet  and  human  smile.  Whittier. 

Memnonium.  See  Ramaseum. 

Memorial  Hall.  An  imposing  col- 
legiate building,  connected  with 
Harvard  University,  in  Cam- 
bridge,  Mass.  It  contains  a din- 
ing-hall, a theatre,  and  a monu- 
mental hall  in  memory  of  the 
graduates  who  fell  in  the  war  of 
the  Rebellion.  The  dining-hall, 
which  is  one  of  the  largest  uni- 
versity halls  in  the  world,  will 
seat  1,000  persons,  and  is  adorned 
with  portraits  and  busts  of  emi- 
nent men  and  benefactors  of  the 
college.  The  building  is  of  brick 
and  stone,  over  300  feet  in  length, 
with  a lofty  tower.  It  was  dedi- 
cated in  1874. 

Menage  du  Menuisier.  [The  Join- 
er’s House.]  A famous  picture 


by  Rembrandt  van  Ryn  (1607- 
1669),  exhibiting  a rustic  interior; 
the  Virgin,  seated  with  the  vol- 
ume of  the  Scriptures  open  on 
her  knees,  contemplates  the  In- 
fant asleep;  in  the  background 
Joseph  is  seen  at  his  work,  while 
angels  hover  above  keeping  watch 
over  the  Holy  Family.  Exqui- 
site for  the  homely  natural  senti- 
ment and  the  depth  of  the  color 
and  chiaroscuro.  Now  in  the 
gallery  at  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Menai  Bridge.  A famous  suspen- 
sion bridge  across  Menai  Strait, 
which  separates  the  island  of 
Anglesea  from  Wales.  It  was 
erected  at  a cost  of  over  £200,000. 

Menelaus,  The.  A British  frigate 
which  blockaded  the  Chesapeake 
in  1814,  and  landed  an  attacking 
force. 

Menhir  of  Lochmariaker.  A large 
Druidic  or  ante-Druidic  monu- 
ment of  unknown  antiquity,  in  the 
Department  of  Morbihan,  France. 
Its  origin  and  purpose  are  in- 
volved in  complete  obscurity. 

Menhir  of  Plonarzel.  A lofty 
Celtic  monument  of  unknown 
antiquity  about  ten  miles  from 
Brest,  France.  It  stands  on  an 
elevation  in  the  midst  of  a wild 
region,  and  is  regarded  with  su- 
perstitious awe  by  the  peasantry. 

Menihas,  Las.  See  Maids  of 
Honor. 

Menuisier.  See  Menage  du  Me- 
nuisier. 

Mephistopheles  appearing  to 
Faust.  A picture  by  Ferdinand 
Victor  Eugene  Delacroix  (1799- 
1863),  the  celebrated  French 
historical  painter. 

Mer  de  Glace.  [Ger.  Eismeer,  The 
Sea  of  Ice.]  A general  name  for 
a glacier,  but  more  particularly 
applied  to  an  immense  sea  of  ice, 
which  fills  the  highest  gorges  of 
the  chain  of  Mont  Blanc,  and 
extends  over  a distance  of  12 
miles  into  the  valley  of  Chamou- 
ni.  From  the  lower  part  of  this 
glacier  springs  the  river  Arvei- 
ron.  De  Saussure  says  that  its 


MER 


319 


MER 


surface  resembles  that  of  “ a sea 
which  has  become  suddenly 
frozen,  not  in  the  moment  of  a 
tempest,  but  at  the  instant  when 
the  wind  has  calmed,  and  the 
waves,  although  very  high,  have 
become  blunted  and  rounded.” 
There  are  other  seas  of  ice  among 
the  Alps,  but  this  is  the  Mer  de 
Glace  pur  eminence. 

Merceria.  A street  of  busy  traffic 
in  Venice,  Italy,  leading  out  of 
the  Piazza  of  S.  Mark. 

4SF*  “ Hence  I passed  thro’  the 
Merceria,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
delicious  streets  in  the  world  for  the 
sweetnesse  of  it,  and  is  all  the  way  on 
both  sides  tapistred  as  it  were  with 
cloth  of  gold,  rich  damasks  and  other 
silks,  which  the  shops  expose  and 
hang  before  their  houses  from  the  first 
floorc,  and  with  that  varietie  that  for 
neere  halfe  the  yeare  spente  chiefly  in 
this  Citty,  I hardly  remember  to  have 
seen  the  same  piece  twice  exposed ; 
to  this  add  the  perfumes,  the  apothe- 
caries’ shops,  and  innumerable  cages 
of  nightingales  which  they  keepe  that 
cntertaine  you  with  their  melodic,  so 
that  shutting  your  eyes  you  would  im- 
agine yourselfe  in  the  countrie,  when 
indeed  you  are  in  the  middle  of  the 
Sea.  This  street  paved  with  brick  and 
exceedingly  cleane  brought  us  thro’  an 
arch  into  the  famous  piazza  of  St. 
Mark.”  John  Evelyn , 1645. 

Mercers’  Hall.  A building  situ- 
ated in  Cheapside,  London,  be- 
longing to  the  Company  of  Mer- 
cers, the  oldest  of  the  great  City 
guilds  or  companies. 

Merchant  Taylors’  Hall.  In 
Threadneedle  Street,  London, 
built  after  the  Great  Fire.  It  is 
the  largest  of  the  companies’ 
halls.  The  Merchant  Taylors’ 
Company,  the  great  Tory  com- 
pany, was  incorporated  in  1466, 
and  has  counted  among  its  mem- 
bers several  kings  of  England, 
and  many  of  the  nobility. 

Merchants’  Tables.  A celebrated 
dolmen  or  burial  grotto  at  Loch- 
mariaker,  in  the  little  island  of 
Gavrinnis,  France.  Upon  the 
stones  the  form  of  a hatchet  or 
mason’s  trowel  can  still  be  dis- 
tinctly traced.  This  was  a very 
common  symbol  in  ancient  times, 
intended  to  indicate  that  the 


monument  was  still  under  the 
trowel,  that  is,  devoted  to  the 
purposes  of  a tomb;  this  device, 
it  is  supposed,  being  had  recourse 
to  in  order  to  protect  the  empty 
tombs  from  mutilation. 

Mercury.  A well-known  and  ad- 
mired statue  by  Giovanni  da  Bo- 
logna, called  II  Fiammingo  (1524- 
1608).  In  the  Bargello,  Florence, 
Italy. 

“ Who  does  not  know  the  Mer- 
cury of  Gian  Bologna,  that  airy  youth 
with  winged  feet  and  cap,  who,  with 
the  caduceus  in  his  hand,  and  borne 
aloft  upon  a head  of  AColus,  seems 
bound  upon  some  Jove-commissioned 
errand?  Who  has  not  admired  its 
lightness  and  truth  of  momentary  ac- 
tion, . . . since,  Mercury-like,  it  has 
winged  its  way  to  the  museums  and 

v houses  of  every  quarter  of  the  globe?  ” 
Perkins's  Tuscan  Sculptors. 

“The  unrivalled  Mercury  of 
John  of  Bologna  — aerial,  spirited,  de- 
signing, full  of  art  and  purpose  — quick 
in  intellect,  invention,  and  rare  device 
— it  is  Hermes  himself,  the  winged 
messenger  of  the  gods.  Ilis  foot  rests 
on  the  head  of  a Zephyr  — a beautiful, 
poetic  thought.  . . . This  exquisite 
statue  is  excelled  only  by  a few  master- 
pieces of  ancient  art.”  Eaton. 

“ The  first  object  that  attracted 
us  w7as  John  of  Bologna’s  Mercury , 
poising  himself  on  tiptoe,  and  looking 
not  merely  buoyant  enough  to  float, 
but  as  if  he  x>°ssessed  more  than  the 
eagle’s  power  of  lofty  flight.  . . . No 
bolder  work  was  ever  achieved ; nothing 
so  full  of  life  has  been  done  since.” 

Hawthorne. 

Mercury.  A beautiful  work  of 
ancient  sculpture.  Now  in  Lans- 
downe  House,  London. 

Mercury.  See  Antinous,  The. 

Mercury  and  Argus.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Mallord  William  Tur- 
ner (1775-1851),  the  eminent  Eng- 
lish painter. 

Mercury  teaching  Cupid.  A 
noted  picture  by  Antonio  Allegri, 
called  Correggio  (1493-1534).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Mercy.  See  Seven  Works  of 
Mercy. 

Mercy’s  Dream.  A picture  by 
Daniel  Huntington  (b.  1816).  In 
the  Corcoran  Gallery,  Washing- 
ton. 


MER 


320 


HER 


Merlin’s  Hill.  A noted  eminence 
near  Caermarthen,  Wales.  Upon 
it  is  a natural  seat  called  Merlin’s 
Chair,  where  the  famous  prophet 
is  reputed  to  have  sat  when  he 
uttered  his  prophecies. 

Mermaid,  The.  (Tavern  and  Club.) 
A celebrated  tavern  formerly  sit- 
uated in  Bread  Street,  London, 
the  favorite  resort  of  actors  and 
literary  men  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth. The  famous  Mermaid  Club, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  including  as 
members  Jonson,  Beaumont, 
Fletcher,  Selden,  Carew,  Donne, 
and  probably  Shakespeare,  met 
here  for  social  and  convivial  en- 
joyment. Fuller  makes  this  tav- 
ern the  scene  of  the  wit  combats 
between  Shakespeare  and  Jonson ; 
although  there  is  no  positive  evi- 
dence that  Shakespeare  was  one 
of  the  club,  or  that  he  frequented 
the  Mermaid , our  confidence  that 
this  was  the  case  resting,  as  has 
been  said,  “upon  the  moral  im- 
possibility that  he  should  have 
been  absent.”  Knight  remarks, 
that  the  circumstance  that  Fuller 
was  only  eight  years  old  when 
Shakespeare  died  appears  to  have 
been' forgotten  by  some  who  have 
written  of  these  matters.  Mr. 
Burn,  in  reference  to  the  situa- 
tion of  the  Mermaid  Tavern  (de- 
stroyed in  the  Great  Fire),  where 
the  meetings  of  this  famous  club 
were  held,  says,  “The  Mermaid 
in  Bread  Street,  the  Mermaid  in 
Friday  Street,  and  the  Mermaid 
in  Cheap,  were  all  one  and  the 
same.  The  tavern,  situated  be- 
lli mb  had  a way  to  it  from  these 
thoroughfares,  but  was  nearer  to 
Bread  Street  than  Friday  Street.” 
Ben  Jonson  also  writes,  — 

At  Bread-street' s Mermaid  having  dined 
and  merry, 

Proposed  to  go  to  Holborn  in  a wherry. 

The  origin  of  the  Mermaid  Club 
is  traditionally  ascribed  to  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh.  Gifford  says: 
“Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  previously 
to  his  unfortunate  engagement 
with  the  wretched  Cobliam  and 
others,  had  instituted  a meeting 
of  beaux  esprits  at  the  Mermaid,  a 


celebrated  tavern  in  Friday 
Street.  Of  this  club,  which  com- 
bined more  talent  and  genius 
than  ever  met  together  before  or 
since,  our  author  [Jonson]  was  a 
member;  and  here  for  many  years 
he  regularly  repaired,  with  Shake- 
speare, Beaumont,  Fletcher,  Sel- 
den, Cotton,  Carew,  Martin, 
Donne,  and  many  others,  whose 
names,  even  at  this  distant  pe- 
riod, call  up  a mingled  feeling  of 
reverence  and  respect.”  But 
whether  Raleigh  really  founded 
the  club  must  be  considered  a 
matter  of  doubt. 

What  things  have  we  seen 
Done  at  the  Mermaid  ! heard  words  that 
have  been 

So  nimble,  and  so  full  of  subtle  flame. 

As  if  that  every  one  from  whom  they 
came 

Had  meant  to  put  his  whole  wit  in  a jest, 
And  had  resolved  to  live  a fool  the  rest 
Of  his  dull  life. 

Beaumont , Letter  to  Ben  Jonson. 

Souls  of  poets  dead  and  gone. 

What  Elysium  have  ye  known, 

Happy  field  or  mossy  cavern. 

Choicer  than  the  Mermaid  Tavern ? 
Have  ye  tippled  drink  more  fine 
Than  mine  lio*t\s  canary  wine? 

Or  are  fruits  of  Paradise 
Sweeter  than  those  dainty  pies 
Of  venison? 

Keats , Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 

The  poet  only  is  not  bound,  when  it  is 
inconvenient,  to  what  may  be  called  the 
accidents  of  facts.  It  was  enough  for 
Shakespeare  to  know  that  Prince  Hal  in 
his  youth  had  lived  among  loose  compan- 
ions, and  the  tavern  in  Eastcheap  came  in 
to  fill  out  his  picture;  although  Mrs. 
Quickly  and  Falstaff  and  Poms  and  Bar- 
dolph  were  more  likely  to  have  been  fallen 
in  with  by  Shakespeare  himself  at  the  Mer- 
maid than  to  have  been  comrades  of  the 
true  Prince  Henry.  Froude. 

There  were  other  Mermaid 
Taverns,  one  in  Cheapside  and  another 
in  Cornhill. 

Merode  Castle.  An  ancient,  now 
ruined,  stronghold  in  Rhenish 
Prussia,  once  the  residence  of  a 
family  one  of  whose  members  is 
said  to  have  been  conspicuous  in 
the  Thirty  Years’  War  as  a free- 
booter, and  interesting  from  the 
fact  that  this  circumstance,  to- 
gether with  the  name  of  the  castle, 
has,  according  to  some  authori- 
ties, given  to  our  language  the 
term  marauder.  There  are,  how- 
ever, other  etymologies  of  the 
word. 


MER 


321 


MET 


Merri,  St.  See  St.  Merri. 

Merrimack,  The.  A noted  vessel 
of  the  Confederate  navy  during 
the  Civil  War.  When  the  rebels 
seized  the  United  States  navy- 
yard  at  Norfolk,  they  had  sunk 
this  vessel,  which  was  formerly  a 
fine  ship  of  war,  in  the  harbor; 
but  on  reflection  they  concluded 
to  raise  her.  After  so  doing,  they 
covered  the  deck  with  a shelving 
iron  roof,  plated  the  sides  with 
iron  to  below  the  water-level,  and 
fitted  up  on  her  bow  a pointed 
“beak”  of  oak  and  iron,  thus 
converting  the  vessel  into  a most 
formidable  ram.  Thus  armed, 
on  the  8tli  of  March,  1862,  she 
bore  down  upon  the  Cumberland 
and  the  Congress , lying  in  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  and  destroyed  them 
both.  The  following  day  she  en- 
countered the  iron-clad  Monitor , 
just  built  in  New  York  by  John 
Ericsson,  and  was  compelled  to 
retire,  leaving  the  victory  to  the 
latter. 

4QP  “ Before  sunrise  the  dreaded 
Merriraac  was  seen  coming  down  from 
Norfolk  with  attendants  to  renew  her 
savage  work  on  the  Minnesota.  As  she 
approached,  the  latter  opened  her  stern 
guns  on  the  assailant,  when  the  Moni- 
tor , to  the  astonishment  of  friend  and 
foe,  ran  out  and  placed  herself  along- 
side the  giant  warrior,  — a little  David 
defying  a lofty  Goliath.  The  faith  of 
her  commander  in  her  strength  and  in- 
vulnerability was  amply  justified.  The 
turret  of  the  Monitor  began  to  move, 
and  from  her  guns  were  hurled  pon- 
derous shots  in  quick  succession.  The 
Merrimac  responded  with  two-hundred- 
pound  shots,  moving  at  the  rate  of  two 
thousand  feet  in  a second.  These,  with 
solid  round  shots  and  conical  bolts, 
glanced  from  the  deck  and  citadel  of 
the  Monitor  like  pebbles,  scarcely  leav- 
ing a mark  behind.  Neither  of  these 
mailed  gladiators  was  much  bruised  in 
this  terrible  encounter.  . . . The  Mer- 
rimac now  [later]  was  more  injured 
than  her  antagonist,  and  after  a short 
and  sharp  combat  they  both  withdrew. 
The  commander  of  the  former  was  so 
impressed  with  profound  respect  for 
the  Monitor  that  he  did  not  again  in- 
vite his  little  antagonist  to  combat.” 

Lossing. 

A frown  came  over  Morris’s  face ; 

The  strange,  dark  craft  lie  knew: 

“ That  is  the  iron  Merrimac , 

Manned  by  a rebel  crew.” 

C.  II.  Boher. 


Merry  Maidens.  A Druidieal  cir- 
cle, so  called,  near  Penzance, 
Cornwall,  England. 

Merry  Mount.  A district  which 
in  the  early  colonial  days  of  New 
England  bore  this  name  was  sit- 
uated in  the  neighborhood  of 
what  is  now  the  town  of  Quincy, 
Mass.  It  was  occupied  by  a party 
of  Churcli-of-England  men,  who 
paid  little  respect  to  the  rigid  and 
austere  habits  of  the  Puritans, 
whom  they  greatly  offended  by 
the  laxity  of  their  manners.  An 
attack  was  made  upon  this  settle- 
ment by  the  forces  of  the  Ply- 
mouth colony  in  1630.  John 
Lothrop  Motley,  the  American 
historian,  produced  in  1849  a ro- 
mance entitled  “ Merry  Mount.” 

Merton  College.  A noted  college 
in  Oxford,  England;  founded 
about  1264,  one  of  the  19  colleges 
included  in  the  university.  Its 
chapel  is  much  admired,  and  its 
library  is  the  oldest  in  Great 
Britain. 

My  new  friends  showed  me  their  clois- 
ters,' the -Bodleian  Librarv.  the  Randolph 
Gallery,  Merton  Hall , and  the  rest. 

Emerson. 

Mesjid  Shah.  The  great  mosque 
at  Ispahan,  Persia.  It  is  a rect- 
angular building  surmounted  by 
a dome,  the  external  height  of 
which  is  165  feet. 

4^  “ On  three  sides  the  mosque  is 
surrounded  by  court-yards,  richly  or- 
namented and  containing  fountains  and 
basins  of  water  for  the  ablutions  of  the 
faithful.  The  principal  court,  sur- 
rounded as  it  is  on  all  sides  by  facades 
in  the  richest  style  of  Persian  poly- 
chromatic decoration,  in  the  brilliancy 
of  its  architectural  effect,  is  almost  un- 
rivalled by  any  other  example  of  its 
class.”  Fergusson. 

Meta  Sudans.  A famous  fountain, 
now  a ruin,  near  the  Coliseum,  in 
Rome.  It  was  built  in  a conical 
form,  of  brick,  was  placed  in  the 
centre  of  a basin,  also  of  brick, 
75  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  used  by  the 
gladiators  after  their  contests  in 
the  amphitheatre.  In  one  of  Sen- 
eca’s epistles  he  speaks  of  the 
noise  made  by  a showman  blow- 
ing his  trumpet  in  the  vicinity  of 
this  fountain. 


MET 


322 


MIL 


Metella,  Tomb  of  Cecilia.  See 
Tomb  of  Cecilia  Metella. 

Meteora,  Monasteries  of.  A group 
of  monastic  establishments  in 
Greece,  formerly  24  in  number, 
but  of  which  only  ten  now  re- 
main. They  derive  their  name 
from  their  situation  “ high  up  in 

the  air  ” (Td  Merecopa,  SC.  Mo vacrTr/pea, 

i.e.,  the  Meteor-Monasteries), 
being  placed  upon  the  summit  of 
a cluster  of  detached  rocks  di- 
vided by  deep  chasms.  The 
mode  of  communication  between 
this  abode 

“ Of  tlie  monastic  brotherhood  upon  rock 
Aerial  ” — 

and  the  earth  300  feet  below  is  by 
a suspended  rope.  The  person 
wishing  to  visit  the  monastery 
takes  his  seat  in  a net  fastened 
to  the  end  of  a rope  lowered  from 
the  rock,  and,  after  an  ascent 
lasting  about  four  minutes  and 
a half,  reaches  the  landing-place 
of  the  monastery.  The  ascent 
can  also  lie  made  by  suspended 
ladders. 

J0®8*  “ They  [the  monks]  cast  their 
net  into  the  world  below;  sometimes 
these  monastic  fishermen  draw  tip  an 
inquisitive  traveller,  sometimes  a 
brother  Coenobite  from  Mount  Athos, 
sometimes  a Neophyte,  yearning  for 
ascetic  solitude  : once  they  received  in 
this  manner  an  Emperor,  who  came 
here,  as  is  said,  to  exchange  the  purple 
of  Constantine  for  the  cowl  of  St.  Ba- 
sil.” C.  Wordsworth. 

Metropolitan  Museum.  A build- 
ing near  Union  Square,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  containing  a 
picture-gallery,  and  gallery  of 
statuary,  and  valuable  collec- 
tions of  manuscripts,  Egyptian 
and  Greek  antiquities,  etc. 

Michael  Angelo.  A portrait  of 
himself  by  the  painter  (1474-1564). 
In  the  collection  of  autograph 
portraits  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Michael  Angelo’s  House.  In  the 
Via  Ghibellina,  Florence,  Italy. 
It  remains  in  the  possession  of 
the  sculptor’s  family,  and  is  ex- 
hibited to  visitors. 

Michael,  St.  See  St.  Michael, 


St.  Michael’s  Chair,  St.  Mi- 
chael’s Mount,  etc. 

Michele,  San.  See  San  Michele 
and  Or  San  Michele. 

Michigan  Avenue.  A well-known 
street  in  Chicago,  111. 

Middle  Temple.  One  of  the  Inns 
of  Court  in  London.  The  poet 
Chaucer  was  a student  here ; and 
here  lived  Blackstone,  the  lawyer, 
and  also  Oliver  Goldsmith,  who 
died  here  in  1774.  See  Inns  of 
Court,  Inner  Temple,  Lin- 
coln’s Inn,  Gray’s  Inn. 

1636,  13  Feb.  I was  admitted  into  the 
Middle  Temple,  London,  though  absent 
and  yet  at  sclioole.  John  Evelyn , Diary. 

Middle  Temple  Hall.  An  Eliza- 
bethan structure  of  the  Temple, 
London.  “ Twelfth  Night  ” was 
performed  here  in  1601. 

“ Truly  it  is  a most  magnificent 
apartment;  very  lofty,  so  lofty,  indeed, 
that  the  antique  oak  roof  is  quite  hid- 
den, as  regards  all  its  details,  in  the 
sombre  gloom  that  broods  under  its 
rafters.”  Hawthorne . 

Mid-Lothian,  Heart  of.  See  Tol- 

booth. 

Mifflin,  Fort.  See  Fort  Mifflin. 

Mignon.  A picture  by  Ary  Scheffer 
(1785-1858),  which  is  well  known 
through  reproductions. 

Milan  Cathedral.  A magnificent 
and  celebrated  marble  church. 
Its  erection  was  begun  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. 

40^  “ The  stranger  in  Milan  natur- 
ally hurries  to  the  cathedral,  a struc- 
ture the  merits  and  demerits  of  which 
require  an  architectural  eye  to  compre- 
hend and  interpret.  I can  only  say 
that  its  exterior  was  somewhat  disap- 
pointing. . . . The  interior,  always  ex- 
cepting the  disingenuous  trick  of  the 
painted  ceiling,  called  forth  unqualified 
admiration.  . . . The  most  striking 
part  of  the  Milan  Cathedral  is  the  out- 
side of  the  roof.  The  great  extent  of 
the  building  is  more  justly  estimated 
there  than  from  any  part  of  the  in- 
terior, and  the  eye  and  mind  are  over- 
powered by  the  multitude  of  architec- 
tural details,  the  rich  ornaments,  the 
delicately  carved  flying  buttresses,  the 
wilderness  of  pinnacles.”  Hillard . 


MIL 


MIN 


J f&g=-  “ The  design  of  the  Duomo  is 
said  to  be  taken  from  Monte  Rosa,  one 
of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Alps.  Its 
hundred  of  sculptured  pinnacles  rising 
from  every  part  of  the  body  of  the 
church  certainly  bear  a striking  re- 
semblance to  the  splintered  ice-crags 
of  Savoy.  Thus  we  see  how  Art, 
mighty  and  endless  in  her  forms 
though  she  be,  is  in  every  thing  but 
the  child  of  Nature.”  Bayard  Taylor . 

J&gr  “ Gothic  art  attains  at  once  its 
triumph  and  its  extravagance.  Never 
had  it  been  so  pointed,  so  highly  em- 
broidered, so  complex,  so  overcharged, 
so  strongly  resembling  a piece  of  jew- 
elry ; and  as,  instead  of  course  and  life- 
less stone,  it  here  takes  for  its  material 
the  beautiful  lustrous  Italian  marble,  it 
becomes  a pure  chased  gem,  as  pre- 
cious through  its  substance  as  through 
the  labor  bestowed  on  it.” 

Taine , Trans. 

O Milan , 0 the  chanting  quires. 

The  giant  windows’  blazoned  fires, 

The  height,  the  space,  the  gloom,  the 
glory  ! 

A mount  of  marble,  a hundred  spires ! 

Tennyson. 

O peerless  church  of  old  Milan, 

How  brightly  thou  com’st  back  to  me, 
With  all  'thy' minarets  and  towers, 

And  sculptured  marbles  fair  to  see  ! 

Henry  G.  Bell. 

Mile  End.  A locality  in  London, 
England,  at  the  head  of  White- 
chapel Road. 

I remember  at  Mile-end  green  (when  I 
lay  at  Clement’s  Inn).  I was  then  Sir 
liagonet  in  Arthur’s  show.  Shakespeare. 

He  fou  nd  Wat  holding  his  ragged  court 
at  Mile  End.  The  king,  despairing  of  im- 
mediate assistance,  had  conceded  every 
request  that  was  presented  to  him. 

J.  A.  Froude. 

Military  Academy.  See  United 
States  Military  Academy. 

Milk  Grotto.  A cave,  or  grotto,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Bethlehem, 
in  which,  according  to  monastic 
legend,  Mary  and  the  Child  se- 
creted themselves  from  the  rage 
of  Herod  before  they  took  their 
flight  to  Egypt.  The  spot  is  a 
great  resort  of  pious  pilgrims, 
drawn  hither  by  the  superstitious 
belief  that  the  stone  of  which  the 
cave  is  composed  has  the  miracu- 
lous power  of  increasing  woman’s 
milk.  It  is  stated  to  be  a fact, 
that  portions  of  this  stone  are 
continually  broken  off  by  the 
pilgrims,  and  sent  all  over  Eu- 


rope and  the  East,  wherever  a 
belief  in  its  efficacy  prevails. 

Milking-time  at  Dort.  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Albert  Cuyp 
(1605-1691).  In  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Mill,  The.  A celebrated  picture 
by  Claude  Lorraine  (1600-1682). 
In  the  Palazzo  Doria,  Rome. 

4ST  “A  fair  example  of  what  is 
called  an  ‘ ideal  ’ landscape,  i.e.,  a group 
of  the  artist’s  studies  from  nature  indi- 
vidually spoiled,  selected  with  such  op- 
position of  character  as  may  insure 
their  neutralizing  each  other’s  effect 
and  producing  a general  sensation  of 
the  impossible.”  Raskin. 

Millbank  Prison.  A prison  in  the 
parish  of  Westminster,  London, 
and  said  to  be  “ the  largest  penal 
establishment  in  England.”  It 
was  begun  in  1812,  and  has  some- 
times been  called  the  English 
Bastille. 

Milliarium  Aureum.  [The  Golden 
Mile-stone.]  A mile-stone  of  an- 
cient Rome,  in  the  Forum,  and 
said  to  have  been  set  up  by 
Augustus,  upon  which  distances, 
beyond  the  walls  of  the  city,  upon 
the  great  Roman  roads,  were  in- 
scribed. The  Milliarium  Aureum 
formed  one  extremity  of  a semi- 
circular wall,  which  terminated 
at  the  other  end  in  a conical 
pyramid,  called  Umbilicus  Romse, 
upon  which  were  inscribed  all 
distances  within  the  walls. 

Milton  at  Home.  An  admired  pic- 
ture by  Emanuel  Leutze  (1816- 
1868).  In  the  Corcoran  Gallery, 
Washington. 

Milvian  Bridge.  See  Ponte 
Molle. 

Mincing  Lane.  A street  in  Lon- 
don, so  called  from  buildings 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Mincliuns  or  nuns  of  St.  Helen’s. 
Mincing  Lane  figures  in  Dickens’s 
novel  of  “ Our  Mutual  Friend.” 

Stones  of  old  Mincing  Lane , which  T 
have  worn  with  my  daily  pilgrimage  fir 
six-and-thirty  years,  to  the  footsteps  of 
v hat  toil-worn  clerk  are  your  everlasting 
flints  now  vocal  ? Charles  Lamb 


min 


324 


MIR 


Minerva.  A famous  statue  of  an- 
tiquity, executed  by  Phidias  (500 
B.G.?),  the  Greek  sculptor,  for 
the  Parthenon  at  Athens. 

Minerva  Medica.  A celebrated 
Greek  statue  which  derives  its 
name  from  the  Temple  of  Miner- 
va Medica,  where  it  was  dis- 
covered. Now  in  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

“In  tlie  Giustiniani  palace  [since 
removed]  is  a statue  of  Minerva  which 
fills  me  with  admiration.  Winckel- 
mann  scarcely  thinks  any  thing  of  it, 
or  at  any  rate  does  not  give  it  its  proper 
position,  but  I cannot  praise  it  suffi- 
ciently.” Goethe , Trans. 

That’s  you,  Miss  Leigh : I've  watched  you 
half  an  hour, 

Precisely  as  I watched  the  statue  called 
A Pallas  in  the  Vatican.  Mrs.  Browning. 

Minerva  Medica,  Temple  of.  See 

Temple  of  Minerva  Medica. 

Minerva  Press.  The  name  applied 
to  a printing-house  inLeadenhall 
Street,  London.  In  the  latter 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century 
and  the  early  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  numbers  of  popu- 
lar but  trashy  novels  were  issued 
from  this  establishment.  Lamb 
speaks  of  these  works,  which 
had  a wide  circulation,  as  hav- 
ing heroes  which  are  neither 
of  this  nor  of  any  conceivable 
world. 

Hesperus  and  Titan  themselves,  though 
in  form  nothing  more  than  “novels  of 
real  life,” as  the  Minerva  Press  would  say, 
have  solid  metal  enough  in  them  to  fur- 
nidi  whole  circulating  libraries,  were  it 
beaten  into  tlie  usual  tiligree.  Carlyle. 

In  tuis  respect,  Burns,  though  not  per- 
il! ps  absolutely  a great  poet,  better  mani- 
fests his  capability,  better  proves  the  truth 
of  his  genius,  than  if  he  had,  by  liis  own 
strength,  kept  tlie  whole  Minerva  Press 
going,  to  the  end  of  liis  literary  course. 

Carlyle. 

Miniato,  San.  See  San  Miniato 
al  Monte. 

Minories,  The.  A parish  in  Lon- 
don, named  from  the  Sorores  Mi- 
nores,  or  nuns  of  the  order  of  St. 
Clare,  founded  1293,  whose  con- 
vent stood  in  this  street.  The 
street  has  long  been  noted  for  its 
gunsmiths. 

The  Mulcibers  who  in  tlie  Minories  sweat. 

Congreve. 


Minotaur,  The.  A very  formid- 
able iron-clad  ship  of  the  British 
navy,  launched  Dec.  12,  1863. 

Minot’s  Ledge  Light.  A well- 
known  light-house  on  Cohasset 
reefs,  in  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Tlie  lonely  ledge  of  Minot , 

Where  the  watchman  tends  his  light, 
And  sets  his  perilous  beacon, 

A star  in  tlie  stormiest  night. 

Mary  Clemmcr. 

And  naked  in  tlie  howling  night 
The  red-eyed  light-liouse  lit ts  its  form. 

The  waves  with  slippery  lingers  clutch 
The  massive  tower,  and  climb  and  fall. 
And,  mutterinc,  growl  with  b tiled  rage 
Their  curses  on  tlie  sturdy  wall. 

Fitz  James  O'Brien. 

Mir.  See  Holy  Oil. 

Miracle  of  Bolsena.  See  Mass  of 
Bolsena. 

Miracle  of  Roses  of  St.  Francis. 
A large  fresco-painting  by  Fried- 
rich Overbeck  (1789- 1869),  and 
considered  his  masterpiece  in 
that  department  of  art.  At  As- 
sisi, Italy. 

Miracle  of  St.  Mark.  A cele- 
brated picture  attributed  to  Gior- 
gio Barbarelli,  called  Giorgione 
(1477-1511),  based  upon  a famous 
legend  connected  with  the  his- 
tory of  Venice.  In  the  Accade- 
mia  delle  Belle  Arti,  in  Venice, 
Italy. 

JOST  “No  painting,  in  my  judgment, 
surpasses  or  perhaps  equals  his  [Tin- 
toret’s]  St.  Mark.  No  one,  save  Ru- 
bens, lias  so  caught  the  instantaneous- 
ness  of  motion,  the  fury  of  flight; 
alongside  of  this  vehemence  and  this 
truthfulness,  classic  figures  seem  stiff, 
as  if  copied  after  Academy  models 
whose  arms  are  upheld  by  strings: 
we  are  borne  along  with  him,  and  fol- 
low him  to  the  ground,  as  yet  un- 
reached.”  Taine,  Trans. 

Miracle  of  the  Cross.  A picture 
by  Gentile  Bellini  (1421-1507).  In 
the  Accademia  delle  Belle  Arti, 
at  Venice,  Italy. 

Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes. 
The  subject  of  one  of  the  famous 
cartoons  of  Raphael  Sanzio(1483- 
1520),  from  which  the  tapestries 
in  the  Vatican  at  Rome  were  exe- 
cuted . 

“ The  composition  of  Raphael 
[the  cartoon  of  the  Miraculous  Draught 


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325 


MIT 


of  Fishes]  is  just  what  we  should  seek 
for  in  Raphael,  a masterpiece  of  dra- 
matic expression  — the  significant,  the 
poetical,  the  miraculous  predominat- 
ing.” Mrs.  Jameson. 

Miraculous  Wafers.  A Catholic 
holy  relic  preserved  in  the  chapel 
of  St.  Sacrament  des  Miracles  in 
the  Cathedral  of  Brussels,  Bel- 
gium. The  wafers  when  scoff- 
ingly  pierced  with  knives  by 
Jews,  who  in  the  fourteenth 
century  had  stolen  them  from 
the  altar,  are  said  to  have  emitted 
jets  of  blood.  The  miracle  is  the 
occasion  of  an  annual  religious 
ceremony. 

Miramar.  A well-known  Gothic 
castle  on  a point  of  land  ex- 
tending into  the  sea,  near 
Trieste,  Austria.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Maximilian,  the  Em- 
peror of  Mexico,  and  Carlotta, 
liis  wife. 

Miriam  singing  the  Song  of  Tri- 
umph. A picture  by  Washington 
Allston  (17 70-1813).  Formerly  in 
possession  of  lion.  David  Sears, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Miscricordia  di  Lucca.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Baccio  del  Por- 
ta, called  Fra  Bartolommeo  (1469- 
1517),  and  his  most  important 
work.  At  Lucca,  Italy. 

f£ST  “ Famous  in  the  history  of  art. 
The  expression  in  the  heads,  the  dig- 
nified beneficence  of  the  Virgin,  the 
dramatic  feeling  in  the  groups,  par- 
ticularly the  women  and  children, 
justify  the  fame  of  this  picture  as  one 
of  the  greatest  of  the  productions  of 
mind.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Misers,  The.  See  Two  Misebs. 

Misfortunes  of  Job.  See  Job. 

Miss  Kelley’s  Theatre.  See  Soho 
Theatiie. 

Mission  Dolores.  An  interesting 
old  Spanish  mission  station  and 
church  about  three  miles  from 
San  Francisco,  Cal.  It  was 
founded  by  Jesuit  missionaries 
upwards  of  a hundred  years  ago. 
The  church  has  been  partly  en- 
closed with  wood  in  order  to  pre- 
serve it. 

Mitre,  The.  1.  A noted  tavern  in 
Fleet  Street,  London,  deriving 


its  fame  chiefly  from  the  fact 
that  it  was  a favorite  resort  of 
Dr.  Johnson.  It  is  no  longer 
standing.  Here  Johnson  and 
Boswell  determined  to  make  a 
tour  to  the  Hebrides. 

“ The  Mitre  Tavern  still  stands 
in  Fleet  Street;  but  where  now  is  its 
scot-and-lot  paying,  beef-and-ale  lov- 
ing, cocked-liatted,  pot-bellied  Land- 
lord; its  rosy-faced,  assiduous  Land- 
lady, with  all  her  shining  brass  pans, 
waxed  tables,  well-filled  larder-shelves ; 
her  cooks,  and  bootjacks,  and  errand- 
boys,  and  watery-mouthed  hangers-on  ? 
Gone ! G one ! The  becking  waiter, 
that  with  wreathed  smiles,  wont  to 
spread  for  Samuel  and  Bozzy  their 
‘ supper  of  the  gods,’  has  long  since 
pocketed  his  last  sixpence;  and  van- 
ished, sixpences  and  ail,  like  a ghost  at 
cock-crowing.  The  Bottles  they  drank 
out  of  are  all  broken,  the  Chairs  they 
sat  on  all  rotted  and  burnt;  the  very 
Knives  and  Forks  they  ate  with  have 
rusted  to  the  heart.”  Carlyle. 

“ The  orthodox  high-church 
sound  of  The  Mitre  — the  figure  and 
manner  of  the  celebrated  Samuel  John- 
son — the  extraordinary  power  and 
precision  of  his  conversation,  and  the 
pride  arising  from  finding  myself  ad- 
mitted as  liis  companion,  produced  a 
variety  of  sensations  and  a pleasing 
elevation  of  mind,  beyond  what  I had 
ever  experienced.”  Boswell. 

“ On  the  other  side  of  Fleet 
Street  we  can  see  the  ‘ Mitre  Tavern,* 
closing  up  the  end  of  a court  — but  not 
the  old  original  ‘ Mitre  ’ where  Johnson 
sat  with  Boswell.  It  was  pulled  down 
within  living  memory,  and  with  it  the 
corner  in  which  the  sage  used  to  sit, 
and  which  was  religiously  marked  by 
his  bust.  Yet  even  as  it  stands  in  its 
restoration,  there  is  something  quaint 
in  the  feeling,  as  you  enter  through  a 
low  covered  passage  from  Fleet  Street, 
and  see  its  cheerful  open  door  at  the 
end.  The  passage  to  the  ‘ Mitre  ’ is  as 
it  was  in  Johnson’s  day,  and  his  eyes 
must  have  been  often  raised  to  the  old 
beams  that  support  its  roof.  Even  in 
its  modern  shape,  it  retains  much  that 
is  old-fashioned  and  rococo.” 

Fitzgerald. 

2.  A London  tavern,  in  Wool 
Street,  destroyed  in  the  Great 
Fire  of  1666,  and  spoken  of  by 
Pepys  a few  years  before  that 
time  as  being  “ a house  of  the 
greatest  note  in  London.” 

3.  An  old  London  tavern  in 
Fenchurcli  Street,  destroyed  in 


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the  Great  Fire  (1666),  but  soon 
afterwards  rebuilt. 

Moat  of  Knockgraffon.  A very 
singular  artificial  mound  in  Tip- 
perary county,  Ireland,  built,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  in  1108,  and 
invested  with  much  legendary 
lore. 

Mock  Election.  A noted  picture 
by  Beniamin  Robert  Haydon 
(1786-1846). 

Modern  Italy.  A picture  by  J o- 
seph  Mallord  William  Turner 
(1775-1853),  the  celebrated  Eng- 
lish painter. 

Modesty  and  Vanity.  A cele- 
brated picture  by  Leonardo  da 
Vinci  (1452-1519).  In  the  Palazzo 
Sciarra,  Rome. 

4®=*  “ One  of  Leonardo’s  most  beau- 
tiful pictures,  . . . remarkably  power- 
ful in  coloring  and  wonderfully  fin- 
ished.” Kugler. 

JOSiP  “ ‘ Mary  Magdalene  rebuked  by 
her  sister  Martha  for  her  vanity  and 
luxury.’  I believe  I am  the  first  to 
suggest  that  the  famous  picture  in  the 
Sciarra  Palace,  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
known  as  ‘ Modesty  and  Vanity ,’  is  a 
version  of  this  subject.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

4®=*  “ One  of  the  masterpieces  of 
this  gallery  [in  the  Sciarra  Palace],  and 
perhaps  the  greatest,  I find  to  be  the 
Modesty  and  Vanity  of  Leonardo  da 
Vinci.  It  is  simply  two  female  figures 
on  a dark  background.  . . . The  ex- 
pression of  the  face  representing  Van- 
ity is  extraordinary.  We  can  never 
know  the  research,  the  combinations, 
the  internal  spontaneous  reflective  la- 
bor, the  ground  traversed  by  his  spirit 
and  intellect  in  order  to  evolve  a head 
like  this.  She  is  much  more  delicately 
formed  and  more  noble  and  elegant 
than  Mona  Lisa.  The  luxuriance  and 
taste  of  the  coiffure  are  remarkable. 
She  has  a strange,  melancholy  smile, 
one  peculiar  to  Da  Vinci,  combining 
the  sadness  and  irony  of  a superior 
nature.”  Taine , Trans. 

Moeris,  Lake.  See  Lake  Mceris. 

Mogul.  See  Court  of  the  Great 
Mogul. 

Mohammed  Ali,  Mosque  of.  See 

Mosque  of  Mohammed  Alt. 

Mohocks,  The.  A name  under 
which  ruffians  and  villians  com- 


mitted dastardly  assaults  and  va- 
rious cruelties  in  London.  This 
fraternity  assembled  in  the  time 
of  Queen  Anne,  and  was  not 
broken  up  till  nearly  the  end  of 
George  the  First’s  reign.  A 
royal  proclamation  was  issued 
against  them  in  1712,  but  with 
little  result. 

4®=*  “ Here  is  the  devil  and  all  to  do 
with  these  Mohocks.  Grub-street  pa- 
pers about  them  fly  like  lightning,  and 
a list  printed  of  near  eighty  put  into 
several  prisons,  and  all  a lie;  and  I 
begin  to  think  there  is  no  truth,  or  very 
little,  in  the  whole  story.  . . . My  man 
tells  me  that  one  of  the  lodgers  heard 
in  a coffee-house,  publicly,  that  one 
design  of  the  Mohocks  was  upon  me, 
if  they  could  catch  me ; and  though  I 
believe  nothing  of  it,  I forbear  walking 
late.” 

Dean  Swift  ( Journal  to  Stella , 1712). 
Who  has  not  trembled  at  the  Mohock's 
name  ? 

Was  there  a watchman  took  his  hourly 
rounds 

Safe  from  their  blows  or  new-invented 
wounds  ? 

I pass  their  desperate  deeds  and  mischiefs, 
done 

Where  from  Snow-hill  black  steepy  tor- 
rents run ; 

IIow  matrons,  hooped  within  the  hogs- 
head’s womb, 

Were  tumbled  furious  thence;  the  rolling 
tomb 

O’er  the  stones  thunders,  bounds  from  side 
to  side : 

So  Ilegulus,  to  save  his  country,  died. 

Gay. 

Moliere,  Fontaine.  See  Fontaine 

Moliere. 

Molle,  Ponte.  See  Ponte  Molle. 

Momba  Devi.  A famous  Hindoo 
temple  in  Bombay,  India. 

Mona  Lisa.  See  Belle  Joconde. 

“ Monaco  di  Leonardo.”  A pic- 
ture by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452- 
1519).  " In  the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Monadnock,  The.  A formidable 
armor-plated  vessel  of  the  United 
States  navy  in  the  Civil  War  of 
1861-65.  She  was  one  of  the  ves- 
sels of  Admiral  Porter’s  flotilla 
in  the  attack  upon  Fort  Fisher, 
Dec.  14,  1864. 

Monarch  of  the  Glen.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer  (1805-1873),  the  most 


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MON 


celebrated  modern  painter  of  ani- 
mals. 

Monastery,  The.  A picture  by 
Jacob  Ruysdael  (16252-1681),  and 
considered  one  of  his  master- 
pieces. In  the  Dresden  Gal- 
lery. 

Monboddo.  A country-seat  in 
Scotland,  near  Fordoun,  former- 
ly the  seat  of  Lord  Monboddo, 
distinguished  for  the  remarkable 
speculations  upon  the  origin  of 
man,  contained  in  his  “ Disserta- 
tions upon  the  Origin  and  Prog- 
ress of  Language.” 

Monceaux,  Parc  de.  A prome- 
nade and  garden  in  Paris,  taste- 
fully laid  out,  containing  flowers, 
shrubs,  some  fine  ancient  trees, 
and  various  artificial  adornments. 
Here  is  a small  lake  surrounded 
by  a partly  ruined  portico  of  Cor- 
inthian columns.  It  was  origi- 
nally laid  out  in  1778  with  grot- 
tos, bowers,  fountains,  etc.,  by 
Carmontel,  for  Philippe  Egalite'. 
It  is  now  the  property  of  the 
municipality  of  Paris,  and  is 
open  to  the  public. 

Monitor,  The.  A novel  American 
gunboat,  built  in  New  York  by 
John  Ericsson  (b.  1803),  a Swedish 
engineer,  during  the  war  of  the 
Rebellion.  Her  first  engagement 
was  with  the  Confederate  ram 
Merrimack,  in  Hampton  Roads, 
on  the  9th  of  March,  1862.  The 
Merrimack  was  quickly  put  to 
flight.  The  Monitor  was  a sort  of 
flat  iron  raft  with  a heavy-plated 
revolving  turret  containing  two 
powerful  guns.  The  name  Moni- 
tor has  since  been  applied  to  iron- 
clad vessels  of  similar  construc- 
tion. 

4SP  “ The  Monitor  was  built  almost 
wholly  of  three-inch  iron,  pointed  at 
both  ends  like  a whale-boat,  her  deck 
only  a few  inches  above  the  water.  It 
was  124  feet  in  length,  34  in  width,  and 
six  in  depth,  with  a flat  bottom.  Over 
this  hull  was  another  that  extended 
over  the  lower  one  three  feet  all  round, 
excepting  at  the  ends,  where  the  pro- 
jection was  25  feet,  for  the  protection 
of  the  anchor,  propeller,  and  rudder. 
On  her  deck  was  a revolving  turret 
made  of  eight  thicknesses  of  one-inch 
wrought-iron  plates,  round,  20  feet  in 


diameter,  and  10  feet  high.  The  smoke- 
stack was  telescopic  in  construction,  so 
so  as  to  be  lowered  in  battle.  Within 
this  revolving  turret  or  citadel  (which 
was  easily  turned  by  a contrivance) 
were  two  heavy  Dahlgren  cannons. 
By  turning  the  turret  these  * bull-dogs  ’ 
might  look  straight  into  the  face  of  an 
attacking  enemy,  wherever  he  might 
be,  without  changing  the  position  of 
the  vessel.  The  Monitor  was  propelled 
by  a powerful  steam-engine.” 

Los  sing. 

Monmouth  Street.  A well-known 
London  street,  called  by  Dickens, 
from  its  shops  for  old  clothes, 
“the  burial-place  of  the  fash- 
ions.” It  is  now  Dudley  Street. 

“ If  Field  Lane,  with  its  long 
fluttering  rows  of  yellow  handker- 
chiefs, be  a Dionysius’  Ear,  where,  in 
stifled  jarring  hubbub,  we  hear  the 
Indictment  which  Poverty  and  Vice 
bring  against  lazy  Wealth,  that  it  has 
left  them  there  cast-out  and  trodden 
under  foot  of  Want,  Darkness,  and  the 
Devil,  — then  is  Monmouth  Street  a 
Mirza’s  Hill,  where,  in  motley  vision, 
the  whole  Pageant  of  Existence  passes 
awfully  before  us;  with  its  wail  and 
jubilee,  mad  loves  and  mad  hatreds, 
church-bells  and  gallows-ropes,  farce- 
tragedy,  beast-godhood,  — the  Bedlam 
of  Creation ! ” 

Carlyle  {Sartor  Re sartus). 

The  long  tables  had  disappeared,  and, 
in  place  of  the  sage  magi,  1 beheld  a 
ragged,  threadbare  throng,  such  as  may 
be  seen  paying  about  the  great  repository 
of  cast-oiT  clothes,  Monmouth  Street. 

Irving. 

With  awe-struck  heart  T walk  through 
that  Monmouth  Street,  with  its  empty 
Suits,  as  through  a Sanhedrim  of  stainless 
Ghosts.  Carlyle. 

Monongahela,  The.  A noted  ves- 
sel of  the  United  States  navy,  in 
service  in  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion, 1861-65. 

Quickly  breasting  the  wave, 

Eager  the  prize  to  win, 

First  of  us  all  the  brave 
Monongahela  went  in, 

Under  full  head  of  steam. 

11.  II.  Brownell. 

Mons  Aventinus.  See  Aventine 
Mount;  and  for  Mons  Capitoli- 
nus,  Mons  Ccelius,  Mons  Esqui- 
linus,  Mons  Palatines,  Mons 
Quirinus,  Mons  Viminalis,  and 
the  like  names,  see  Capitoline 
Hill,  Ccelian  Hill,  Esquiline 
Hill,  Palatine  Mount,  Quiri- 
nal  Hill,  Viminal  Hill,  etc. 


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Mons  Meg.  A famous  piece  of 
ancient  ordnance  in  Edinburgh 
Castle,  Scotland,  supposed  to 
have  been  forged  at  Mons,  in 
Flanders,  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Mons  Sacer.  [Ital.  Monte  Scicro , 
The  Sacred  Mount.]  A hill  three 
miles  from  Rome,  and  beyond 
the  Anio,  to  which  the  plebeians 
withdrew  at  the  time  of  their 
famous  secession  under  Me nenius 
Agrippa,  B.O.  494.  A second  se- 
cession took  place,  after  the  death 
of  Virginia,  when  the  plebeians 
revolted  against  Appius  Claudius, 
and  retired  again  to  Mons  Sacer. 
The  epithet  Sacer  is  derived,  ac- 
cording to  Dionysius,  from  an 
altar  erected  to  Zeu?  Ae^ano?. 
According  to  others  it  was  from 
the  Lex  Scicrata  decreed  upon  the 
occasion  of  the  first  secession. 

Monserrat.  [From  Mons  Serratus , 
the  jagged  mountain.]  This  fa- 
mous Benedictine  convent,  near 
Barcelona,  Spain,  was  founded 
A.D.  976.  It  owes  its  origin,  ac- 
cording to  the  Catholic  legend, 
to  the  miraculous  image  of  the 
Virgin,  which  was  brought  to 
Barcelona  by  St.  Peter  himself, 
A.D.  50.  Upon  reaching  the 
summit  of  the  Mons  Serratus, 
where  the  convent  now  stands, 
the  Virgin  refused  to  proceed  any 
farther ; upon  which  a chapel 
with  a cross  was  built  over  her, 
where  she  remained  100  years. 
It  is  said  that  not  less  than  100,- 
000  persons,  including  tourists 
and  pilgrims,  visit  this  convent 
yearly. 

Mont  Brilliant.  A royal  country 
residence,  with  a fine  picture-gal- 
lery, near  Hanover,  Germany. 

Mont  de  Piete.  The  great  pawn- 
broking concern  of  Paris,  estab- 
lished in  1777. 

The  name  Mons  Pietatis  came 
with  the  invention  from  Italy.  In  the 
first  century  of  the  Christian  era,  free 
gifts  were  collected,  and  preserved  in 
churches,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  di- 
vine service,  and  for  the  relief  of  the 
poor.  The  collections  thus  made  were 
called  Montes  or  Mounts , a name  origi- 
nally applied  to  all  moneys  procured 
or  heaped  together;  and  it  has  ap- 


peared that  the  inventor  added  the 
word  Pietas  to  give  to  his  institution  a 
sacred  or  religious  character,  and  to 
procure  for  it  universal  approbation 
and  support.  In  Italy  their  establish- 
ment is  of  very  early  date,  and  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the 
plan  had  spread  to  nearly  all  the  cities. 
In  1777  a Mont  de  Piete  was  estab- 
lished in  Paris  by  a royal  ordinance  of 
Louis  XVI.”  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

4SIT  “ Pawnbroking  in  France,  as  in 
most  parts  of  the  Continent,  is  a mu- 
nicipal monopoly.  It  was  established 
in  1777,  but  is  now  regulated  by  the 
law  of  June,  1851,  and  the  necessary 
capital  taken  from  the  general  hospital 
fund,  which  also  receives  the  net  prof- 
its for  charitable  purposes.  About 
1,000,000/.  is  usually  lent  out.  The 
average  of  articles  pledged  is  17/. ; the 
lowest  value  rate  of  interest  is  about 
six  percent.  The  articles  pledged,  if  not 
redeemed,  are  sold  at  the  expiration  of 
14  months;  and  the  surplus  money,  if 
any,  is  paid  to  the  owner  if  application 
is  made  within  three  years.  There 
are  two  large  branch  establishments  in 
the  Rue  Bonaparte  and  Rut'  de  la  Ro- 
quette,  and  about  20  branches  ( Commis- 
sionaires) in  different  parts  of  Paris. 
The  profit  annually  to  the  institution  is 
about  233,000/.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

I must  own,  however,  that  al- 
though the  interior  of  the  Mont  de  Piete 
was  repulsive  to  witness,  I left  its  cen- 
tral office  with  an  impression  which 
reflection  has  strengthened  rather  than 
removed.  — that  that  portion  of  the 
community  of  any  country,  whose  ne- 
cessities force  them  occasionally  to 
pawn  their  effects,  have  infinitely  less 
to  fear  from  an  establishment  guided 
by  fixed  principles,  and  open  every 
day  from  nine  till  four  to  the  public, 
than  they  would  be,  — and  in  England 
are,  — in  transacting  the  same  business 
in  private,  cooped  with  an  individual 
who,  to  say  the  least,  may  encourage 
the  act  which  nothing  but  cruel  neces- 
sity can  authorize.” 

Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 

Mont  Parnasse,  Boulevard  du. 

This  quarter  of  Paris  is  said  to 
have  been  so  called  because  the 
students  were  accustomed  to  de- 
claim verses  here. 

Mont  Valerien.  [Mount  Vale'nen.\ 
An  eminence  near  Paris,  rising 
343  feet  above  the  Seine,  on  the 
route  to  St.  Germain,  converted 
into  a citadel,  which  is  consid- 
ered one  of  the  strongest  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris. 


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MON 


In  Mount  Valerien’s  chestnut  wood 
The  Chapel  of  the  Hermits  stood; 

And  thither  at  the  close  of  day 
Came  two  old  pilgrims,  worn  and  gray. 


Forth  from  the  city’s  noise  and  throng. 

Its  pomp  and  shame,  its  sin  and  wrong, 
Tim  tw  ain  that  summer  day  had  strayed 
To  Mount  Valerien’s  chestnut  shade. 

W hittier. 

Montague  House.  1.  The  city  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch, 
London,  who  inherits  it  from  the 
family  of  Montague.  The  man- 
sion contains  some  fine  pictures 
by  Vandyke,  and  a valuable  col- 
lection of  historical  miniatures. 
The  present  house  is  modern. 

2.  A former  mansion  situated 
in  Bloomsbury,  London.  Its  site 
is  now  occupied  by  the  British 
Museum. 

3.  A London  mansion,  noted 
as  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Montague. 

Montauk.  A noted  armor-plated 
vessel  of  the  United  States  navy 
— of  the  “Monitor  ” class  — in  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-65.  She  was 
commanded  by  Capt.  Worden, 
and  among  other  achievements 
captured  the  Confederate  steamer 
Naslicille. 

Monte  Beni.  A hill  in  t lie  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  Florence, 
Italy.  Hawthorne  has  made  its 
scenery  familiar  in  his  “ Romance 
of  Monte  Beni.” 

Monte  Caprino.  [Goat  Hill.]  A 
hill  in  Rome,  being  the  south- 
eastern summit  of  the  Capitoline. 
In  a garden  on  this  hill  maybe 
seen  what  remains  of  the  Tarpe- 
ian  Rock. 

Monte  Casino.  A famous  monas- 
tic establishment,  of  the  Bene- 
dictine order,  near  San  Germano, 
on  the  route  between  Rome  and 
Naples,  Italy.  The  monastery 

was  founded  by  St.  Benedict  in 
529,  and  is  the  parent  of  all  the 
greatest  Benedictine  monasteries 
in  the  world.  It  was  rebuilt 

towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  interior  of  the  ab- 
bey church  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  in  Europe. 

“ There  is  scarcely  a Pope  or 
Emperor  of  importance  who  has  not 


been  personally  connected  with  its  his- 
tory. From  its  mountain  crag  it  has 
seen  Goths,  Lombards,  Saracens,  Nor- 
mans, Frenchmen,  Spaniards,  Germans, 
scour  and  devastate  the  land  which, 
through  all  modern  history,  has  at- 
tracted every  invader.” 

London  Daily  News,  1866. 

“From  this  centre  monastic 
life  spread  over  barbarous  Europe  in 
the  darkest  period  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
Whatever  remained  of  ancient  civiliza- 
tion reposed  thus  in  remote  corners, 
within  a monastic  shell,  like  a chrysalis 
within  its  covering.  You  have  every 
thing  here,  not  only  the  arts  and  the 
sciences,  but  the  grand  spectacles  of  na- 
ture. This  is  what  the  old  feudal  and 
religious  society  provided  for  its  pen- 
sive, solitary  spirits;  for  minds  which, 
repelled'  by  the  bitterness  of  life,  re- 
verted to  speculation  and  self-culture. 
The  race  still  subsists:  only  they  no 
longer  possess  an  asylum  ; they  live  in 
Paris  and  in  Berlin  in  garrets.  I know 
of  many  that  are  dead,  of  others  sad- 
dened and  chilled,  others  again  worn 
out  and  disgusted.  Will  science  ever 
do  for  its  faithful  servants  what  religion 
has  done  for  hers?  Will  there  ever  be 
a laic  Monte  Casino  ? ” Taine,  Trans. 
That  mountain  on  whose  slope  Cassino 
stands 

Was  frequented  of  old  upon  its  summit 
By  a deluded  folk  and  iil-di.-posed ; 

And  I am  he  n ho  first  up  thither  bore 
'1  lie  name  of  Him  who  brought  upon  the 
earth 

The  truth  that  so  much  sublimateth  us. 

Dante. 

And  there,  uplifted,  like  a passing  cloud 
That  pauses  on  a mountain  summit  high, 
Monte  Cassino’s  convent  rears  its  proud 
And  venerable  walls  against  the  sky. 

Longfellow . 

Monte  Cavallo,  and  Piazza  di 
Monte  Cavallo.  See  Quirinal 
Hill.  See  also  Obelisk  of  the 
Monte  Cavallo. 

Monte  Mario.  [Mount  Mario  ] 
An  eminence  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Rome,  deriving  its  name  from 
Mario  Mellini,  who  owned  it  in 
the  time  of  Sixtus  V.  In  ancient 
times  it  was  called  Clivus  Ciirnce, 
the  hill  of  Cinna.  In  the  Middle 
Ages  it  was  known  as  Monte 
Malo.  It  is  crowned  with  cy- 
presses, and  commands  a beauti- 
ful and  extensive  view. 

4®=  “The  Monte  Mario,  like  Coop- 
er’s Hill,  is  the  highest,  boldest,  and 
most  prominent  part  of  the  line;  it  is 
about  the  height  and  steepness,  too,  of 
Cooper’s  Hill,  and  has  the  Tiber  at  the 


MON 


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MON 


foot  of  it,  like  the  Thames  at  Anchor- 
wick.  Here  we  stood,  on  a most  deli- 
cious evening,  and  before  our  eyes  all 
that  one  has  read  of  in  Roman  history, 
— the  course  of  the  Tiber  between  the 
hills  that  bound  it,  . . . beyond  the 
Apennines,  the  distant  and  higher  sum- 
mits still  white  with  snow;  in  front 
the  Alban  Hills;  on  the  light,  the  Cam- 
pagna  to  the  sea;  and  just  beneath  us 
the  whole  length  of  Rome,  ancient  and 
modern.  . . . One  may  safely  say  that 
the  world  cannot  contain  many  views 
of  such  mingled  beauty  and  interest  as 
this.”  Arnold. 

The  purple  day 

O’er  Monte.  Mcirio  dies  from  off  the  dome, 
And,  lo  ! the  first  star  leads  us  into  Rome. 

T.  B.  Read. 

Monte  Oliveto.  1.  An  ancient  and 
celebrated  Benedictine  monas- 
tery in  Naples,  Italy.  It  was 
founded  in  the  early  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  it  is  now  oc- 
cupied for  city  offices. 

2.  A celebrated  monastic  es- 
tablishment in  the  neighborhood 
of  Siena,  Italy.  It  contains  some 
fine  frescos. 

Monte  Pincio.  See  Pincian  PIill. 

Monte  Sacro.  [The  sacred  moun- 
tain.] A celebrated  hill  and  sanc- 
tuary — the  latter  called  La  Nuo- 
va  Gerusalemme  — near  Varallo, 
in  Piedmont.  The  hill  is  covered 
with  some  50  chapels,  containing 
groups  of  life-sized  figures  repre- 
senting the  chief  scenes  in  the 
histor}^  of  Christ.  This  sanctu- 
ary was  founded  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  was  much  extended 
and  enriched  in  the  following 
century. 

Monte  Sacro.  See  Mons  Sager. 

Monte  Testaccio.  An  eminence, 
160  feet  in  height,  just  outside  the 
walls  of  Rome.  It  is  composed 
entirely  of  broken  pieces  of  pot- 
tery, and  its  extraordinary  for- 
mation has  never  been  satisfac- 
torily explained. 

“ From  its  loose  and  porous 
composition  it  acts,  as  if  formed  by 
Wedgwood,  for  a great  wine-cooler, 
and  serves  as  the  cellar  of  all  Rome. 
The  wine-merchants  have  excavated 
vaults  in  it  to  keep  their  stores  cool, 
and  every  morning  a quantity  sufficient 
for  the  daily  demand  is  brought  into 
the  city.”  Eaton. 


Montereggione.  A picturesque 
old  castle  on  an  eminence  near 
Siena,  Italy. 

J “ This  fortress,  as  the  commen- 
tators say,  was  furnished  with  towers 
all  round  about,  and  had  none  in  the 
centre.  In  its  present  state  it  is  still 
very  faithfully  described  by  the  verse 
[of  Dante],  — 

k Montereggion  di  torri  si  corona.’  ” 

Ampere, 

Montfaucon.  A slight  eminence 
in  the  northern  suburbs  of  Paris. 
Here  in  885  A.D.  the  Normans 
were  defeated,  and  20,000  of  their 
number  killed.  Here  was  the 
gibbet  ( Fourchcs  Pcitibulaires), 
where  criminals  were  executed. 
Montfaucon  was  afterwards  the 
central  station  for  the  slaughter 
of  horses,  dogs,  etc.  A Protes- 
tant church  for  poor  Germans,  to 
which  ragged  and  infant  schools 
are  attached,  now  occupies  the 
summit. 

Montgomery.  See  Fort  Mont- 
gomery, Death  of  Montgomery, 
and  Tour  de  Montgomery. 

Montgomery  Street.  The  leading 
thoroughfare  of  San  Francisco, 
Cal. 

The  money-brokers’  shops  are  very  nu- 
merous in  the  two  finest  streets,  — Mont- 
gomery and  California  Streets.  Nearly 
every  shop  there  belongs  to  a money- 
broker  or  money-changer.  Samuel  Smiles . 

Monticello.  The  country-seat  of 
Thomas  Jefferson  (1743-1826),  the 
third  president  of  the  United 
States,  near  Charlottesville,  Al- 
bemarle County,  Va.  It  has  a 
beautiful  situation,  with  an  ex- 
tensive prospect. 

J66tr=  “ He  [Jefferson]  lives,  you 
know,  on  a mountain,  which  he  has 
named  Monticello , and  which,  perhaps 
you  do  not  know,  is  a synonyme  for 
Carter’s  Mountain.  The  ascent  of  this 
steep,  savage  hill,  was  as  pensive  and 
slow  as  Satan’s  ascent  to  Paradise.  We 
were  obliged  to  wind  two-thirds  round 
its  sides  before  we  reached  the  artifi- 
cial lawn  on  which  the  house  stands; 
and,  when  we  had  arrived  there,  we 
were  about  600  feet,  I understand, 
above  the  stream  which  flows  at  its 
foot.  ...  In  the  centre  of  the  lawn, 
and  facing  the  south-east,  Mr.  J offer, 
son  has  placed  his  house,  which  is  of 
brick,  two  stories  high  in  the  wings, 


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331 


MON 


with  a piazza  in  front  of  a receding 
centre.”  George  Ticknor  ( in  1815). 

“ This  venerated  mansion  is  yet 
standing,  though  somewhat  dilapidat- 
ed, and  deprived  of  its  former  beauty 
by  neglect.  The  furniture  of  the  dis- 
tinguished owner  is  nearly  all  gone, 
except  a few  pictures  and  mirrors ; 
otherwise  the  interior  of  the  house  is 
the  same  as  when  Jefferson  died.  It 
is  upon  an  eminence,  with  many  aspen 
trees  around  it,  and  commands  a view 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  for  150  miles  on  one 
side,  and  on  the  other  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  extensive  landscapes  in 
the  world.”  Lossing. 

As  from  the  grave  where  Henry  sleeps, 
From  Vernon's  weeping  willow, 

And  from  the  grassy  pall  which  hides 
The  Sage  of  Monticello.  Whittier. 

The  nursling  growth  of  Monticello' s crest 
Is  now  the  glory  of  the  free  North-west. 

Whittier. 

Montmartre.  A hill  on  the  north 
of  Paris,  rising  320  feet  above  the 
Seine,  and  said  to  have  been  so 
called  because  St.  Denis  suffered 
martyrdom  here.  A nunnery  was 
formerly  situated  on  the  summit; 
and  here  was  the  Cliapelle  des 
Martyrs,  where  in  1534  Ignatius 
Loyola  and  followers  took  the 
vow  in  which  the  Order  of  the 
Jesuits  had  its  origin.  The  cem- 
etery on  the  south  slope  of  the 
hill  is  the  oldest  in  Paris,  though 
smaller  and  less  important  than 
Pere-la-Chaise.  The  outbreak 
and  civil  war  of  1871  took  its  rise 
at  Montmartre.  Gypsum,  or  plas- 
ter of  Paris,  has  long  been  quar- 
ried at  Montmartre. 

Through  Paris  lay  my  readiest  course; 
and  there 

Sojourning  a few  days,  I visited 
In  liaste,  each  spot  of  old  or  recent  fame, 
The  latter  chiefly,  from  the  field  of  Mars 
Down  to  the  suburbs  of  St.  Antony, 

And  from  Mont  Martyr  southward  to  the 
dome 

Of  Genevieve.  Wordsworth. 

Disputed  foot  by  foot,  till  treason,  still 
His  only  victor,  from  Montmartre' s hill 
Look’d  down  o’er  trampled  Paris ! 

Byron. 

Montmartre,  Boulevard  de.  A 
well-known  avenue  in  Paris, 
France.  See  Boulevards. 

Montrouge  Club.  A political  club 
in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789,  of  which  Mi- 
rabeau  and  other  noted  men  were 
members.  It  was  named  from 


the  place,  near  Paris,  where  its 
meetings  were  held. 

Montserrat.  See  Monserrat. 

Monument,  The.  A stone  column, 
202  feet  in  height,  Fish  Street 
Hill,  London,  erected  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  (107 1-1080)  to 
commemorate  the  Great  Fire  of 
1006,  and  the  rebuilding  of  the 
city.  The  following  inscription, 
now  effaced,  was  cut  in  1681  upon 
the  pedestal:  “ This  pillar  was 
set  up  in  perpetual  remembrance 
of  that  most  dreadful  burning  of 
this  Protestant  city,  begun  and 
carried  on  by  ye  treachery  and 
malice  of  ye  popish  factio,  in  ye 
beginning  of  Septem,  in  ye  year 
of  our  Lord  1666,  in  order  to  ye 
carrying  on  of  their  horrid  plott 
for  extirpating  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion and  old  English  liberty, 
and  the  introducing  popery  and 
slavery.” 

“ Six  persons  have  thrown 
themselves  off  the  Monument.  This 
kind  of  death  becoming  popular,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  encage  and  disfig- 
ure the  Monument  as  we  now  see  it.” 
Murray's  Handbook. 
Where  London’s  c olumn,  pointing  at  the 
skies, 

Like  a tall  bully,  lifts  the  head  and  lies. 

Pope. 

Electricity  cannot  be  made  fast,  mor- 
tared up  and  ended,  like  London  Monu- 
ment, or  the  Tower,  so  that  you  shall 
know  where  to  find  it,  and  keep  it  fixed, 
as  the  English  do  with  their  things,  for- 
evermore. Emerson. 

Nor  had  Fancy  fed 

With  less  delight  upon  that  other  class 
Of  marvels,  broad-day  wonders  perma- 
nent : 


The  Monument , and  that  chamber  of  the 
Tower, 

Where  England’s  sovereigns  sit  in  long 
array. 

Their  steeds  bestriding.  Wordsworth. 

Ahove  the  wilderness  of  buildings  stood 
a dim,  gigantic  dome  in  the  sky.  . . . And 
the  tall  pillar  that  stood  near  it  — I did 
not  need  a second  glance  to  recognize  the 
Monument.  Bayard  Taylor. 

Monumental  Church.  A religious 
edifice  in  Richmond,  Va.,  erected 
on  the  site  of  the  old  Richmond 
Theatre,  and  built  to  commemo- 
rate the  destruction  of  the  latter 
by  fire  in  1811,  on  which  occasion 
the  Governor  of  Virginia  and 
over  60  persons,  including  many 


MOO 


332 


MOR 


of  the  most  eminent  men  and 
women  in  the  State,  lost  their 
lives. 

Moonrise  at  Madeira.  A picture 
by  Ferdinand  T.  Hildebrandt 
(b.  1804).  In  the  Corcoran  Gal- 
lery, Washington. 

Moorfields.  A part  of  old  London, 
now  covered  by  Finsbury  Square 
and  adjoining  streets,  so  called 
from  the  great  fen  or  moor  which 
bordered  the  walls  of  the  city  on 
the  north  side.  It  was  a place  for 
walking  and  recreation.  See 
Finsbury. 

Through  famed  Moorfields  extends  a spa- 
cious seat.  Gay. 

Moors,  Three.  See  Drei  Mohren. 

Moot  of  Urr.  A curious  monu- 
ment of  antiquity,  near  Dalbe- 
attie, Scotland,  in  the  form  of  a 
circular  mound  enclosed  by  a 
moat.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  used  as  a council-place  and 
tribunal  of  justice  by  the  Celts 
in  ancient  times. 

Moothill,  An  eminence  near 
Scone,  Scotland,  where  the  Scot- 
tish kings  sat  to  hold  parliaments 
and  law  courts. 

Mora  Stone.  [Momstena.]  A place 
about  one  mile  from  the  city  of 
Upsala,  in  Sweden,  celebrated  as 
the  spot  where  the  Swedish  kings 
were  formerly  elected,  and  where 
they  received  the  homage  of  their 
subjects.  The  Mora  Stone  is 
composed,  in  fact,  of  eleven  stones 
of  various  sizes,  bearing  the 
names  and  dates  of  the  kings 
elected  here.  A house  was  built 
by  Gustavus  III.,  in  1780,  to  en- 
close this  interesting  national 
monument. 

“ Morett,”  The.  A celebrated  por- 
trait by  Hans  Holbein  the  Young- 
er (1498-1548),  in  the  Gallery  of 
Dresden,  Saxony,  and  regarded 
as  one  of  the  finest  of  his  works. 
“ It  is  not  known  whom  it  repre- 
sents. Thomas  Morett  was  a dis- 
tinguished jeweller  who  served 
Henry  VIII. , and  was  a friend  of 
Holbein.” 


Morgue.  [Fr.  La  Morgue.']  In 
Paris  and  other  cities  of  France 
a place  where  dead  bodies  that 
have  been  found  are  deposited 
for  purposes  of  recognition  by 
the  relatives  or  friends  of  the 
deceased.  The  name  is  also  used 
in  other  countries.  The  morgue 
in  Paris  is  a small,  low  building, 
within  which  the  bodies  are  laid 
upon  a stone  platform  until  they 
are  identified  or  claimed  by 
friends.  Strange  as  it  may  seem, 
it  is  visited  by  crowds  of  peo- 
ple. 

“On  the  whole,  I left  my  posi- 
tion in  the  corner  impressed  with  an 
opinion,  since  strengthened  by  reflec- 
tion, that  La  Morgue  at  Paris  is  a 
plague-spot  that  must  inevitably,  more 
or  less,  demoralize  every  person  who 
views  it.”  Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 

Only  the  Doric  little  Morgue , 

The  dead-house  where  you  show  your 
drowned, 

Petrarch’s  Vaucluse  makes  proud  the 
Sorgue, 

Your  Morgue  has  made  the  Seine  re- 
nowned. Robert  Browning. 

Moriah.  A hill  in  Jerusalem,  Pal- 
estine, the  position  of  which  is 
beyond  dispute.  It  was  the  site 
of  the  great  Jewish  Temple,  and 
is  associated  with  many  sacred 
events  in  the  history  of  the  He- 
brew nation.  Upon  this  hill  now 
stands  the  great  structure  of  the 
Haram,  with  its  mosques.  See 
Haram. 

Mormon  Temple.  1.  A building 
of  polished  limestone,  about  180 
feet  in  length,  by  90  feet  in 
breadth,  which  formerly  stood  in 
Nauvoo  City,  111.  It  was  the 
chief  religious  edifice  of  the  Mor- 
mons, who  had  settled  in  the 
place  in  1840,  and  was  built  at  a 
cost  of  over  $500,000.  In  the 
basement  was  a huge  stone  bap- 
tistery or  basin,  resting  upon 
12  oxen  of  colossal  size.  The 
Mormons  afterwards  made 
tlieir  way  to  Utah,  and  settled 
there.  The  building  is  now  in 
ruins. 

2.  An  unfinished  building  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Territory. 
It  is  designed  to  be  the  magnifi- 


MOR 


MQS 


333 


cent  seat  of  Mormon  worship. 
The  foundation  was  laid  some  25 
years  ago,  and  immense  sums  of 
money  have  been  raised  to  de- 
fray the  cost  of  its  erection ; but 
whether  it  will  ever  be  completed, 
is  extremely  doubtful. 

Morning,  The.  One  of  four  colos- 
sal figures  executed  by  Michael 
Angelo  Buonarotti  (1475-1564). 
In  the  church  of  S.  Lorenzo, 
Florence,  Italy. 

“ This  figure  [The  Morning]  is 
the  most  beautiful  of  all.  It  is  also  the 
most  finished.  Whilst  in  the  others 
the  heads  arc  only  roughly  designed, 
every  line  of  the  face  in  this  possesses 
a spiritual  meaning.”  Grimm , Trans. 

Morning.  A picture  by  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer  (1803-1873),  the  eminent 
English  painter. 

Morrin  College.  A collegiate  es- 
tablishment in  Quebec,  Canada. 

Morris  House.  An  old  colonial 
mansion  near  High  Bridge,  N.Y. 
It  was  the  headquarters  of  Wash- 
ington in  1776. 

Morrison’s  Cove.  A valley  in 
Pennsylvania,  near  Petersburgh, 
settled  about  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  by  a peculiar  Ger- 
man sect  called  the  Dunkards, 
who  professed  the  principles  of 
non-resistance.  When  in  1777 
the  community  was  attacked  by 
the  Indians,  the  settlers  faith- 
fully carried  out  their  doctrine 
in  practice,  and  most  of  them 
were  put  to  death. 

Morton  Castle.  A feudal  mansion, 
said  to  have  been  founded  in  the 
eleventh  century,  near  Thorn- 
hill, Scotland,  now  belonging  to 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch. 

Moses.  A celebrated  statue  by 
Michael  Angelo,  in  the  church  of 
San  Pietro  in  Yincoli  in  Rome,  — 
intended  to  form  a part  of  the 
unfinished  monument  of  Julius 
II.  “ This  statue,  as  is  well 
known,  has  the  hair  so  disposed 
in  front  as  to  resemble  horns  pro- 
jecting from  the  top  of  the  fore- 
head. This  was  a common  rep- 
resentation of  Moses  in  early  and 
mediaeval  art,  and  was  founded 


upon  an  erroneous  translation  in 
the  Vulgate  Bible  of  the  twenty- 
ninth  verse  of  the  thirty-fourth 
chapter  of  Exodus.  In  the  Vul- 
gate it  reads, 4 Ignorabat  quod  cor- 
nuta  esset  facies  sua,’  4 He  knew 
not  that  his  face  was  horned.’ 
The  received  version,  4 He  wist 
not  that  the  skin  of  his  face 
shone,’  is  the  correct  translation 
of  the  passage.” 

44  The  eye  does  not  know  where 
to  rest  in  this,  the  masterpiece  of  sculp- 
ture since  the  time  of  the  Greeks.  . . . 
Yes  ! there  is  something  infinite  which 
lies  in  the  Moses  of  Michael  Angelo. 
. . . This  statue  might  take  its  place  in 
the  cell  of  a colossal  temple,  as  that  of 
Jupiter  Ammon ; but  the  tomb  where  it 
is  placed  is  so  little  suited  to  it  that  re- 
garded even  only  as  its  frame  it  is  too 
small.”  Gregorovius. 

“Whoever  has  once  seen  this 
statue  must  retain  the  impression  of  it 
forever.  The  Moses  is  the  crown  of 
modern  sculpture,  not  only  in  idea,  but 
also  with  regard  to  the  work.  All  the 
power  which  Michael  Angelo  possessed, 
and  which  the  world  did  not  under- 
stand, was  exhibited  in  those  limbs, 
and  the  demon-like,  passionate  violence 
of  the  pope  [Julius  II.]  in  that  counte- 
nance.” Grimm , Trans. 

JgStP*  “ Here  sits  the  Moses  of  Michael 
Angelo,  frowning  with  the  terrific  eye- 
brows of  Olympian  Jove.  Much  wit 
has  been  levelled  of  late  at  his  flowing 
beard  and  flaming  horns.  But  the  true 
sublime  resists  all  ridicule ; the  offended 
lawgiver  frowns  on  un repressed,  and 
awes  you  with  inherent  authority.” 

Forsyth. 

“ We  went  as  far  as  San  Pietro 
in  Yincoli  to  see  the  ‘ Moses  ’ of  Michael 
Angelo.  The  first  sight  of  the  statue 
is  less  surprising  than  one  would  sup- 
pose. We  are  familiar  with  it  en- 
graved and  reduced;  the  imagination, 
as  is  always  the  case,  has  exaggerated 
it ; moreover,  it  is  polished  and  finished 
with  extreme  perfection.  It  is  in  a 
brilliantly  decorated  church,  and  is 
framed  in  by  a handsome  chapel.  As 
you  dwell  on  it,  however,  the  colossal 
mass  produces  its  effect.  You  feel  the 
imperious  will,  the  ascendancy,  the 
tragic  energy,  of  the  legislator  and  ex- 
terminator; his  heroic  muscles  and 
virile  beard  indicate  the  primitive  bar- 
barian, the  subduer  of  men,  while  the 
long  head  and  the  projections  of  the 
temple  denote  the  ascetic.  Were  he  to 
arise,  what  action  and  what  a lion’s 
voice ! ” Taine , Trans. 


MOS 


334 


MOS 


There  is  Hie  Moses,  the  grandest  figure 
that  was  ever  carved  in  stone.  It  has 
abo  .tit  something  frightfully  majestic,  if 
one  may  so  spe^k.  Thackeray. 

Moses.  A fresco  by  Francesco 
Mazzuoli,  surnamed  II  Parmigia- 
no  (1503-1540).  In  the  church  of 
Della  Steccata,  Parma,  Italy. 

Moses  and  the  Burning  Bush.  A 
fresco  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 

1520) .  In  the  Stanza  of  the  Heli- 
odorus,  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Moses  and  the  Israelites.  A fresco 
painting  by  Cosimo  Rosselli  (1439- 
1506).  In  the  Sistine  Chapel, 

Rome. 

Moses  and  Zipporah.  A fresco  by 
Luca  Signorelli  (da  Cortona)  (1441- 

1521) .  In  the  Sistine  Chapel, 

Rome. 

Moses,  Choice  of.  A picture  by 
Giorgio  Barbarelli,  commonly 
called  Giorgione  (1477-1511).  In 
the  Uffizi  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Moses,  Fountains  of.  See  Foun- 
tains of  Moses. 

Moses  Striking  the  Bock.  A pic- 
ture by  Bartolome  Esteban  Mu- 
rillo (1618-1682),  considered  one 
of  his  masterpieces.  In  Seville, 
Spain. 

43^“  “ Ho  man  ever  stood  before  the 
works  of  Murillo  here  [in  Seville],  . . . 
his  Moses  opening  the  Rock,  — and  yet 
could  be  guilty  of  breathing  a single 
regret  at  the  recollections  of  Italy. 
The  wonderful  genius  of  Murillo  can 
be  studied  and  felt  nowhere  but  at  Se- 
ville, where  he  lived  and  died,  and 
whose  cathedral,  convents  and  houses 
are  full  of  his  works.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Mosque  el- Alisa.  This  structure, 
situated  within  the  enclosure  of 
the  Haram  at  Jerusalem,  is  sup- 
posed to  be  of  the  same  outline 
and  to  occupy  the  same  site  as  a 
magnificent  basilica  built  in  the 
sixth  century  in  honor  of  the  Vir- 
gin by  the  emperor  Justinian. 
De  Vogue  says  that  the  present 
edifice  is  of  Arabian  construc- 
tion, built  upon  the  ruins  of  a 
Christian  church  as  substructure. 
Mr.  Fergusson  declares  that  it  is 
entirely  a Mohammedan  struc- 
ture, and  not  the  Mary  Church  of 
Justinian.  This  mosque  is  in  the 


form  of  a basilica,  consisting  of 
seven  aisles,  and  covering  in  all 
an  area  of  about  50,000  square 
feet. 

Mosque  of  Ahmed  ebn  Tooloon. 
This  mosque,  usually  called  the 
Jama  (Gama)  Tooloon,  is  the  old- 
est in  Cairo,  Egypt,  dating  from 
879  AD.  It  is  architecturally 
interesting  because  it  shows  that 
the  pointed  arch  was  used  in 
Egypt  about  300  years  before  it 
was  introduced  into  Europe. 

Mosque  of  Amer.  An  interesting 
mosque  at  Old  Cairo,  Egypt,  now 
in  a state  of  partial  decay. 

Mosque  of  Azhar.  A large  mosque 
at  Cairo,  Egypt,  founded  about 
970,  and  afterwards  rebuilt  and 
enlarged.  Here  is  the  chief  uni- 
versity of  the  East,  containing 
about  300  professors,  and  nearly 
10,000  students. 

Mosque  {or  Cathedral)  of  Cordo- 
va. A grand  church,  formerly  a 
Moorish  mosque,  in  Cordova, 
Spain.  It  was  begun  by  Abder- 
rahman  I.  in  786,  and  until  1528 
remained  precisely  as  the  Moors 
left  it;  and  even  now  the  altera- 
tions are  inconsiderable.  It  is  still 
called  the  Mezquita,  the  mosque. 
It  is  now  converted  into  the  Cath- 
olic church  of  the  city. 

“ The  grandest  of  all  the  monu- 
ments of  Arabic  architecture,  for  be- 
tween Bagdad  and  the  Pillars  of  Hercu- 
les nothing  to  be  compared  to  it  is  to 
be  found.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
churches  in  the  world.  The  coup 
Woeil  on  entering  is  magnificent.  Noth- 
ing but  St.  Peter’s  equals  it;  not  even 
the  vast  Gothic  churches  of  the  North, 
or  the  Cathedral  of  Milan,  besides  that 
it  has  the  charm  of  entire  novelty  in  its 
form,  style,  and  tone.” 

George  Ticknor. 

4SiP  “ As  far  as  the  history  of  archi- 
tecture is  concerned,  by  far  the  most 
interesting  building  in  Spain  is  this 
Mosque  of  Cordoba.  It  was  the  first 
important  building  commenced  by  the 
Moors,  and  was  enlarged  and  orna- 
mented by  successive  rulers,  so  that  it 
contains  specimens  of  all  the  styles  cur- 
rent in  Spain  from  the  earliest  times 
till  the  building  of  the  Alhambra,  which 
was  in  the  latest  age  of  Moorish  art. 
This  celebrated  mosque  was  com 


MOS 


335 


MOS 


menced  by  Caliph  Abd-el-Rahman,  in 
the  year  786,  and  completed  by  his  son 
Ilesham,  who  died  796.  ...  It  covers 
157,500  square  feet,  being  a larger 
superficies  than  that  of  any  Christian 
church  except  that  of  St.  Peter’s  at 
Rome.  It  is,  however,  sadly  deficient 
in  height,  being  only  about  30  feet  high 
to  the  roofs,  and  also  wants  subordi- 
nation of  parts.”  Fergusson. 

In  Cordova's  grand  cathedral 

Stand  the  pillars  thirteen  hundred ; 

Thirteen  hundred  giant  pillars 

Bear  the  cupola,  — ihat  wonder. 

Moorish  monaivhs  once  erected 

This  fair  pile  to  Allah’s  glory ; 

But  in  the  wild,  dark  whirl  of  ages 

Many  a change  has  stolen  o’er  it. 

Heine , Trans. 

And  in  whose  mosque  Almanzor  hung 
As  lamps  the  bells  that  once  had  rung 
At  Compostella’s  shrine. 

Longfellow. 

Mosque  of  Kaitbey.  A beautiful 
Mohammedan  temple  in  Cairo, 
Egypt. 

4®"  “ Looked  at  externally  or  inter- 
nally, nothing  can  exceed  the  grace  of 
every  part  of  this  building.  Its  small 
dimensions  exclude  it  from  any  claim 
to  grandeur,  nor  does  it  pretend  to  the 
purity  of  the  Greek  and  some  other 
styles;  but  as  a perfect  model  of  the 
elegance  we  generally  associate  with 
the  architecture  of  this  people,  it  is 
perhaps  unrivalled  by  any  thing  in 
Egypt,  and  far  surpasses  the  Alham- 
bra or  the  other  western  buildings  of 
its  age.”  Fergusson. 

Mosque  of  Mohammed  Ali.  This 
mosque  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  was  be- 
gun by  Mohammed  Ali,  and  fin- 
ished after  his  death.  It  is  not 
admired  for  its  architecture ; but 
a good  effect  is  however  produced 
by  the  richness  of  the  materials 
used,  and  by  the  vast  size  of  the 
structure.  It  is  of  Oriental  ala- 
baster, with  the  exception  of  the 
outer  walls.  A fine  view  can  be 
obtained  from  this  mosque. 

46^*  Miss  Martineau  says  of  the 
view  from  the  mosque  : “ In  the  evening 
the  beauty  is  beyond  description.  The 
vastness  of  the  city,  as  it  lies  stretched 
below,  surprises  every  one.”  After 
speaking  of  the  more  distant  objects 
to  be  seen  — the  Pyramids,  etc.,  — she 
adds  : “ This  view  is  the  great  sight  of 
Cairo,  and  that  which  the  stranger  con- 
trives to  bring  into  his  plan  for  almost 
every  day.” 


The  great  lion  of  the  place.  ...  It  is 
built  of  alabaster  of  a fair  white,  with  a 
delicate  blushing  tinjje;  but  the  orna- 
ments are  European— i be  noble,  fantas- 
tic, beautiful  Oriental  art  is  torpotten. 

Thackeray. 

Mosque  of  Omar.  This  mosque 
(Kubbet  es-Sukhrah,  “ the  Dome 
of  the  Rock  ”)  covers  the  site 
long  occupied  by  the  great  Jew- 
ish temples  on  the  heights  of 
Mount  Moriah,  in  Jerusalem.  It 
is  very  beautiful,  being  built  of 
variegated  marbles,  with  a splen- 
did dome,  fine  arches  and  ar- 
cades, surrounded  by  green 
lawns  dotted  by  cypress- trees. 
On  the  Mohammedan  Sabbath  it 
presents  a very  cheerful  specta- 
cle, worshippers  being  at  prayers 
under  the  cypress-trees,  women, 
Mohammedan  nuns,  sitting  about 
the  lawns,  and  children  sitting 
upon  the  grass.  Any  Christian 
who  should  enter  even  the  outer- 
most court  of  the  mosque  would 
be  liable  to  immediate  death  by 
stoning,  and  even  an  approach  to 
it  subjects  him  to  insult.  The 
Caliph  Omar  built  this  mosque, 
according  to  the  common  tradi- 
tion, over  the  celebrated  rock  es- 
Sukhrah.  The  Arab  historians 
say,  however,  that  the  mosque 
was  rebuilt  by  the  Caliph  Abd 
el-Melek,  the  work  being  begun 
in  686  A.D.  Upon  the  sacred 
rock,  directly  under  the  dome,  is 
shown  the  “ Footprint  of  Mo- 
hammed,” where  the  foot  of  that 
prophet  left  the  earth  on  his  jour- 
ney to  heaven;  and  near  by  the 
“ Handprint  of  Gabriel,”  where 
that  angel  seized  the  rock  and 
held  it  down  when  it  was  rising 
with  Mohammed. 

“ According  to  the  treaty  of  ca- 
pitulation, in  virtue  of  which  the  city 
[Jerusalem]  was  ceded  to  the  Moslems 
. . . it  was  agreed  that  a spot  of  ground 
should  be  ceded  to  Omar,  in  which  he 
might  establish  a place  of  prayer.  For 
this  purpose  the  site  of  the  old  Temple 
of  the  Jews  was  assigned  him,  that 
spot  being  considered  sacred  by  the 
Moslems  on  account  of  the  nocturnal 
visit  of  the  prophet,  and  because  they 
then  wished  to  conciliate  the  Jews, 
while  at  the  same  time  the  spot  was 
held  accursed  by  the  Christians  on  ac- 
count of  the  Lord’s  denunciation,  and 


MOS 


336 


MOTT 


Julian’s  attempt  to  rebuild  it.  Here 
Omar  built  a small  mosque  which  still 
exists,  but  all  the  traditions  of  the  place 
have  become  so  confused  by  subse- 
quent interchanges  between  the  Chris- 
tians and  themselves  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  whether  it  is  the  chamber  bear- 
ing the  name  on  the  east  of  the  Mosque 
of  the  Monegrins,  or  to  the  west.  As 
might  be  expected  from  the  simplicity 
of  Omar’s  character,  his  poverty,  and 
his  hatred  of  every  thing  like  ostenta- 
tion, his  mosque  is  a very  simple  build- 
ing.” Fergusson. 

4QP“The  Dome  of  the  Rock,  now 
known  to  European  travellers  as  the 
‘Mosque  of  Omar,*  — which  was  un- 
doubtedly the  church  which  Constan- 
tine erected  over  what  he  believed  to 
have  been  the  sepulchre  of  Christ, — 
was  throughout  the  twelfth  century 
considered  equal  in  sanctity  with  the 
Church  of  the  Sepulchre;  and  the  ven- 
eration with  which  it  was  regarded 
had,  no  doubt,  considerable  influence 
upon  the  architecture  of  the  age.” 

Fergusson . 

The  Mosque  of  Omar  is  the  St.  Peter’s 
of  Turkey.  Sir  Frederick  Henniktr. 

Mosque  of  Sultan  el  Hakem.  The 

oldest  mosque  hut  one  at  Cairo, 
Egypt.  It  affords  an  example  of 
the  early  use  of  the  pointed  arch 
in  Saracenic  buildings,  the  time 
of  its  erection  being  nearly  two 
centuries  earlier  than  the  general 
adoption  of  that  style  of  architec- 
ture in  England. 

Mosque  of  Sultan  Hassan.  [Jd- 

ma-t-es  Soltdn  Hassan.]  This 
mosque  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  the  finest 
in  the  city,  was  begun  in  1357, 
and  finished  three  years  later. 
It  is  much  admired  for  its  archi- 
tecture. 

Motee  Musjeed.  See  Pearl 

Mosque. 

Moultrie,  Port.  See  Fort  Moul- 
trie. 

Mount  Athos,  Monasteries  of. 

The  sides  of  this  mountain,  Mount 
Athos,  in  Turkey,  are  occupied  by 
22  convents,  together  with  many 
cells,  grottos,  etc.,  affording  a 
habitation  to  more  than  3,000 
monks.  Most  of  these  convents 
were  founded  in  the  time  of  the 
Byzantine  Empire,  some  in  the 
time  of  Constantine  the  Great. 
From  the  multitude  of  these  as- 


cetic retreats,  Mount  Athos,  to- 
gether with  the  peninsula  upon 
which  it  stands,  is  known  in  the 
Levant  as  the  Holy  Mountain 
(' Ay lov  r/Opo5,  Monto  Santo). 

Mount  Auburn.  An  extensive 
and  beautiful  cemetery  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  the  first  of  the 
large  country  cemeteries  of  the 
United  States.  It  was  conse- 
crated in  1831.  The  grounds  are 
laid  out  with  great  taste,  and 
contain  many  fine  and  costly 
monuments.  The  place  was 
formerly  known  as  “ Sweet  Au- 
burn.” 

4®"  “ What  parent,  as  he  conducts 
his  son  to  Mount  Auburn  or  to  Bunker 
Hill,  will  not,  as  he  pauses  before  their 
monumental  statues,  seek  to  heighten 
his  reverence  for  virtue,  for  patriotism, 
for  science,  for  learning,  for  devotion 
to  the  public  good,  as  he  bids  him  con- 
template the  form  of  that  grave  and 
venerable  Winthrop,  who  left  his  pleas- 
ant home  in  England  to  come  and  found 
anew  republic  in  this  untrodden  wilder- 
ness; of  that  ardent  and  intrepid  Otis, 
who  first  struck  out  the  spark  of  Ameri- 
can independence ; of  that  noble  Adams, 
its  most  eloquent  champion  on  the  floor 
of  Congress;  of  that  martyr  Warren, 
who  laid  down  his  life  in  its  defence; 
of  that  self-taught  Bowditch,  who, 
without  a guide,  threaded  the  starry 
mazes  of  the  heavens;  of  that  Story, 
honored  at  home  and  abroad  as  one  of 
the  brightest  luminaries  of  the  law, 
and  by  a felicity  of  which  I believe 
there  is  no  other  example,  admirably 
portrayed  in  marble  by  his  son  ? ” 

Edward  Everett . 

I thought  of  a mound  in  sweet  Auburn , 
Where  a little  headstone  stood ; 

How  the  flakes  were  folding  it  gently, 

As  did  robins  the  babes  in  the  wood. 

Lowell . 

Mount  Calvary.  See  Calvary. 

Mount  Carmel,  Convent  of.  A 

noble  monastic  establishment,  be- 
longing to  the  order  of  Carmelites, 
on  Mount  Carmel,  in  northern 
Palestine.  The  spot  is  associated 
with  many  interesting  events,  not 
only  in  sacred  story,  but  in  mod- 
ern history.  During  the  siege  of 
Acre  by  Napoleon,  the  convent 
was  used  as  a hospital  for 
French  soldiers.  The  buildings 
were  afterwards  burned  by  the 
Turks,  but  have  been  rebuilt  in 


MOU 


337 


MOU 


this  century,  and  are  the  finest 
of  the  kind  in  Palestine. 

Mount  Edgecumbe.  A castellated 
mansion,  dating  from  the  time 
of  Henry  VI IL,  the  seat  of  the 
Edgecumbe  family,  near  Plym- 
outh, England.  The  grounds  are 
famous  for  their  beautiful  views 
of  land  and  sea. 

Forthwith,  a guard  at  every  gun 
Was  placed  along  the  wall ; 

The  beacon  blazed  upon  the  roof 
Of  Edgecombe's  Hfty  hall. 

Macaulay. 

Mount  Holyoke  Seminary.  A 

well-known  school  for  young 
women,  founded  in  1836.  It  is 
situated  in  South  Hadley,  Mass. 

Mount  Hood.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Albert  Bierstadt(b.  1829). 

Mount  Hope.  An  eminence  in 
Bristol  County,  ft. I.,  nearly  op- 
posite what  is  now  called  Fall 
ftiver,  Mass.,  and  celebrated  as 
the  residence  of  King  Philip,  the 
chief  of  the  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Wampanoags,  who  carried  on 
the  long  and  destructive  war 
with  the  early  settlers  of  New 
England,  which  broke  out  in 
1675,  and  is  known  as  “ King 
Philip’s  War.” 

“ Near  the  brow  of  the  hill, 
Philip  fixed  his  wigwam  and  held  his 
dusky  court.  He  has  had  Irving  for 
his  biographer,  Southey  for  his  bard, 
and  Forrest  for  his  ideal  representa- 
tive. In  his  own  time  he  was  the  pub- 
lic enemy  whom  any  should  slay : in 
ours  he  is  considered  a martyr  to  the 
idea  of  liberty  — his  idea  of  liberty  not 
differing  from  that  of  Tell  and  Tous- 
saint,  whom  we  call  heroes.”  Drake. 

“ As  Philip  looked  down  from 
his  seat  on  Mount  Hope,  that  glorious 
eminence,  that  — 

— * throne  of  royal  state,  which  far 
Outshone  the  wealth  of  Ormusand  of  Ind, 
Or  where  the  gorgeous  East,  with  richest 
hand, 

Showers  on  her  kings  barbaric  pearl  and 
gold,’  — 

as  he  looked  down,  and  beheld  the 
lovely  scene  which  spread  beneath,  at 
a summer  sunset,  the  distant  hill-tops 
glittering  as  with  fire,  the  slanting 
beams  streaming  across  the  waters,  the 
broad  plains,  the  island  groups,  the 
majestic  forest,  — could  he  be  blamed 
if  his  heart  burned  within  him,  as  he 


beheld  it  all  passing,  by  no  tardy  pro- 
cess, from  beneath  his  control,  into  the 
hands  of  the  stranger?  ” 

Edward  Everett. 

Mount  Lander.  A well-known 
picture  by  Albert  Bierstadt  (b. 
1829). 

Mount  Mario.  See  Monte  Mario. 

Mount  of  Precipitation.  A lo- 
cality fixed  upon  by  monastic 
tradition  in  the  immediate  vi- 
cinity of  Nazaretli  in  northern 
Palestine,  as  the  spot  to  which 
Jesus  was  taken  by  the  Jews, 
with  a design  to  cast  him  down 
“ from  the  brow  of  the  hill.” 

Mount  Pleasant.  An  old  colonial 
house  in  what  is  now  Fairrnount 
Park,  Philadelphia,  Penn.  It 
was  built  in  1761,  and  was  owned 
for  a time  by  Benedict  Arnold, 
having  been  confiscated  after  his 
act  of  treason. 

Mount  St.  Michael.  A renowned 
castle-convent,  situated  upon  the 
summit  of  a picturesque  isolated 
rock  of  the  same  name  rising  out 
of  a wide  expanse  of  sands  in 
Normandy,  France.  This  shrine 
of  the  Archangel  Michael  has 
been  for  centuries  the  resort  of 
thousands  of  pious  worshippers 
including  many  royal  pilgrims. 
The  convent  bore  the  name  of 
the  Marvel,  from  the  immense 
size  and  strength  of  its  walls. 
During  the  Revolution  it  was 
turned  into  a prison.  St.  Mich- 
ael’s Mount  in  Cornwall  was  a 
dependency  of  this  monastery. 

From  various  letters  which  my  friend 
had  written  me  from  this  proud  eminence, 
I had  formed  a very  distinct  idea  of  the 
place.  I had  imagined  a hill  not  unlike 
Mount  St.  Michel , my  friend's  house  an- 
swering to  the  monastery  on  the  top. 

Harper's  Magazine. 

Mount  Sinai  (Convent).  See  Ct. 
Catherine. 

Mount  Valerien.  See  Mont  Va- 
lerien. 

Mount  Vernon.  The  estate  and 
home  of  George  Washington,  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  about  15 
miles  below  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton. It  was  named  after  Admiral 


MOU 


338 


MUG 


Vernon  of  the  British  navy.  The 
mansion  contains  many  interest- 
ing relics  connected  with  Wash- 
ington, and  among  others  the  key 
of  the  Bastille  which  was  pre- 
sented to  him  by  Lafayette.  In 
1850  the  house  with  six  acres  of 
land  was  purchased  by  the  Ladies’ 
Mount  Vernon  Association,  and 
is  now  the  property  of  the 
nation. 

Tell  me,  ye  wlio  make  your  pious  pil- 
grimage to  the  shades  of  Vernon , is  Wash- 
ington indeed  shut  up  in  that  cold  and 
narrow  house?  That  which  made  these 
men,  and  men  like  these,  cannot  die. 

Edward  Everett. 

The  tree  who=e  branches  in  your  north 
winds  wave 

Dropped  its  young  blossoms  on  Mount  Ver- 
non's grave.  Whittier. 

As  from  the  grave  where  Henry  sleeps, 
From  Vernon 's  weeping  willow, 

Avd  from  the  grassy  pall  which  hides 
The  Sage  < f Mon'icello.  Whittier. 

Mount  Zion.  The  chief  and  most 
interesting  of  the  hills  upon 
which  Jerusalem  is  built.  It  is 
the  oldest  part  of  the  city,  the 
first  upon  which  buildings  were 
erected. 

Sing,  heavenly  Muse,  that  on  the  secret 
top 

Of  Oreb,  or  of  Sinai,  didst  inspire 
That  shepherd,  who  first  taught  the  chosen 
seed 

In  the  beginning  how  the  heavens  and 
eart  li 

Rose  out  of  Chaos;  or  if  Sion  hill 
Delight  thee  more,  and  Siloa’s  brook,  that 
flowed 

Fast  by  the  oracle  of  God,  I thence 
Invoke  thy  aid  to  my  adventurous  song. 

Milton. 

Mountain  of  Light.  See  Kohi- 

xoor. 

Mourning  Bush.  An  ancient  and 
celebrated  tavern  in  Aldersgate, 
London. 

Mousa  Castle.  A Pictish  castle  on 
one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  said 
to  be  “ perhaps  the  most  perfect 
Teutonic  fortress  now  extant  in 
Europe.” 

Mouse-tower,  The.  [Ger.  Mouse- 
thurm .]  A tower  on  an  island 
in  the  Rhine,  supposed  to  have 
been  erected  in  the  Middle  Ages 
by  some  of  the  robber-kniglits  of 
the  Rhine.  The  ruins  have  been 
covered  with  stucco,  and  con- 


verted into  a watch-tower.  It 
derives  its  name  from  the  legend 
of  the  cruel  Archbishop  Hatto  of 
Mayence.  According  to  the  story, 
as  told  by  Southey  in  his  familiar 
ballad,  the  Bishop,  having  burned 
alive  a barnful  of  starving  poor 
in  order  to  rid  himself  of  their 
importunities  for  food  from  his 
well  - furnished  granaries,  was 
punished  for  his  cruel  act  by  be- 
ing devoured  by  a whole  army  of 
rats  in  his  tower  on  the  Rhine,  to 
which  he  had  fled  for  safety. 

“ Fly ! my  Lord  Bishop,  fly,”  quotli  he, 

” Ten  thousand  rats  are  coming  this 
way — 

The  Lord  forgive  you  for  yesterday  ! ” 

” I’ll  go  to  my  tower  on  the  Rhine,”  re- 
plied he, 

“ Tis  tbe  safest  place  in  Germany; 

The  walls  are  high,  and  the  shores  are 
steep, 

And  the  stream  is  strong,  and  the  water 
deep!”  Southey. 

4ST  “ It  appears  to  have  been  built 
in  the  thirteenth  century  by  a Bishop 
Siegfried  (full  200  years  after  the  death 
of  Bishop  Hatto),  along  with  the  oppo- 
site castle  of  Ehrenfels,  as  a watch- 
tower  and  toll-house  for  collecting  the 
duties  upon  all  goods  which  passed  the 
spot.  The  word  mans  is  probably  only 
an  older  form  of  manth , duty  or  toll  : 
and  this  name,  together  with  the  very 
unpopular  object  for  which  the  tower 
was  erected,  perhaps  gave  rise  to  the 
dolorous  story  of  Bishop  Hatto  and  the 
rats.”  Murray's  Handbook . 

From  my  study  I see  in  the  lamp-light. 
Descending  the  broad  hall  stair. 

Grave  Alice,  and  laughing  Allegra, 

And  Edith  with  golden  hair. 


They  almost  devour  me  with  kisses; 

Their  arms  about  me  intwine, 

Till  I think  of  the  Bishop  of  Bingen 
In  his  Mouse-Tower  on  the  Rhine. 

Longfellow. 

Moyamensing  Prison.  A massive 
prison  in  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Mozart  Hall.  A building  in  Cin- 
cinnati, O.,  devoted  to  lectures 
and  concerts. 

Mozzi,  Villa.  See  Villa  Mozzi. 

Mueross  Abbey.  A beautiful  and 
famed  monastery,  now  in  ruins, 
situated  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
Ireland.  It  is  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  best-preserved  por- 
tion is  the  cloister,  which  consists 
of  22  arches.  The  whole  area  is 


MITE 


339 


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covered  by  a magnificent  yew- 
tree  of  a growth  of  centuries. 

Muezzin,  The.  A picture  by  Jean 
Loon  Gerome  (b.  1824),  the  French 
painter. 

Mug-house  Clubs.  The  Mug-house 
club  was  one  of  the  most  popular 
clubs  in  London  early  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century.  The  house  in 
Long  Acre  derived  its  name  from 
the  fact  that  each  member  drank 
his  ale  from  a separate  mug. 
After  a time  other  similar  clubs 
were  formed,  and  they  became 
intimately  connected  with  politi- 
cal events.  Their  tumults  and 
struggles  with  the  Jacobites  cul- 
minated in  the  serious  Mug-house 
riots  of  the  year  1716.  The  Mug- 
house  club  in  Long  Acre,  though 
subsequently  a political  rendez- 
vous, was  not  such  at  first,  and  is 
said  to  have  consisted  of  gentle- 
men, lawyers,  and  statesmen. 
The  Club  in  its  early  days  is  thus 
described:  ‘’They  have  a grave 
old  Gentleman,  in  his  own  gray 
Hairs,  now  within  a few  months 
of  Ninety  years  old,  who  is  their 
President,  and  sits  in  an  arm’d 
chair  some  steps  higher  than  the 
rest  of  the  company  to  keep  the 
whole  Loom  in  order.  A Harp 
plays  all  the  time  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  Room;  and  every  now 
and  then  one  or  other  of  the  Com- 
pany rises  and  entertains  the  rest 
with  a song,  and  (by  the  by)  some 
are  good  Masters.  Here  is  noth- 
ing drunk  but  ale;  and  every 
Gentleman  hath  his  separate 
Mug,  which  he  chalks  on  the  Ta- 
ble where  he  sits  as  it  is  brought 
in;  and  every  one  retires  when 
he  pleases  as  from  a Coffee-house. 
The  Room  is  always  so  diverted 
with  Songs,  and  drinking  from 
one  Table  to  another  to  one 
another’s  Healths,  that  there  is 
no  room  for  Politicks,  or  any 
thing  that  can  sow’r  conversa- 
tion.” 

Mulberry  Garden.  A celebrated 
place  of  resort  and  entertainment 
in  London  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  now  included  in  the  gar- 
dens of  Buckingham  Palace. 


Muleteer,  The.  A picture  by  An- 
tonio Allegri,  surnamed  Correg- 
gio (1494-1534).  In  the  gallery  of 
Stafford  House,  London. 

Mulets,  Grands.  See  Grands  Mu- 
lets. 

Mulino,  II.  See  Mill,  The. 

Mungret  Priory.  An  interesting 
monastic  ruin  in  the  county  of 
Limerick,  Ireland.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  St.  Pat- 
rick, and  is  undoubtedly  of  high 
antiquity. 

Munster  Congress.  A picture  by 
Gerard  Ter  burg  (1608-1681),  the 
Dutch  (/ermj-painter,  and  consid- 
ered one  of  his  masterpieces.  It 
was  sold  at  the  Demidoff  sale  for 
182,000  francs,  and  is  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Murder  of  the  Innocents.  See 
Massacre  of  the  Innocents. 

Muro  Torto.  A piece  of  broken 
wall  in  the  garden  of  the  Pincian 

Hill. 

4®=“  “ At  the  farthest  point  of  the 
Pincio  you  look  down  from  the  parapet 
upon  the  Muro  Torto , a massive  frag- 
ment of  the  oldest  Roman  wall,  which 
juts  over,  as  if  ready  to  tumble  down 
by  its  own  weight,  yet  seems  still  the 
most  indestructible  piece  of  work  that 
men’s  hands  have  ever  piled  together.” 
Hawthorne , The  Marble  Faun . 

Hence  turning  to  the  right  out  of  the 
Porto  del  Popolo,  we  came  to  Justinian’s 
garden  neere  the  Muro  Torto , so  promi- 
nently built  as  threatening  every  moment 
to  fall,  yet  standing  so  for  theselhou sand 
years.  John  Evelyn , 1644. 

4®=*“  Vainly  have  the  antiquaries 
puzzled  themselves  to  conceive  them 
with  what  intention,  or  by  whom,  this 
piece  of  deformity  was  made,  wheth- 
er originally  built  in  this  strange  shape, 
or  whether  fallen  into  it  by  time  or  ac- 
cident.” Eaton. 

Musee  du  Louvre.  Avast  collec- 
tion of  works  of  art  in  Paris,  oc- 
cupying almost  the  whole  of  the 
Louvre  Palace  and  Louvre  Gal- 
lery. See  Louvre. 

4®=  “ As  a whole  it  is  perhaps  the 
finest,  and  as  regards  numbers  the  lar- 
gest in  Europe,  although  it  must  yield 
in  Italian  art  to  those  of  the  Vatican 
and  Florence ; in  Dutch,  to  those  of  the 


MUS 


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MUS 


Hague,  Amsterdam,  and  Antwerp ; in 
Roman  antiquities,  to  the  Museums  of 
the  Capitol  and  Vatican  at  Rome,  and 
to  that  of  Naples;  and  in  Greek  sculp- 
ture, to  the  British  Museum.  Most  of 
the  objects  are  set  out  and  exhibited  to 
the  best  advantage  in  splendid  rooms. 
Under  Napoleon  III.  the  whole  was 
re-arranged,  whilst  very  great  additions 
were  made  in  every  department,  espe- 
cially in  the  Egyptian,  Assyrian,  and 
Etruscan,  — among  them  the  magnifi- 
cent collections  of  the  Marquis  Oam- 
pana,  of  Rome,  purchased  in  1861  for 
nearly  200,000/.,  which  form  the  most 
important  portion  of  the  Musee  Napo- 
leon HI.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

Musee  du  Luxembourg.  [Mu- 
seum of  the  Luxembourg.]  A 
gallery  of  paintings  in  the  Lux- 
embourg Palace,  Paris. 

MSS"  “ This  gallery  contains  what 
are  considered  to  be  the  best  works  of 
living  French  painters;  at  the  expira- 
tion of  ten  years  from  the  death  of  an 
artist,  his  works  may  be  transferred  to 
the  Louvre.  This  gallery  dates  from 
1818,  and  the  works  have  been  mostly 
purchased  after  the  annual  exhibitions 
under  the  selection  of  a jury  composed 
chiefly  of  members  of  the  Institute. 
Until  lately  the  pictures  selected  were 
almost  entirely  of  the  school  of  the 
Empire  and  Restoration  — enormous 
classical  or  academic  subjects.  Of  late, 
however,  this  system  has  been  departed 
from,  and  the  collection  is  now  a fairer 
representation  of  the  French  school  of 
the  day.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

Museo,  El.  [The  Museum.]  The 
royal  picture-gallery  of  Madrid, 
Spain,  and  one  of  the  richest  col- 
lections in  the  world.  Of  the 
building,  Fergusson  says,  “ If  not 
quite  successful  in  design,  it  has 
so  many  good  points  about  it  as 
to  be  well  worthy  of  study.”  The 
gallery  contains  a vast  number 
of  pictures  by  Spanish  and  Italian 
artists. 

Museo  Borbonieo.  [Bourbon  Mu- 
seum.] A celebrated  museum  of 
antiquities,  sculptures,  paintings, 
gems,  etc.,  in  Naples,  Italy.  It 
received  its  name  from  Ferdinand 
I.,  in  1816,  who  placed  in  it  the 
royal  collections  of  antiquities  and 
pictures.  The  greater  part  of  the 
relics  found  at  Herculaneum  and 
Pompeii  are  deposited  here.  This 
museum  is  now  called  Museo  Na- 
zionale. 


Museo  Capitolino.  [Capitoline 
Museum.]  A gallery  of  sculp- 
ture, — the  Museum  of  the  Capi- 
tol, — at  Rome.  It  was  begun  by 
Pope  Clement  XII.,  and,  though 
not  so  extensive  as  that  of  the 
Vatican,  is  a most  interesting  col- 
lection. 

Museo  Chiaramonti.  An  apart- 
ment in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  filled 
with  sculptures,  arranged  by 
Canova.  It  was  founded  by  Pope 
Pius  VIII.,  and  derives  its  name 
from  that  of  his  family. 

4^“  Here  are  some  seven  hundred 
pieces  of  sculpture,  — all  worthy  of  ex- 
amination, many  of  them  curious,  and 
some  of  them  of  great  merit.” 

Hillard. 

Museo  Gregoriano.  See  Etrus- 
can Museum. 

Museo  Nazionale.  See  Museo 
Borbonico. 

Museo  Pio-Clementino.  A mu- 
seum in  the  Vatican  Palace  at 
Rome,  so  called  from  the  two 
popes  Clement  XIV.  and  Pius 
VI.,  who  made  large  donations 
to  it.  It  contains  the  most  mag- 
nificent collection  of  ancient 
sculpture  in  the  world,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Torso  Belvedere,  the  Meleager, 
the  Antinous,  the  Laocoon,  and 
the  Apollo  Belvedere. 

46g=-  “ This  is  by  far  the  most  exten- 
sive collection  in  the  Vatican.  Besides 
the  Cortile  of  the  Belvidere  ...  it 
comprises  the  Hall  of  Animals,  the 
Gallery  of  the  Muses,  the  Circular 
Hall,  the  Hall  of  the  Greek  Cross,  the 
Hall  of  the  Biga,  and  the  Grand  Stair- 
case. In  point  of  architecture,  these 
are  the  most  splendid  portions  of  the 
whole  Vatican,  and  the  visitor  knows 
not  which  most  to  admire,  the  innu- 
merable works  of  art  which  solicit  his 
attention,  or  the  spacious  courts,  and 
the  noble  apartments  around  and  in 
which  they  are  distributed.” 

Hillard. 

Museum,  The.  1.  This  renowned 
institution  at  Alexandria,  Egypt, 
was  founded  by  Ptolemy  Soter. 
Alexandria  was  a famous  seat  of 
learning,  where  fora  long  time 
flourished  literature,  science,  and 
all  branches  of  philosphy.  Ac- 


MUS 


341 


MYR 


cording  to  Strabo,  the  Museum 
was  a large  structure  surrounded 
by  a corridor,  and  the  famous  Li- 
brary of  Alexandria  was  attached 
to  it. 

2.  A hill  in  Athens,  Greece, 
south-west  of  the  Acropolis. 

3.  A well-known  edifice  on  Tre- 
mont  Street,  Boston,  Mass.,  used 
for  theatrical  purposes,  and  con- 
taining a museum  of  curiosities 
and  antiquities. 

Tickets  to  the  Mdseum , — said  the  land- 
lady.—There  is  them  that’s  glad  enough 
to  go  to  the  Museum , when  tickets  is  given 
’em:  but  some  of  ’em  lia’n't  had  a ticket 
sence  Oenderiila  was  played.  Holmes. 

4.  See  British  Museum,  In- 
dia Museum,  Sloane  Museum, 
Soane  Museum,  etc. 

Music  Hall.  A plain  edifice  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  containing  a noble 
hall,  used  for  concerts  and  other 


purposes,  and  the  largest  organ 
in  America. 

Music  Master.  A picture  by  Jan 
Steen  (1626-1679),  the  Dutch  (jenre 
painter.  In  the  National  Gailery, 
London. 

Musidora.  An  admired  picture  by 
Thomas  Gainsborough  (1727-1788). 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

J OGtf  “ Ilis  [Gainsborough’s]  Musi- 
dora has  such  delicate  feet  and  so  in- 
telligent a head  that  she  is  ho  simple 
girl  bathing,  but  a lady.” 

Tainey  Trans. 

Myrtle  Grove.  A mansion  near 
Youghall,  Ireland,  near  Cork, 
once  the  home  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh. It  derives  its  name  from 
the  luxuriant  growth  of  the  myr- 
tles by  which  it  is  nearly  covered, 
and  some  of  which  are  nearly  30 
feet  high. 


NAG 


342 


NAT 


N. 


Nag’s  Head.  A former  tavern  in 
London. 

Namur,  Siege  of.  See  Siege  of 
Namur. 

Nando’s.  A coffee-house  in  Fleet 
Street,  London,  formerly  much 
frequented  by  professional  loun- 
gers. It  is  no  longer  a coffee- 
house. 

jgQp*  “ The  lawyers  discussed  law  or 
literature ; criticised  the  last  new  play, 
or  retailed  the  freshest  Westminster 
Hall  ‘ bite  ’ at  Nando's  or  the  Grecian, 
both  close  on  the  purlieus  of  the  Tem- 
ple. Here  the  young  bloods  of  the 
Inns-of-Court  paraded  their  Indian 
gowns  and  lace  caps  of  a morning; 
and  swaggered  in  their  lace  coats  and 
Mechlin  ruffles  at  night,  after  the  the- 
atre.” National  Review. 

Napoleon  at  Fontainebleau.  A 
picture  by  Paul  Delaroche  (1797- 
1856),  the  eminent  French  his- 
torical painter. 

Napoleon  at  St.  Helena.  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Benjamin  Rob- 
ert  Hay  don  (1786-1846). 

Narcissus.  An  ancient  marble 
statue  supposed  to  be  the  copy  of 
a work  by  Praxiteles,  the  Greek 
sculptor  (b.  392?  B.C.).  It  is  in 
the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 
[Called  also  Pai i,  and  Bacchus.] 

Narcissus  and  Echo.  A picture 
by  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turn- 
er (1775—1851),  the  English  land- 
scape-painter, and  regarded  one 
of  his  best  works. 

Narragansett  Fort.  A ruined  In- 
dian fortress  near  Kingston,  R.I., 
the  scene  of  one  of  the  most 
desperate  conflicts  between  the 
early  colonists  of  New  England 
and  the  Indian  tribes  during 
“ King  Philip’s  War.”  The  fort, 
of  which  a few  remains  still  ex- 
ist. was  taken  by  the  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut  men  in  De- 
cember, 1675. 


Nashville,  The.  A noted  priva- 
teer of  the  Confederate  navy  in 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  She 
was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
formidable  vessels  afloat,  but 
was  finally  destroyed  by  the 
Mont  auk,  under  command  of 
Capt.  Worden. 

Nassau,  John,  Duke  of,  and  his 
Family.  A family  picture  by 
Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641), 
and  one  of  his  grandest  compo- 
sitions. Now  at  Panshanger. 

National  Academy  of  Design.  A 
fine  building  on  Fourth  Ave- 
nue, New  York,  devoted  to  the 
exhibition  of  works  of  American 
art. 

National  Cemetery.  A national 
burying- ground  in  Arlington, 
Va.,  containing  the  bodies  of  16,- 
000  soldiers,  who  fell  in  the  war 
of  the  Rebellion. 

National  Gallery.  A collection  of 
paintings  and  works  of  art  in 
London.  It  originated  under  the 
auspices  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment, and  was  founded  in 
1824.  The  building  of  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  was  erected  1832- 
38. 

“It  possesses  windows  without 
glass,  a cupola  without  size,  a portico 
without  height,  pepper-boxes  without 
pepper,  and  the  finest  site  in  Europe, 
without  any  thing  to  show  upon  it.” 

All  the  Year  Round. 

National  Gallery  of  Statuary.  A 
semicircular  chamber  in  the  Capi- 
tol at  Washington,  formerly  the 
hall  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, in  which  that  body  sat  for 
32  years.  In  1864  the  room  was 
set  apart  as  a hall  of  statuary. 
It  contains  statues  of  some  of  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  re- 
public, and  of  the  colonial  period, 
contributed  by  the  different 
States. 


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343 


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National  Monument.  A memo- 
rial structure  in  Edinburgh , Scot- 
land, begun  in  1822,  in  honor  of 
those  British  soldiers  who  fell 
in  the  Napoleonic  wars.  It  was 
designed  to  be  a copy  of  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  but  for  want 
of  funds  the  building  is  still  in 
an  unfinished  state. 

National  Monument.  An  impos- 
ing memorial  structure  of  gran- 
ite, erected  on  Cemetery  Hill, 
Gettysburg,  Penn.,  in  honor  of 
the  Union  soldiers  who  gave  their 
lives  for  their  country  at  this 
place  in  the  great  battle  of  July 
3,  1863.  It  stands  in  the  centre 
of  the  enclosure,  which  contains 
the  bodies  of  some  3,500  soldiers, 
representing  eighteen  Northern 
States.  The  monument  bears 
upon  its  base  the  famous  words 
ol  President  Lincoln,  delivered 
at  the  consecration  of  the  ceme- 
tery in  November,  1863. 

National  Portrait  Gallery.  An 
interesting  gallery  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  London, 
founded  in  1858. 

National  Hoad.  An  ancient  na- 
tional highway,  established  by 
Thomas  Jefferson,  and  once  a 
great  thoroughfare.  It  extended 
from  Baltimore,  Md.,  through 
Frederick,  Cumberland,  and 
Wheeling,  to  Columbus,  O. 
Sometimes  called  the  old  Cum- 
berland Road. 

Nativity,  The.  [Ital.  17  Presepio, 
Fr.  La  Nativite .]  A very  com- 
mon subject  of  representation  by 
the  great  mediaeval  painters,  ex- 
hibiting, under  various  aspects 
and  circumstances,  the  birth  of 
Christ.  Of  the  numerous  pic- 
tures treating  of  this  subject,  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  as 
among  the  more  noted. 

But  for  the  occasion  and  the  appellation 
it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  distinguish 
the  loves  that  sport  round  Venus  and 
Adonis  from  the  Cherubim,  so  called,  that 
hover  above  a Nativity , or  a Riposo. 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Nativity,  The.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Correggio.  See  Notte, 

La. 


Nativity,  The.  • An  admired  pic- 
ture by  Mariotto  Albertinelli 
(1474-1515).  In  the  Pitti  Gallery, 
Florence, Italy. 

Nativity,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  Giulio  Romano  (1492- 
1546),  which  formerly  belonged 
to  Charles  I.  of  England.  Now 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Nativity,  The.  A picture  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the 
German  painter  and  engraver, 
erroneously  ascribed  to  Herri  de 
Bles.  It  is  in  the  collection  of 
the  Marquis  of  Exeter  at  Bur- 
leigh House,  England. 

Nativity,  The.  An  altar-piece 
with  wings,  executed  by  Hugo 
van  der  Goes  (d.  1482),  the  Flem- 
ish painter,  for  the  church  of  the 
Hospital  of  Santa  Maria  Nuova 
at  Florence,  Italy,  where  it  is  still 
preserved. 

Nativity,  The.  A small  triptych 
altar-piece,  representing  the  Na- 
tivity, a Dead  Christ  in  the  lap  of 
the  Virgin,  and  Christ  appearing 
to  his  mother  after  the  Resurrec- 
tion, by  Roger  van  der  Weyden, 
(d.  1464).  It  was  presented  by 
Pope  Martin  V.  to  the  King  of 
Spain,  afterwards  was  brought  to 
France,  and  is  now  in  the  Berlin 
Museum. 

Nativity,  The.  A wall-paint- 
ing by  Nabor  Martin  (1404-1453), 
a Flemish  painter.  In  the 
“Grande  Bouclierie  ” at  Ghent, 
Belgium. 

Nativity,  The.  A picture  by 
Gheerardt  David  (1484-1523),  a 
Flemish  painter.  Now  in  the 
National  Gallery  at  Madrid, 
Spain. 

Nativity,  Cave  of  the.  See  Cave 
of  the  Nativity. 

Nativity,  Church  of  the.  This 
splendid  basilica  at  Bethlehem, 
the  oldest  specimen  of  Christian 
architecture  in  the  world,  was 
built  by  the  Empress  Helena  in 
327  A.B.  In  consequence  of  its 
being  used  by  all  sects  alike,  the 
church  is  now  in  a state  of  neg- 
lect. Connected  with  it  is  a 
chamber  which  was  formerly  the 
study  of  Jerome.  In  the  church 
is  an  altar  reputed  to  be  upon  the 


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spot  where  were  buried  the  20,000 
children  massacred  by  order  of 
Herod.  There  is  also  here  a low 
vault  known  as  the  Chapel  of  the 
Nativity,  within  which  is  a marble 
slab  bearing  the  inscription,  “ Hie 
de  Virgin e Maria  Jesus  Cliristus 
natus  est  ” (“  Here  Jesus  Christ 
was  born  of  the  Virgin  Mary  ”). 
Here  is  also  the  small  chapel  of 
the  Prcesepium,  or  “ Manger,”  the 
manger  being  represented  by  a 
marble  trough.  Attached  to  the 
church  are  large  convents  belong- 
ing to  Roman  Catholics,  the 
Greek  Church,  and  the  Arme- 
nians. 

Natural  Bridge.  1.  A remarkable 
natural  curiosity  near  the  James 
River  in  Virginia,  about  125  miles 
west  of  Richmond.  It  is  an  arch 
more  than  200  feet  in  height  span- 
ning Cedar  Creek. 

This  scene  [the  passage  of  the  Potomac 
through  the  valley  of  the  Blue  Ridge]  is 
worth  a journey  across  the  Atlantic;  yet 
here,  as  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Nat- 
ural Bridge , are  people  who  have  passed 
their  lives  within  a dozen  miles,  and  have 
never  been  to  survey  these  monuments  of 
a war  between  rivers  and  mountains, 
which  must  have  shaken  the  earth  itself 
to  its  centre.  Thomas  Jefferson. 

2.  A curiosity  of  nature  in 
Walker  County,  Ala.,  considered 
by  many  as  remarkable  as  the 
celebrated  bridge  in  Virginia.  • 

Naval  Academy.  See  United 
States  Naval  Academy. 

Naval  Club.  See  Royal  Naval 
Club. 

N avicella,  La.  [The  boat  or  barge.] 
A celebrated  mosaic  now  in  the 
vestibule  of  St.  Peter’s  Church 
in  Rome,  executed  by  Giotto 
(1276-1336),  with  the  help  of  his 
pupil  Pietro  Cavallini,  and  repre- 
senting a ship  (symbolizing  the 
Church)  with  the  disciples  upon 
an  agitated  sea,  and  the  Saviour 
raising  Peter  from  the  waves.  On 
the  shore  opposite  is  a fisherman. 
Several  figures  of  Fathers  are 
seen  in  the  sky  manifesting  sym- 
pathy with  those  in  the  ship. 
The  winds  are  represented  below 
on  each  side  in  the  form  of  a 


demon.  The  picture  has  under- 
gone such  injuries  and  repairs  as 
to  make  any  critical  estimate 
difficult. 

“ ‘Christ  walking  on  the  Sea’ 
is  a familiar  and  picturesque  subject, 
not  to  be  mistaken.  The  most  ancient 
and  most  ^celebrated  representation  is 
Giotto’s  mosaic  (A.D.  1298),  now  placed 
in  the  portico  of  St.  Peter’s  over  the 
arch  opposite  to  the  principal  door. 
The  sentiment  in  the  composition  of 
this  subject  is,  generally,  ‘ Lord,  help 
me;  or  I perish.’  St.  Peter  is  sinking, 
and  Christ  is  stretching  out  his  hand 
to  save  him.  It  is  considered  as  a type 
of  the  Church  in  danger,  assailed  by 
enemies,  and  saved  by  the  miraculous 
interposition  of  the  Redeemer;  and  in 
this  sense  must  the  frequent  represen- 
tations in  churches  be  understood.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Navona,  Piazza.  See  Piazza  Na- 
vona. 

Na worth  Castle.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  near  Gilsland, 
Scotland. 

Nazionale,  Villa.  SeeViLLAREALE. 

Necessidades.  A palace  of  vast 
size  in  Lisbon,  Portugal,  used  for 
the  meetings  of  the  Cortes. 

“ Hence  we  were  driven  to  the 
huge  palace  of  Necessidades,  which  is 
but  a wing  of  a building  that  no  King 
of  Portugal  ought  ever  to  be  rich 
enough  to  complete,  and  which,  if  per- 
fect, might  outvie  the  Tower  of  Babel. 
The  mines  of  Brazil  must  have  been 
productive  of  gold  and  silver  indeed 
when  the  founder  imagined  this  enor- 
mous edifice.  . . . Although  the  palace 
has  not  attained  any  thing  like  its  full 
growth,  yet  what  exists  is  quite  big 
enough  for  the  monarch  of  such  a 
little  country.  . . . The  Necessidades 
are  only  used  for  grand  galas,  recep- 
tions of  ambassadors,  and  ceremonies 
of  state.  ...  Of  all  the  undignified 
objects  in  the  world,  a palace  out  at 
elbows  is  surely  the  meanest.” 

Thackeray . 

Necklace,  The  Diamond.  See 
Diamond  Necklace. 

N egroni,  Villa.  See  V ill  A Massi- 
mo. 

Nelson  Column.  A monument 
erected  in  1843  to  the  memory  of 
Lord  Nelson  in  Trafalgar  Square, 
London,  and  supporting  a statue 
of  that  great  admiral. 


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I wish  they  would  offer  the  Trafalgar- 
square  Pillar  to  the  Egyptians;  and  that 
both  of  the  huge,  ugly  monsters  -were 
lying  in  the  dirt  there  [Egypt],  side  by 
side.  Thackeray. 

Nelson’s  Pillar.  A fine  Ionic  col- 
umn in  Sackville  Street,  Dublin, 
Ireland.  It  is  131  feet  in  height, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a statue  of 
Lord  Nelson,  leaning  upon  the 
capstan  of  a ship.  The  pillar 
commands  a fine  view  of  the 
city. 

Nepomuck.  See  St.  John  Nepo- 
muck and  Shrine  of  St.  John 
Nepomuck. 

Neptune,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Neptune. 

Nero’s  Golden  House.  See  Gold- 
en House. 

Nesle,  Tour  de.  See  Tour  de 
Nesle. 

Neutral  Ground.  1.  The  name 
given  to  a space  near  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  the  isthmus 
which  connects  the  fortress  of 
Gibraltar  with  the  mainland.  It 
is  between  the  “Spanish  lines” 
and  the  English  “ Rock  ” of  Gib- 
raltar. 

2.  A name  formerly  applied  to 
Westchester  County,  N.Y.,  which 
was  for  five  years  or  more  during 
the  Revolutionary  War  the  scene 
of  constant  skirmishing  between 
the  Loyalists  and  Queen’s  Ran- 
gers on  the  one  side,  and  the  pa- 
triot soldiery  of  New  York  and 
New  England  on  the  other. 
Cooper’s  well-known  “ Spy  ” is  a 
“ Tale  of  the  Neutral  Ground.” 

Nevskoi  Prospekt.  [The  New 
Prospect.]  The  principal  street 
and  public  promenade  in  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia.  It  is  four 
miles  in  length,  nearly  in  a right 
line,  and  150  feet  in  breadth,  with 
a double  carriage-way.  The 
houses  facing  upon  it  are  mag- 
nificent, and  some  of  the  finest 
churches  in  the  city  are  here  lo- 
cated. In  winter  the  display  of 
sledges  and  costumes  which 
crowd  this  street  affords  one  of 
the  finest  spectacles  to  be  seen  in 
Europe. 


A walk  in  Broadwny  or  Fifth  Avenue 
will  show  you  damsels  and  dames  who 
will  remind  you  of  those  you  have  met  in 
Piccadilly  or  the  Boulevards  ...  in  the 
Prater  or  Nevskoi  Prospekt.  Galaxy. 

The  days  came  and  went;  fashionable 
equipages  forsook  their  summer  ground  of 
the  Islands  and  crowded  the  Nevskoi  Pros- 
pekt ; the  nights  were  cold  and  >aw,  ilie 
sun’s  lessening  declination  was  visible 
from  day  to  day,  and  still  Winter  deiavi  d 
To  make  his  appearance.  Bayard  Taylor. 

New  Abbey.  An  interesting  ru- 
ined monastery,  founded  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  near  Dum- 
fries, Scotland.  Its  last  abbot  is 
said  to  have  been  the  original  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  Abbot  of  St. 
Mary’s. 

New  Forest.  A large  tract  of 
woodland,  the  greater  part  of 
which  belongs  to  the  Crown, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  South- 
ampton, England,  about  50  miles 
in  circumference,  originally  set 
apart  by  William  the  Conquer- 
or, and  of  much  historical  in- 
terest. 

This  is  the  place  where  William's  kingly 
power 

Did  from  their  poor  and  peac<  ful  homes 
expel, 

Unfriended,  desolate,  and  shelterless. 

The  inhabitants  of  all  the  fertile  tract 
Far  as  these  wilds  extend. 

Robert  Southey. 

I have  read  somewhere  that  the  lineal 
descendants  of  the  man  who  carted  off 
the  body  cf  William  Rufus,  with  Walter 
TyrrePs  arrow  sticking  in  it,  have  driven 
acart  (not  absolutelv  the  same  one,  I 
suppose)  in  the  New  Forest , from  that  day 
to  this.  Holmes. 

New  Grange.  A remarkable  Dru- 
idical  tumulus  on  the  banks  of  the 
Boyne,  between  Drogheda  and 
Slane,  Ireland.  One  or  two  oth- 
ers of  a similar  character  are  in 
the  neighborhood.  The  interior 
was  first  explored  in  1699.  A 
long  gallery  opens  into  a wonder- 
ful cave  or  sacrificial  chamber, 
where  more  than  2,000  years  ago 
the  Druids  held  their  solemn 
meetings. 

4®^  “ Of  their  Druidical  character 
no  one  can  entertain  the  remotest 
doubt;  they  would  carry  conviction 
to  the  most  sceptical,  even  if  ample 
corroborative  testimony  did  not  exist.” 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall . 

New  Hall.  An  historical  mansion 
near  Chelmsford,  England,  once 


NEW 


346 


NEW 


belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, and  the  scene  of  many 
interesting  incidents.  Only  a 
part  of  the  building  now  re- 
mains. 

New  Harmony.  A celebrated  so- 
cialist community  established  in 
1825,  in  a place  bearing  this  name 
in  Indiana,  purchased  by  Robert 
Owen  (1771-1858)  for  the  purpose 
of  testing  his  theory  of  society. 
The  experiment  proved  entirely 
unsuccessful. 

New  Inn.  A law  seminary  in 
London,  one  of  the  inns  of  Chan- 
cery. 

New  Ironsides.  A noted  vessel 
in  the  United  States  navy  in  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-65.  She  was 
the  flag-ship  of  Admiral  Dupont’s 
flotilla  in  the  attack  upon  the  de- 
fences of  Charleston,  S.C. 

New  Palace.  [Ger.  der  Kdnir/s- 
bctu.]  A splendid  palace  in  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria,  imitated  in  part 
from  the  Palazzo  Pitti  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  built  in  1835. 

4Q?p  “ The  New  Residence  is  not 
only  one  of  the  wonders  of  Munich, 
but  of  the  world.”  Bayard  Taylor . 

New  Palace  (at  Westminster).  See 
Westminster  Palace. 

New  Place.  The  name  of  the 
house  which  Shakespeare  pur- 
chased at  Stratford-on-Avon,  af- 
ter his  return  to  his  native  town, 
and  in  which  he  died.  The 
foundations  of  the  house  are  all 
that  now  remain.  The  site,  pur- 
chased by  public  subscription,  has 
been  converted  into  a pleasure- 
ground. 

4®=*  “It  cost  Shakespeare  sixty 
pounds  sterling  (equal  to  about  $1,500) ; 
a small  outlay  for  the  dwelling  of  a 
man  of  its  new  possessor’s  means  and 
capacity  of  enjoyment.  No  represen- 
tation of  the  house  as  it  was  in  Shake- 
speare’s time  is  known  to  exist,  it  hav- 
ing been  altered  after  his  death;  yet 
its  size  was  not  enlarged,  and  an  exist- 
ing representation  of  it  in  its  last  con 
dition  shows  that  it  was  a goodly  man- 
sion.” Richard  Grant  White. 

4®=  “After  that  we  were  taken  to 
see  New  Place.  ‘ And  what  is  New 


Place,’  you  say,  — ‘the  house  where 
Shakespeare  lived?  ’ Not  exactly,  but 
a house  built  where  his  house  was.  . . . 
We  went  out  into  Shakespeare’s  gar- 
den, where  we  were  shown  his  mul- 
berry, — not  the  one  that  he  planted, 
though,  but  a veritable  mulberry  plant- 
ed on  the  same  spot.” 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe . 

New  York  University.  See  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New 
York. 

Newark  Castle.  This  Scottish 
castle  on  the  river  Yarrow  was 
formerly  a royal  residence.  The 
Duchess  of  Buccleuch  is  supposed 
to  have  been  here,  listening  to 
the  “ Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,” 
who 

“ Passed  where  Newark’s  stately  tower 
Looks  out  from  Yarrow’s  birken  bower.” 
Rising  from  those  lofty  groves. 

Behold  a ruin  hoary. 

The  shattered  front  of  Newark's  tower , 
Ilenown’d  in  Border  story. 

Wordsworth. 

Newbattle  Abbey.  The  seat  of 
the  Marquis  of  Midlothian,  near 
Dalliousie,  Scotland. 

Newcastle  House.  A famous  man- 
sion in  London,  the  residence 
of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  It 
is  no  longer  standing,  its  site 
being  occupied  by  Newcastle 
Place. 

Newgate.  A celebrated  prison  in 
London,  and  the  oldest  in  the 
city,  formerly  used  for  felons  and 
debtors,  now  as  a jail  for  the  con- 
finement of  prisoners  before  and 
after  trial  at  the  Old  Bailey. 
Many  distinguished  persons  have 
been  imprisoned  within  the  walls 
of  Newgate,  and  many  famous 
criminals  have  here  been  execut- 
ed. It  was  rebuilt  in  1770-80. 
Among  those  who  have  been 
imprisoned  here  are,  Sackville 
the  poet,  George  Wither,  Penn, 
De  Foe,  Jack  Sheppard,  Dr. 
Dodd,  Lord  George  Gordon. 
Newgate  prison  had  its  origin  in 
the  gate-house  of  New-Gate, 
which  was  one  of  the  principal 
gates  of  the  City.  The  execu- 
tions which  formerly  were  car- 
ried out  at  Tyburn  now  take  place 
here. 


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“ It  has  a most  imposing  exte- 
rior, which  is  perhaps  its  greatest  use 
as  a deterrer  from  crime,  and  the  worst 
possible  interior.”  Capt.  Williams. 

jggp  “ There,  at  the  very  core  of 
London,  in  the  heart  of  its  business  and 
animation,  in  the  midst  of  a whirl  of 
noise  and  motion : stemming,  as  it 

were,  the  giant  currents  of  life  that 
flow  ceaselessly  on  from  different  quar- 
ters, and  meet  beneath  its  walls,  stands 
Newgate.”  Dickens. 

Newgate,  though  only  a prison, 
and  pretending  to  be  nothing  else,  is 
still  one  of  the  best  public  buildings  in 
the  metropolis.  . . . There  is  nothing 
in  it  but  two  great  windowless  blocks, 
each  90  feet  square,  and  between  them 
a very  commonplace  gaoler’s  resi- 
dence.” Fergusson. 

Newgate  he  builded  faire 
For  prisoners  to  live  in; 
Christs-church  he  did  repaire 
Christian  love  for  to  win. 

Many  more  such  like  deedes 
Were  done  by  Whittington; 

Which  joy  and  comfort  breedes, 

To  such  as  looke  thereon. 

Anonymous . 

For  what  is  history,  in  fact,  but  a kind 
of  Newgate  calendar,  a register  of  the 
crimes  and  miseries  that  man  has  infh'ct- 
ed  on  his  fellow-man  ? Irving. 

Nay,  look  at  Newgate:  do  not  the  off- 
scourings of  Creation,  when  condemned 
to  the  gallows,  as  if  they  were  not  men 
but  vermin,  walk  thither  with  decency, 
and  even  to  the  scowls  and  hootings  of 
the  whole  Universe  give  their  stern  good- 
night in  silence  ? Carlyle. 

The  drop  on  the  stones,  of  the- blind  man’s 
staff, 

As  he  trades  in  his  own  grief's  sacredness; 
The  brothel’s  shriek,  and  the  Newgate 
laugh.  Mrs . Browning. 

Newstead  Abbey.  An  antique 
building  near  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, originally  a monastery, 
founded  by  Henry  II.,  celebrated 
as  having  been  once  the  residence 
of  Lord  Byron,  and  in  which  nu- 
merous relics  of  the  poet  are  still 
preserved.  The  building  is  now 
the  property  of  Col.  Wildman. 

“ Newstead  Abbey  is  one  of  the 
finest  specimens  in  existence  of  those 
quaint  and  romantic  piles,  half  castle, 
half  convent,  which  remain  as  monu- 
ments of  the  olden  times  of  England. 
It  stands,  too,  in  the  midst  of  a legend- 
ary neighborhood;  being  in  the  heart 
of  Sherwood  Forest,  and  surrounded 
by  the  haunts  of  Robin  Hood  and  his 
band  of  outlaws,  so  famous  in  ancient 
ballad  and  nursery  tale.”  Irving . 


Newstead!  fast  falling,  once  resplendent 
dome ! 

Religion’s  shrine ! repentant  Henry’s 
pride!  Byron. 

Through  thy  battlements,  Newstead , the 
hollow  winds  w hist.le  ; 

Thou,  the  hall  of  my  fathers,  art  gone  to 
decay; 

In  thy  once  smiling  garden  the  hemlock 
and  thistle 

Have  choked  up  the  rose  which  late 
bloomed  in  the  way.  Ibid. 

What  made  my  heart,  at  Newstead , fuile  t 
swell  ? 

’Twas  not  the  thought  of  Byron,  of  his 
cry 

Stormily  sweet,  his  Titan  agony. 

Matthew  Arnold. 

Newtown  Abbey.  A picturesque 
ruined  monastery  near  Trim,  in 
the  county  of  Meath,  Ireland. 

Niagara.  A picture  by  Frederick 
E.  Church  (b.  1826),  well  known 
through  frequent  reproductions. 
Now  in  the  Corcoran  Gallery, 
Washington. 

“ Church’s  Niagara  was  imme- 
diately recognized  as  the  first  satisfac- 
tory delineation  by  art  of  one  of  the 
greatest  natural  wonders  of  the  Western 
world,  and  this  is  in  itself  extraordinary 
praise.”  Tuckerman. 

41®=-  “ Mr.  Ruskin,  when  looking  at 
Church’s  ‘Niagara,’  pointed  out  an 
effect  of  light  upon  water,  which  he 
declared  he  had  often  seen  in  nature, 
especially  among  the  Swiss  waterfalls, 
but  never  before  on  canvas.” 

Tuckerman. 

Niagara,  The.  1.  A ship  of  Com- 
modore Perry’s  squadron,  which 
did  great  service  in  the  naval 
battle  with  the  British  on  Lake 
Erie  in  1813. 

2.  An  American  man-of-war 
employed,  in  connection  with  the 
English  steamer  Agamemnon , in 
laying  the  first  Atlantic  cable  in 
1857  and  1858. 

Niblo’s  Garden.  A theatre  on 
Broadway,  New  York,  chiefly 
used  for  spectacular  plays. 

Nickajack  Cave.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  Alabama  on  the  borders 
of  Georgia.  The  name  is  a cor- 
ruption" or  improvement  upon 
“ Nigger  Jack,”  the  leader  of  a 
band  of  negroes  who  frequented 
this  cave. 

Nicolas  des  Champs,  See  St. 

Nicolas  des  Champs. 


NIC 


348 


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Nicolas  du  Chardonnet.  A church 
in  Paris,  rebuilt  in  1656-1709  in 
the  Italian  style  of  that  time. 

Niddrie  Castle.  A ruined  feudal 
stronghold  in  Scotland  not  far 
from  Linlithgow.  Here  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  tarried  for  a time 
after  her  escape  from  Lochleven. 

Niederwald.  The  name  given  to 
a series  of  heights  and  also  to  a 
forest  near  Bingen  on  the  Rhine. 

Night,  The.  One  of  four  colossal 
figures  executed  by  Michael  An- 
gelo Bnonarotti  (1175-1564).  In 
the  church  of  S.  Lorenzo,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

“ The  famous  statue  of  the 
Night,  La  Notte  di  Michelagnolo , that 
work  known  by  name  to  all  who  have 
heard  of  Michael  Angelo.  Of  none  can 
it  be  asserted  with  so  much  justice  that 
he  alone  could  have  produced  it.” 

Grimm,  Trans. 

Michel’s  Night  and  Day 
And  Dawn  and  Twilight  wait  in  marble 
scorn.  Mrs.  Browning. 

Night,  The.  A celebrated  bas- 
relief  by  Albert  Bertel  Thor- 
waldsen  (1770-1844),  the  Danish 
sculptor.  It  is  well  known  by 
engravings. 

Night.  A picture  by  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer  (1803-1873),  the  cele- 
brated English  painter. 

Night-Watch,  The.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Bembrandt  van  Byn 
(1607-1669),  the  Dutch  painter,  the 
largest  he  ever  painted,  and  re- 
garded as  his  chief  work,  It  is 
in  the  Amsterdam  Gallery. 

Nile,  The.  A colossal  marble  sta- 
tue discovered  during  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.,  and  now  in  the 
Vatican,  Borne. 

“ A grand  reclining  statue  called 
‘The  Nile,’ a copy  of  which  is  in  the 
Tuileries.  Nothing  could  be  more 
graceful,  more  fluid,  than  these  infantile 
diminutive  creatures  playing  around 
this  large  body;  nothing  could  better 
express  the  fulness,  the  repose,  the  in- 
definable, the  almost  divine  life  of  a 
river.”  Taine , Trans. 

Kilometer.  [Arab.  McJckccas.]  This 
celebrated  structure,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Boda,  near  Cairo, 


Egypt,  serves,  as  its  name  indi- 
cates, to  measure  the  height  of 
the  water  in  the  Nile.  It  con- 
sists of  a square  well  or  chamber, 
within  which  is  a pillar  graduated 
into  cubits  (each  21  7-16  inches 
long),  those  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  pillar  being  subdivided  into 
24  digits  each.  Every  day  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  inunda- 
tion criers  proclaim  through  the 
streets  of  Cairo  the  height  to 
which  the  water  has  risen,  as  in- 
dicated by  the  Nilometer;  and 
when  it  has  reached  a certain 
height  the  canals  are  opened,  and 
the  water  flows  over  the  land. 
The  usual  height  to  which  the 
water  rises  (during  the  inunda- 
tion) at  Cairo  is  from  24  to  26  feet. 
The  date  of  construction  of  the 
Nilometer  at  Boda  is  assigned  to 
the  ninth  century. 

Among  other  Nilometers  was 
one  at  Memphis  in  the  time  of  the 
Pharaohs,  one  at  Ilithyia  in  the  time  of 
the  Ptolemies,  and  one  at  Elephantine 
during  the  reigns  of  the  early  Roman 
emperors. 

Xggf  “ We  crossed  by  a ferry-boat 
to  the  island  of  Roda,  to  sec  the  Nilo- 
meter, which  I was  surprised  to  find  a 
very  pretty  place;  a damp,  dim  cham- 
ber, tufted  with  water-weeds,  steep 
stairs  down  into  it,  and  a green  pool 
and  mud  at  the  bottom ; in  the  centre,  a 
graduated  pillar ; in  the  four  sides  of 
the  chamber,  four  pointed  arches, — 
one  filled  in  with  an  elegant  grating; 
round  the  cornice,  and  over  the  arches, 
Cufic  inscriptions;  and  in  two  of  the 
niches,  within  the  arches,  similar  in- 
scriptions. The  crypt-like  aspect,  of 
the  chamber,  with  its  aquatic  adorn- 
ments of  weeds  and  mosses,  — so  per- 
fectly in  accordance  with  its  purpose, 
— was  charming.”  Miss  Martineau. 

Nimes  Arena.  See  Arena. 

Nina,  The.  One  of  the  three  ves- 
sels with  which  Columbus  set 
sail  for  America  from  Palos, 
Spain,  on  the  3d  of  August,  1492. 
The  Nina  was  commanded  by 
Vincente  Yanez  Pinzon. 

Nine  Ladies.  The  name  given  to 
a so-called  Druidical  circle  at 
Stanton  Moor,  England.  It  is 
formed  of  a circular  mound  cf 
earth,  about  36  feet  in  diameter, 
on  which  the  upright  stones  are 


NIO 


349 


NON 


placed  at  irregular  distances.  In 
the  centre  are  the  remains  of  a 
sepulchral  mound. 

Niobe.  A celebrated  group  of  an- 
cient sculpture,  now  in  the  gal- 
lery of  the  Uffizi  Palace  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  representing  Niobe 
mourning  the  death  of  her  chil- 
dren slain  by  Apollo  and  Diana. 
It  was  found  at  Home  in  1583. 

41®=*  “ I saw  nothing  here  so  grand 
as  the  group  of  Niobe ; if  statues 
which  are  now  disjointed  and  placed 
cqui-distantly  round  a room  may  be  so 
called.  Niobe  herself,  clasped  by  the 
arm  of  her  terrified  child,  is  certainly 
a group,  and,  whether  the  head  be 
original  or  not,  the  contrast  of  passion, 
' of  beauty,  and  even  of  dress,  is  admir- 
able.” Forsyth. 

“ The  Niobe  of  nations  ! there  she  stands, 
Childless  and  crownless  in  Icr  voiceless 
woe.”  Byron  (on  Rome). 

4®=*  “Niobe  ...  is  true  tragedy. 
She  is  bending  over  her  youngest  child, 
who  clings  to  her  knees;  and  while  in 
an  agony  of  maternal  love  she  en- 
circles with  her  arm  the  most  helpless 
of  her  devoted  progeny,  conscious  de- 
spairing inability  to  save  is  expressed 
in  every  lineament  of  the  living  marble. 
The  powerful  pathos,  and  the  deep- 
seated  expression  of  agonizing  grief, 
which  speaks  in  her  countenance  and 
gesture,  find  their  way  at  once  to  the 
heart.”  Eaton. 

45T*  “ I seemed  to  be  in  the  presence 
of  a touching  domestic  tragedy,  told  in 
marble.  The  artist  appeared  to  be 
swallowed  up  in  his  work.  . . . The 
majesty  of  the  subject  seemed  to  brood 
over  the  chisel  and  guide  its  edge.  . . . 
The  grief  of  Niobe  is  feminine,  deep, 
overwhelming,  and  hopeless,  but  not 
fierce  or  struggling.  This  exquisite 
group  is  not  very  happily  placed : the 
figures  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  an 
oval,  the  Niobe  making  the  central 
point  of  interest,  — a disposition  which 
seems  formal  and  unnatural.” 

Hillard. 

4®=*  “ No  wonder  the  strength  of 
that  woe  depicted  on  her  countenance 
should  change  her  into  stone.  One  of 
her  sons  — a beautiful,  boyish  form  — 
is  lying  on  his  back,  just  expiring,  with 
the  chill  languor  of  death  creeping 
over  his  limbs.  We  seem  to  hear  the 
quick  whistling  of  the  arrows,  and 
look  involuntarily  into  the  air  to  see 
the  hovering  figure  of  the  avenging 
god.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Nivernais  Ploughing;*  See 
Ploughing  in  Nivernais. 


Noli  me  tangere.  [Touch  me  not.] 
These  words  of  Christ,  spoken  in 
the  garden  to  Mary  Magdalene 
(John  xx.  17),  make  the  subject 
of  many  pictures  by  the  great 
painters  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Of 
these  compositions  it  will  be 
sufficient  to  name  as  among  the 
more  celebrated,  the  following. 

Noli  me  tangere.  A great  altar- 
piece  by  Federigo  Baroccio  (1528- 
1612),  once  very  celebrated  and 
well-known  from  the  fine  engrav- 
ing by  Raphael  Morghen.  Now 
in  England. 

Noli  me  tangere . A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576),  representing 
the  Magdalene  as  kneeling,  and 
bending  forward  with  one  hand 
extended  to  toucli  the  Saviour, 
who,  “ drawing  his  linen  garment 
round  him,  shrinks  back  from  her 
touch  — yet  with  the  softest  ex- 
pression of  pity.”  Formerly  in 
the  collection  of  Rogers,  the  poet. 
Now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Noli  me  tangere.  A picture  by 
Rembrandt  (1607-1669).  In  the 
Queen’s  Gallery,  London. 

Noli  me  tangere.  A small  pic- 
ture by  Mariotto  Albertinelli 
(1474-1515),  the  Italian  painter, 
and  long  attributed  to  Perugino. 
It  is  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Nonantum  Hill.  An  eminence  — 
so  called  in  colonial  times  — near 
Newton  Corner,  Mass.  Here  the 
Apostle  Eliot  preached  to  the  In- 
dians. 

Nonnenwerth.  An  old  Benedict- 
ine nunnery  on  an  island  of  the 
same  name  in  the  Rhine. 

Nonsuch  House.  A curious  build- 
ing that  once  stood  upon  London 
Bridge.  According  to  Timbs,  it 
was  “so  called  because  it  was 
constructed  in  Holland  entirely 
of  wood,  and,  being  brought  over 
in  pieces,  was  erected  in  this 
place  with  wooden  pegs  only, 
not  a single  nail  being  used  in 
the  whole  structure.  Its  situa- 
tion is  even  yet  pointed  out  by 
the  seventh  and  eighth  arches  of 
the  bridge  being  still  called  the 
Draw  Lock  and  the  Nonsuch 
Lock.” 


NON 


350 


NOT 


Nonsuch  Palace.  A royal  mansion 
erected  by  Henry  VIII.  in  a lit- 
tle place  called  Codintone.  The 
palace  was  so  named  in  conse- 
quence of  its  then  unequalled 
beauty.  It  was  taken  down  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

Norfolk  House.  A noble  house  in 
St.  James’s  Square,  London,  so 
called  from  the  seventh  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  who  died  here  in  1701. 
George  III.  was  born  here  in 
1738. 

Norfolk  Street.  A London  street 
associated  with  Sir  Roger  de  Cov- 
erley,  and  in  which  William  Penn 
formerly  lived. 

Norman’s  Woe.  A mass  of  rocks 
near  the  entrance  of  the  harbor 
of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  familiar  to 
many  through  Longfellow’s  bal- 
lad of  “The  Wreck  of  the  Hes- 
perus.” 

It  was  the  schooner  Hesperus 
That  sailed  the  wintry  sea. 

And  fast  through  the  midnight  dark  and 
drear. 

Through  the  whistling  sleet  and  snow, 
Like  a sheeted  ghost  tile  vessel  swept 
Towards  the  reef  of  Norman's  Woe. 

Longfellow. 

North  Star.  An  Arctic  exploring 
ship  employed  in  the  expedition 
of  Capt.  Saunders  in  1849,  and  in 
that  of  Capt.  Pullen  in  1852-54. 

Northumberland  House.  The 

city  residence  of  the  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  Strand,  Lon- 
don. It  was  built  by  Henry 
Howard,  the  Earl  of  Northamp- 
ton, who  left  it  in  1G14  to  his 
nephew,  Thomas  Howard,  Earl 
of  Suffolk,  when  it  received  the 
name  of  Suffolk  House.  It  was 
afterwards  bought  by  Algernon 
Percy,  Earl  of  Northumberland, 
from  whom  it  received  its  present 
name.  This  mansion,  called  the 
finest  great  historical  house  in 
London,  “ commenced  by  a How- 
ard, continued  by  a Percy,  and 
completed  by  a Seymour,”  has 
been  recently  destroyed. 

4ST*  “ One  only  of  the  great  Strand 
palaces  has  survived  entire  to  our  own 
time.  We  have  all  of  us  seen  and 
mourned  over  Northumberland  House, 


one  of  the  noblest  Jacobean  buildings 
in  England,  and  the  most  picturesque 
feature  of  London.  ...  Of  all  the  bar- 
barous and  ridiculous  injuries  by  which 
London  has  been  wantonly  mutilated 
within  the  last  few  years,  the  destruc- 
tion of  Northumberland  House  has 
been  the  greatest.”  Hare. 

Notch,  The.  [Known  also  as  the 
Crawford  Notch  in  distinction 
from  the  Pinkham  and  Franconia 
Notches.]  A grand  and  impres- 
sive valley  between  Willey  Moun- 
tain and  Mount  Webster  in  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire. It  contains  the  famous 
Willey  House.  Bayard  Taylor, 
speaking  of  the  view  looking 
down  upon  the  tremendous  gulf 
of  the  Notch  from  the  top  of 
Mount  Willard  (at  the  head  of 
the  Notch),  says,  “As  a simple 
mountain  pass,  seen  from  above, 
it  cannot  be  surpassed  in  Switzer- 
land. Something  like  it  I have 
seen  in  the  Taurus,  otherwise  I 
can  recall  no  view  with  which 
to  compare  it.”  See  Willey 
House. 

“ I know  nothing  on  the  Rhine 
equal  to  the  view  from  Mount  Willard 
down  the  mountain  pass  called  the 
Notch.”  Anthony  Trollope. 

He  hears  the  echoes  of  a horn  in  a hill 
country,  in  the  Notch  mountains,  for  ex- 
ample, which  converts  the  mountains 
into  an  iEolian  harp,  and  this  supernatu- 
ral tiralira  restores  to  him  ihe  Dorian 
mythology,  Apollo,  Diana,  and  all  divine 
hunters  and  huntresses.  R.  W.  Emerson. 

Notre  Dame.  [Our  Lady.]  A name 
commonly  applied  in  France  to 
churches  dedicated  to  the  Virgin 
Mary.  When  the  name  is  used 
in  literature,  unaccompanied  by 
any  designation  of  place,  refer- 
ence is  usually  intended  to  the 
metropolitan  cathedral  of  Paris. 
See  infra. 

Notre  Dame.  [Our  Lady.]  The 
most  celebrated  church  in  Paris. 
It  was  begun  by  Pope  Alexander 
the  Third,  but  was  not  completed 
for  nearly  300  years  (not  until 
1420).  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a Latin  cross.  The  exterior  is 
more  imposing  than  the  interior. 
The  principal  entrance  is  orna- 
mented by  bas-reliefs  illustrative 
of  the  resurrection,  and  the  seven 


NOT 


351 


NOT 


cardinal  virtues  with  their  oppo- 
site vices.  The  interior  is  richly 
adorned  with  bas-reliefs,  paint- 
ings, and  sculptures,  and  magnifi- 
cent rose-windows  of  stained 
glass,  illustrating  sacred  history. 
The  church  is  surrounded  by 
24  chapels.  In  one  of  the  towers 
is  a famous  bell,  weighing  32,000 
pounds,  which  is  rung  only  on 
very  great  occasions.  This  church 
has  been  often  referred  to  of  late 
years  in  connection  with  Pere  Ply- 
acinthe,  the  distinguished  monk 
and  preacher,  whose  eloquence 
drew  crowds  within  its  walls  un- 
til his  independence  and  freedom 
of  speech  brought  upon  him  the 
interdict  of  his  superiors.  The 
church  has  suffered  from  various 
alterations,  and,  in  the  time  of 
the  Revolution,  from  wanton  des- 
ecration. It  has,  however,  since 
1845,  been  restored  as  nearly  as 
possible  in  accordance  with  the 
old  design. 

jgQjp'  “ We  bad  been  much  disap- 
pointed at  first  by  the  apparently  nar- 
row limits  of  the  interior  of  this  famous 
church ; but  now,  as  we  made  our  way 
round  the  choir,  gazing  into  chapel 
after  chapel,  each  with  its  painted  win- 
dow, its  crucifix,  its  pictures,  its  con- 
fessional, and  afterwards  came  back 
into  the  nave,  where  arch  rises  above 
arch  to  the  lofty  roof,  we  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  was  very  sump- 
tuous.” Hawthorne. 

“ The  cathedral  of  Paris  was 
designed  at  a time  when  the  architects 
had  not  obtained  that  confidence  in 
their  own  skill  which  made  them  after- 
wards complete  masters  of  the  con- 
structive difficulties  of  the  design.  . . . 
The  cathedral  has  not  internally  the 
same  grandeur  as  the  other  three  [those 
at  Amiens,  Chartres,  and  Rheims], 
though  externally  there  is  a very  noble 
simplicity  of  outline  and  appearance 
of  solidity  in  the  whole  design.” 

Fergus  son. 

On  Christmas  day  I went  to  see  the 
Catliedrall  of  Notre  Dame.  . . This  is  the 

prime  church  of  France  for  dignity,  hav- 
ing Archdeacons,  Vicars,  Canons,  Priests, 
and  Chaplai  es  in  good  store  to  the  num- 
ber of  127.  It  is  also  the  palace  of  the 
Archbishop.  The  young  king  (Louis  XIV.) 
was  there  with  a great  and  martial  guard, 
who  entered  the  Nave  of  the  Church  with 
drums  and  fifes,  at  the  ceasing  of  which 
I was  entertained  with  the  church  musiq. 

John  Evelyn,  Diary. 


In  these  far  climes  it  was  my  lot 
To  meet  the  wondrous  Michael  Scott; 

A wizard  of  such  dreaded  fame 
That  when,  in  Salamanca’s  cave, 

Him  listed  his  magic  wand  to  wave, 

The  bells  would  ring  in  Notre  Dame  ! 

Scott. 

Next  year  as  I,  poor  soul,  by  chance, 
Through  Paris  strolled  one  day, 

I saw  him  go  to  Notre  Dame , 

With  all  his  court  so  gay. 

Ber anger,  Trans. 

And  when  the  morning  sun  was  bright, 
When  wind  and  wave  wer^  calm, 

And  flamed  in  thousand  tinted  light 
The  rose  of  Notre  Dame.  Holmes. 

The  very  youth  of  the  schools  gave  up 
their  pipes  and  billiard*  for  some  time  and 
flocked  in  crowd  > to  Notre  Dame. 

Thackeray. 

Notre  Dame  [(P Amiens].  A mag- 
nificent Gothic  church  in  Amiens, 
France,  one  of  the  finest  church 
edifices  in  Europe.  It  was  found- 
ed in  1220.  It  is  larger  than  any 
cathedral  in  Europe  except  St. 
Peter’s  and  Cologne.  Its  length 
is  469  feet,  and  the  height  of  its 
spire  422  feet.  It  is  dedicated  to 
the  Virgin. 

“ The  interior  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  spectacles  that  architectur- 
al skill  can  ever  have  produced.  The 
mind  is  filled  and  elevated  by  its  enor- 
mous height,  its  lofty  and  many-col- 
ored clerestory,  its  grand  proportions, 
its  noble  simplicity.  . . . Such  terms 
will  not  be  considered  extravagant 
when  it  is  recollected  that  the  vault  is 
half  as  high  again  as  Westminster 
Abbey.”  Whewell. 

Notre  Dame  [de  Rouen].  A fine 
Gothic  church  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  in  Rouen,  France,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Virgin.  It  abounds 
in  profuse  and  elaborate  orna- 
mentation. 

Notre  Dame.  An  immense  church 
in  Montreal,  Can.,  the  largest  in 
America.  It  was  built  in  1824. 
It  is  255  feet  long  and  145  feet 
wide,  with  a seating  capacity  of 
10,000.  It  has  two  towers,  in  one 
of  which  hangs  the  largest  bell 
on  the  continent.  See  Guos  Boun- 

DON. 

Notre  Dame  de  Lorette.  A gor- 
geously decorated  modern  church 
in  Paris,  begun  in  1823,  and  built 
in  imitation  of  the  smaller  Ro- 
man basilicas., 


NOT 


352 


NYM 


Notre  Dame  du  Spasme  [o?*  du 
Pamoison].  See  Spasimo,  Lo. 

Notre  Dame  des  Victoires.  [or 
Church  of  Petits  Peres.]  A church 
of  the  Austin  friars  in  Paris,  com- 
pleted in  1739. 

Notre  Dame,  Parvis.  See  Parvis 
Notre  Dame. 

Notte,  La.  [The  Night ] A cele- 
brated picture  of  the  Nativity  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed  Cor- 
reggio (1494-1534),  remarkable  for 
the  striking  effect  produced  by 
the  light  proceeding  from  the  in- 
fant Saviour.  This  picture  is  in 
the  Dresden  Gallery. 

“ Correggio  has  been  much  ad- 
mired for  representing  in  his  famous 
Nativity  the  whole  picture  as  lighted 
by  the  glory  which  proceeds  from  the 
divine  Infant,  as  if  the  idea  had  been 
new  and  original.  It  occurs  frequently 
before  and  since  his  time,  and  is  found- 
ed upon  the  legendary  story  . . . 
which  describes  the  cave  or  stable  filled 
with  dazzling  and  supernatural  light.” 
Mrs . Jameson. 

jgGIr’  “All  the  powers  of  art  are 
here  united  to  make  a perfect  work. 
Here  the  simplicity  of  the  drawing  of 
the  Virgin  and  Child  is  shown  in  con- 
trast with  the  foreshortening  of  the 
group  of  angels.  The  emitting  the 
light  from  the  body  of  the  child,  though 
a supernatural  illusion,  is  eminently 
successful.  The  matchless  beauty  of 
the  Virgin  and  Child,  the  group  of 
angels  overhead,  the  daybreak  in  the 


sky,  and  the  whole  arrangement  of 
light  and  shade,  give  it  a right  to  be 
considered,  in  conception  at  least,  the 
greatest  of  his  [Correggio’s]  works. 
...  I consider  it  one  of  the  first  works 
the  art  of  painting  has  to  boast  of.” 

Wilkie . 

Nozze  Aldobrandini.  See  Aldo- 

brandini  Marriage. 

Nozze  di  Cana.  See  Marriage 
at  Cana. 

Nuova  Gerusalemme.  See  Monte 
Sacro. 

Nuremberg  Eggs.  The  name  by 
which  are  known  two  curious  old 
watches  in  the  Green  Vault 
(Grime  Gewolbe)  in  Dresden. 
They  are  so  called  from  their 
form  and  from  the  place  in  which 
they  were  made,  in  1500. 

Nursery,  The.  A building  in 
Golding  Lane,  London,  erected 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
as  a school  for  the  training  of 
children  for  the  stage.  It  was 
standing  till  the  present  century. 
Near  these  a Nursery  erects  its  head, 
Where  queens  arc  formed,  and  future  he- 
roes bred. 

Where  unfledged  actors  learn  to  laugh 
and  cr3r. 

Where  infant  punks  their  tender  voices 
try, 

And  little  JMaximins  the  gods  defy. 

Dry  den. 

Nymphenburg.  A royal  palace  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Munich,  Bavaria. 


OAK 


353 


OBE 


o. 


Oak  Hill.  A beautiful  cemetery  in 
Georgetown,  D.C.  It  contains 
the  tombs  of  many  eminent  men. 

Oak  of  Guernica.  A venerable 
tree  of  Guernica,  Spain,  cut  down 
by  the  French  in  1808.  Accord- 
ing to  Laborde,  it  was  a very  an- 
cient natural  monument.  Under 
this  oak  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
in  1470,  swore  to  maintain  the 
municipal  laws  (fueros)  of  the 
Biscayans. 

Oak  of  Guernica  ! Tree  of  holier  power 
Than  that  which  in  Dodona  did  enshrine 
(So  faith  too  fondly  deemed)  a voice  di- 
vine, 

Heard  from  the  depths  of  its  aerial  bower, 
How  canst  thou  flourish  at  this  blighting 
hour?  Wordsworth. 

Oak  of  Reformation.  A tree  in 
Norfolk  County,  England,  associ- 
ated with  an  insurrection  in  1549, 
called  Kett’s  Rebellion.  Kett 
held  a court,  and  assemblies  of 
his  adherents,  around  this  tree; 
and  after  the  rebellion  was  finally 
subdued,  many  of  the  insurgents 
were  hung  upon  its  branches. 

Oatlands.  An  ancient  royal  resi- 
dence near  Hampton  Court,  in 
England.  It  was  built  by  Henry 
VIII.,  but  is  no  longer  standing. 

Obelisk  of  Axum.  A remarkable 
monument  at  Axum  in  Nubia, 
Africa.  It  is  the  only  one  now 
standing  of  a group  said  to  have 
consisted  of  55. 

4®"  “ The  most  exceptional  monu- 
ments in  the  world,  — the  obelisks  at 
Axum.  . . . Its  height  [that  of  the  one 
now  standing]  is  60  feet,  its  width  at 
base  nearly  10,  and  it  is  of  one  stone. 
The  idea  is  evidently  Egyptian,  but 
the  details  are  Indian.  It  is,  in  fact,  an 
Indian  nine-storied  pagoda,  translated 
in  Egyptian  in  the  first  century  of  the 
Christian  era ! ” Fergusson. 

Obelisk  of  Heliopolis.  This  obe- 
lisk— the  oldest  in  Egypt  — which 
with  some  mounds  is  about  all 
that  remains  of  Heliopolis  (that 


great  seat  of  learning  where  Plato 
and  Eudoxus  lived  and  studied', 
is  between  60  and  TOfeet  in  height. 
Tradition  speaks  of  another  simi- 
lar obelisk  which  stood  opposite 
this,  according  to  the  Egyptian 
custom  of  placing  them  in  pairs 
at  the  entrances  of  their  temples. 

4ST  “A  class  of  monuments  almost 
exclusively  Egyptian,  are  the  obelisks, 
which  form  such  striking  objects  in 
front  of  almost  all  the  old  temples  of 
the  country.  . . . The  two  finest  known 
to  exist  are,  that  now  in  the  piazza  of 
the  Lateran,  originally  set  up  by  Thot- 
mes  III.,  105  feet  in  height,  and  that 
still  existing  at  Karnac,  erected  by 
Thotmes  I.,  93  feet.  Those  of  Luxor, 
erected  by  Rhamses  the  Great,  one  of 
which  is  now  in  Paris,  are  above  77  feet 
in  height;  and  there  are  two  others  in 
Rome,  each  above  80  feet.  Rome,  in- 
deed, has  12  of  these  monuments  within 
her  walls,  — a greater  number  than 
exist,  erect  at  least,  in  the  country 
whence  they  came.  Their  use  seems 
to  have  been  wholly  that  of  monument- 
al pillars  recording  the  style  and  title 
of  the  king  who  erected  them,  his  piety, 
and  the  proof  he  gave  of  it  in  dedicat- 
ing these  monoliths  to  the  deity  whom 
he  especially  wished  to  honor.  With 
scarcely  an  exception  all  the  pyramids 
are  on  the  west  side  of  the  Nile,  all  the 
obelisks  on  the  east.  With  regard  to 
the  former,  this  probably  arose  from  a 
law  of  their  existence,  the  western  side 
of  the  Nile  being  in  all  ages  preferred 
for  sepulture;  but  with  regard  to  the 
latter  it  seems  to  be  accidental.” 

Fergusson . 

Obelisk  of  Luxor.  A magnificent 
monolith  of  red  Egyptian  granite 
in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde, 
Paris.  It  was  one  of  two  obe- 
lisks of  the  same  shape  and  size, 
erected  in  1350  B.C.,  by  Rameses 
the  Great,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
temple  of  Thebes  (now  Luxor). 
It  was  a gift  to  the  French  Gov- 
ernment from  Mohammed  Ali, 
Pasha  of  Egypt  ; was  removed 
with  much  difficulty,  at  a great 
cost;  and  was  raised  in  its  present 
position  in  1836,  by  a very  skilful 


OBE 


354 


OCT 


feat  of  engineering,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Louis  Philippe  and  150,000 
persons.  The  removal  of  this 
obelisk,  which  is  74  feet  high  and 
weighs  500,000  pounds,  employed 
800  men,  and  cost,  including  its 
elevation,  £80,000.  It  was  brought 
to  France  in  a vessel  especially 
built  for  the  purpose. 

Obelisk  of  Orsotasen.  One  of 
the  earliest  and  finest  of  the 
Egyptian  obelisks,  still  standing 
at  Heliopolis.  It  is  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  Orsotasen,  one 
of  the  greatest  rulers  of  the 
twelfth  dynasty. 

“ It  is  67  feet  4 inches  in  height, 
without  the  pyramiilion  which  crowns 
it,  and  is  a splendid  block  of  granite, 
weighing  217  tons.  It  must  have  re- 
quired immense  skill  to  quarry  it,  to 
transport  it  from  Syene,  and  finally, 
after  finishing  it,  to  erect  it  where  it 
now  stands  and  has  stood  for  4,500 
years.”  Fergusson. 

Obelisk  of  St.  Peter’s,  or  of  the 
V atican.  A celebrated  Egyptian 
column  of  red  granite,  brought 
from  Heliopolis  to  Rome  by  the 
Emperor  Caligula,  and  now  stand- 
ing in  front  of  St.  Peter’s  Church. 
It  is  1 32  feet  in  height,  and  its 
weight  is  360  tons.  Pliny  says 
that  the  ship  which  brought  the 
obelisk  from  Heliopolis  was  al- 
most as  long  as  “ the  left  side  of 
the  port  of  Ostia.”  It  was  suc- 
cessfully set  up  in  its  present 
position  by  Domenico  Fontana, 
and  it  is  about  the  raising  of  this 
obelisk  that  the  following  familiar 
story  is  told.  The  ceremony  hav- 
ing been  preceded  by  high  mass 
in  St.  Peter’s,  and  solemn  bene- 
diction having  been  pronounced 
upon  Fontana  and  the  workmen, 
the  Pope  ordered  that  no  one 
should  speak,  under  penalty  of 
death,  while  the  obelisk  was  be- 
ing raised.  But,  owing  to  the 
stretching  of  the  ropes,  the  im- 
mense mass  did  not  quite  reach 
the  required  position,  and  the 
operation  would  have  failed,  had 
not  a man  in  the  crowd  broken 
over  the  order  of  the  Pope,  and 
called  to  the  workmen  to  “ wet 
the  ropes.”  This  suggestion  was 
immediately  acted  upon,  and  the 


huge  column  slowly  rose  to  its 
destined  place.  This  story  is  not 
found  in  affy  writer  of  that  period ; 
and  it  is,  according  to  Platner, 
one  of  those  inventions  which 
spring  from  a wish  to  disparage 
the  triumphs  of  genius,  and  to 
lower  its  claims. 

Obelisk  of  the  Lateran.  An 
Egyptian  monument  of  red  gran- 
ite, nearly  150  feet  in  height, 
originally  belonging  to  the  Tem- 
ple of  the  Sun  at  Pleliopolis, 
removed  thence  to  Alexandria 
by  Constantine,  and  subsequent- 
ly brought  to  Rome,  where  it  now 
stands  in  the  centre  of  the  Piazza 
di  San  Giovanni.  It  is  the  oldest 
object  in  Rome,  being  referred  by 
antiquaries  to  the  year  1740  B.C., 
when  it  was  erected  to  the  memo- 
ry of  Thotmes  IV. 

Obelisk  of  the  Monte  Cavallo. 

A famous  Egyptian  monument 
of  red  granite,  being  a plain 
shaft  without  hieroglyphics, 
which  formerly  stood  in  front 
of  the  Mausoleum  of  Augustus, 
and  is  now  in  the  Piazza  di 
Monte  Cavallo,  Rome.  It  was 
brought  from  Egypt  by  the  Em- 
peror Claudius,  A D.  57. 

Obelisk  of  the  Piazza  del  Popolo. 

An  ancient  Egyptian  column, 
brought  from  Heiiopolis  to  Rome 
by  the  Emperor  Augustus,  and 
set  up  in  the  Piazza  of  the  People 
in  1589.  It  is  of  the  age  of  Moses. 

4®=  “ This  red  granite  obelisk,  old- 
est of  things  even  in  Rome,  . . . with 
hardly  a trace  of  decay  upon  it,  is  the 
first  thing  the  traveller  sees  after  enter- 
ing the  Flaminian  Gate.”  Hawthorne. 

Obelisk  of  the  Vatican.  See 
Obelisk  of  St.  Peter’s. 

Ocean,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
March  19,  1863. 

Ocean  Monarch.  An  American 
emigrant  ship,  burned  off  Liver- 
pool, Aug.  24,  1848,  with  a loss  of 
nearly  200  lives. 

October  Club.  A Parliamentary 
club  in  London,  first  formed 
about  1690,  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 


ODE 


355 


OLD 


liam  ITT.  and  Mary.  Its  meet- 
ings were  first  held  at  the  Bell 
Tavern,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Crown,  in  King  Street,  Westmin- 
ster. The  influence  of  Swift  had 
much  to  do  with  the  final  break- 
ing up  of  the  October  Club;  the 
more  violent  Jacobites  seceding, 
and  forming  the  “March  Club.” 
A writer  in  “The  National  Re- 
view” thus  describes  the  Octo- 
ber Club:  “ The  high-flying  Tory 
country  gentleman  and  country 
member  drank  the  health  of  the 
king,  — sometimes  over  the  wa- 
ter-decanter, — and  flustered  him- 
self with  bumpers  in  honor  of 
Dr.  Sacheverell  and  the  Church 
of  England,  with  true-blue  spirits 
of  his  own  kidney,  at  the  October 
Club,  which,  like  the  Beef-Steak 
Club,  was  named  after  the  cheer 
for  which  it  was  famed,  — Octo- 
ber ale ; or  rather,  on  account  of 
the  quantities  of  the  ale  which 
the  members  drank.  The  150 
squires,  Tories  to  the  backbone, 
who,  under  the  above  name,  met 
at  the  Bell  Tavern  in  King  Street, 
Westminster,  were  of  opinion 
that  the  party  to  which  they  be- 
longed were  too  backward  in 
punishing  and  turning  out  the 
Whigs;  and  they  gave  infinite 
trouble  to  the  Tory  administra- 
tion which  came  into  office  under 
the  leadership  of  Harley,  St. 
John,  and  Harcourt,  in  1710. 
The  Administration  were  for  pro- 
ceeding moderately  with  their 
rivals,  and  for  generally  repla- 
cing opponents  with  partisans. 
The  October  Club  were  for  im- 
mediately impeaching  every 
member  of  the  Whig  party,  and 
for  turning  out,  without  a day’s 
grace,  every  placeman  who  did 
not  wear  their  colors,  and  shout 
their  cries.” 

“We  are  plagued  here  with  an 
October  Club ; that  is,  a set  of  above  a 
hundred  Parliament  men  of  the  coun- 
try, who  drink  October  beer  at  home, 
and  meet  every  evening  at  a tavern  near 
the  Parliament,  to  consult  affairs,  and 
drive  things  on  to  extremes  against  the 
Whigs,  to  call  the  old  ministry  to  ac- 
count, and  get  off  five  or  six  heads.” 
Swift  {to  Stella , February,  1710-11). 

Odeon,  Ii’.  A well-known  theatre 


in  Paris,  originally  intended,  as 
the  name  indicates,  for  music 
only,  but  used  for  regular  dra- 
matic performances.  It  has  been 
several  times  destroyed  by  fire. 
Beaumarchais’  “ Marriage  of 
Figaro”  (Manage  de  Figaro)  was 
first  produced  here  in  1784. 

Odeum.  A structure  in  ancient 
Athens,  Greece,  built  by  Pericles, 
and  designed  (as  the  name  im- 
plies, a >8r))  for  musical  perform- 
ances. It  was  surmounted  by  a 
circular  roof,  constructed  with 
the  masts  and  yards  of  the  Per- 
sian ships  which  were  captured 
at  Salamis.  Nothing  remains  of 
the  Odeum,  but  it  has  given  its 
name  to  buildings  in  modern 
times  designed  for  similar  uses. 

CEil  de  Boeuf.  A famous  ante- 
room in  the  palace  at  Versailles, 
the  scene  of  many  quarrels,  in- 
trigues, bon  mots.  Here  waited 
the  courtiers  in  attendance  upon 
Louis  XIV.  % 

Versailles,  the  CEil  de  Boeuf , ancl  all  men 
and  things,  are  drowned  in  a sea  of  Light; 
Monseigheur  and  that  high  beckoning 
Hoad  are  alone,  with  each  other,  in  the 
universe,  Carlyle. 

As  experience  in  the  river  is  indBp  ns- 
able  to  the  ferryman,  so  is  knowledge  of 
his  Parliament  to  the  British  Peel  or 
Chatham;  so  was  knowledge  of  the  (Eil - 
d e- Boeuf  to  the  French  Choiseul.  Ibid. 

CEnone.  A life-size  statue  by 
Harriet  Hosmer  (b.  1881).  In  the 
Mercantile  Library  building,  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

Olave’s,  St.  See  St.  Olave’s. 

Old  Bailey,  The.  1.  A street  in 
London  extending  from  Ludgate- 
hill  to  Newgate  Street.  It  has 
been  the  scene  of  many  memora- 
ble executions. 

2.  The  Old  Bailey  Sessions 
Court,  or  Central  Criminal  Court, 
at  the  bar  of  which  upwards  of 
2,000  persons  are  annually  tried, 
is  located  here,  immediately  ad- 
joining the  prison  called  New- 
gate. 

4®=  “ But  the  jail  was  a vile  place, 
in  which  most  kinds  of  debauchery  and 
villany  were  practised,  and  where  dire 
diseases  were  bred,  that  came  into 
court  with  the  prisoners,  and  some- 
times rushed  straight  from  the  dock  at 


OLD 


356 


OLD 


my  Lord  Chief  Justice  himself,  and 
pulled  him  off  the  bench.  . . . For 
the  rest,  the  Old  Bailey  was  famous  as 
a kind  of  deadly  inn-yard,  from  which 
pale  travellers  set  out  continually,  in 
carts  and  coaches,  on  a violent  passage 
into  the  other  world : traversing  some 
two  miles  and  a half  of  public  street 
and  road,  and  shaming  few  good  citi- 
zens, if  any.  ...  It  was  famous,  too, 
for  the  pillory,  a wise  old  institution, 
that  inflicted  a punishment  of  which 
no  one  could  foresee  the  extent;  also, 
for  the  whipping-post,  another  dear 
old  institution,  very  humanizing  and 
softening  to  behold  in  action;  also,  for 
extensive  transactions  in  blood-money, 
another  fragment  of  ancestral  wisdom, 
systematically  leading  to  the  most 
frightful  mercenary  crimes  that  could 
be  committed  under  Heaven.  . . . For, 
people  then  paid  to  see  the  play  at  the 
Old  Bailey,  just  as  they  paid  to  see  the 
play  in  Bedlam  — only  the  former  en- 
tertainment was  much  the  dearer. 
Therefore,  all  the  Old  Bailey  doors 
were  well  guarded  — except,  indeed, 
the  social  doors  by  which  the  criminals 
got  there,  and  they  were  always  left 
wide  open.”  Dickens. 

In  short,  Jane  Rouse  was  accused  of 
witchcraft;  and  though  she  made  the 
best  defence  she  could,  it  was  all  to  no 
purpose:  she  was  taken  from  her  own 
bar  to  the  bar  of  the  Old  Bailey , con- 
demned and  executed  accordingly.  These 
were  times,  indeed,  when  even  women 
could  not  scold  in  safety.  Goldsmith. 

When  will  you  pay  me  ? 

Say  the  bells  at  Old  Bailey. 

Mother  Goose. 

Old  Cumberland  Hoad.  See 

National  Road. 

Old  Dutch  Church.  An  ancient 
church-edifice  in  New  York  City, 
built  in  1723.  It  seiwed  as  a 
prison  for  Americans  during  the 
British  occupation  of  the  city  in 
the  Revolution,  and  was  used  by 
the  British  cavalry  as  a riding- 
school. 

Old  Elm,  The.  A venerable  tree 
which  stood  on  the  Common  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  until  Feb.  15,  1876, 
when  it  was  overthrown  by  a 
high  wind.  It  is  believed  to  have 
been  standing  before  the  settle- 
ment of  the  town.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  oldest  tree  in 
New  England.  It  was  laid  down 
upon  a map  engraved  in  1722, 
and  a computation  of  the  rings  of 
the  branch  broken  off  in  1860 


would  carry  the  age  of  that  limb 
to  1670. 

Old  Ironsides.  See  Constitu- 
tion. 

Old  Jewry.  A street  in  London 
so  named  from  the  Jews  who 
dwelt  in  and  near  it. 

I am  sent  for  this  morning  by  a friend 
in  the  Old  Jewry  to  come  to  him. 

Ben  Jon  son. 

Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle 
Street.  See  Bank  of  England. 

Old  Man  of  Hoy.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  the  Orkney  Islands,  in 
the  shape  of  a solitary  pillar,  ris- 
ing perpendicularly  to  the  height 
of  300  feet,  and  bearing  the  like- 
ness of  the  human  form. 

“ See  Hoy’s  Old  Man  whose  summit  bare 
Pierces  the  dark  blue  fields  of  air; 
Based  in  the  sea,  his  fearful  form 
Glows  like  the  spirit  of  the  storm.'” 

Old  Man  of  Storr.  A natural 
curiosity  in  the  North  of  Scotland, 
near  the  town  of  Portree.  It  con- 
sists of  a solitary  black  pillar  of 
trap  rock,  160  feet  in  height. 

Old  Man  of  the  Mountain.  See 

Profile,  The. 

Old  Manse.  An  ancient  house  in 
Concord,  Mass.,  built  before  the 
Revolution,  which  derives  its 
present  name  from  the  celebrity 
given  to  it  by  Hawthorne's  tales, 
the  “ Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse.” 
Here  he  lived  and  wrote,  and  in 
this  house  also  Emerson  was  born 
and  lived. 

Old  Protestant  Cemetery.  See 

Protestant  Cemetery. 

Old  Shepherd’s  Chief  Mourner. 

A picture  bv  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1804-1873). 

jgg§=*  “ One  of  the  most  perfect  po- 
ems or  pictures  (I  use  the  words  as 
synonymous)  which  modern  times 
have  seen.  The  close  pressure  of  the 
dog’s  breast  against  the  wood,  the  con- 
vulsive clinging  of  the  paws,  which  has 
dragged  the  blanket  oft'  the  trestle,  the 
total  powerlessness  of  the  head,  laid 
close  and  motionless  upon  its  folds,  the 
fixed  and  tearful  fall  of  the  eye  in  its 
utter  hopelessness;  . . . these  are  all 
thoughts  by  which  the  picture  is  sepa- 
rated at  once  from  hundreds  of  equal 
merit,  so  far  as  mere  painting  goes,  by 


OLD 


857 


OLD 


which  it  ranks  as  a work  of  high  art, 
and  stamps  its  author  not  as  the  neat 
imitator  of  the  texture  of  a skin,  or  the 
fold  of  a drapery,  but  as  the  Man  of 
Mind.”  Ruskin. 

Old  South.  An  historic  church  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  identified  with 
the  early  struggles  for  indepen- 
dence, and  associated  with  many 
interesting  persons  and  events. 
The  present  edifice  was  built  in 
1729  on  the  site  of  an  older  church, 
in  which  Benjamin  Franklin  had 
been  baptized.  The  famous  as- 
semblage of  citizens  known  as 
the  Boston  Tea  Party  marched 
from  this  church  to  the  attack 
upon  the  ships  in  the  harbor. 
During  the  British  occupation  of 
Boston,  in  1775,  the  pews  were 
removed,  and  the  church  was 
turned  into  a riding-school  for 
the  cavalry.  In  187(i  the  church 
was  sold,  and  passed  into  the 
hands  of  an  association  which 
aims  to  preserve  it  as  an  histori- 
cal relic,  and  has  converted  it 
into  a museum  of  antiquities  and 
curiosities.  The  society  upon 
leaving  their  former  place  of  wor- 
ship built  a new  and  fine  church 
edifice  at  the  corner  of  Boylston 
and  Dartmouth  Streets,  costing 
about  $500,000. 

So  long  as  Boston  shall  Boston  be, 

And  her  bay-tides  rise  and  fall. 

Shall  freedom  stand  in  the  Old  South 
Church, 

And  plead  for  the  rights  of  all. 

Whittier. 

On  the  cross-beam  under  the  Old  South 
bell, 

The  nest  of  a pigeon  is  builded  well. 

In  slimmer  and  winter  that  bird  is  there. 
Out  and  in  with  the  morning  air. 

N.  P.  Willis. 

And  while  from  mouth  to  mouth 
Spread  the  tidings  of  dismay, 

I stood  in  the  Old  South , 

Saying  humbly, Let  us  pray  ! ” 

Longfellow. 

Old  State  House.  An  ancient  edi- 
fice in  Boston,  Mass.,  originally 
used  for  the  sessions  of  the  colo- 
nial legislature.  It  was  built  in 
1748.  In  1770  occurred  the  affair 
between  the  British  guard  sta- 
tioned in  this  building  and  the 
citizens,  which  is  known  as  the 
“ Boston  Massacre.”  The  build- 
ing is  now  used  for  business  pur- 
poses. 


Old  Stone  Face.  See  Profile. 

Old  Stone  Mill.  A circular  stone 
tower  at  Newport,  R.I.,  support- 
ed on  round  arches  and  over- 
grown with  ivy.  There  has  been 
much  dispute  among  antiquarians 
with  regard  to  the  origin  and  pur- 
pose of  this  ancient  tower.  Some 
think  it  was  built  in  the  eleventh 
century  by  the  Norsemen;  oth- 
ers, that  it  was  erected  for  a wind- 
mill, in  the  seventeenth  century, 
by  some  colonial  governor.  It 
is  not  mentioned  by  Verrazzani, 
who,  in  1524,  spent  15  days  in  the 
harbor,  and  explored  the  land. 
It  is,  on  the  other  hand,  different 
in  architecture  and  construction 
from  other  works  of  the  early 
colonists.  Gov.  Benedict  Arnold 
(d.  1878)  bequeathed  the  struc- 
ture in  his  will,  calling  it  “my 
stone-built  windmill.”  Cooper 
has  laid  the  opening  scenes  of 
“The  Spy”  in  this  vicinity,  and 
Longfellow  has  connected  with 
it  his  poem  of  “The  Skeleton  in 
Armor.” 

jgcg^'On  the  ancient  structure  in 
Newport  there  are  no  ornaments  re- 
maining, which  might  possibly  have  • 
served  to  guide  us  in  assigning  the 
probable  date  of  its  erection.  . . . From 
such  characteristics  as  remain,  how- 
ever, we  can  scarcely  form  any  other 
inference  than  one  in  which  1 am  per- 
suaded that  all  who  are  familiar  with 
old  Northern  architecture  will  concur, 
— that  this  building  was  erected  at  a pe- 
riod decidedly  not  later  than  the  twelfth 
century.  . . . That  this  building  could 
not  have  been  erected  for  a windmill,  is 
what  an  architect  will  easily  discern.” 
Professor  Rafn. 

J0®=*“Some  thirty-five  years  ago, 
Professor  Rafn,  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Northern  Antiquaries  at  Copenha- 
gen, published  a book  showing  that 
the  Northmen,  or  Scandinavians,  un- 
doubtedly visited  the  shores  of  North 
America  about  A.D.  1000,  and  that 
they  probably  entered  Narragansett 
Bay.  It  then  occurred  to  some 
American  antiquaries  that  this  old 
building  at  Newport  might  have  been 
erected  by  those  early  voyagers.  . . . 
As  for  the  Old  Stone  Mill,  it  is  found 
to  be  very  much  like  some  still  stand- 
ing in  that  very  county  of  England 
from  which  G-ov.  Arnold  came.  So 
it  is  not  at  all  likely  that  any  of  these 
memorials  could  date  back  as  far  as 


OLD 


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OK 


the  time  of  the  Northmen ; and  yet  it 
is  altogether  probable  that  the  North- 
men visited  America  at  a very  early 
time.”  T.  W.  Iligginson . 

will  not  enter  into  a dis- 
cussion of  the  point.  It  is  sufficiently 
well  established  for  the  purpose  of  a 
ballad  ; though  doubtless  many  an 
honest  citizen  of  Newport,  who  has 
passed  his  days  within  sight  of  the 
Round  Tower,  will  be  ready  to  exclaim 
with  Sancho,  ‘ God  bless  me ! did  1 not 
warn  you  to  have  a care  of  what  you 
were  doing,  for  that  it  was  nothing  but 
a windmill;  and  nobody  could  mistake 
it,  but  one  who  had  the  like  in  his 
head.’  ” Longfellow. 

And  who  has  not  seen,  ’mid  the  summer’s 
$^ay  crowd, 

That  oid  pillared  tower  of  their  fortalice 
proud. 

How  it  stands  solid  proof  of  the  sea  chief- 
tains’ reign 

Ere  came  with  Columbus  those  galleys  of 
Spain?  A.  C.  Coze. 

Old  Swan.  An  old  London  tavern, 
Thames  Street,  in  existence  as 
early  as  1323,  burnt  in  the  Great 
Fire  of  1G66,  and  afterwards  re- 
built. 

Old  Swedes’  Church.  An  ancient 
and  quaint  church  edifice  in  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  founded  in  1698, 
with  contributions  from  William 
Penn,  Queen  Anne,  and  others. 

Old  Swedes’  Church.  An  ancient 
and  venerable  church  edifice  in 
Philadelphia,  Penn.  It  was  built 
in  1700,  occupying  the  site  of  a 
still  older  log  church,  and  was 
the  place  of  worship  of  the  Swedes 
prior ' to  the  arrival  of  William 
Penn. 

Old  Temeraire.  See  Fighting  Te- 
meraire. 

Old  Wagon.  See  United  States. 

Old  Witch  House.  See  Witch 
House. 

Oliveto,  Monte.  See  Monte  Oli- 
vet o. 

Oltr’  Arno.  A quarter  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  river,  the  Arno,  which  di- 
vides the  city. 

Olympian  Jupiter.  A famous 
statue  of  antiquity,  executed  by 
Phidias  (500  B.C.  ?),  the  Greek 


sculptor,  for  the  Temple  of  Jupi- 
ter at  Elis. 

Olympic,  The.  1.  A theatre  near 
the  Strand,  London. 

2.  A vaudeville  and  varieties 
theatre  in  New  York  City. 

Olympieum.  A magnificent  tem- 
ple to  the  Olympian  Zeus  in 
Athens,  Greece.  The  Athenians 
began  this  temple  in  the  first  pe- 
riod of  their  greatness,  the  Greek 
princes  of  Asia  continued  it,  Au- 
gustus left  it  unfinished,  and,  650 
years  after  it  was  begun,  Hadrian 
completed  and  dedicated  it.  Dur- 
ing the  Dark  Ages  it  served  as  a 
quarry  of  building-stone  for  the 
Athenians.  Fifteen  lofty  Corinth- 
ian columns  of  Pentelic  marble, 
rising  to  a height  of  more  than  60 
feet,  are  now  standing  as  the  re- 
mains of  this  colossal  temple. 
Livy  speaks  of  this  temple  as  the 
only  one  in  the  world  undertaken 
“ upon  a scale  commensurate  with 
the  majesty  of  the  god.” 

jggp  “The  charm  of  this  stately 
group  of  columns  is  all  their  own,  for 
they  boast  no  such  fascinating  associa- 
tions as  those  which  cluster  around  the 
ruins  on  the  Acropolis.  Begun  by  the 
tyrant  Pisistratus,  and  finished  700 
years  afterwards  by  the  Roman  Em- 
peror Hadrian,  the  Olympieum,  though 
one  of  the  grandest  temples  in  the 
world,  seems  hardly  a part  of  the  glory 
of  Athens,  — breathes  not  her  peculiar 
spirit,  nor  is  redolent  with  the  aroma 
of  her  soil.”  T.  Chase. 

Onoko,  Glen.  See  Glen  Onoko. 

Ontario,  Fort.  See  Fort  Onta- 
rio. 

Ophelia.  A picture  by  John  Ever- 
ett Millais  (b.  1827),  the  English 
painter. 

Or  San  Michele.  A celebrated 
church  in  Florence,  Italy,  erected 
towards  the  close  of  the  four- 
teenth century.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  Horreum,  or 
granary  of  St.  Michael,  the  first 
building  on  the  site  having  been 
used  as  a storehouse  for  corn. 

/KIT  “ Or  San  Michele  would  have 
been  a world’s  wonder,  had  it  stood 
alone,  and  not  been  companioned  with 
such  wondrous  rivals  that  its  own  ex- 


ORA 


359 


ORS 


cecding  beauty  scarce  ever  receives  full 
justice.  Surely  that  square-set  strength, 
as  of  a fortress  towering  against  the 
clouds,  and  catching  the  last  light  al- 
ways on  its  fretted  parapet,  and  every- 
where embossed  and  enriched  with 
foliage  and  tracery  and  figures  of  saints, 
and  the  shadows  of  vast  arches,  and 
the  light  of  niches  gold-starred  and 
filled  with  divine  forms,  is  a gift  so  per- 
fect to  the  whole  world,  that,  passing 
'it,  one  should  need  say  a prayer  for 
the  great  Taddeo’s  soul.” 

Pascarel,  Trans. 

Here  and  there  an  unmistakable  anti- 
quity stands  in  its  own  impressive  shadow ; 
the  church  ot  Or  San  Michele , for  instance, 
once  a market,  but  which  grew  to  be  a 
church  by  some  inherent  fitness  and  inevi- 
table consecration.  Hawthorne. 

Oratoire.  A French  Protestant 
church  in  the  Rue  St.  Honore  and 
Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris,  originally 
erected  in  1630  for  the  priests  of 
the  Oratory. 

Order  of  Fools.  An  association 
founded  in  1381  by  Adolphus, 
Count  of  Cleves.  It  consisted  of 
gentlemen  of  the  highest  rank 
and  character,  and  their  object 
was  the  promotion  of  benevo- 
lence and  charity. 

Ordinance,  The.  A picture  by 
Jean  Louis  Ernest  Meissonier  (b. 
1811),  the  French  painter. 

Ordre,  Tour  d\  See  Tocjr  d’Or- 
dre. 

Oread,  The.  A seminary  in 
Worcester,  Mass.  The  buildings 
are  of  stone. 

Oriel  College.  A noted  college  in 
Oxford,  England,  founded  about 
1326,  one  of  the  19  colleges  in- 
cluded in  the  University. 

Orient,  Lb  A French  vessel,  the 
blowing-up  of  which  formed  a 
decisive  point  in  the  Battle  of  the 
Nile.  An  incident  connected 
with  the  destruction  of  the  ves- 
sel is  commemorated  by  Mrs. 
Hemans  in  her  well-known  poem 
of  “ Casabianca,”  which  be- 
gins : — 

“ The  boy  stood  on  the  burning  deck.” 

Young  Casabianca,  a boy  13 
years  old,  son  of  the  commander, 
remained  at  his  post  after  the 


ship  had  taken  fire  and  all  the 
guns  had  been  abandoned,  and 
was  blown  up  with  the  vessel 
when  the  flames  reached  the 
magazine. 

Oriental  Club.  A London  club, 
established  in  1824  by  Sir  John 
Malcolm.  The  Alfred  Club  joined 
the  Oriental  in  1855. 

Oriente,  Plaza  de.  See  Plaza  de 
Oriente. 

Orleans  House.  The  former  resi- 
dence of  Louis  Philippe,  and 
afterwards  of  his  son,  the  Due 
d’Aumale,  at  Twickenham,  near 
London. 

Orloff  Diamond.  This  great  dia- 
mond of  the  sceptre  of  Russia  is 
said  to  weigh  193  carats.  It  was 
once  the  eye  of  an  Indian  idol. 
Catherine  II.  bought  it,  in  1775, 
for  £90,000,  with  the  addition  of 
an  annuity  of  £4,000,  and  a pat- 
ent of  nobility. 

“ For  a time  supposed  to  be  the 
largest  in  the  world.  It  turns  out  to 
be  smaller  than  the  Koh-i-nor,  though 
(to  my  eyes  at  least)  of  a purer  water.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

Eye  of  a god  was  this  blazing  stone, 
Beyond  the  snows  of  the  Himalaya. 

E.  D.  Proctor. 

Orpheus.  A statue  by  Thomas 
Crawford  (1814-1857).  In  the  Mu- 
seum of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  Mass. 

Orpheus,  The.  A British  steam 
corvette  which  foundered  off  the 
coast  of  New  Zealand,  Feb.  7, 
1863,  with  a loss  of  nearly  two 
hundred  lives. 

Orpheus  charming  the  Animal 
World.  A picture  by  Paul  Pot- 
ter (1625-1654),  the  Dutch  painter, 
and  one  of  his  most  admired 
works.  It  is  now  in  the  Amster- 
dam Museum. 

Orr’s  Island.  A small  island  in 
Casco  Bay,  near  Harpswell,  Me., 
made  familiar  by  Mrs.  H.  B. 
Stowe’s  story,  “The  Pearl  of  Orr’s 
Island.” 

Orsay,  Palais  db  This  palace,  op- 
posite the  Tuileries  Gardens,  one 
of  the  most  imposing  in  Paris, 
was  begun  by  Napoleon  I.,  and 


ORS 


360 


OXF 


completed  by  Louis  Philippe.  It 
cost  more  than  half  a million 
sterling,  and  the  interior  is 
adorned  with  beautiful  frescos 
and  paintings.  The  building  was 
designed  for  exhibiting  the  works 
of  industry  of  France,  but  under 
the  Republic  it  was  used  for  the 
sittings  of  the  Cours  des  Comptes 
and  the  Conseil  d’Etat. 

Orsotasen.  See  Obelisk  of  Orso- 
tasen. 

Orto  del  Paradiso.  [Garden  of 
Paradise.]  A chapel,  so  called 
from  its  remarkable  splendor,  in 
the  Church  of  Santa  Prassede  in 
Rome.  It  contains  the  famous 
relic  — one  of  chief  objects  of  pil- 
grimage in  Rome  — the  column 
to  which  the  Saviour  is  said  to 
have  been  bound.  The  column, 
which  is  of  blood  jasper,  is  said 
to  have  been  obtained  from  the 
Saracens  by  Giovanni  Colonna, 
cardinal  of  this  church.  The 
present  name  of  the  chapel  (Col- 
onna Santa)  is  derived  from  this 
relic. 

Osborne  House.  The  sea-shore 
residence  of  Queen  Victoria,  situ- 
ated in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  East 
Cowes..  At  the  corner  of  the 
palace  is  a massive  tower  which 
is  a conspicuous  object  for  miles 
around,  and  affords  a magnificent 
view. 

Osgoode  Hall.  A fine  structure  in 
Toronto,  the  capital  of  Ontario, 
Can.  It  contains  the  superior 
law  courts  of  the  province. 

4QP  “ The  Osgoode  Hall  is  to  Upper 
Canada  what  the  Four  Courts  are  to 
Ireland.  The  law  courts  are  all  held 
there.”  Anthony  Trollope. 

Ostiensis,  Porta.  See  Porta  Os- 

TIENSIS. 

Otsego  Hall.  The  old  mansion  of 
the  Cooper  family  in  Coopers- 
town,  N.Y.  It  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1854. 

Otsgaragee  Cavern.  See  Howe’s 
Cave. 

Ouen,  St.  See  St.  Ouen. 


Our  English  Coasts.  A picture 
by  William  Holman  Hunt  (b. 
1827),  and  regarded  as  one  of  his 
master-pieces.  Painted  in  1853. 

Our  Lady  of  Loreto.  See  Santa 

Casa. 

Our  Lady  of  Walsingham.  See 
Shrine  of  Our  Lady  of  Wal- 
singham. 

Outer  House.  The  name  by  which 
the  Parliament  House  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  is  now  known. 
See  Parliament  House. 

Overland  Route.  A name  fre- 
quently applied  to  the  new  and 
shorter  route  between  England 
and  India  via  the  Suez  Canal.  A 
mail-route  by  the  way  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Suez  was  established  by 
Lieut.  Waghorn,  in  1847,  effecting 
a saving  in  time  of  13  days.  The 
term  was  also  formerly  applied 
to  the  direct  route  from  the  East- 
ern States  to  California. 

Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club.  A 

club  in  London,  for  members  of 
these  two  universities.  The  club- 
house in  Pall  Mall  was  finished 
in  1838.  There  are  500  members 
from  each  university. 

Oxford  Arms.  A quaint  and  cel- 
ebrated old  London  inn  in  War- 
wick Lane.  It  was  destroyed  in 
1877. 

These  are  to  notify  that  Edward  Bart- 
lett . . has  removed  his  inn  in  London 

...  to  the  Oxford,  Arms , in  Warwick 
Lane,  where  lie  did  inn  before  tlie  Fire. 

London  Gazette , 1672-73. 

Oxford  Marbles.  See  Arunde- 
lian  Marbles. 

Oxford  Street.  A well-known 
street  in  London,  a mile  and  a 
half  in  length,  and  extending 
westward  to  Hyde  Park  corner. 

“ It  is  the  longest,  broadest,  and 
in  a certain  sense  the  most  important 
thoroughfare  in  London.  ...  It  is, 
however,  really  the  continuation  of  a 
great  street,  which  runs  very  directly 
through  London  from  east  to  west,  and 
which  is  called  successively,  beginning 
at  the  east,  Mile  End,  Whitechapel 
Road,  Aldgate  High  Street,  Leaden- 
hall  Street,  Cornhill,  Cheapside,  New- 


OXF 


361 


ozi 


gate  Street,  Skinner  Street,  Ilolborn, 
Oxford  Street.” 

Richard  Grant  White. 

“ The  various,  shifting,  motley 
group  that  belong  to  Oxford  Street,  and 
to  Oxford  Street  alone ! What  thor- 
oughfares equal  thee  in  the  variety  of 
human  specimens!  in  the  choice  of  ob- 
jects for  remark,  satire,  admiration ! 
Besides,  the  other  streets  seem  chalked 
out  for  a sect,  narrow-minded  and  de- 
voted to  a coterie.  Thou  alone  art 
catholic  — all  receiving.”  N.  P.  Willis. 

My  good  people,  I hardly  see  you.  You 


no  more  interest  me  than  a dozen  orange- 
women  in  Covent  Garden,  or  a shop  book- 
keeper in  Oxford  Street.  Thackeray . 

Yet  my  creature  said 
She  saw  her  stop  to  speak  in  Oxford 
Street 

To  one  ...  no  matter ! Mrs.  Browning. 

Ozinda’s.  A coffee-house  which 
was  situated  in  St.  James’s  Street, 
London. 

A Whig  will  no  more  go  to  the  Cocoa- 
tree  or  Ozinda's  than  a Tory  will  be  seen 
at  the  Coffee-house,  St.  James’s. 

Journey  through  England , 1714. 


PAC 


362 


PAL 


P. 


Pacific,  The.  A steamer  belong- 
ing to  the  Collins  line,  plying  be- 
tween New  York  and  Liverpool. 
She  left  the  latter  port  Jan.  23, 
1856,  with  nearly  200  persons  on 
board,  and  was  never  heard  from 
afterwards. 

Paddington.  A now  populous  dis- 
trict of  London. 

Pitt  is  to  Addington, 

As  London  is  to  Paddington. 

Canning. 

Paddock  Elms.  A row  of  stately 
elms  which,  until  recently,  stood 
before  the  Old  Granary  Burying- 
ground  in  Boston,  Mass,  they 
were  brought  from  England  and 
planted  by  Capt.  Adino  Paddock, 
a loyalist,  about  1762.  During 
the  British  occupation  of  the  city 
they  were  well  cared  for  and  pro- 
tected, but  within  a few  years 
have  been  cut  down. 

We  walked  under  Mr.  Paddock’s  row 
of  English  elms.  The  gray  squirrels 
were  out  looking  for  their  breakfasts;  and 
one  of  them  came  toward  us  in  light,  soft, 
intermittent  leaps,  until  he  was  close  to 
the  rail  of  the  burial-ground.  Holmes. 

Paestum,  Roses  of.  See  Roses  of 
ILestum. 

Painted  Chamber.  A room  of  his- 
torical interest  in  the  Old  Palace 
at  Westminster,  so  called  from 
its  having  been  painted  by  order 
of  Henry  III.  It  was  hung  with 
tapestries  representing  the  siege 
of  Troy.  In  this  room  Parlia- 
ment sat  for  a time.  The  build- 
ing was  taken  down  in  1852. 

Painter  in  his  Studio.  An  ad- 
mired picture  by  Jean  Louis  Er- 
nest Meissonier  (b.  1811). 

Painting.  See  History  of  Paint- 
ing. 

Pair,  The.  See  Memnon. 

Paix,  lie  de.  See  Ile  de  Paix. 

Paix,  Rue  de  la.  One  of  the  prin- 


cipal streets  of  Paris,  extending 
from  the  Place  Vendome  to  the 
Boulevart  des  Capucines.  Here 
are  some  of  the  most  elegant 
shops  in  Paris,  over  which  are 
fashionable  residences  and  ho- 
tels. 

Nay,  it  was  said  that  his  victories  were 
not  confined  to  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine  ; 
reports  did  occasionally  come  to  us  of 
fabulous  adventures  by  him,  accomplished 
in  the  far  regions  of  the  Rue  de  la  Paix. 

Thackeray. 

There  is  a little  Jewess  hanging  about 
the  Louvre,  who  begs  with  her  dark  eyes 
very  eloquently ; and  in  the  Rue  de  la  Paix 
there  may  be  found  at  all  hours  a melan- 
choly, sick-looking,  Italian  boy,  with  bis 
hand  in  Iris  bosom,  whose  native  language 
and  picture-like  face  are  a diurnal  pleasure 
to  me.  JV.  P.  Willis. 

Palace  of  Augustus.  See  Palace 

OF  THE  CiESARS. 

Palace  of  Justice.  See  Palais  de 

Justice. 

Palace  of  the  Caesars.  A mass  of 
ruins  upon  the  Palatine  Hill,  in 
Rome,  being  all  that  now  remains 
of  the  extensive  buildings  erected 
by  Augustus  Caesar  and  succeed- 
ing emperors  for  the  imperial  res- 
idence. The  palace  of  Augustus, 
built  upon  the  site  of  the  houses 
of  Hortensius,  Cicero,  Catiline, 
and  Claudius,  was  the  first  Pal- 
ace of  the  Caesars.  It  was  en- 
larged in  different  directions  by 
Tiberius  and  by  Caligula,  and  tha 
Golden  House  of  Nero  with  its 
grounds  spread  over  the  Esqui- 
line  and  Ccelian  hills,  as  well  as 
the  Palatine.  Vespasian  after- 
ward contracted  the  limits  of 
the  immense  edifice,  and  Titus 
made  use  of  part  of  the  founda- 
tions upon  the  Esquiline  in  build- 
ing his  Baths.  The  Palace  of  the 
Caesars  was  repeatedly  altered 
and  rebuilt  by  the  different  suc- 
ceeding emperors,  and  these  va- 
rious changes  have  all  combined 
to  make  a most  confused  mass  of 
ruins.  See  Golden  House. 


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363 


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“ In  Rome  itself  no  ancient 
house  — indeed,  no  trace  of  a domes- 
tic edifice  — exists,  except  the  Palace 
of  the  Csesars  on  the  Palatine  Mount ; 
and  this,  even,  is  now  merely  a con- 
geries of  shapeless  ruins,  so  complete- 
ly destroyed  as  to  have  defied  even  the 
most  imaginative  of  restorers  to  make 
much  of  it  except  a vehicle  for  the  dis- 
play of  his  own  ingenuity.  The  extent 
of  these  ruins,  coupled  with  the  de- 
scriptions that  have  been  preserved, 
suffice  to  convince  us  that  of  all  the 
palaces  ever  built,  either  in  the  East 
or  the  West,  this  was  probably  the  most 
magnificent  and  the  most  gorgeously 
adorned.  Never  in  the  world’s  history 
does  it  appear  that  so  much  wealth 
and  power  were  at  the  command  of  one 
man  as  was  the  case  with  the  Caesars, 
and  never  could  the  world’s  wealth 
have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  men  more 
inclined  to  lavish  it  for  their  own  per- 
sonal gratification  than  those  emperors 
were.  They  could,  moreover,  ransack 
the  whole  world  for  plunder  to  adorn 
their  dwellings,  and  could  command 
the  best  artists  of  Greece,  and  of  all 
the  subject  kingdoms,  to  assist  in  ren- 
dering their  golden  palaces  the  most 
gorgeous  that  the  world  had  then  seen, 
or  is  likely  soon  to  see  again.  The 
whole  area  of  the  palace  may  roughly 
be  described  as  a square  platform, 
measuring  1,500  feet  east  and  west, 
with  a mean  breadth  of  1,300  feet  in  the 
opposite  direction.  Owing,  however, 
to  its  deeply-indented  and  irregular 
outline,  it  hardly  covers  more  ground 
than  the  Baths  of  Caracalla.  . . . Not- 
withstanding all  its  splendor,  this 
palace  was  probably,  as  an  architec- 
tural object,  inferior  to  the  Thermae. 
In  its  glory  the  Palace  of  the  Caesars 
must  have  been  the  world’s  wonder; 
but  as  a ruin,  deprived  of  its  furniture 
and  ephemeral  splendor,  it  loses  much 
that  would  tend  to  make  it  either  pleas- 
ing or  instructive.”  Fergnsson. 


4®=  “ Imagine  a hill,  upwards  of  a 
mile  in  circuit,  and  less  than  200  feet 
high,  strewn  with  shapeless  ruins  and 
yawning  with  excavations  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  original  soil  is  almost 
displaced  by  fragments  of  brick  and 
mortar  ; intersperse  it  with  kitchen 
gardens  for  the  growing  of  such  matter- 
of-fact  vegetables  as  cauliflower,  arti- 
chokes, and  lettuce  ; throw  in  occa- 
sionally the  vine,  the  laurel,  the 
cypress,  and  the  ivy;  overshadow  it 
with  here  and  there  a stately  oak; 
crown  the  whole  with  a smart  modern 
villa,  — and  you  will  have  some  notion 
of  the  Palace  of  the  Caesars.” 

Hillard. 


Where  the  Caesars  dwelt, 

And  dwell  the  timeless  birds  of  night, 
amidst 

A grove  which  springs  through  leveled 
battlements. 

And  twines  its  roots  with  the  imperial 
hearths, 

Ivv  usurps  the  laurel’s  place  of  growth; 
But  the  gladiators’  bloody  Circus  stands, 
A noble  wreck  in  ruinous  perfect  ion  ! 
While  Caesar’s  chamber.-*,  and  the  Au- 
gustan halls, 

Grovel  on  earth  in  indistinct  decaj' 

Byron. 

Palace  of  the  Conservators.  See 

Piazza  del  Campidoglio. 

Palace  of  the  Lateran.  See  Lat- 
ekan,  Palace  of  the. 

Palace  of  the  Luxembourg.  See 

Palais  de  Luxembourg. 

Palace  of  the  Senator.  See  Piaz- 
za del  Campidoglio. 

Palace.  For  names  beginning  with 
the  word  Palace,  see  the  next 
prominent  word  of  the  title.  See 
also  supra. 

Palais  Bourbon.  See  Palais  du 
Corps  Legislatif. 

Palais  de  Justice.  This  ancient 
palace  in  Paris  is  very  interest- 
ing from  its  associations.  It  was 
built  by  one  of  the  Capets,  and 
was  the  residence  of  several  of 
the  ancient  kings.  It  was  origi- 
nally small,  but  has  been  enlarged 
at  various  times,  and  of  late  has 
been  greatly  improved  and 
adorned.  The  square  tower, 
known  as  the  “Tour  de  l’Hor- 
loge,”  was  built  in  the  time  of 
Philippe  Augustus.  This  tower 
contains  a famous  clock  which 
was  made  by  a German  and  pre- 
sented to  Charles  V.  The  tocsin, 
or  alarm-bell,  which  was  rung  at 
the  death  of  a king  or  the  birth 
of  a dauphin,  hung  in  this  tower. 
This  bell  also,  in  response  to  the 
alarm  from  the  bell  of  St.  Ger- 
main l’Auxerrois,  sounded  the 
death-signal  for  the  massacre  of 
the  Huguenots.  The  steps  ap- 
proaching the  palace  are  adorned 
by  figures  representing  Justice, 
Prudence,  and  Force.  Since  the 
reign  of  Charles  V.  the  palace 
has  served  for  the  Parliament  of 
Paris,  courts  of  justice,  and  a 
prison.  A Roman  jialace  or  cas- 


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364 


PAL 


tie  is  supposed  to  have  been  built 
upon  this  site.  The  Sainte  Cha- 
pelle,  the  clock-tower,  the  kitchen 
of  St.  Louis,  two  circular  towers, 
and  some  vaults,  are  all  that  re- 
main of  the  ancient  palace,  the 
rest  1 laving  been  destroyed  by 
lire.  Here  is  the  famous  Con- 
ciergerie,  or  ancient  prison,  where 
so  many  victims  were  confined 
during  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

Palais  de  Plndustrie.  A building 
of  stone  and  glass  in  the  Champs 
Elysees,  Paris,  built  in  18512  for 
the  exhibition  of  objects  of  na- 
tional industry.  Here  was  held 
the  exhibition  of  1855,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  which  extensive 
additions  were  made  to  the  per- 
manent building. 

Palais  de  PInstitut.  A massive 
classical  structure  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  It  was  begun  in 
1062,  and  since  1795  has  been  oc- 
cupied by  the  Institut  and  the 
Bibliotheque  Mazarine.  See  In- 
stitut and  also  Bibliotheque 
Mazarine. 

Palais  de  Luxembourg,  or  du  Se- 
ll at.  [Palace  of  Luxembourg,  or 
of  the  Senate  ] A magnificent 
palace  in  Paris,  whose  architec- 
ture is  particularly  admired.  It 
was  built  by  Marie  de  Medicis, 
occupied  successively  by  several 
Dukes  of  France,  and  during  the 
Revolution  it  was  converted  into 
a prison.  Bonaparte  made  it  the 
Palace  of  the  Senate,  afterwards 
the  peers  of  the  realm  met  there, 
and  after  the  restoration  the  Sen- 
ate again  held  its  meetings  there. 
It  contains  a very  valuable  libra- 
ry, and  fine  works  of  art,  paint- 
ings, sculptures,  Gobelin  tapestry, 
etc.  A palace  was  begun  on  the 
same  site  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  completed  by  the  Duke  de 
Luxembourg,  hence  the  name  of 
the  present  palace. 

He  had  Versailles  and  St.  Cloud  for  his 
country  resorts,  and  the  shady  alleys  of 
the  Tuileries  and  the  Luxembourg  for  his 
town  recreation.  Irving. 

Sir,  — said  he,  — I am  proud  to  say,  that 
Nature  has  so  far  enriched  me,  that  I can- 


not own  so  much  as  a duck  without  seeing 
in  it  as  pretty  a swan  as  ever  swam  the 
basin  in  the  garden  of  the  Luxembourg. 

Holmes. 

Palais  des  Tournelles.  A former 
large  castle  or  palace  of  Paris, 
enlarged  by  the  recent  Duke  of 
Bedford,  inhabited  by  Charles 
VII.  and  a number  of  his  success- 
ors. Nothing  is  now  left  of  this 
palace,  the  destruction  of  which 
was  begun  by  Catherine  de  Medi- 
cis. Its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  Place  Royale  and  adjoining 
streets  extending  to  the  Rue  St. 
Antoine. 

Palais  des  Beaux  Arts.  A build- 
ing in  Paris,  France,  devoted  to 
the  Fine  Arts. 

46gf=  “ A word  for  the  building  of 
the  Palais  des  Beaux  Arts.  It  is  beau- 
tiful and  as  well  finished  and  conven- 
ient as  beautiful.  With  its  light  and 
elegant  fabric,  its  pretty  fountain,  its 
archway  of  the  Renaissance  and  frag- 
ments of  sculpture,  you  can  hardly 
see,  on  a fine  day,  a place  more  riant 
and  pleasing.”  Thackeray . 

Palais  des  Thermes.  Ruins  near 
the  Hotel  de  Cluny,  Paris,  the 
chief  part  of  which  is  thought  to 
have  belonged  to  the  baths  built 
by  the  Emperor  Constantius  Clilo- 
rus  (250  ?-306). 

Palais  d’ Or  say.  See  Orsay,  Pa- 
lais d’. 

Palais  du  Corps  L£gislatif.  [Pal- 
ace of  the  Legislative  Assembly.] 
A handsome  building  in  Paris, 
begun  in  1622  by  the  Duchess  de 
Bourbon,  completed  in  1789  by 
the  Prince  of  Conde,  and  called 
at  that  time  Palais  Bourbon. 
Here  the  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred held  their  sittings,  after  the 
confiscation  of  the  building  in 
1792.  Part  of  the  palace  was 
afterwards  used  by  Napoleon’s 
Corps  Legislatif.  The  palace  was 
restored  to  the  Prince  de  Conde 
at  the  Restoration,  but  finally  be- 
came the  property  of  the  state. 
Here  sat  the  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties (1814  to  1848),  the  Constituent 
Assembly  of  1848,  the  Corps  Le- 
gislatif of  the  Second  Empire.  A 
fine  portico  was  added  to  the 
building  in  1807.  The  halls  within 


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365 


PAL 


are  adorned  with  paintings  and 
statuary. 

In  vain  wilt  thou  g > to  Scliofibrunn,  to 
Downing  Street,  to  the  Palais  Bourbon: 
thou  iindest  nothing  there  but  brick  or 
stone  houses,  and  some  bundles  of  Papers 
tied  with  tape.  Carlyle. 

Palais  Elysee.  See  Elysee,  Pa- 
lais. 

Palais  Royal.  This  palace,  in 
Paris,  was  built  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu.  It  is  associated  with 
the  political  intrigues  of  France 
from  the  time  of  its  founder  down 
to  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe. 
Many  of  the  most  dramatic  scenes 
of  the  party  of  the  Fronde  oc- 
curred here.  Here  many  of  the 
extreme  measures  of  the  Red  Re- 
publicans were  taken.  In  a cafe 
of  the  gardens  belonging  to  the 
palace  the  Dantonists  met,  and 
in  another  the  Girondists.  It  is 
now  used  as  a royal  residence. 
The  gardens  are  prettily  orna- 
mented, and  much  frequented  by 
men,  women,  and  children  during 
the  warm  weather.  The  Boule- 
vards have  now  diminished  the 
attractions  of  the  Palais  Royal  — 
once  the  centre  of  life,  gayety, 
and  splendor  in  Paris. 

From  that  first  necessary  assertion  of 
Luther's,  “ You,  self-styled  Papa , you  are 
no  Father  in  God  at  all;  you  are  — a Chi- 
mera, wh<>m  I know  not  how  to  name  in 
polite  language  ! ” — from  that  onwards  to 
the  shout  which  rose  round  Camille  Des- 
moulins in  the  Palais -Royal,  “ Aux 
armes!  ” when  the  people  had  burst  up 
against  all  manner  of  Chimeras,  — I find  a 
natural  historical  sequence.  Carlyle. 
John  to  the  Palais-Royal  came. 

Its  splendor  almost  struck  him  dumb. 

“ I say,  whose  house  is  that  there  here  ? ” 
“House!  Je  vous  n’entends  pas,  Mon- 
sieur/’ C.  Dibdin. 

Palais  Royal.  A small  theatre, 
noted  for  its  light  comedy  and 
farces,  in  the  Montpensier  Gal- 
lery of  the  Palais  Royal,  Paris. 
It  was  opened  in  1831,  and  has 
been  called  “ la  Parapluie  des 
dineurs  du  Palais  Royal. ” 

Twice  a week  he  goes  to  the  theatre; 
he  prefers  the  Palais  Royal ; perhaps 
twice  more  he  takes  upon  his  arm  one  of 
the  figurantes  of  the  Theatre  Lyrique. 

Taine , Trans. 

Palais  Royal,  Place  du.  See  Place 
du  Palais  Royal. 


Palatine  Library.  A celebrated 
collection  of  ancient  books  and 
manuscripts,  formerly  in  Heidel- 
berg, Germany,  afterwards  car- 
ried to  Rome  and  deposited  in 
the  Vatican,  and  during  the  pres- 
ent century  in  part  restored  to 
its  original  place. 

Palatine  Mount  or  Hill.  [Lat.  Mans 
Pcilatinus.]  One  of  the  original 
seven  hills  of  Rome,  and  the  seat 
of  the  earliest  settlement  of  the 
city.  It  is  now  covered  with  the 
ruins  of  the  Palace  of  the  Cae- 
sars. The  history  of  the  Palatine 
is  an  epitome  of  that  of  Rome. 
From  the  time  when  Romulus 
encircled  it  with  a furrow,  and 
raised  his  straw-roofed  cottage, 
it  was  the  site  of  the  mansions 
of  the  highest  nobility.  These 
structures  and  palaces  became 
successively  more  and  more 
splendid  and  luxurious  till  they 
reached  their  limit  of  magnifi- 
cence in  the  Golden  House  of 
Nero.  From  that  time  the  build- 
ings of  the  Palatine  have  de- 
generated to  their  present  state 
of  ruin. 

4®"  “The  Palatine  formed  a tra- 
pezium of  solid  rock,  two  sides  of 
which  were  about  300  yards  in  length, 
and  others  about  400;  the  area  of  its 
summit,  to  compare  it  with  a familiar 
object,  was  nearly  equal  to  the  space 
between  Pall-Mall  and  Piccadilly  in 
London.  . . . After  the  Etruscan  fash- 
ion, he  [Romulus]  traced  round  the 
foot  of  the  hill  with  a plough  drawn  by 
a bull  and  heifer,  the  furrow  being 
carefully  made  to  fall  inwards,  and  the 
heifer  yoked  to  the  near  side,  to  signify 
that  strength  and  courage  were  required 
without,  obedience  and  fertility  within, 
the  city.  . . . The  locality  thus  en- 
closed was  reserved  for  the  temples  of 
the  gods,  and  the  residence  of  the  rul- 
ing class,  the  class  of  patricians  or 
burghers,  as  Niebuhr  has  taught  us  to 
entitle  them,  which  predominated  over 
the  dependent  commons,  and  only 
suffered  them  to  crouch  for  security 
under  the  walls  of  Romulus.  The 
Palatine  was  never  occupied  by  the 
plebs.  In  the  last  age  of  the  republic, 
long  after  the  removal  of  this  partition, 
or  of  the  civil  distinction  between  the 
great  classes  of  the  state,  here  was 
still  the  chosen  site  of  the  mansions  of 
the  highest  nobility.”  Merivale. 

“Every  step  we  tread  here  is 


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big  with  recollections  — for  it  was  the 
scene  of  early  glory,  the  spot  where 
Rome  gr«w  into  greatness  and  fell  into 
decay.  . . . That  spot  which  once  com- 
prised the  whole  of  Rome;  which,  till 
the  extinction  of  the  republic,  con- 
tained the  dwellings  of  her  senators 
and  the  temples  of  her  gods,  but  which, 
during  the  Empire,  was  found  to  be 
too  circumscribed  for  the  wants  of  one 
individual, — is  now  heaped  with  the 
wide-spreading  ruins  of  that  magnifi- 
cent edifice,  which  was  the  abode  of  her 
tyrants,  and  the  tomb  of  her  liberties. 
Over  the  wide  expanse  of  the  Palatine, 
no  human  dwelling  or  habitation  is  now 
to  be  seen,  except  where  one  solitary 
convent  shelters  a few  barefooted  friars, 
and  where,  amid  the  ruined  arches  and 
buried  halls  of  the  Palace  of  the  Caesars, 
the  laborers  of  the  vineyards  and  cab- 
bage-gardens that  now  flourish  over 
them  have  made  their  wretched 
abodes.”  C.  A.  Eaton. 

The  Palatine , proud  Rome’s  imperial  seat, 
(An  awful  pile  !)  stands  venerably  great; 
Thither  the  kingdoms  and  the  nations 
come. 

In  supplicating  crowds  to  learn  their 
doom : 

To  Delphi  less  th’  inquiring  worlds  repair, 
Nor  does  a greater  god  inhabit  there; 

This  sure  the  pompous  mansion  was  de- 
sign’d 

To  please  the  mighty  rulers  of  mankind; 
Inferior  temples  rise  on  either  hand, 

And  on  the  borders  of  the  palace  stand, 

V hi le  o’er  the  rest  her  head  She  proudly 
rears. 

And  lodged  amidst  her  guardian  gods  ap- 
peals. 

Claudian  (Addison's  Translation). 
Cypress  and  ivy,  weed  and  wall-flower 
grown 

Matted  and  mass’d  together,  hillocks 
heap’d 

On  what  were  chambers,  arch  crush’d, 
columns  strewn 

In  fragments,  ehoked-up  vaults,  and  fres- 
cos steep’d 

In  subterranean  damps,  where  the  owl 
peep’d. 

Deeming  it  midnight : — 

Temples,  baths,  or  halls? 
Pronounce  who  can ; for  all  that  Learning 
reap’d 

From  her  research  has  been  that  these 
are  walls. 

Behold  the  Imperial  Mount!  ’Tis  thus 
the  mighty  falls.  Byron. 

There  the  Capitol  thou  seest, 

Above  the  rest  lifting  his  stately  head 
On  the  Tarpeian  rock,  her  citadel 
Impregnable;  and  there  Mount  Palatine , 
The  imperial  palace,  compass  huge,  and 
high 

The  structure,  skill  of  noblest  architects, 
With  gil  ted  battlements  conspicuous  far, 
Turrets,  and  terraces,  and  glittering  soires. 

Milton. 

Palazzo.  For  most  names  begin- 

ning with  Palazzo,  see  the  next 


prominent  word.  For  example, 
Palazzo  Pitti,  see  Pitti Palace; 
Palazzo  degli  Uffizi,  see  Uffi- 
zi,  etc.  See  also  infra. 

Palazzo  del  Podesta.  See  Bar- 

gello. 

Palazzo  della  Signoria.  See  Pa- 
lazzo Vecchio. 

Palazzo  Ducale.  See  Doge’s  Pal- 
ace. 

Palazzo  Rosso.  See  Brignole 
Sale  Palace. 

Palazzo  Vecchio  (della  Signoria). 
[The  Old  Palace  (of  the  Signory).] 
The  ancient  residence  of  the 
Gonfaloniere,  or  superior  magis- 
tracy of  Florence,  now  used  for 
government  offices,  and  contain- 
ing many  works  of  art.  It  was 
erected  in  1298. 

4®=  “ The  prominent  and  central  ob- 
ject is  the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  a massive 
and  imposing  structure,  with  enor- 
mous projecting  battlements,  and  a 
lofty  bell-tower  stuck  upon  the  walls 
in  defiance  of  proportion,  partly  over- 
hanging them,  and  disturbing  the  pass- 
ers-by with  a constant  sense  of  inse- 
curity.” Hillard . 

Palisades,  The.  A lofty  columnar 
mass  of  basalt  or  trap-rock,  near- 
ly 500  feet  in  height  and  some  18 
miles  in  length,  extending  along 
the  right  or  western  bank  of  the 
Hudson  River  in  New  York  and 
New  Jersey. 

Pall  Mall.  A street  in  London, 
named  from  the  French  game  of 
paiUe  - maille , formerly  played 
there.  During  the  last  century  it 
contained  many  taverns,  which 
are  now  replaced  by  club-houses. 
The  street,  at  one  time  known  as 
Catherine  Street,  was  enclosed 
about  1690,  and  was  a fashionable 
promenade.  Palle-malle  (from 
Pallet,  a ball,  and  Maglia,  a mal- 
let) is  still  played  in  old  Italian 
cities. 

We  went  to  Wood’s  at  the  Pell  Mell 
(our  old  house  for  clubbing),  and  there  we 
spent  till  ten  at  night. 

Pepys  (26  July,  1660). 

0 bear  me  to  the  paths  of  fair  Pall  Main 
Safe  are  thy  pavements,  grateful  is  thy 
smell ! 


PAL 


367 


PAN 


At  distance  rolls  along  tlie  gilded  coach, 

Is  or  sturdy  carmen  on  thy  walks  encroach; 
No  lets  would  bar  thy  waj^s  wrere  chairs 
deny’d. 

The  soft  supports  of  laziness  and  pride ; 
Shops  breathe  perfumes,  through  sashes 
ribbons  glow, 

The  mutual  arms  of  ladies  and  the  beau. 

Gay. 

In  town  let  me  live,  then,  in  town  let  me 
die; 

For  in  truth  I can’t  relish  the  country, 
not  I. 

If  one  must  have  a villa  in  summer  to 
dwell, 

Oh  I give  me  the  sweet  shady  side  of  Pall 
Mall.  Charles  Morris. 

I am  lodged  in  the  street  called  Pall 
Mall , the  ordinary  residence  of  all  stran- 
gers, because  of  its  vicinity  to  the  Queen’s 
Palace,  the  Park,  the  Parliament  House, 
the  Theatres,  and  the  Chocolate  and  Cot- 
fee-houses,  where  the  best  company  fre- 
quent. Journey  through  England , 1714. 

I indent  the  gayer  flags  of  Pall  Mall. 
It  is  ’change  time,  and  I am  strangely 
among  the  Elgin  marbles.  Charles  Lamb. 

Have  society,  Pall  Mall  clubs,  and  a 
habit  of  sneering,  so  withered  up  our  or- 
gans of  veneration  that  we  can  admire  no 
more  ? Thackeray. 

My  little  friend,  so  small  and  neat, 
Whom  years  ago  I used  to  meet 
In  Pall  Mall  daily ; 

IIow  cheerily  you  tript  away 
To  work  — it  might  have  been  to  play, 
You  tript  so  gayly.  Frederick  Locker. 

Palladium.  A celebrated  statue 
of  antiquity  representing  the  god- 
dess Pallas  as  seated,  holding  in 
one  hand  a spear,  in  the  other  a 
distaff.  This  statue,  which  was 
said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven 
on  the  plain  of  Troy,  was  be- 
lieved to  have  been  the  guardian 
or  preserving  genius  of  the  city. 
Hence  the  modern  signification 
of  the  word  as  a security  or  pro- 
tection. 

Pallas,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
March  14,  1865. 

Pallas.  See  Minerva. 

Pallione,  II.  [The  Church  Stand- 
ard.] A celebrated  votive  pic- 
ture by  Guido  Beni  (1575-1642), 
painted  by  command  of  the  Senate 
of  Bologna  after  the  cessation  of 
the  plague  in  1630.  It  represents 
“ the  Madonna  in  a glory  of  an- 
gels, with  the  patron  saints  of 
Bologna  underneath.”  The  pic- 
ture derives  its  name  from  having 
been  originally  used  in  proces- 


sions. Now  in  the  Gallery  of 
Bologna,  Italy. 

jgGiT  “ Guido,  it  is  said,  had  no  time 
to  prepare  a canvas  or  cartoons,  and 
painted  the  whole  on  a piece  of  white 
silk.  It  was  carried  in  grand  proces- 
sion, and  solemnly  dedicated  by  the 
Senate,  whence  it  obtained  the  title  by 
which  it  is  celebrated  in  the  history  of 
art,  * II  Pallione  del  Voto.’  ” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Palsgrave  Head.  A former  noted 
tavern  near  Temple  Bar,  London. 
But  now  at  Piccadilly  they  arrive, 

And  taking  coach,  t' wards  Temple  Bar 
they  drive, 

But  at  St.  Clement’s  eat  out  the  back, 
And  slipping  through  the  Palsgrave , bilkt 
poor  hack.  Prior  and  Montague. 

Pamfili-Doria,  Villa.  See  Villa 
Pamfili-Doria. 

Pamfili  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Pam - 
Jili.]  A palace  built  in  1650  for 
Innocent  X.,  in  Piazza  Navona, 
Home.  Plere  lived  Olimpia  Mal- 
dalchini  Pamfili,  notorious  for  her 
ambition,  vices,  and  political  in- 
fluence. 

Pan.  See  Narcissus. 

Panathenaic  Frieze.  The  name 
often  given  to  the  frieze  of  the 
Parthenon  at  Athens,  now  among 
the  Elgin  marbles  in  the  British 
Museum,  London.  It  is  so  called 
from  the  subject  represented, 
which  is  the  procession  which 
took  place  every  five  years  in 
honor  of  the  goddess  Minerva, 
to  whom  the  temple  was  dedi- 
cated, and  which  was  partici- 
pated in  by  all  the  Athenian  colo- 
nies. 

“We  possess  in  England  the 
most  precious  examples  of  Athenian 
power  in  the  sculpture  of  animals.  The 
horses  of  the  frieze,  in  the  Elgin  collec- 
tion, appear  to  live  and  move,  to  roll 
their  eyes,  to  gallop,  prance,  and  cur- 
vet;  the  veins  of  their  faces  and  legs 
seem  distended  with  circulation;  in 
them  are  distinguished  the  hardness 
and  decision  of  bony  forms  from  the 
elasticity  of  tendon  and  the  softness  of 
flesh.  The  beholder  is  charmed  with 
the  deer-like  lightness  and  elegance  of 
their  make,  and  although  the  relief  is 
not  above  an  inch  from  the  background, 
and  they  are  so  much  smaller  than  na- 
ture, we  can  scarcely  suffer  reason  to 
persuade  us  they  are  not  alive.” 

Flaxman. 


PAN 


368 


PAN 


Pancras,  St.  See  St.  Pancras. 

Pancrazio,  San.  See  San  Pancra- 
zio. 

Panshanger  House.  The  seat  of 
Earl  Cowper,  in  the  county  of 
Hertford,  England.  It  contains 
a fine  collection  of  paintings. 

Pantheon.  1.  [La  Rotonda , Santa 
Maria  di  Rotonda,  Santa  Maria  ad 
Martyres.]  The  best  preserved 
monument  of  ancient  Koine.  It 
was  built  by  Marcus  Agrippa, 
B.C.  27,  as  shown  by  the  inscrip- 
tion upon  the  frieze.  In  A.D. 
608  it  was  consecrated  as  a Chris- 
tian church  by  Pope  Boniface  IV. 
under  the  name  of  Santa  Maria, 
ad  Martyres.  The  proportions  of 
the  beautiful  portico  have  long 
been  regarded  as  faultless.  The 
interior  is  a rotunda  surmounted 
by  a dome,  and  lighted  by  a cir- 
cular opening  28  feet  in  diameter 
in  the  centre  of  the  dome.  The 
inside  diameter  of  the  rotunda  is 
142  feet.  The  Pantheon  has  been 
used  as  the  burial-place  of  paint- 
ers, Raphael,  Annibale  Caracci, 
and  others  being  interred  here 
beneath  the  pavement. 

40^“  The  world  has  nothing  else 
like  the  Pantheon.  So  grand  it  is,  that 
the  pasteboard  statues  over  the  lofty 
cornice  do  not  disturb  the  effect,  any 
more  than  the  tin  crowns  and  hearts, 
the  dusty  artificial  flowers,  and  all 
manner  of  trumpery  gewgaws  hang- 
ing at  the  saintly  shrines.  The  rust 
and  dinginess  that  have  dimmed  the 
precious  marbles  on  the  walls  ; the 
pavement,  with  its  great  squares  and 
rounds  of  porphyry  and  granite, 
cracked  crosswise,  and  in  a hundred 
directions,  showing  how  roughly  the 
troublesome  ages  have  trampled  here; 
the  gray  dome  above,  with  its  opening 
to  the  sky,  as  if  heaven  were  looking 
down  into  the  interior  of  this  place  of 
worship ; ...  all  these  things  make 
an  impression  of  solemnity  which  St. 
Peter’s  itself  fails  to  produce.” 

Hawthorne. 

“ Though  plundered  of  all  its 
brass,  except  the  ring  which  was  ne- 
cessary to  preserve  the  aperture  above ; 
though  exposed  to  repeated  fires; 
though  sometimes  flooded  by  the  river, 
and  always  open  to  the  rain,  no  monu- 
ment of  equal  antiquity  is  so  well  pre- 
served as  this  rotunda.  It  passed  with 


little  alteration  from  the  Pagan  into 
the  present  worship;  and  so  conven- 
ient were  its  niches  for  the  Christian 
altar,  that  Michael  Angelo,  ever  studi- 
ous of  ancient  beauty,  introduced  their 
design  as  a model  in  the  Catholic 
church.”  Forsyth'*  Italy. 

46^  “Our  Pantheon  [at  Paris]  com- 
pared with  this  seems  mean  ; and  when, 
after  a half-hour’s  contemplation  of  it, 
you  abstract  its  mouldiness  and  degra- 
dation, and  divorce  it  from  its  modern 
dilapidated  surroundings,  when  the 
imagination  pictures  to  itself  the  white 
glittering  edifice  with  its  fresh  marble, 
as  it  appeared  in  the  time  of  Agrip- 
pa, when,  after  the  establishment  of 
universal  peace,  he  dedicated  it  to  all 
the  gods,  then  do  you  figure  to  your- 
self with  admiration  the  triumph  of 
Augustus  which  this  fete  completed,  a 
reconciled,  submissive  universe,  the 
splendor  of  a perfected  empire.” 

Taine , Trans. 

J&ST  “The  preservation  and  embel- 
lishment of  the  Pantheon  have  seemed 
to  be  dear  to  every  mind  of  genius  in 
every  age.  Raphael  bequeathed  a sum 
of  money  for  its  repair;  so  did  Anni- 
bal  Caracci,  and  many  other  distin- 
guished artists;  but  it  appears  to  have 
all  gone  to  the  Madonna  and  the  mar- 
tyrs, to  priests  and  masses.” 

C.  A.  Eaton. 

4®=*  “ The  character  of  the  architec- 
ture, and  the  sense  of  satisfaction  which 
it  leaves  upon  the  mind,  are  proofs  of 
the  enduring  charm  of  simplicity.  . . . 
This  charm  is  the  result  of  form  and 
proportion,  and  cannot  be  lost  except 
by  entire  destruction.”  Hillard. 

Simple,  erect,  severe,  austere,  sublime  — 
Shrine  of  all  saints  and  temple  of  all  gods 
From  Jove  to  Jesus  — spared  and  bless’d 
by  time, 

Looking  tranquillity,  while  falls  or  nods 
Arch,  empire,  each  thing  round  thee,  and 
man  plods 

His  w7ay  through  thorns  to  ashes  — glori- 
ous dome ! 

Shait  thou  not  last?  Time’s  scythe  and 
tyrants’  rods 

Shiver  upon  thee,  — sanctuary  and  home 
Of  art  and  piet y,  — Pantheon  ! pride  of 
Rome ! 

Relic  of  nobler  days,  and  noblest  arts  ! 
Despoil’d  3*et  perfect,  with  thy  circle 
spreads 

A holiness  appealing  to  all  hearts  — 

To  art  a model;  and  to  him  who  treads 
Rome  for  the  sake  of  ages.  Glory  s;  eds 
Her  light  through  thy  sole  aperture;  to 
those 

Who  worship,  here  are  altars  for  their 

And  they  who  feel  for  genius  may  repose 
Their  eyes  on  honor’d  forms,  whose  busts 
around  them  close.  Byron . 


PAN 


369 


PAO 


Well  speed  thy  mission,  bold  Iconoclast ! 

Yet  all  unworthy  of  its  trust  thou  art. 

If,  with  dry  eye,  and  cold,  unloving 
heart, 

Thou  tread’st  the  solemn  Pantheon  of  the 
past, 

By  the  great  Future’s  dazzling  hope  made 
blind 

To  all  the  beauty,  power,  and  truth  be- 
hind. Whittier'. 

No,  great  Dome  of  Agrippa,  thou  art  not 
Christian.  Canst  not, 

Strip  and  replaster  and  daub  and  do  what 
they  will  with  thee,  be  so.  Clough. 

2.  A church  in  Paris  now  called 
St.  Genevieve.  The  corner-stone 
of  this  building  was  laid  by  Louis 
XV.  in  1764.  In  1791  the  Assem- 
bly decreed  that  it  should  be  used 
as  a place  of  sepulture  for  the 
illustrious  dead  of  France.  Mi- 
rabeau,  Voltaire,  and  Rousseau 
were  interred  here,  and  also  many 
distinguished  generals  of  Napo- 
leon’s army.  In  1851  the  temple 
was  presented  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  The  church  is 
in  the  form  of  a Greek  cross,  and 
is  very  imposing  from  its  great 
size  and  the  magnificence  of  its 
dome  It  is  adorned  with  stat- 
ues and  paintings  of  the  great 
kings  and  queens,  military  he- 
roes, and  literary  men  of  France. 
It  is  situated  on  the  south  of  the 
river,  upon  the  highest  ground 
in  Paris.  It  is  called  the  largest 
and  finest  church  of  the  Italian 
style  in  the  city.  It  was  changed 
into  a pantheon,  in  1792,  inscribed 
“ Aux  Grands  Hommes  la  Patrie 
reconnaissante,”  restored  to  a 
church  in  1822,  in  1831  again 
changed  to  a pantheon,  and  in 
1853  re-converted  into  a church. 

4^  “The  object  of  this  splendid 
pile  — for  it  is  not  a church  — is  suffi- 
ciently explained  by  a series  of  figures 
in  relief  by  David,  representing,  on 
the  triangular  pediment  of  the  portico, 
France,  a figure  15  feet  high,  attended 
by  Liberty  and  History,  surrounded 
by,  and  dispensing  honor  to,  Voltaire, 
Lafayette,  Fenelon,  Rousseau,  Mira- 
beau,  Manuel,  Carnot,  David,  and,  of 
course,  Napoleon,  and  the  principal  he- 
roes of  the  republican  and  imperial 
armies.”  Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 

4®"  “ Begun  as  a church,  in  the 
Revolution  its  destination  was  altered, 
and  it  was  to  be  a temple  to  the  manes 
of  great  men ; and  accordingly  Rous- 
seau, Voltaire,  and  many  more  arc 


buried  here.  Well,  after  the  Revolu- 
tion, the  Bourbons  said  it  should  not 
be  a temple  for  great  men,  it  should  be 
a church.  The  next  popular  upset 
tipped  it  back  to  the  great  men,  and 
it  stayed  under  their  jurisdiction  until 
Louis  Napoleon,  who  is  very  pious, 
restored  it  to  the  Church.  . . . This 
Pantheon  is,  as  one  might  suppose 
from  its  history,  a hybrid  between  a 
church  and  a theatre,  and  of  course 
good  for  neither  — purposeless  and 
aimless.”  C.  Beecher. 

4®“  “ The  present  superb  church  of 
St.  Genevieve  was  the  Pantheon  of  the 
Revolution.  The  painting  of  the  dome, 
which  is  in  the  worst  possible  taste, 
represents  St.  Genevieve  in  glory,  re- 
ceiving the  homage  of  Clovis,  Charle- 
magne, St.  Louis,  and  Louis  XVIII. 
Au  reste,  the  classic  magnificence  of 
the  whole  structure  is  as  little  in  har- 
mony with  the  character  of  the  peasant 
patroness,  as  the  church  of  the  Made- 
leine with  that  of  the  Syrian  penitent 
and  castaway.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4®=* “On  arriving  at  the  object  of 
our  ambition  — the  small  balustrade 
surrounding  the  lantern  which  forms 
the  summit  of  the  Pantheon  — there 
burst  upon  us  all  a magnificent  pano- 
rama it  would  be  utterly  impossible  to 
describe.  The  whole  of  Paris  — every 
window,  every  chimney,  were  distin- 
guishable.” Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 

The  church  < f St.  Genevieve  is  a place 
of  greate  devotion,  dedicate  to  another  of 
their  Amazons  sayd  to  have  delivered  the 
Citty  from  the  English,  for  which  she  is 
esteemed  the  tutelary  saint  of  Paris.  It 
stands  on  a steepe  eminence,  having  a 
very  high  spire,  and  is  governed  by  Can- 
ons Regular. 

John  Evelyn , Diary , Feb.  7,  1644. 
Alike  the  better-seeing  shade  will  smile 
On  the  rude  cavern  of  the  rocky  isle, 

As  if  his  ashes  found  their  late  st  home 
In  Rome’s  Pantheon  or  Gaul’s  mimic 
dome.  Byron. 

3.  A well-known  building  in 
London,  at  first  built  for  a the- 
atre and  public  promenade,  and 
opened  in  1772.  The  Pantheon 
was  burned  in  1792,  and  rebuilt; 
afterwards  taken  down  and  re- 
constructed in  1812,  and  in  1834 
turned  into  a bazaar. 

I saw  Hood  once  as  a young  man,  at  a 
dinner  which  seems  alrm  st  as  ghostly 
now  as  that  masquerade  at  the  Pantheon 
of  which  we  were  speaking  anon. 

Thackeray. 

Paoli,  San.  See  San  Paoui  fuoiii 
le  Mura. 

Paoline  Chapel.  See  Capella 
Paolina. 


PAO 


370 


PAR 


Paolo,  San.  See  Porta  di  San 
Paolo. 

Paraclete.  This  celebrated  abbey, 
founded  by  Abelard,  stood  at  the 
village  of  St.  Aubin,  on  the  stream 
Ardusson,  in  France.  Here  was 
the  retreat  of  Helo'ise,  and  her 
final  resting-place  as  well  as  that 
of  Abelard. 

Sometimes  I grieve  for  the  loss  of  the 
house  of  Paraclete , and  wish  to  see  it 
again.  Ah,  Philintus,  does  not  the  love 
of  Iloloise  still  burn  in  mv  heart? 

Abelard , Letters  of  Abelard  and  Iieloise. 
To  the  gray  walls  of  fallen  Paraclete , 

To  J uliet’s  urn, 

Fair  Arno  and  Sorrento's  orange-grove, 
Where  Tasso  sang,  let  young  Romance 
and  Love 

Like  brother  pilgrims  turn.  Whittier. 
God’s  love,  — unchanging,  pure,  and 
true,  — 

The  Paraclete  white-shining  through 
His  peace,  — the  fall  of  Hermon’s  dew ! 

Whittier. 

With  all  my  sorrows  trembling  still, 

Fate,  vainly  lenient,  bade  us  meet, 
ResMle^s  victims  of  its  will ! 

And  led  my  steps  to  Paraclete. 

L.  S.  Costello. 

Paradiso,  II.  A famous  picture 
by  Jacopo  Robusti,  called  II  Tin- 
toretto (1512-1594).  It  is  an  oil- 
painting,  84  feet  long  and  34  feet 
high.  In  the  Doge’s  Palace,  at 
Venice,  Italy. 

“In  the  Paradise  of  Tintoret, 
the  angel  is  seen  in  the  distance  driv- 
ing Adam  and  Eve  out  of  the  Garden. 
. . . Full  speed  they  fly,  the  angel  and 
the  human  creatures ; the  angel  wrapt 
in  an  orb  of  light  floats  on,  and  does 
not  touch  the  ground;  the  chastised 
creatures  rush  before  him  in  abandoned 
terror.  All  this  might  have  been  in- 
vented by  another,  . . . but  one  cir- 
cumstance which  completes  the  story 
could  have  been  thought  of  by  none 
but  Tintoret.  The  angel  casts  a shadow 
before  him  towards  Adam  and  Eve.” 
Ruskin  ( Modern  Painters). 
jgtir  “ At  first  this  Paradise  of  Tin- 
toret is  so  strange  that  no  wonder  the 
lovely  world  outside,  the  beautiful 
court-yard,  the  flying  birds,  and  drift- 
ing Venetians  seem  more  like  Heaven 
to  those  who  are  basking  in  their  sweet- 
ness. But  it  is  well  worth  while  by 
degrees,  with  some  pain  and  self-denial, 
to  climb  in  spirit  to  that  strange  crowd- 
ed place  towards  which  old  Tintoret’s 
mighty  soul  was  bent.” 

Miss  Thackeray. 

Paradiso,  Orto  del.  See  Orto 
del  Paradiso. 


Parcs3.  See  Three  Fates. 

Parc-aux-Cerfs.  [Deer-park.]  A 
park  or  preserve  at  Versailles, 
France. 

The  true  conduct  and  position  for  a 
French  Sovereign  towards  French  Litera- 
ture, in  that  country,  might  have  been, 
though  perhaps  of  all  things  the  most  im- 
portant, one  of  the  most  difficult  to  dis- 
cover and  accomplish.  What  chance  was 
there  that  a thick-blooded  Louis  Quinze, 
from  his  Parc  aux  Cerfs , should  discover 
it,  should  have  the  faintest  inkling  of  it? 

Carlyle. 

Meanwhile  Louis  the  well-beloved  has 
left  (forever)  his  Parc-aux-cerfs,  and, 
amid  the  scare-suppressed  hootings  of  the 
world,  taken  up  his  last  lodging  at  St. 
Denis.  Carlyle. 

Parian  Chronicle.  One  of  the  so- 
called  Arundelian  marbles  at  Ox- 
ford, England.  It  is  a chrono- 
logical register  or  compendium 
of  the  history  of  Greece  from 
B.C.  1582  to  B.C.  355.  It  is  so 
called  because  thought  to  have 
been  made  in  the  island  of 
Paros.  See  Arundelian  Mar- 
bles. 

Paris  Garden.  A region  in  Lon- 
don, so  called  from  Robert  de 
Paris,  who  had  a house  and 
grounds  there  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  II.,  now  built  upon  and 
occupied  with  public  works. 

Paris,  Judgment  of.  See  Judg- 
ment of  Paris. 

Park  Lane.  A street  of  aristo- 
cratic residences  in  London,  Eng- 
land. 

Fifth  Avenue  is  the  Belgrave  Square, 
the  Park  Lane,  and  the  Pall  Mall  of  New 
York.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Park  Square.  A well-known  pub- 
lic square  in  London,  England. 

Park- Street  Church.  A well- 
known  religious  edifice  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.  It  has  a lofty  spire. 

I tell  you  what, — the  idea  of  the  pro- 
fessions’ digging  a moat  round  their  close 
corporations,  like  that  Japanese  one  at 
Jeddo,  which  you  could  put  Park-Street 
Church  on  the  bottom  of  and  look  over 
the  vane  from  its  side,  and  try  to  stretch 
another  such  spire  across  it  without  span- 
ning the  chasm,  — that  idea,  I say,  is  pret- 
ty nearly  worn  out.  Holmes. 

Parliament  House.  1.  A build- 
ing in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  of 
the  Italian  style  of  architecture, 


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used  for  Courts  of  Justice.  The 
old  Parliament  House,  of  which 
only  a portion  remains,  is  used 
by  lawyers  and  their  clients. 

2.  An  imposing  pile  of  build- 
ings in  Ottawa,  Can.,  containing 
the  halls  of  Parliament  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  and  the 
Department  offices.  It  was  be- 
gun in  1800. 

Parliament  Houses.  See  West- 
minster Palace. 

Parliament  Oak.  An  ancient  and 
famous  tree  in  what  was  once 
Sherwood.  Forest.  It  derived  its 
name  from  the  tradition  of  a par- 
liament having  been  held  there 
by  Edward  the  First. 

Parnasse,  Boulevard  du  Mont. 

See  Mont  Parnasse. 

Parnassus.  A celebrated  fresco 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
representing  Apollo  and  the 
Muses,  under  laurel-trees,  on  the 
heights  of  Parnassus.  On  either 
side  and  below  are  ranged  the 
poets  of  antiquity  and  of  modern 
Italy.  This  picture  is  one  of  the 
series  of  four,  entitled  respective- 
ly, Theology,  Poetry  (or  the  Par- 
nassus), Philosophy,  and  Juris- 
prudence, which  were  intended 
to  exhibit  the  lofty  subjects  of 
thought  with  which  the  human 
mind  is  occupied.  They  are  all 
in  the  Camera  della  Segnatura  of 
the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Parnassus.  An  allegorical  picture 
by  Andrea  Mantegna  (1431-1506), 
the  Italian  painter.  In  the  Gal- 
lery of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Parnassus.  A celebrated  fresco  in 
the  Villa  Albani,  Rome,  by  Anton 
Rafael  Mengs  (1728-1779).  It  has 
been  engraved  by  Raphael  Mor- 
ghen.  [Called  also  Apollo  and  the 
Muses.] 

Parthenon,  The.  This  structure, 
— the  glory  of  the  Acropolis  at 
Athens,  Greece,  — “ the  finest  ed- 
ifice on  the  finest  site  in  the  world, 
hallowed  by  the  noblest  recollec- 
tions that  can  stimulate  the  hu- 
man heart,”  — was  so  called  from 


being  the  temple  of  Athena  Par- 
thenos  (’A0^va  li dpOevo?).  The  time 
at  which  the  Parthenon  was  be- 
gun is  not  definitely  known;  but 
it  was  built  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Pericles,  and  finished 
438  B.C.  The  architects  were  Ic- 
tinus and  Callicrates,  and  the 
general  supervision  of  the  work 
was  intrusted  to  Phidias.  This 
most  perfect  product  of  Grecian 
architecture  was  of  the  Doric  or- 
der, was  built  of  Pentelic  marble, 
and  stood  upon  the  highest  part 
of  the  Acropolis.  The  Parthenon 
was  beautifully  adorned,  both 
without  and  within,  with  exqui- 
site works  of  sculpture,  some  of 
which  have  been  removed  and 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  Parthenon  was  sometimes 
called  Hecatompedos  or  Hecatom- 
pedon  (i.e.,  the  Temple  of  One 
Hundred  Feet),  a name  derived 
from  its  breadth.  This  temple 
beautifully  illustrates  the  archi- 
tectural principle  known  to  the 
ancient  Greeks  by  which  they 
prevented  the  apparent  sagging 
of  horizontal  and  the  bending  of 
perpendicular  lines  in  a structure. 
By  substituting  very  slight  and 
delicate  curves  for  the  ordinary 
right  lines,  this  common  optical 
illusion  was  entirely  avoided. 
The  perpendicular  lines  also 
slightly  incline  inwards,  thus  pre- 
venting any  appearance  — as  for 
example  in  the  columns,  which 
incline  three  inches  in  their  height 
— of  leaning  outwards.  The 
most  celebrated  of  the  sculptures 
of  the  Parthenon  was  a colossal 
statue  of  the  Virgin  Goddess,  by 
Phidias.  It  was  made  of  ivory 
for  the  undraped  parts,  while  solid 
gold  was  used  for  the  dress  and 
ornaments,  — a kind  of  work 
which  the  Greeks  called  chrys- 
elephantine. The  Parthenon  was 
turned  into  a Greek  church  dexli- 
cated  to  the  Virgin  Mother,  prob- 
ably in  the  sixth  century.  It  was 
badly  damaged  by  a shell  during 
the  siege  of  Athens  by  the  Vene- 
tians in  1687,  and  also  received 
additional  injury  during  the 
bombardment  of  the  city  in 
1827. 


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jgQr^Such  was  the  simple  struc- 
ture of  this  magnificent  building,  which, 
by  its  united  excellences  of  materials, 
design,  and  decorations,  was  the  most 
perfect  ever  executed.  Its  dimensions 
of  22S  feet  by  101,  with  a height  of  66 
feet  to  the  top  of  the  pediment,  were 
sufficiently  great  to  give  an  appearance 
of  grandeur  and  sublimity;  and  this 
impression  was  not  disturbed  by  any 
obtrusive  subdivision  of  parts,  such  as 
is  found  to  diminish  the  effect  of  many 
larger  modern  buildings,  where  the 
same  singleness  of  design  is  not  ap- 
parent. In  the  Parthenon  there  was 
nothing  to  divert  the  spectator’s  con- 
templation from  the  simplicity  and 
majesty  of  mass  and  outline,  which 
forms  the  first  and  most  remarkable 
object  of  admiration  in  a Greek 
temple.”  Leake. 

4£gf*  “ Down  to  the  year  1637,  the 
Parthenon  remained  entire.  The  Chris- 
tians converted  it  first  into  a church, 
and  the  Turks,  jealous  of  the  Chris- 
tians, afterward  converted  it  into  a 
mosque.  Then  came  the  Venetians  in 
the  highly  civilized  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  cannonaded  the  monuments 
of  Pericles.  They  shot  their  balls 
upon  the  Propylaeum  and  the  Temple  of 
Minerva;  a bomb  sunk  into  the  roof 
set  fire  to  a number  of  barrels  of  gun- 
powder inside,  and  demolished  in  part 
a building  that  did  less  honor  to  the 
false  gods  of  Greece  than  to  the  genius 
of  man.  The  town  being  taken,  Mo- 
rosini,  with  the  design  of  embellishing 
Venice  with  the  spoils  of  Athens, 
wished  to  take  down  the  statues  of  the 
pediment  of  the  Parthenon,  and  broke 
them.  A modern  succeeded  in  achieving 
(in  the  interest  of  the  arts)  the  destruc- 
tion which  the  Venetians  had  begun. 
Lord  Elgin  lost  the  merits  of  his  com- 
mendable enterprises  in  ravaging  the 
Parthenon.  He  wished  to  take  away  the 
bassi-relievi  of  the  frieze;  in  order  to 
do  so,  he  employed  Turkish  workmen, 
who  broke  the  architrave,  threw  down 
the  capitals,  and  smashed  the  cornice.” 
Chateaubriand , Trans. 

HOP  “The  last  of  the  portals  is 
passed : you  are  on  the  summit  alone 
with  the  Parthenon.  Over  heaps  of 
ruin,  over  a plain  buried  under  huge 
fragments  of  hewn  and  sculptured 
marble  — drums  of  pillars,  pedestals, 
capitals,  cornices,  friezes,  triglyphs, 
and  sunken  panel-work  — a wilderness 
of  mutilated  art  — it  rises  between  you 
and  the  sky,  which  forms  its  only  back- 
ground, and  against  which  every  scar 
left  by  the  infidel  generations  shows  its 
gash.  Broken  down  in  the  middle,  like 
a ship  which  has  struck  and  parted, 
with  the  roof,  cornices,  and  friezes  most- 


ly gone,  and  not  a column  unmutilated, 
and  yet  with  the  tawny  gold  of  2,000 
years  staining  its  once  spotless  marble, 
sparkling  with  snow-white  marks  of 
shot  and  shell,  and  with  its  soaring 
pillars  embedded  in  the  dark-blue  ether 
(and  here  the  sky  seems  blue  only  be- 
cause they  need  such  a background), 
you  doubt  for  a moment  whether  the 
melancholy  of  its  ruin,  or  the  perfect 
and  majestic  loveliness  which  shines 
through  that  ruin,  is  the  most  power- 
ful.” Bayard  Taylor. 

The  appearance  of  the  Parthe- 
non testifies  more  loudly  than  history 
itself  to  the  greatness  of  this  people 
[the  Greeks].  Pericles  will  never  die. 
What  a civilization  was  that  which 
found  a great  man  to  decree,  an  archi- 
tect to  conceive,  a sculptor  to  adorn, 
statuaries  to  execute,  workmen  to 
carve,  and  a people  to  pay  for  and 
maintain,  such  an  edifice  ! In  the  midst 
of  the  ruins  which  once  were  Athens, 
and  which  the  cannon  of  the  Greeks 
and  Turks  have  pulverized  and  scat- 
tered throughout  the  valley,  and  upon 
the  two  hills  upon  which  extends  the 
city  of  Minerva,  a mountain  is  seen 
towering  up  perpendicularly  upon  all 
sides.  Enormous  ramparts  surround 
it;  built  at  their  base  with  fragments 
of  white  marble,  higher  up  with  the 
debris  of  friezes  and  antique  columns, 
they  terminate  in  some  parts  with  Ve- 
netian battlements.  This  mountain 
seems  to  be  a magnificent  pedestal 
cut  by  the  gods  themselves  whereon 
to  seat  their  altars.” 

Lamartine , Trans. 

jg@^“Of  all  the  great  temples,  the 
best  and  most  celebrated  is  the  Parthe- 
non, the  only  octastyle  Doric  temple 
in  Greece,  and  in  its  own  class  un- 
doubtedly the  most  beautiful  building 
in  the  world.  It  is  true,  it  has  neither 
the  dimensions  nor  the  wondrous  ex- 
pression of  power  and  eternity  inher- 
ent in  Egyptian  temples,  nor  has  it  the 
variety  and  poetry  of  the  Gothic  cathe- 
dral; but  for  intellectual  beauty,  for 
perfection  of  proportion,  for  beauty  of 
detail,  and  for  the  exquisite  perception 
of  the  highest  and  most  recondite  prin- 
ciples of  art  ever  applied  to  architec- 
ture, it  stands  utterly  and  entirely 
alone  and  unrivalled  — the  glory  of 
Greece  and  a reproach  to  the  rest  of 
the  world.”  Fergus  son. 

Earth  proudly  wears  the  Parthenon, 

As  the  best  gem  upon  her  zone. 

Emerson. 

Parthenon,  The.  A London  club, 
dissolved  in  1862.  The  Erecthe- 
um  Club  was  joined  with  it  in 
1854. 


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Parvis  Notre  Dame.  This  name, 
a corruption  of  Paradisus,  is  ap- 
plied to  the  open  space  in  front 
of  the  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
Paris. 

Pas  Perdus,  Salle  des.  A large 
hall,  from  which  open  different 
law-courts,  in  the  Palais  de  Jus- 
tice, Paris. 

Pasquino.  A celebrated  mutilated 
statue  in  Rome,  so  called  from  a 
witty  tailor  of  that  name  who 
kept  a shop  near  by,  and  was 
given  to  entertaining  his  custom- 
ers with  the  gossip  and  scandal 
of  the  day.  Upon  the  pedestal  of 
this  statue  were  affixed  pungent 
criticisms  on  passing  events, 
squibs,  and  sarcasms,  from  which 
the  term  Pasquinade  is  derived. 

>0®=*  “The  public  opinion  of  Rome 
has  only  one  traditional  organ.  It  is 
that  mutilated  block  of  marble  called 
Pas-quin’s  statue,  on  which  are  mys- 
teriously affixed  by  unknown  hands 
the  frequent  squibs  of  Roman  motlier- 
wit  on  the  events  of  the  day.” 

The  Times,  1870. 

Passaic,  The.  A United  States 
monitor  in  the  war  of  the  Rebel- 
lion (1861-65).  She  took  part, 
in  connection  with  the  land  bat- 
teries, in  the  attack  upon  Fort 
Sumter,  July  11,  1863.  On  the 
24th,  Gen  Gilmore  wrote  to  Gen. 
Halleck,  “ Fort  Sumter  is  to-day 
a shapeless  mass  of  ruins.” 

Passion,  The.  A picture  by  Hans 
Memling  (d.  1495),  the  Flemish 
painter,  representing  all  the 
scenes  of  the  Passion  of  Christ 
in  a number  of  separate  groups 
with  figures  of  small  size.  It  is 
now  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  Tu- 
rin, Italy. 

Passion,  The  Greater  and  the 
Lesser.  A series  of  wood-cuts 
by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the 
German  painter  and  engraver, 
and  considered  to  be  among  the 
best  of  his  works  which  have  de- 
scended to  us. 

Passion.  See  Lyveksburg  Pas- 
sion. 

Passion  Play.  See  Passionspiel. 


Passionspiel.  [Passion  Play.]  A 
famous  dramatic  representation 
of  the  scenes  of  the  Passion  and 
Death  of  Christ,  exhibited  at  the 
village  of  Ober-Ammergau,  in 
Bavaria.  The  acting  takes  place 
in  the  day-time,  and  under  the 
open  sky  The  play  was  first 
performed  in  1633,  under  a re- 
ligious vow  offered  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  village,  that  they 
would  enact  it  at  regular  periods, 
if  delivered  from  the  infliction  of 
the  plague. 

“ The  decadal  period  was  chosen 
for  1680,  and  the  Passion  Play  has  been 
enacted,  with  various  interruptions, 
every  tenth  year  since  that  time.  The 
Passion  Play  is,  however,  of  much 
older  date  than  this.  It  is  not  probable 
that  simple  villagers  would  make  a vow 
to  perform  a play  totally  unknown  to 
them,  and,  even  in  its  rudest  form,  de- 
manding such  capacity  and  preparatory 
study.  The  vow  speaks  of  the  Passion 
Tragedy  as  something  already  well 
known ; only  the  period  of  performing 
the  play  every  ten  years  is  positively 
stated.  The  oldest  known  text-book 
of  the  play  bears  the  date  1662,  and  it 
refers  to  a still  older  book.  Since  the 
year  1634  the  Passion  Play  has  under- 
gone great  change  and  improvements. 
Such  figures  as  Lucifer,  Prince  of  Hell, 
who,  with  his  retinue  used  to  play  a 
great  part  in  the  Ammergau  perform- 
ance, have  been  banished.  Up  to  the 
year  1830,  the  play  was  performed  in 
the  village  churchyard  in  the  open  air. 
In  the  first  decades  of  the  present  cen- 
tury the  text  of  the  play  was  thorough- 
ly revised  by  Father  Ottmar  Weiss  of 
Jesewang  (d.  1843),  who  removed  un- 
suitable and  inharmonious  passages, 
substituting  prose  for  doggerel  verse. 
The  improvements  then  commenced 
have  been  carried  on  up  to  the  present 
time  by  the  former  pastor  of  the  vil- 
lage, the  Geistlicher  - Rath  Daisen- 
berger,  who  is  still  active  in  promoting 
the  success  of  the  play.” 

J.  P.  Jackson. 

Patapsco,  The.  A United  States 
monitor  in  the  war  of  the  Rebel- 
lion (1861-65).  She  took  part,  in 
connection  with  the  land  bat- 
teries, in  the  attack  upon  Fort 
Sumter,  July  11,  1863,  and  with- 
in a few  days  it  was  reduced  to  a 
shapeless  mass  of  ruins. 

Paternoster  Row.  A street  in 
London  said  to  be  so  named  from 


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the  turners  of  rosaries,  or  Pater 
Nosters,  who  formerly  dwelt 
there.  It  is  noted  as  the  locality 
of  stationers,  printers,  and  book- 
sellerfc. 

“ Paternoster  Row  was  for  many 
years  sacred  to  publishers.  It  is  a nar- 
row flagged  street,  lying  under  the 
shadow  of  St.  Paul’s;  at  each  end 
there  are  posts  placed,  so  as  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  carriages,  and  thus  pre- 
serve a solemn  silence  for  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  ‘ fathers  of  the  Row.’  The 
dull  warehouses  on  each  side  are  mostly 
occupied  at  present  by  wholesale  sta- 
tioners; if  they  be  publishers’  shops, 
they  show  no  attractive  front  to  the 
dark  and  narrow  street.” 

Mrs.  Gaskell  {in  1848). 

I have  been  told  of  a critic  who  was 
crucified  at  the  command  of  another  to 
the  reputation  of  Ilomer.  That,  no  doubt, 
was  more  than  poetical  justice,  and  I shall 
be  perfectly  content  if  those  who  criticise 
me  are  only  clapped  in  the  pillory^,  kept 
fifteen  days  upon  bread  and  water,  and 
obliged  to  run  the  gantlope  through  Pa- 
ternoster-row. Goldsmith. 

At  the  time  of  Johnson’s  appearance, 
there  were  still  two  ways,  on  which  an 
Author  might  attempt  proceeding  : these 
were  the  Maecenases  proper  in  the  West 
End  of  London;  and  the  Maecenases  vir- 
tual of  St.  John’s  Gate  and  Paternoster 
Row.  Carlyle. 

For  him  reviews  shall  smile,  for  him  o'er- 
tlow 

The  patronage  of  Paternoster-row.  Byron. 

Fraught  with  invective  they  ne’er  go 

To  folks  at  Paternoster-row.  Goldsmith. 

Having  a little  “ Grub-street  *’  business, 
I made  my  way  to  the  purlieus  of  publish- 
ers, Paternoster  Row.  N.  P.  Willis. 

Patrick’s,  St.  See  St.  Patrick’s. 

Paul  and  Barnabas  at  Lystra. 
One  of  the  famous  cartoons  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  from 
which  the  tapestries  in  the  Vati- 
can at  Rome  were  executed. 

Paul  in  the  Prison  at  Philippi. 

The  subject  of  a tapestry  picture 
in  the  Vatican,  Rq*ne,  after  a car- 
toon by  Raphael.  This  cartoon 
is  no  longer  in  existence. 

Paul  preaching  at  Athens.  One 
of  the  famous  cartoons  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520),  from 
which  the  tapestries  in  the  Vati- 
can, at  Rome,  were  executed. 

“In  Raphael’s  cartoon  of  Paul 
'preaching  at  Athens,  the  figure  of  the 
man  in  front,  who,  as  Sir  Joshua  says, 


‘appears  to  be  thinking  all  over,’  is 
probably  Dionysus.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 


Pauline  Borghese.  See  Venus 
Viotrix. 

Pauline  Chapel.  See  Capella 
Paolina. 

Pauline  Fountain.  See  Fontana 
Paolina. 

Paulovsk.  A palace  and  summer 
residence  of  the  imperial  family 
of  Russia,  near  St.  Petersburg 
The  park  is  of  great  extent,  the 
estimated  aggregate  length  of  the 
walks  being  100  miles.  It  is  at 
all  times  open  to  the  public,  and 
a favorite  pleasure  resort  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  capital. 


Paul’s  Walk.  See  Duke  Hum- 
phrey’s Walk. 

Pavilion.  A royal  palace  in  Bright- 
on, England,  built  in  the  Orient- 
al style  by  George  IV. 

Pays  Latin.  See  Quartier  Latin. 

Peabody  Institute.  1.  A marble 
building  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  con- 
taining a library,  a gallery  of  art, 
a conservatory  of  music,  and  a 
fine  lecture-hall.  The  Institute 
was  founded  by  George  Peabody 
(1795-1869),  the  London  banker, 
and  is  designed  for  the  promotion 
of  education,  and  the  diffusion  of 
useful  knowledge  among  the 
masses. 

2.  A building  in  Peabody, 
Mass.,  provided  with  a library 
and  lecture-room,  founded  and 
endowed  by  the  well-known  Lon- 
don banker  of  the  same  name. 
See  supra. 

Peabody  Museum.  A large  Gothic 
building  connected  with  Yale 
College,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  con- 
taining large  collections  in  nat- 
ural history,  mineralogy,  etc.  It 
was  built  with  proceeds  of  the 
endowment  made  by  George  Pea- 
body of  London.  See  supra. 

Peacock,  The.  A British  war- 
ship captured  in  1813  by  the 
American  ship  Hornet . 


Paul,  St.  See  St.  Paul. 


Paul’s,  St.  See  St.  Paul’s. 


PEA 


875 


PEN 


Peacock  Island.  [Ger.  Pfauen-In- 
seJ.]  A small  island  in  the  river 
Havel,  near  Potsdam,  Germany. 
It  has  been  at  times  the  favorite 
resort  of  the  royal  family  of  Prus- 
sia, and  contains  a summer-house, 
menagerie,  palm-house, and  pleas- 
ure-grounds. 

Peak  Cavern.  A series  of  subter- 
ranean chambers  near  Castleton, 
England,  forming  the  largest  cave 
in  Britain.  [Called  also  the  Dev- 
il's Cave.'] 

Pearl,  The.  A celebrated  picture 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
parts  of  which  are  supposed  to 
have  been  executed  by  Giulio 
Romano  (1492-1540).  “This  pic- 
ture has  derived  a fictitious  im- 
portance from  the  supposed  words 
of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  who,  hav- 
ing purchased  the  picture  from 
the  gallery  of  Charles  I.,  is  said 
to  have  exclaimed  on  seeing  it, 

‘ This  is  my  pearl  ! * ” It  is  now 
in  the  Gallery  at  Madrid,  Spain. 

Pearl  Mosque.  [ Motee  Musjeed.] 
A famous  Mohammedan  temple 
or  mosque  in  the  city  of  Agra, 
Hindostan.  It  is  a small  but 
very  perfect  building.  It  has 
three  domes  of  white  marble  with 
gilded  spires. 

fDdif  “ The  Motee  Musjeed  can  be 
compared  to  no  other  edifice  that  I 
have  ever  seen.  To  my  eye,  it  is  a 
perfect  type  of  its  class.  While  its  ar- 
chitecture is  the  purest  Saracenic,  which 
some  suppose  cannot  exist  without  or- 
nament, it  shows  the  severe  simplicity 
of  Doric  art.  It  has,  in  fact,  nothing 
which  can  properly  be  termed  orna- 
ment. It  is  a sanctuary  so  pure  and 
stainless,  revealing  so  exalted  a spirit 
of  worship,  that  I felt  humbled  as  a 
Christian,  to  think  that  our  nobler  reli- 
gion has  so  rarely  inspired  architects 
to  surpass  this  temple  to  God  and  Mo- 
hammed.” Bayard  Taylor. 

Peasant  Feast.  A picture  by 
David  Teniers  the  Younger  (1610- 
1694),  the  Belgian  genre- painter. 
In  the  Louvre,  at  Paris. 

Peasant  Wedding.  A picture  by 
David  Teniers  the  Younger  (1610- 
1694),  the  Belgian  genre- painter. 
In  the  Gallery  of  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. There  is  another  upon  the 
same  subject  at  Vienna,  Austria.  I 


Peasants  Travelling.  See  Eulen- 

SPIEGEL. 

Peele  Castle.  A venerable  and 
famous  fortress  on  the  Isle  of 
Man,  familiar  to  the  readers  of 
Scott  by  having  been  the  place 
where  some  of  the  most  interest- 
ing scenes  in  “ Peverii  of  the 
Peak  ” are  laid.  It  was  formerly 
used  as  a place  of  confinement 
for  prisoners  of  state. 

I was  thy  neighbor  once,  thou  rugged 
pile ! 

Four  summer  weeks  I dwelt  in  sight  of 
thee: 

I saw  thee  every  day;  and  all  the  while 
Thy  form  was  sleeping  on  a glassy  sea. 

Wordsworth  (.Elegiac  Stanzas , suggested 
by  a picture  of  Peele  Castle  in  a storm, 
painted  by  Sir  George  Beaumont). 

Pembroke  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1347. 

Pembroke  Family.  A grand  fam- 
ily picture,  including  ten  figures, 
by  Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641), 
and  regarded  as  one  of  his  prin- 
cipal works.  In  Wilton  House, 
England. 

Pendennis  Castle.  An  ancient 
fortress  at  Falmouth,  England. 

Penitent  Magdalen.  A well- 
known  work  of  sculpture  by 
Antonio  Canova  (1757-1828). 

Penn  Cottage.  An  old  and  inter- 
esting house  in  Philadelphia, 
Penn.,  on  Letitia  Street,  occu- 
pied by  William  Penn  in  1682, 
and  said  to  be  the  first  brick 
building  erected  in  the  town. 

Pennsylvania  Avenue.  The  chief 
thoroughfare  of  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington. It  extends  from  the  Cap- 
itol across  the  level  tract  where 
it  was  intended  the  city  should 
be  built  towards  Georgetown. 
On  the  line  of  its  course  are  the 
Treasury  building,  the  Executive 
Mansion  or  White  House,  and 
the  building  of  the  Department 
of  State. 

Penseroso,  II.  A statue  by  Hiram 
Powers  (1805-1873).  In  the  Lenox 
Library,  New  York. 

Penshurst  Place  and  Oak.  A not- 
ed mansion  near  Tunbridge,  Eng- 


PEN 


376 


PER 


land,  in  which  Sir  Philip  and 
Algernon  Sidney  were  horn.  It 
is  now  in  possession  of  Lord  de 
Lisle  and  Dudley,  one  of  their 
descendants.  Near  by  is  the  fa- 
mous oak  which  was  planted  at 
the  birth  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 
It  is  now  22  feet  in  girth. 

Thou  art  not,  Penshurst,  built  to  envious 
show 

Of  touch  or  marble;  nor  canst  boast  a 
row 

Of  polish’d  pillars  or  a rocfe  of  gold  ; 

Thou  hast  no  lantherne,  whereof  tales  are 
told ; 

Or  stayrc,  or  courts ; but  standst  an  an- 
cient pile, 

And  these  grudged  at,  art  reverenc’d  the 
while. 

Thou  joy’bt  in  better  marks,  of  soile,  of 
ayre, 

Of  wood,  of  water:  therein  thou  art  faire. 

Ben  Jonson. 

Genius  of  Penshurst  old  ! 

Who  saw’st  the  birth  of  each  immortal 
oak, 

Here  sacred  from  the  stroke ; 

Where  Sidney  his  Arcadian  landscape 
drew, 

Genuine  from  thy  Doric  view ! 

And  patriot  Algernon  unshaken  rose 
Above  insulting  foes; 

And  Sacharissa  nursed  her  angel  charms. 

Francis  Coventry. 
Penshurst  still  shines  for  us,  and  its 
Christmas  revels,  “where  logs  not  burn, 
batmen.”  Emerson. 

That  tall  tree,  too,  which  of  a nut  was  set, 
At  his  great  birth,  where  all  the  Muses 
met.  Ben  Jonson. 

Go,  boy,  and  carve  this  passion  on  the 
bark 

Of  yonder  tree,  which  stands  the  sacred 
mark 

Of  noble  Sidney’s  birth.  Waller. 

Pensoso,  II.  See  Lorenzo  de’ 
Medici. 

Pentinger  Tables.  An  ancient 
itinerary  discovered  at  Spires  in 
1508.  A copy  was  published  by 
Pentinger  in  1591,  and  since  then 
many  editions  of  the  original  have 
appeared.  The  tablet  is  a map  of 
the  world  as  known  to  the  an- 
cients, and  is  about  20  feet  in 
length  by  a foot  in  breadth. 

Pepysian  Library.  The  valuable 
collection  of  manuscripts  and 
early  English  books  belonging  to 
Samuel  Pepys  (1632-1703),  the  cel- 
brated  gossip  and  diarist.  It  is 
now  in  Magdalen  College,  Cam- 
bridge, England. 

Pequot  Hill.  An  elevation  near 


Mystic,  Conn.,  the  scene  of  one  of 
the  most  desperate  and  sanguin- 
ary engagements  between  the 
Indian  tribe  of  the  Pequots  and 
the  New  England  colonists,  in 
May,  1637. 

Pere-la-Chaise.  A cemetery  near 
Paris,  so  called  because  that  on 
the  ground  it  occupies  formerly 
stood  the  dwelling  of  Pere-la- 
Cliaise,  the  confessor  of  Louis 
XIV.  It  was  consecrated  in  1804, 
and  now  covers  more  than  200 
acres.  It  is  laid  out  and  orna- 
mented with  much  taste  and  ele- 
gance, and  commands  a fine  view 
of  Paris  and  the  surrounding 
country.  One  of  the  principal 
objects  of  interest  is  the  tomb  of 
Abelard  and  Heloise,  which  con- 
sists of  a chapel  built  of  materi- 
als brought  from  the  Abbey  of 
the  Holy  Ghost,  which  Abelard 
founded,  and  of  which  Heloise  was 
abbess.  Pere-la-Chaise  was  made 
a final  place  of  refuge  for  the  in- 
surgents of  the  Commune  in  1871, 
and  here  were  two  graves,  in  one 
of  which  were  thrown  200  bodies 
of  Communists,  and  in  the  other 
more  than  700.  About  50  burials 
a day  take  place  here.  There  are 
about  16,000  stone  monuments, 
which  have  cost  nearly  £5,000,000. 

The  dead  of  distant  lands 
Are  gathered  here.  In  pomp  of  sculpture 
sleeps 

The  Russian  Demidoff,  and  Britain’s  sons 
Have  crossed  the  foaming  sea,  to  leave 
their  dust 

In  a strange  soil.  Yea,  from  my  own  far 
land 

They’ve  wandered  here,  to  die. 

Mrs.  L.  II.  Sigourney. 
I see  grand  tombs  to  France’s  lesser  dead; 
Colossal  steeds,  white  pyramids,  still  red 
At  base  with  blood,  still  torn  with  shot 
and  shell. 

To  testify  that  here  the  Commune  fell ; 
And  yet  I turn  once  more  from  all  of  these, 
And  stand  before  the  tomb  of  Eloise. 

Joaquin  Miller. 
When  years  have  clothed  the  line  in  moss 
That  tells  thy  name  and  days, 

And  withered,  on  thy  simple  cross, 

The  wreaths  of  Pere-la-Chaise  ! 

Holmes. 

Perla,  La.  See  Peare,  The. 

Perseus,  The.  A well-known 
bronze  statue  by  Benvenuto  Cel- 
lini (1500-1570),  and  his  chef 
cT  oeuvre.  In  the  Loggia  de’ 
Lanzi,  Florence. 


PEJi 


377 


PET 


4tH=I  “ When  one  recalls  the  details 
of  its  casting,  the  intrepidity  with 
which  the  artist,  exhausted  with  fa- 
tigue, devoured  by  fever,  leaped  from 
his  bed  to  hasten  the  liquidation  of  the 
bronze  into  which  he  cast  all  the  pew- 
ter vessels  of  his  house,  his  fervent  and 
devout  prayers,  his  sudden  recovery, 
and  his  joyous  meal  with  his  family  and 
friends,  this  statue  becomes  a sort  of 
action  which  paints  the  manners  of  the 
time  and  the  character  of  the  extraor- 
dinary man  who  executed  it.” 

Valery , Trans. 

In  the  Loggia  ? where  is  set 
Cellini’s  god-like  Perseus , bronze  — or 
gold  - 

(How  name  the  metal,  when  the  statue 
flings 

Its  soul  so  in  your  eyes  ?)  with  brow  and 
sword 

Superbly  calm,  as  all  opposing  things 
Slain  with  the  Gorgon,  were  no  more  ab- 
horred 

Since  ended?  Mrs.  Browning. 

Perseus  and  Andromeda.  A pic- 
ture by  Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577- 
1640).  In  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Perseus  with  the  Head  of  Me- 
dusa. A statue  by  Antonio  Ca- 
n ova  (1757-1822).  In  the  Vatican, 
Rome. 

4®=  “ During  the  absence  of  the 
Apollo  [Belvidere]  in  Paris,  under  the 
rule  of  Napoleon,  the  Perseus  was 
placed  on  its  pedestal;  an  honor  of 
which  it  was  hardly  wTorthy,  as  it  is 
rather  a fine  than  a beautiful  statue, 
and  is  deficient  in  beauty  and  expres- 
sion.” Hillard. 

Persian  Sibyl.  A noted  picture  by 
Guido  Reni  (1575-1642).  In  the 
Museum  of  the  Capitol,  Rome. 

4S^  “His  [Guercino’s]  Sibyl  Per- 
sica , under  her  peculiar  head-dress,  is 
already  quite  modern.  She  has  one  of 
those  pensive,  complicated,  indefinable 
expressions  which  pleases  us  so  great- 
ly, a spirit  of  infinite  delicacy,  whose 
mysterious  fascinations  will  never  end.” 
Taine,  Trans. 

There  is  another  picture  known 
by  this  name,  by  Guido  Reni 
(1575-1642).  In  the  Uffizi  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  Italy. 

Perte  du  Rhone.  A remarkable 
spot  not  far  from  Geneva,  Switz- 
erland, where  the  river  Rhone 
plunges  into  a mass  of  broken 
rocks,  and  disappears  completely 
from  sight  for  a space  of  120  yards. 

Pesaro  Palace.  [Ital  Palazzo  Pe- 


saro.]  A fine  palace  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century  in  Venice,  Italy. 

Peter.  See  Great  Peter  and 
John  and  Peter. 

Peter  and  John  at  the  Beautiful 
Gate  of  the  Temple.  One  of 
the  famous  cartoons  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  from  which 
the  tapestries  in  the  Vatican  at 
Rome  were  executed. 

Peter  and  Paul  in  Discussion 
about  the  Gentiles.  A picture 
by  Guido  Reni  (1575-1642).  In 
the  Brera  at  Milan,  Italy. 

4®"  “ A grand  picture,  full  of  deep 
meaning.”  Ticknor. 

Peter  denying  Christ.  A picture 
by  David  Teniers  the  Younger 
(1610-1694),  the  Belgian  c/eirre- 
painter.  It  is  now  in  the  Louvre, 
in  Paris. 

Peter,  St.  See  St.  Peter. 

Peter  the  Great  teaching  the  art 
of  Ship-building.  A picture  by 
Sir  William  Allan  (1782-1850). 
In  the  Winter  Palace,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia. 

Peterhouse.  The  most  ancient 
collegiate  foundation  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  England. 
It  was  founded  near  the  close  of 
the  thirteenth  century. 

Peterloo,  Field  of.  See  Field  of 
Peterloo. 

Peter’s  Chains.  See  San  Pietro 
in  Vincoli. 

Peter’s  Chair.  See  Chair  of  St. 
Peter. 

Peter’s  College,  St.  See  West- 
minster School. 

Peter’s,  St.  See  St.  Peter’s. 

Petit  Chateau.  [The  Little  Cas- 
tle.] A castle  in  Chantilly, 
France,  built  by  the  Montmoren- 
cys,  and  considered  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  monuments  of  the 
Renaissance  style  of  architecture 
in  France.  The  estate,  which  be- 
longed to  the  Orleans  family,  was 
confiscated  by  Napoleon  lit.,  and 
sold  in  1853  to  the  English  bank- 
ers Coutts  & Co. 


PET 


378 


PEV 


Petit  Trianon.  [The  Little  Tria- 
non.] A pleasant  little  residence 
near  the  royal  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles, France,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Duchess  of  Orleans. 
It  is  exquisitely  fitted  up,  and 
embellished  by  paintings.  Petit 
Trianon  was  built  in  1766  by 
Louis  XV.  for  Madame  Dubarry. 
Louis  XVI.  gave  it  to  Marie  An- 
toinette, who  laid  out  the  gardens 
with  rock-work,  lakes,  Swiss  cot- 
tages, etc.,  and  who  here  with 
her  court  played  at  shepherds  and 
shepherdesses.  See  Grand  Tri- 
anon. 

jgSP  “A  walk  to  the  Little  Trianon 
is  both  pleasing  and  moral : no  doubt 
the  reader  has  seen  the  pretty  fantasti- 
cal gardens  which  environ  it ; the  groves 
and  temples,  the  streams  and  caverns, 
(whither,  as  the  guide  tells  you,  during 
the  heat  of  summer,  it  was  the  custom 
of  Marie  Antoinette  to  retire  with  her 
favorite,  Madame  de  Lamballe) ; the 
lake  and  Swiss  village  are  pretty  little 
toys,  moreover;  and  the  cicerone  of 
the  place  does  not  fail  to  point  out  the 
different  cottages  which  surround  the 
piece  of  water,  and  tell  the  names  of 
the  royal  masqueraders  who  inhabited 
each.  . . . Yonder  is  the  pretty  little 
dairy  which  was  under  the  charge  of 
the  fair  Marie  Antoinette  herself.” 

Thackeray . 

“ The  little  marble  palace, 
called  ‘ Petit  Trianon,’  built  for  Ma- 
dame Pompadour  in  the  garden  grounds, 
is  a beautiful  affair,  full  of  what  some- 
body calls  ‘ affectionate-looking  rooms.’ 
...  It  was  in  the  litttle  palace  of  Tria- 
non that  Napoleon  signed  his  divorce 
from  Josephine.”  JV.  J\  Willis. 

Petits  Peres.  See  Notre  Dame 
DES  VlCTOIRES. 

Petrarch’s  House  and  Tomb.  At 
Arqua,  Italy.  Both  are  still  pre- 
served. The  latter  is  of  marble. 
There  is  a tomb  in  Arqua;  rear’d  in  air, 
Pillar’d  in  their  sarcophagus,  repose 
The  bones  of  Laura’s  lover.  Byron. 

JKIr*  “ On  the  little  square  before  the 
church  door,  where  the  peasants  con- 
gregate at  mass  time,  . . . is  Petrarch’s 
sepulchre.  Fit  resting-place  of  what 
remains  to  earth  of  such  a poet’s  clay. 
...  A simple  rectilinear  coffin,  of 
smooth  Verona  mandorlato,  raised  on 
four  thick  columns,  and  closed  by  a 
heavy  cippus-cover.  Without  emblems, 
allegories,  lamenting  genii,  this  tomb 
of  the  great  poet,  the  great  awakener 
of  Europe  from  mental  lethargy,  en- 


circled by  the  hills,  beneath  the  canopy 
of  heaven  is  impressive  beyond  the 
power  of  words.”  J.  A.  Symonds . 

Petrella.  A noted  fortress,  now  in 
ruins,  in  the  village  of  the  same 
name  in  Southern  Italy,  cele- 
brated by  its  connection  with  the 
tragic  history  of  the  Cenci  family. 

That  savage  rock,  the  castle  of  Petrella , 
’Tis  safely  wall’d,  and  moated  round 
about: 

Its  dungeons  underground  and  its  thick 
towers 

Never  told  tales;  though  they  have  heard 
and  seen 

What  might  make  dumb  things  speak. 

Shelley. 

Petrified  Forest.  A collection  of 
petrified  fragments  of  trees,  scat- 
tered about  in  the  sand  at  a dis- 
tance of  three  or  four  hours’  jour- 
ney from  Cairo,  Egypt.  These 
fragments  of  silicified  wood  are 
said  not  to  correspond  with  any 
vegetation  now  existing  in  Egypt. 

Petrified  Forest.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  California,  situated  about 
five  miles  from  Calistoga  Hot 
Springs.  It  was  discovered  in 
July,  1870. 

4®=*  **  All  the  trees  discovered  were 
prostrate,  and  most  of  them  after  their 
petrifaction  had  been  broken  trans- 
versely into  several  sections.  ...  All 
the  fossil  wood  observed  was  silicified, 
probably  by  means  of  hot  alkaline 
waters  containing  silica  in  solution,  a 
natural  result  of  volcanic  action,  es- 
pecially when  occurring  in  connection 
with  water,  as  was  evidently  the  case 
in  the  present  instance.” 

G.  II.  Denison. 

Petroffskoi.  A famous  palace  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Moscow,  Bussia,  built  after  a 
fantastic  style,  apparently  bor- 
rowed from  that  of  the  Kremlin. 
After  the  burning  of  Moscow, 
Napoleon  took  up  his ' residence 
here.  The  park  is  always  open 
to  the  public,  and  is  a great  popu- 
lar resort. 

Petronilla,  Santa.  See  Santa 
Petronilla. 

Petrus  Lombardus,  Horologe  of. 

See  Horologe  of  Petrus  Lom- 
bardus. 

Pevensey  Castle.  A very  ancient 
Homan  castle  in  the  town  of 


PEA 


379 


PHA 


Pevensey,  Sussex,  England,  fa- 
mous as  having  been  occupied  by 
William,  Duke  of  Normandy, 
when  he  invaded  England.  It 
is  now  in  ruins.  Its  walls  were 
of  great  strength,  and  resisted 
many  attacks.  It  remained  a 
fortress  till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
The  castle  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Cavendish  family. 

Pfaffers,  Gorge  of.  See  Gorge  of 
Pfaffers. 

Pfalz,  Die.  [The  Palatinate.]  A 
castle  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine, 
opposite  the  village  of  Caub,  a 
familiar  object  to  travellers.  It 
dates  from  the  early  part  of  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Ffauen-Insel.  See  Peacock  Isl- 
and. 

Phalaris,  Bull  of.  See  Bull  of 
Piialaris. 

Pharaoh’s  Bed.  A liypsethral 
temple  at  Pliilse,  built  by  the 
Ptolemies  and  Caesars.  It  seems 
to  have  been  designed  with 
special  reference  to  its  appear- 
ance from  the  river,  which  is  fine 
and  impressive. 

Pharaoh’s  Palace.  One  of  the  two 
remaining  edifices  in  Petra,  the 
ruined  city  of  Arabia  Petraea. 

“ The  only  remaining  edifice  in 
Petra  is  that  called  Pharaoh’s  Palace,  — 
a rather  vulgar  building,  Roman  in  its 
style,  and  adorned  with  stucco  gar- 
lands.  It  is  cracked  and  mouldering, 
and  will  not  last  long.” 

Miss  Martineau. 

Pharos  [ or  Pharos  of  Ptolemy]. 
This  tower  or  light-house,  one  of 
the  seven  wonders  of  the  world, 
stood  on  a rock  at  the  north-east 
extremity  of  the  island  of  the 
same  name,  opposite  Alexandria, 
in  Egypt.  It  was  a square  build- 
ing of  white  marble  and  very 
costly,  surmounted  by  a fire  or 
lantern  which  was  kept  burning 
continually,  and  which  could  be 
seen  for  many  miles  at  sea,  and 
along  the  coast.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  built  by  order  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  and  the 
name  Pharos  has  been  applied 
to  light-houses  ever  since.  The 


structure  was  several  stories  in 
height,  each  diminishing  in  size 
towards  the  top.  No  remains  of 
the  Pharos  can  now  be  found, 
though  according  to  Arabian  rec- 
ords it  was  in  existence  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  Its  site  is 
still  occupied  by  the  more  modern 
light-house  of  Alexandria.  Sos- 
trates,  the  architect  of  the  Pha- 
ros, according  to  an  anecdote  of 
very  doubtful  authenticity,  im- 
mortalized his  name  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner.  He  caused  this 
inscription  to  be  cut  in  the  wall 
of  the  tower:  “ Sostrates  of  Cni- 
dos,  son  of  Dexiphanes,  to  the 
Gods  who  Protect  those  who  are 
upon  the  Sea.”  Then,  thinking 
it  would  not  do  to  ignore  Ptole- 
mjeus  in  such  a manner,  he  cov- 
ered over  the  inscription  with  a 
coating  of  cement,  upon  which 
he  carved  the  name  of  Ptole- 
mseus.  The  cement,  with  the 
name  upon  it,  disappeared  after 
some  years,  leaving  only  the 
original  inscription,  which  gave 
all  the  credit  to  Sostrates.  An- 
other story  is  that  Ptolemteus, 
out  of  modesty,  per f erred  to  per- 
petuate the  name  of  the  architect 
rather  than  his  own.  Extraordi- 
nary statements,  undoubtedly  fic- 
titious, have  been  made  of  the 
distance  at  which  the  light  could 
be  seen.  Even  Josephus,  who 
perhaps  makes  the  most  reason- 
able assertion,  states  that  it 
could  be  discerned  for  34  English 
miles,  which,  it  is  said,  would 
require  a height  of  about  500  feet. 
It  is  not  certain  whether  the  light 
was  from  a common  fire  or  from 
some  more  complete  system  of 
illuminating  apparatus. 

4G?F  “ This  pharos  has  not  its  like  in 
the  world  for  skill  of  construction  or 
for  its  solidity;  since,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  fact  that  it  is  built  of  excellent 
stone  of  the  kind  called  kedav,  the 
lajTers  of  these  stones  are  united  by 
molten  lead,  and  the  joints  are  so  ad- 
herent that  the  whole  is  indissoluble, 
though  the  waves  of  the  sea  from  the 
north  incessantly  beat  against  it.  From 
the  ground  to  the  middle  gallery  or 
stage  the  measurement  is  exactly  70 
fathoms,  and  from  this  gallery  to  the 
summit,  26.  We  ascend  to  the  sum- 
mit by  a staircase  constructed  in  the 


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380 


PHI 


interior,  which  is  as  broad  as  those 
ordinarily  erected  in  towers.  This 
staircase  terminates  at  about  half-way, 
and  thence  the  building  becomes  much 
narrower.  In  the  interior,  and  under 
the  staircase,  some  chambers  have  been 
built.  Starting  from  the  gallery,  the 
pharos  rises  to  its  summit  with  a con- 
tinually increasing  contraction,  until  at 
last  it  may  be  folded  round  by  a man’s 
arms.  From  this  same  gallery  we  re- 
commence our  ascent  by  a flight  of 
steps  of  much  narrower  dimensions 
than  the  lower  staircase:  in  every  part 
it  is  pierced  with  windows  to  give  light 
to  persons  making  use  of  it,  and  to 
assist  them  in  gaining  a proper  footing 
as  they  ascend.  This  edifice  is  singu- 
larly remarkable,  as  much  on  account 
of  its  height  as  of  its  massiveness;  it 
is  of  exceeding  utility,  because  its  fire 
burns  night  and  day  for  the  guidance 
of  navigators  : they  are  well  acquainted 
with  the  fire,  and  steer  their  course  by 
it,  for  it  is  visible  at  the  distance  of  a 
day’s  sail.  During  the  night  it  shines 
like  a star;  by  day  you  may  distinguish 
its  smoke.” 

Edrini  {the  Arabian  geographer , 
who  lived  in  the  twelfth  century). 

Phi  Beta  Kappa.  [ B K.]  A well- 
known  literary  society  founded  in 
1776  at  the  College  of  William  and 
Mary  in  Virginia.  Chapters  were 
afterwards  chartered  at  Harvard, 
Yale,  and  other  prominent  col- 
leges. It  was  originally  a secret 
fraternity;  but  of  late  its  exist- 
ence as  a society  has  been  merely 
nominal,  though  meetings  are 
still  held  at  the  various  colleges 
about  Commencement  time.  Elec- 
tion to  the  4>  B K is  a mark  of 
scholarship,  the  students  of  high- 
est rank  in  each  class  being 
elected  as  a matter  of  course. 
The  total  membership  at  the 
present  time  is  thought  to  be  be- 
tween 0,000  and  7,000. 

Phidian  Jove.  See  Olympian  Ju- 
piter. 

Phigalian  Marbles.  A collection 
of  groups  of  sculpture  found  in 
the  ruins  of  a temple  of  Apollo 
near  Phigalia,  in  Arcadia,  Greece, 
and  now  deposited  in  the  British 
Museum,  London. 

Philadelphia.  An  American  ship 
captured  by  the  Algerine  pirates, 
and  carried  to  Tripoli,  where  she 
was  surprised  and  burned  by  Ste- 


phen Decatur,  an  officer  on  Com- 
modore Preble’s  ship,  who  vol- 
unteered to  destroy  her  that  she 
might  not  be  used  by  the  pirates 
in  the  war  against  the  United 
States. 

Philae.  An  island  in  the  Nile, 
about  seven  miles  from  the  first 
cataract.  It  is  the  “ Holy  Island  ” 
of  the  Egyptians,  since  they  be- 
lieved their  god  Osiris  to  be  bur- 
ied there.  It  contains  very  in- 
teresting ruins.  The  principal 
building  here  is  the  Temple  of 
Isis.  See  Temple  of  Isis. 

Philharmonic  Hall.  A concert- 
hall  of  colossal  dimensions  in 
Liverpool,  England,  one  of  the 
finest  structures  of  the  kind  in 
the  world. 

Philip  IV.  A grand  bronze  eques- 
trian statue,  regarded  as  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  world,  now  in 
the  Plaza  de  Oriente,  Madrid, 
Spain.  It  was  formerly  in  the 
Buen  Betiro  gardens,  but  was 
moved  to  its  present  location  in 
1844.  It  was  cast  at  Florence, 
Italy,  in  1640.  The  statue  is  10 
feet  in  height,  and  weighs  180 
cwt.  The  means  by  which  the 
equilibrium  in  the  figure  of  the 
prancing  horse  is  preserved  are 
said  to  have  been  suggested  by 
Galileo. 

Philip  IV.  A picture  by  Diego 
Rodriguez  de  Silva  y Velasquez 
(1599-1660),  pronounced  “ the  fin- 
est equestrian  portrait  in  the 
world.”  In  the  Gallery  at  Ma- 
drid, Spain. 

Philip  the  Apostle.  A picture  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 
man painter.  Presented  by  the 
Emperor  Ferdinand  III.  to  the 
Duke  of  Tuscany.  Now  in  the 
Uffizi  Gallery  in  Florence,  Italy. 

Philippe,  St.  See  St.  Philippe. 

Philipse  Manor-House.  A stone 
mansion  in  Yonkers,  N.Y.,  a 
part  of  which  was  built  in  1682, 
and  the  remainder  in  1745.  It  is 
an  interesting  relic  by  reason  of 
its  wide  halls  and  antique  wains- 
coting, and  its  associations  with 


PHI 


381 


PIA 


Mary  Pliilipse,  the  first  love  of 
George  Washington. 

Phillips  Academy.  1.  A well- 
known  school  at  Exeter,  N.IL, 
founded  in  1781  by  John  Phil- 
lips, and  richly  endowed.  Some 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  in 
the  country  have  received  a pre- 
paratory education  here. 

2.  A school  in  Andover,  Mass., 
endowed  by  the  Phillips  family 
in  1778. 

Philosophers,  The.  See  Geome- 
tricians, Two  Philosophers, 
and  Four  Philosophers. 

Philosophy.  See  School  of  Ath- 
ens. 

Phocas,  Column  of.  A column  in 
the  Forum,  Rome,  and  the  one 
referred  to  by  Byron  as 

“ The  nameless  column  with  the  buried 
base.” 

The  earth  which  had  accumulat- 
ed around  the  pedestal  was  re- 
moved in  1813,  when  the  inscrip- 
tion showed  that  the  column  was 
raised  to  the  Emperor  Phocas,  in 
008,  by  the  Exarch  Smaragdus. 

■ “ Has  not  the  column  lost  some- 
thing of  its  charm  ? Before,  there  was 
a beauty  and  a mystery  around  it  — it 
was  a voice  that  sounded  from  a dim 
and  distant  past,  and  therefore  all  the 
more  impressive.  But  now  the  ideal 
light  has  vanished,  and  the  column 
loses  half  its  grace,  since  it  speaks  to 
us  of  the  wickedness  of  tyrants  and  the 
weakness  of  slaves.”  G . S.  Hillard. 

Tully  was  not  so  eloquent  as  thou, 

Thou  nameless  column  with  the  buried 
base ! Byron. 

Phoebus  and  Aurora.  See  Au- 
rora. 

Phoenix,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Inglefield,  May  19,  1853. 

Phoenix  Park.  A fine  pleasure- 
ground  and  favorite  resort  in 
Dublin,  Ireland. 

Phoenix  Theatre.  See  Cockpit. 

Phoul-a-Phouka.  A beautiful  and 
noted  waterfall  in  the  county  of 
Wicklow,  Ireland. 


Phthah.  See  Temple  of  Phthah. 

Physicians,  College  of.  See  Col- 
lege of  Physicians. 

Pianto  di  Maria.  See  Spasimo, 
Lo. 

Piazetta.  [The  Small  Square.]  A 
public  square  in  Venice,  connect- 
ing with  the  Piazza  di  San  Marco, 
and  opening  out  upon  the  water 
of  the  harbor.  At  the  foot  of  this 
enclosure  are  the  two  columns  oi 
St.  Mark  and  St.  Theodore. 

The  splendid  approach  to  the  Piazetta ; 
the  transfer  to  the  gondola  and  its  soft 
motion;  the  swift  and  still  glide  beneath 
the  balconies  of  palaces  — made  up  alto- 
gether a moment  of  high  happiness. 

iV.  P Willis 

Piazza,  The.  A name  given  to  a 
row  of  lofty  houses  in  Covent 
Garden,  London,  built  by  Inigo 
Jones,  from  the  resemblance  it 
bore  to  the  arcades  common  in 
Italian  towns.  The  popularity  of 
this  odd  name  may  be  inferred 
from  the  frequency  in  the  baptis- 
mal registers  of  the  time  of  such 
names  as  Paul  Piazza,  Mary  Pi- 
azza, etc. 

Unfortunately  f>r  tlm  fishmongers  of 
London,  the  Dory  only  resides  in  the  Dev- 
onshire seas^  for  could  any  of  this  company 
only  convey  one  to  the  Temple  of  luxury 
under  the  Piazza,  where  Mecklin,  the 
high  priest,  daily  serves  up  his  rich  offer- 
ings, great  would  be  the  reward  of  that 
fishmonger.  Fielding. 

And  even  in  I tale  such  places  are 
With  prettier  name  in  softer  accent*  spoke. 
For,  bating  Covent  Garden,  1 c n hit  on 
No  place  that’s  called  ” Piazza  ” in  Great 
Britain.  Byron. 

Piazza,  The,  A coffee-house,  no 
longer  standing,  in  Covent  Gar- 
den, London.  Sheridan  often  vis- 
ited the  Piazza. 

4®=*  “ ’Twas  when  the  cup  was 
sparkling  before  us,  and  heaven  gave  a 
portion  of  its  blue,  boys,  blue,  that  I 
remember  the  song  of  Roland  at  the 
Old  Piazza  Coffee  House.  And  now 
where  is  the  Old  Piazza  Coffee  House? 
Where  is  Thebes?  Where  is  Troy?” 
Thackeray . 

Piazza  Barberini.  [Barberini 
Square.]  A well-known  public 
square  in  Rome,  Italy,  near  the 
Via  Felice. 

“ Whoever  has  been  in  Rome  is 
well  acquainted  with  the  Piazza  Bar • 


PI  A 


382 


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bcrini , in  the  great  square,  with  the 
beautiful  fountain  where  the  Tritons 
empty  the  spouting  conch-shell,  from 
which  the  water  springs  upwards  many 
feet.”  II.  C.  Andersen , Trans. 

4QP  “ The  Piazza  Barberini,  where 
I lodge,  is  like  a catafalque  of  stone 
with  a few  forgotten  tapers  burning  on 
it;  the  feeble  little  lights  seem  to  be 
swallowed  up  in  a lugubrious  shroud 
of  shadow,  and  the  indistinct  murmur 
of  the  fountain  in  the  silence  is  like  the 
rustling  of  phantoms.”  Tdine , Trans. 

Piazza  Colonna.  A square,  facing 
the  Corso,  in  Rome,  and  having 
in  its  centre  the  Antonine  Coi- 
umn. 

Piazza  del  Campidoglio.  [Square 
of  the  Capitol.]  A square  upon 
the  Capitoline  Hill,  Rome,  hav- 
ing upon  one  side  the  Palace  of 
the  Conservators,  upon  the  other 
the  Museum  of  the  Capitol,  at 
the  hack  the  Palace  of  the  Sena- 
tor, and  in  the  centre  the  bronze 
equestrian  statue  of  Marcus  Au- 
relius. This  square,  with  the 
group  of  buildings  upon  it,  taken 
collectively,  is  often  referred  to 
as  the  Capitol.  See  also  Capito- 
line Hill. 

ufvt*  “ The  central  building  in  front 
is  called  the  Palace  of  the  Senator;  for 
there  is  still  a Roman  Senator,  a harm 
less  puppet  created  by  the  pope,  and 
resembling  one  of  his  namesakes  of 
antiquity  as  a chattering  cicerone  re- 
sembles Cicero.  The  palace  is  not  his 
residence,  but  a place  where  he  some- 
times comes  to  amuse  himself  and  the 
public  by  holding  a court.”  Hillard. 

4®=“  “ The  building  on  the  south 
side  of  the  square  to  the  right  as  we 
face  the  Palace  of  the  Senator  is  called 
the  Palace  of  the  Conservatori.  . . . 
The  Conservatori  were  originally  ad- 
ministrative officers,  the  senator  being 
a judicial  magistrate.  Their  functions 
have  long  since  become  merely  nomi- 
nal.” Hillard. 

4G§p*  **  Who  has  not  silently  won- 
dered on  thinking  of  the  Capitol  ? 
This  mighty  word  agitates  you  before- 
hand, and  you  are  disappointed  on  find- 
ing a moderately  grand  square  flanked 
by  three  palaces  not  at  all  grand.  Nev- 
ertheless, it  is  imposing  : a grand  stone 
staircase  leading  up  to  it  gives  it  a mon- 
umental entrance.  Tame , Trans. 

Then  none  have  I offended.  I have 
done  no  more  to  Caesar  than  you  shall  do 


to  Brutus.  The  question  of  his  death  is 
enrolled  in  the  Capitol ; liis  glory  not  ex 
tenuated,  wherein  he  was  worthy;  noi 
his  offences  enforced,  for  which  he  suffered 
death.  Shakespeare. 

Ages  on  ages  shall  your  fate  admire. 

No  future  day  shall  see  your  names  ex 
pire, 

While  stands  the  Capitol , immortal  dome  ! 

Byron 

Piazza  del  Duomo.  [The  Cathe- 
dral Square.]  A well-known  pub- 
lic square  in  Florence,  Italy,  in 
which  some  of  the  most  interest- 
ing events  in  the  history  of  the 
city  have  taken  place. 

Piazza  del  Gran  Duca.  See  Piaz- 
za DELLA  SiGNORIA. 

Piazza  del  Popolo.  [Square  of  the 
People.]  A square,  near  the  Por- 
ta del  Popolo,  in  Rome,  from 
which  three  streets  radiate  into 
the  city  — the  Babuino,  the  Corso, 
and  the  Ripetta.  See  Obelisk 
of  the  Piazza  del  Popolo. 

Piazza  della  Annunziata.  [Square 
of  the  Annunziata.]  A well- 
known  public  square  in  Florence, 
Italy.  It  is  surrounded  by  ar- 
cades and  adorned  with  an  eques- 
trian statue,  fountains,  and  busts 
of  the  Medici  family. 

Piazza  della  Signoria.  [Square  of 
the  Signory.]  The  great  public 
square  of  Florence,  Italy,  and  the 
scene  of  all  the  principal  events 
in  its  history.  It  was  long  called 
the  Piazza  di  Gran  Duca,  Square 
of  the  Grand  Duke  [of  Tuscany], 
but  now  bears  again  the  still  more 
ancient  name  of  the  Piazza  della 
Signoria. 

4®"*  “ One  of  the  first  places  which 
a traveller  visits  in  Florence  is  the  Pi- 
azza del  Gran  Duca,  a place  not  impos- 
ing from  its  size,  but  interesting  from 
its  historical  associations,  and  the 
works  of  art  which  are  here  assem- 
bled.” Hillard. 

Piazza  di  Gran  Duca.  See  Piazza 
della  Signoria. 

Piazza  di  Spagna.  [Spanish 
Square.]  A square  of  a triangu- 
lar form  in  Rome,  so  called  from 
the  residence  (Palazzo  di  Spagna) 
of  the  Spanish  ambassador  which 
is  situated  upon  it.  The  square 


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383 


PIC 


is  terminated  at  one  end  by  the 
buildings  of  the  Propaganda,  and 
above  it,  and  connected  by  a 
magnificent  flight  of  .steps,  is  the 
church  of  La  Trinita  de’  Monti. 

4®=*  “ This  flight  of  steps  leads  from 
the  Piazza  di  Spagnaio  the  promenade 
on  the  Pincio,  and,  crowned  as  it  is  with 
the  facade  of  the  church  of  the  Trin- 
ita de’  Monti,  and  the  Egyptian  obelisk 
in  front  of  the  church,  it  forms  one  of 
the  noblest  architectural  combinations 
to  be  seen  in  Rome  or  anywhere  else.” 
Hillard . 

And,  veiling  thus  my  discontent, 

This  missive  o’er  the  main 
Unto  my  friend  at  Rome  I sent, 

In  the  sunny  “ Square  of  Spain.'" 

T.  W.  Parsons. 

Piazza  RTavona.  A large  square 
in  Rome,  ornamented  with  three 
fountains.  It  has  served  as  a 
market  since  1147. 

HOP  “ The  Piazza  Navona  is  an  ir- 
regular area  of  an  oblong  shape  about 
850  feet  in  length  and  180  in  breadth. 
The  most  conspicuous  object  in  it  is  an 
immense  fountain  in  the  centre,  which 
is  one  of  the  heaviest  sins  against  good 
taste  that  was  ever  laid  upon  the  much- 
enduring  earth.  . . . On  Saturdays  and 
Sundays  in  the  month  of  August,  the 
sluices  which  carry  off  the  waters  of  the 
great  fountain  are  stopped,  and  all  the 
central  portions  of  the  Piazza  are  over- 
flowed to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  feet. 
The  populace  then,  obeying  that  im- 
pulse which  draws  all  living  things 
towards  water  in  hot  weather,  rush  to 
the  temporary  lake  in  eager  crowds. 
Horses,  Oxen,  and  donkeys  are  driven 
into  the  cooling  water ; vehicles  of  all 
kinds,  from  the  stately  coach  of  a Ro- 
man principe  to  the  clumsy  wagon  of  a 
contadino,  roll  through  them.  . . . On 
these  occasions  the  outer  margin  of  the 
Piazza  not  reached  by  the  water,  and 
especially  the  capacious  steps  of  the 
church  of  St.  Agnes,  are  occupied  by 
crowds  of  idlers.  . . . And  the  whole 
spectacle  is  described  by  those  who 
have  witnessed  it  as  one  of  the  most 
agreeable  in  Rome.” 

T went  (as  was  my  usual  costome)  and 
spent  an  ahernoone  in  Piazza  Navona , as 
well  to  see  what  antiquitieo  I could  pur- 
chase among  the  people  who  held  mereat 
there,  as  to  heave  the  mmitebanks  prate 
and  distribute  their  medicines.  This  was 
formerly  the  Circus  or  Agonales , dedicated 
to  sports  and  pastimes,  and  is  now  the 
greatest  mereat  of  the  Citty,  having  three 
most  noble  fountaines,  and  the  stately 
palaces  of  the  Pamfilij,  to  which  add  two 
convents  for  friars  and  nuns  all  Spanish. 

John  Evelyn , 1614. 


Piazza  S.  Marco.  See  St.  Mark’s 
Square. 

Picador.  A picture  by  Jean  Leon 
Gerome  (b.  1824),  tlie  French 
painter. 

Piccadilly.  A leading  street  in 
London,  consisting  of  shops  and 
fashionable  dwelling-houses,  said 
to  be  so  called  from  the  ruffs,  or 
“pickadils,”  worn  by  the  gal- 
lants of  James  I.  and  Charles  I., 
the  stiffened  points  of  which  re- 
sembled spear-heads  or  picar- 
dills,  a diminutive  of  pica,  the 
Italian  and  Spanish  name  for 
spear.  “ Piccadille  ” is  however 
referred  to  some  years  before  the 
introduction  of  these  collars,  and 
it  is  surmised  by  Jesse  that  the 
collar  may  have  been  so  called 
from  being  worn  by  the  fre- 
quenters of  Piccadilla  House, 
which  in  turn  may  have  taken 
its  name  from  the  Spanish  pecca- 
dillo (a  venial  fault). 

Will  spear,  or  sword-stick,  thrust  at 
him  [the  Sieur  de  Lamotte],  (or  supposed 
to  be  thrust),  through  window7  of  hackney- 
coach.  in  Piccadilly  of  the  Babylon  of 
Fog,  where  he  jolts  disconsolate,  not  let 
out  the  imprisoned  animal  existence  ? 

Carlyle. 

I returned  on  foot  to  Piccadilly ; again 
the  London  weather  begins  — the  small 
and  constant  rain,  the  dissolving  mud. 

Taine , Trans. 

Picpus,  Rue  de.  A street  near  the 
Barriere  du  Trone,  Paris. 

Piets’ Wall.  See  Hadrian’s  Wall. 

Pictured  Rocks.  A series  of  sand- 
stone bluffs  extending  for  about 
five  miles  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  rising  vertically 
from  the  water  to  a height  of  from 
50  to  nearly  200  feet.  They  derive 
their  name  from  the  very  curious 
manner  in  which  large  portions 
of  the  surface  have  been  colored 
by  bands  of  brilliant  hues.  The 
French  voyageurs  call  these  cliffs 
Les  Portails,  from  the  strange 
forms  into  which  they  have  been 
excavated  and  worn  by  the  surf 
which  the  lake  has  for  centuries 
dashed  against  their  base. 

Westward  by  the  Big-Sea-Water, 

Came  unto  the  rocky  headlands, 

To  the  Pictured  Rocks  of  sanestone, 
Looking  over  lake  and  landscape. 

Longfellow. 


PIE 


384 


PIE 


He's  whittling  by  St.  Mary's  Falls, 

Upon  his  loaded  wain  ; 

He’s  measuring  o’er  the  Pictured  Rocks , 
With  eager  eyes  of  gain.  Whittier. 

Pierre  aux  Dames.  A remarkable 
stone  block  with  female  figures 
in  relief,  thought  to  be  of  Celtic 
origin,  formerly  standing  on  a 
little  hill  near  Geneva,  Switzer- 
land, but  now  transferred  to  the 
city.  [Called  also  Pierre  aux 
Fees.] 

Pierre  de  San.  See  Stone  of  San. 

Pierre  Levee.  A Druidic  monu- 
ment near  Poitiers,  France,  con- 
sisting of  several  blocks  of  sand- 
stone. It  is  alluded  to  by  Rab- 
elais, who  ascribes  the  erection 
of  it  to  Pantagruel. 

Pieta,  La.  [Pity,  compassionate 
sorrow.]  A very  common  sub- 
ject of  representation  by  the 
great  artists  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
in  which  the  Virgin  as  the  Mourn- 
ing Mother  (Mater  Dolorosa)  is 
exhibited  holding  her  dead  Son 
in  her  arms,  or  in  her  lap,  or  ly- 
ing at  her  feet,  and  lamenting 
over  him. 

“ This  incident  has  no  mention 
in  the  Gospels;  but  Art  would  have 
been  cold  in  feeling  and  barren  in  in- 
vention if  she  had  not  perceived  a va- 
cant place  here,  waiting  to  be  tilled 
with  one  of  the  most  touching  scenes 
that  Nature  presents.  For  it  was  the 
old  as  it  is  the  ever-new  story,  that 
Lamentation  over  the  Dead.  . . . Thus 
the  Pieta,  to  those  who  consider  some 
of  its  finest  examples,  has  a twofold 
sense, — the  sorrow  of  a mother  weep- 
ing for  her  son,  and  also  the  last  strong 
cry  of  our  humanity.  . . . Yet  natural 
as  this  subject  appears,  it  was  not  of 
early  invention.  The  very  word  Pieta 
would  have  found  no  place  in  early 
art,  where  Faith  and  not  Pity  was  the 
paramount  object.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  this  subject  arose  in  Italy  be- 
fore the  thirteenth  century,  when  Art 
and  Nature  began  to  recognize  what 
each  could  do  for  the  other;  and  it 
would  be  difficult  to  determine  whether 
the  pen  of  the  the  writer  or  the  pencil 
of  the  painter  took  the  initiative.” 

Lady  East  lake. 

Of  the  numerous  compositions 
upon  this  theme,  the  following 
may  be  named  as  among  the 
more  celebrated  and  better 
known. 


Pieta . A small  picture  by  An- 
thony van  Dyck  (1599-1641),  and 
one  of  his  admired  works.  In 
the  Munich  Gallery.  There  is 
also  a larger  picture  upon  this 
subject  by  the  same  painter  in 
the  Museum  of  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Pieta.  A picture  by  Giovanni 
Bellini  (1426-1516).  In  the  Brera 
at  Milan,  Italy.  Other  examples 
of  this  subject  by  this  master  are 
in  the  Lochis-Carrara  Gallery, 
Bergamo,  in  the  Vatican,  at  To- 
ledo, in  the  Stuttgardt  Gallery, 
and  elsewhere. 

Pieta.  A picture  ascribed  to 
Andrea  Mantegna  (1431-1506),  the 
Italian  painter.  Now  in  the  Ber- 
lin Museum. 

Pieta.  A picture  by  Antonio 
Allegri,  surnained  Correggio 

(1494-1534).  In  the  Gallery  of 
Parma,  Italy. 

Pieta.  A celebrated  marble 

group  by  Michael  Angelo  (1474- 
1564)  in  one  of  the  chapels  of  St. 
Peter’s,  at  Rome,  representing 
the  Virgin  with  the  dead  body  of 
Christ  upon  her  knees.  It  was 
one  of  Michael  Angelo's  earliest 
works,  executed  in  his  24th  year, 
and  said  to  be  the  only  one  upon 
which  he  has  inscribed  his  name. 

“ Michael  Angelo’s  principal 
work,  however,  — that  work  by  which 
he  suddenly  passed  from  being  an  es- 
teemed artist  to  be  the  most  famous 
sculptor  in  Italy, — is  at  the  present 
day  as  good  as  veiled;  the  mourning 
Mary  with  her  dead  Son  in  her  lap,  — 
Ta  Pieta,’  as  the  Italians  call  the 
group.  Placed  at  first  in  a side  chapel 
in  the  old  Basilica  of  St.  Peter,  it  re- 
ceived another  place  on  the  rebuilding 
of  the  church,  and  now  again  stands  in 
a side  chapel  of  St.  Peter’s,  so  high, 
however,  and  in  such  a fatal  light,  that 
it  is  for  the  most  part  impossible  to 
obtain  a sight  of  it,  either  near  or  at  a 
distance.”  Grimm , Trans. 

4^ “In  none  of  his  works  has  he 
displayed  more  perfect  knowledge  of 
design  and  anatomy,  or  more  profound 
truth  of  expression.”  Ernest  Breton. 

jgGgr’  “ Ilis  [Michael  Angelo’s]  Vir- 
gin’s head,  generally  of  an  unsympa- 
thetic type,  is  here  appropriate  in  its 
grandly  abstract  and  solemn  character, 
a grief  locked  within,  stony  as  the  ma- 
terial in  which  it  is  rendered.  . . . The 
curious  flatness  of  the  Saviour’s  face  is 


PIE 


885 


PIG 


supposed  to  have  been  owing  to  a mis- 
calculation of  the  size  of  the  marble.” 
Lady  Eastlake. 

Pieta.  A picture  by  Fra  Bar- 
tolommeo (1469-1517).  In  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

Pieta.  An  admired  picture  by 
Francesco  Francia  (1450-1518). 
Now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Pieta.  An  admired  picture  by 
Pietro  Perugino  (1446-1524).  In 
the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

j “ Pcrugino’s  exquisite  picture 
in  the  Pitti,  a work  in  which  there  are 
more  beautiful  heads  than  perhaps  in 
any  other  in  the  world.” 

Lady  Eastlake. 

Pieta.  A picture  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  usually  styled 
a Pieta,  but  properly  a “ Deposi- 
tion from  the  Cross.” 

“ This  wonderful  drawing  (there 
is  no  finished  picture)  was  in  the  col- 
lection of  Count  Fries,  and  then  be- 
longed to  Sir  T.  Lawrence.  There  is  a 
good  engraving.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Pieta.  A picture  by  Andrea 
Vannucchi,  called  Andrea  del 
Sarto  (1487-1531),  the  Italian 
painter,  and  considered  one  of 
liis  best  works.  In  the  Belve- 
dere Gallery,  Vienna,  Austria. 
There  is  another  upon  the  same 
subject  in  the  Pitti  Palace,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

Pieta.  A celebrated  picture  by 
Guido  Beni  (1575-1642),  represent- 
ing the  body  of  Christ  on  a bier, 
with  the  weeping  mother  and 
two  angels  at  the  sides,  and  be- 
low the  patron  saints  of  Bologna. 
In  the  Gallery  at  Bologna,  Italy. 

Jt£gr  “ This  wonderful  picture  was 
dedicated  as  an  act  of  penance  and 
piety,  by  the  magistrates  of  Bologna, 
161G,  and  placed  in  their  chapel  in  the 
church  of  the  ‘ Mendicanti,’  otherwise 
S.  Maria-della-Pieta.  It  hung  there 
for  two  centuries  for  the  consolation 
of  the  afflicted.  It  is  now  placed  in 
the  Academy  of  Bologna  for  the  admi- 
ration of  connoisseurs.” 

3Irs.  Jameson. 

Pieta.  A small  altar-piece  by 
Hans  Memling  (d.  1495),  the 

Flemish  painter.  Now  in  the  St. 
John’s  Hospital  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium . 


Piete,  Mont  de.  See  Mont  de 
Piet£. 

Pietra  del  Bando.  [Stone  of  Proc- 
lamation.] A porphyry  pillar 
standing  near  St.  Mark’s  Church 
in  Venice,  Italy,  from  which,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  the  ancient 
laws  of  the  Republic  of  Venice 
were  proclaimed. 

Pietro,  San.  See  San  Pietro  in 
Montorio  and  San  Pietro  in 
Vincoli. 

Pigna.  A gigantic  finial,  in  imi- 
tation of  a hr-cone,  which  once 
crowned  the  summit  of  Hadrian’s 
Mausoleum.  Now  in  the  garden 
of  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

JKgr'  “ This  pine  cone,  of  bronze,  was 
set  originally  upon  the  summit  of  the 
Mausoleum  of  Hadrian.  After  this  im- 
perial sepulchre  had  undergone  many 
evil  fates,  and  as  its  ornaments  were 
stripped  one  by  one  from  it,  the  cone 
was  in  the  sixth  century  taken  down 
and  carried  off  to  adorn  a fountain, 
which  had  been  constructed  for  the 
use  of  dusty  and  thirsty  pilgrims,  in  a 
pillared  enclosure,  called  the  Paradiso , 
in  front  of  the  old  basilica  of  St.  Peter. 
Here  it  remained  for  centuries;  and 
when  the  old  church  gave  way  to  the 
new,  it  was  put  where  it  now  stands, 
useless  and  out  of  place,  in  the  trim  and 
formal  gardens  of  the  Papal  Palace. 
...  At  the  present  day  it  serves  the 
bronze-workers  of  Rome  as  a model 
for  an  inkstand,  such  as  is  seen  in  the 
shop  windows  every  winter,  and  is  sold 
to  travellers,  few  of  whom  know  the 
history  and  poetry  belonging  to  the 
original.”  C.  E.  Norton. 

^SP^I  have  looked  daily  over  the 
lonely,  sunny  gardens,  where  the  wide 
sweeping  orange-walks  end  in  some 
distant  view  of  the  sad  and  distant 
Campagna;  . . . and  where  the  huge 
bronze  pine  by  which  Dante  measured 
his  great  giant  yet  stands  in  the  midst 
of  graceful  vases  and  bas-reliefs 
wrought  in  former  ages,  and  the  more 
graceful  blossoms  blown  within  the 
very  hour.”  Mrs.  Kemble. 

His  face  appeared  to  me  as  Ion"  and  l;.r  •* 
As  is  at  Rome  the  pine  cone  of  St.  I'eterV, 
And  in  proportion  were  tlio  other  benes. 

Dante , Inferno , XXXI..  Longfellow's 
Translation. 

Pigott  Diamond.  A diamond, 
weighing  49  carats,  and  estimat- 
ed to  be  worth  £40,000,  brought 
to  England  by  Earl  Pigott,  and 
sold  in  1801. 


PIL 


886 


PIN 


Pilate’s  House.  See  Rienzi’s 
House. 

Pilgrim  Hall.  An  edifice  in  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  containing  many  in- 
teresting relics  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers  and  of  the  old  colonial 
days.  Among  the  more  noted 
curiosities  here  preserved  are  the 
chair  of  Gov.  Carver,  the  sword 
of  Miles  Standish,  the  gun-barrel 
with  which  King  Philip,  the 
brave  chief  of  the  Wampanoags, 
was  killed,  and  many  original 
documents  of  the  Plymouth  colo- 
ny- 

pilgrim  Oak.  A tree  in  front  of 
Newstead  Park,  England,  known 
throughout  that  region  of  coun- 
try as  the  Pilgrim  Oak. 

J (JSr  “ It  is  a venerable  tree,  of  great 
size,  overshadowing  a wide  area  of 
the  road.  Under  its  shade  the  rustics 
of  the  neighborhood  have  been  accus- 
tomed to  assemble  on  certain  holidays, 
and  celebrate  their  rural  festivals. 
This  custom  had  been  handed  down 
from  father  to  son  for  several  genera- 
tions, until  the  oak  had  acquired  a 
kind  of  sacred  character.  The  ‘ old 
Lord  Byron,’  however,  in  whose  eyes 
nothing'  was  sacred,  when  he  laid  his 
desolating  hand  on  the  groves  and  for- 
ests of  Newstead,  doomed  likewise 
this  traditional  tree  to  the  axe.  Fortu- 
tunately  the  good  people  of  Notting- 
ham heard  of  the  danger  of  their  fa- 
vorite oak,  and  hastened  to  ransom  it 
from  destruction.  They  afterwards 
made  a present  of  it  to  the  poet,  when 
he  came  to  the  estate.”  Irving . 

Pilgrims.  See  Embarkation  of 
the  Pilgrims,  Landing  of  the 
Pilgrims,  and  Supper  at  Em- 
maus. 

Pillar  of  Trajan.  See  Trajan’s 
Column. 

Pillars  of  Hercules.  The  name 
given  in  ancient  times  to  the 
mountains  of  Calpe  and  Abyla, 
standing  opposite  to  each  other, 
the  one  on  the  European,  the  other 
on  the  African,  shore  of  the  straits 
which  connect  the  Mediterranean 
with  the  Atlantic.  The  present 
names  of  these  mountains  are  the 
Rock  of  Gibraltar  and  J ebel 
Zatout. 

Pillow,  Fort.  See  Fort  Pillow. 


Pilot  Butte.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Wyoming  Territory,  being  a 
mound,  of  rock  and  earth  stand- 
ing on  the  level  plain,  one  of  the 
more  celebrated  of  the  huge  mon- 
umental and  often  fantastically 
shaped  mountains  which  are 
found  along  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  in  this  part  of  its 
course. 

Pimento,  Aecademia  del.  A Flor- 
entine academy  founded  in  1657. 

Pimlico.  A district  in  London, 
formerly  noted  for  its  public  gar- 
dens, which  were  often  mentioned 
by  the  early  English  dramatists. 

Gallants,  men  and  women, 

And  of  all  sorts,  tag-rag,  been  seen  to  flock 
here 

In  threaves,  these  ten  weeks,  as  to  a sec- 
ond Hogsden, 

In  days  of  Pimlico. and  Eye-bright. 

Ben  Jon  son. 

Of  course  the  people  came  in  uncompelh  d, 
Lame,  blind,  and  worse,  — sick,  sorrowful, 
and  worse, 

The  humors  of  the  peccant  social  wound 
All  pressed  out,  poured  out  upon  Pimlico. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Pin,  Society  of  the.  See  Society 
of  the  Pin. 

Pinacotheca.  [Gr.  Pu/a/co#^,  a col- 
lection of  pictures.]  1.  The  name 
given  to  a gallery  of  paintings  in 
the  Vatican  at  Rome,  which, 
though  not  containing  more  than 
50  pictures,  includes  some  of  the 
richest  treasures  of  art,  among 
which  are  the  Transfiguration, 
the  Madonna  di  Foligno,  and  the 
Communion  of  St.  Jerome.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  other  pic- 
ture galleries,  notably  to  the  fine 
collection  in  Munich.  See  Pina- 
kothek. 

2.  A chamber  of  the  Propyliea, 
at  Athens,  so  called  from  its  walls 
being  covered  with  paintings. 

Pinakothek.  [Gr.  t nTa£,  a picture, 
Onicr),  a collection.]  A celebrated 
picture-gallery  in  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. It  is  a magnificent  building 
of  yellow  sandstone,  530  feet  long, 
containing  a very  fine  collection 
of  pictures.  Above  the  cornice 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  build- 
ing stand  25  colossal  statues  of 
painters  by  Schwanthaler.  The 
name  Pinacotheca  is  also  some- 


PIN 


887 


PIN 


times  applied  to  other  galleries  of 
paintings,  in  particular  to  the  col- 
lection in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
See  supra. 

“ The  Pinakothek,  with  its  ele- 
vated windows  in  the  roof,  has  from 
the  spot  on  which  I am  standing  the 
appearance  of  a large  hot-house  or  con- 
servatory, and  such  it  is.  In  the  Pin- 
akothek are  all  the  varieties  of  glowing 
plants,  and  the  saloons  are  equally  as 
gorgeous  as  the  flowers.” 

Ilans  Christian  Andersen. 

Pincian  Hill.  [Ital.  Monte  Pincio, 
Lat.  Coll  is  Hortalorum , the  hill  of 
pleasure-grounds.]  A celebrated 
eminence  at  Rome,  and  the  fav- 
orite promenade  of  the  modern 
inhabitants  of  the  city.  It  is  not 
one  of  the  original  seven  hills. 
The  Pincian  was  once  covered 
with  the  villas  and  gardens  of 
Roman  citizens. 

4®=*  The  Monte  Pincio  itself  is  a 
space  of  only  a few  acres  in  extent, 
planted  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  . . . 
The  charm  of  this  promenade  consists 
in  the  splendid  prospects  which  it  com- 
mands on  every  side.  On  the  north 
and  east  it  overlooks  the  varied  and 
undulating  grounds  of  the  Villa  Bor- 
gliese,  with  their  fountains,  their  pic- 
turesque edifices,  and  the  walks  that 
wind  and  turn  under  broad  canopies  of 
oaks  and  pines.  Beyond  these  a su- 
perb panorama  of  the  Campagna  and 
the  Sabine  and  Aiban  hills  is  embraced 
at  a glance.  On  the  west  . . . the  view 
comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  mod- 
ern city,  including  the  Janiculum,  the 
Vatican,  St.  Peter’s,  and  the  regular 
outline  of  Monte  Mario,  crowned  with 
its  dark  line  of  cypresses.  . . . No- 
where in  the  world  is  seen  a greater 
ariety  of  equipages  than  on  the  Pincio 
n a fine  winter’s  afternoon.” 

Hillard. 

“ The  Pincian  Hill  is  the  favor- 
ite promenade  of  the  Roman  aristocra- 
cy. At  the  present  day,  however,  like 
most  other  Roman  possessions,  it  be- 
longs less  to  the  native  inhabitants  than 
to  the  barbarians  from  Gaul,  Great 
Britain,  and  beyond  the  sea,  who  have 
established  a peaceful  usurpation  over 
all  that  is  enjoyable  or  memorable  in 
the  Eternal  City.”  % Hawthorne. 

Pincio.  See  Pincian  Hill. 

Pineta,  La.  [The  pine-grove.]  A 
very  celebrated  pine-forest  near 
the  city  of  Ravenna  in  Italy.  It 
was  a favorite  resort  of  Dante, 


of  Byron,  and  of  many  other 
poets.  Covino  says,  “ Here  grows 
a spacious  pine  forest,  which 
stretches  along  the  sea  between 
Ravenna  and  Cervia.” 

A softly-breathing  air,  that  no  mutation 
Had  in  itself,  upon  ihe  forehead  smote  me 
Mo  heavier  tdow  than  of  a gentle  wind, 
Whereat  the  branches  lightly  tremulous. 
Did  all  of  them  bow  dov  lfward  toward 
that  side 

Where  its  first-shadow  casts  the  Iloly 
Mountain ; 

Yet  not  from  their  upright  direction 
swayed, 

So  that  tlie  little  birds  upon  their  tops 
Should  leave  the  practice  of  each  art  of 
theirs; 

But  with  full  ravishment  the  hours  of 
prime, 

Singing,  received  they  in  the  midst  i f 
leaves 

That  ever  bore  a burden  to  their  rhymes. 
Such  as  from  branch  to  branch  goes  gath- 
ering on 

Through  the  pine  forest  on  the  shore  of 
Chiassi, 

When  Eolus  unlooses  the  Sirocco. 

Dante , Purgatorio,  XXVIII.,  Longfel- 
low's Translation. 

Sweet  hour  of  twilight,  — in  the  solitude 
Of  the  pine-forest,  and  the  silent  shore 
Which  bounds  Ravenna’s  immemorial 
wood, 

Rooted  where  once  the  Adrian  wave  flow’d 
o’er, 

To  where  the  last  Cesarean  fortress  stood, 
Evergreen  forest ! which  Boccaccio’s  lore 
And  Dryden’s  lay  made  haunted  ground 
to  me, 

How  have  I loved  the  twilight  hour  and 
thee ! Byron. 

It  [the  basilica  of  St.  Apollinaris-in- 
classe]  is  still  seen  standing  in  the  midst 
of  a solitary  marshy  plain  near  Ravenna, 
surrounded  with  rice-grounds,  and  on  the 
verge  of  that  vast  melancholy  pine-forest 
made  famous  in  the  w orks  of  Boccaccio, 
Dante,  and  Byron.  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Pinkham  Notch.  A mountain  pass 
in  the  White  Mountain  region  in 
New  Hampshire,  in  the  township 
of  Jackson.  It  was  named  after 
Capt.  Daniel,  who,  about  171)0, 
built  a road  through  the  notch. 

Pinta,  The.  One  of  the  three  lit- 
tle vessels  with  which  Columbus 
set  sail  for  America  from  Palos, 
Spain,  on  the  3d  of  August,  1492. 
The  Pinta  was  commanded  by 
Alonzo  Pinzon,  a famous  Spanish 
navigator. 

As  early  voyagers  over  untried  realms 
of  waste,  we  have  already  observed  the 
signs  of  land,  'l’lie  green”  twig  and  fresh 
red  berry  have  floated  by  our  bark;  the 
odors  of  the  shore  fan  our  faces;  nay,  we 
may  seem  to  descry  the  distant  gleam  of 
light,  and  hear  from  the  more  earnest  ob- 


PIO 


388 


PLA 


servers,  as  Columbus  heard,  after  mid- 
night, from  the  mast-head  of  the  Pinta , 
t lie  j fat  cry  of  Land  l Land!  and  lo!  a 
new  world  broke  upon  his  early  morning 
gaze.  C Sumner. 

Pio-Clementino,  Museo.  See  Mu- 
sed Pio-Clementino. 

Piombi.  See  Leads,  The. 

Pioneer,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing sliip  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land under  Capt.  Belcher  in  1852. 

Pisa,  Baptistery  of.  See  Baptist- 
ery of  Pisa. 

Pisa  Cathedral.  [Ital.  Duomo  di 
Pisa.]  A beautiful  and  noted 
church,  making  one  of  the  famous 
group  of  marble  buildings  in 
Pisa,  the  Cathedral,  the  Baptist- 
ery, the  Leaning  Tower,  and  the 
Campo  Santo.  It  was  erected  in 
the  eleventh  century. 

Pisa,  Leaning  Tower  of.  See 
Leaning  Tower. 

Pisani  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Pi- 
sani.]  A splendid  fifteenth-cen- 
tury palace  in  Venice,  Italy. 

Pisaro  Family.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Titian  (1477-1576),  repre- 
senting the  members  of  that 
family  engaged  in  adoring  the 
Madonna  and  Child.  In  the 
church  of  S.  Maria  Gloriosa  de’ 
Frari,  Venice,  Italy. 

Pitt  Diamond.  This  stone,  which 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
perfect  diamonds  in  the  world, 
was  brought  from  India  by  Mr. 
Pitt  (grandfather  of  William 
Pitt),  and  by  him  sold  to  the  Re- 
gent of  Orleans,  in  1717,  for  £135,- 
000.  It  was  placed  among  the 
crown  jewels  of  France,  was  set 
in  the  handle  of  Bonaparte’s 
sword  of  state,  and  was  shown 
in  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855. 
The  weight  of  the  Pitt  diamond 
is  137  carats.  It  is  also  known 
as  the  Regent  Diamond. 

The  grand  Pitt  diamond , — the  Queen’s 
own  star  of  the  garter,  — a sample  of  otto 
of  roses  at  a guinea  a drop,  would  not  be 
handled  more  curiously,  or  more  respect- 
fully, than  this  porcelain  card  of  the 
Baroness.  Thackeray. 

Lifting  the  green  v 11,  to  see  what  in- 
valuable it  hid,  they  descried  there,  amid 


down  and  rich  white  wrappages,  no  Pitt 
Diamond  or  llapsburg  Regalia,  but,  in 
the  softest  sleep,  a little  red-colored  in- 
fant ! Carlyle. 

Pitt,  Fort.  See  Fort  du  Quesne. 

Pitti  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Pitti.] 
A royal  palace  in  Florence,  Italy. 
It  was  begun  by  Luca  Pitti,  the 
opponent  of  the  Medici  family, 
about  the  year  1435,  and  contains 
a very  rich  and  noted  collection 
of  paintings.  It  is  of  immense 
size,  the  front  being  460  feet  in 
length,  three  stories  (of  40  feet 
each)  high  in  the  centre,  and  with 
the  centres  of  its  windows  24  feet 
apart. 

jgggf*  “ There  is  no  palace  in  Europe 
to  compare  it  to  for  grandeur,  though 
many  may  surpass  it  in  elegance.  The 
design  is  said  to  have  been  by  Brunel- 
leschi, but  it  is  doubtful  how  far  this  is 
the  case,  or,  at  all  events,  how  much 
may  be  due  to  Michelozzi,* who  cer- 
tainly assisted  in  its  erection,  or  to 
Ammanati,  who  continued  the  build- 
ing, left  incomplete  at  Brunelleschi’s 
death,  in  1444.”  Fergusson. 

“ I doubt  if  there  is  a more  im- 
posing palace  in  Europe;  I have  not 
seen  one  which  leaves  so  grand  and 
simple  an  impression.” 

Taine , Tran s. 
And  when  the  face  was  finished,  throat 
and  hands, 

Her  cameriera  carried  him,  in  hate 
Of  the  English-fashioned  shroud,  the  last 
brocade 

She  dressed  in  at  the  Pitti. 

Mrs.  Browning. 
Some  gas-lights  tremble  along  squares 
and  streets; 

The  PittTs  palace-f font  is  drawn  in  tire. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Such  conditions  are  not  exactly  lit t d 
for  ordinary  treatment  of  design;  yet  the 
shop-front  architect  delights  in  ignoring 
them  altogether,  and  in  loading  Iris  upper 
stories  with  pediments,  columns,  niches, 
and  cornices,  just  as  if  they  stood  on  a 
basement  as  so  id  as  that  of  the  Pitti 
Palace.  C.  L.  Eastlake. 

Pius  III.  A remarkable  portrait 
by  Titian  (1477-1576),  of  which 
there  are  many  replicas  and  cop- 
ies. In  the  Hermitage,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia. 

Place  Dauphine.  A place  in  Paris 
which  was  designed  by  Henry 
IV.  in  1608,  and  so  named  in 
commemoration  of  the  birth  of 
his  son,  the  Dauphin  Louis 
XIII. 


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Place  de  Greve.  See  Place  de 
l;  Hotel  de  Ville. 

Place  de  la  Bastille.  This  place 
in  Paris  was  the  scene  of  some  of 
the  fiercest  struggles  in  June, 
1848.  The  largest  barricade  was 
thrown  up  here,  at  the  end  of  the 
Rue  St.  Antoine;  and  here  Gen. 
Negrier  and  the  Archbishop  of 
Paris  were  struck  down.  Here 
stood  the  famous  prison  known 
as  the  Bastille.  Here  ends  the 
line  of  the  original  boulevards, 
and  here  begins"  the  Faubourg  St. 
Antoine  See  Bastille. 

Foiscd  in  thy  beauty  o’er  the  vaults  of 
doom. 

Time  was  ere  thy  bright  presence  bathed 
the  “ Place  ” 

In  borrowed  sunshine,  when  the  Bastille 
towers 

Frowned  on  the  passer-by. 

George  Gordon  McCrae. 

Place  de  la  Concorde.  A square 
in  Paris,  of  peculiar  interest,  as 
connected  with  scenes  of  the  Rev- 
olution. It  has  been  called  also 
Place  Louis  XV.,  and  Place  de  la 
Revolution.  In  the  centre  stands 
the  Obelisk  de  Luxor,  which  once 
stood  in  front  of  the  temple  of 
Thebes,  as  long  ago  as  the  reign 
of  Sesostris,  1550  (?)  years  before 
Christ.  It  stands  on  the  spot 
where  the  guillotine  was  erected 
in  the  “ reign  of  terror,”  after 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  Here 
the  signal  was  given  for  the  at- 
tack on  the  Bastille  in  1789.  In 
1793,  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  An- 
toinette were  beheaded  here;  and 
in  1848  the  proclamation  of  the 
Republic  was  celebrated  here 
with  much  rejoicing.  It  is  one  of 
the  grandest  and  most  imposing 
squares  in  Paris  or  in  any  city. 
See  Obelisk  of  Luxor. 

“What  is  there  in  Europe  — 
nay,  in  the  world  — equal  to  this?  In 
the  centre  the  mighty  obelisk  of  red 
granite  pierces  the  sky ; on  either 
hand  showers  of  silver  spray  are  thrown 
up  from  splendid  bronze  fountains; 
statues  and  pillars  of  gilded  bronze 
sweep  in  a grand  circle  round  the 
square ; and  on  each  side  magnificent 
vistas  lead  the  eye  off,  and  combine  the 
distant  with  the  near,  to  complete  this 
unparalleled  view.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

JdxsT  “ The  Place  de  la  Concorde  is  a 


most  splendid  square,  large  enough  for 
a nation  to  erect  trophies  in  of  all  its 
triumphs;  and  on  one  side  of  it  is 
the  Tuileries,  on  the  opposite  side  the 
Champs  Elysees,  and,  on  a third,  the 
Seine,  adown  which  we  saw  large  cakes 
of  ice  floating,  beneath  the  arches  of  a 
bridge.”  llawthoyne. 

Place  de  la  Pucelle.  [Place  of  the 
Maid.]  A place  in  Rouen,  France, 
named  in  memory  of  Jeanne 
d’Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and 
serving  to  mark  the  spot  where 
she  was  burned  in  1431. 

Here  blooms  the  legend,  fed  by  Time  and 
Chance, 

Fresh  as  the  morning,  though  with  cen- 
turies old. 

The  whitest  lily  on  the  shield  of  France, 
With  heart  of  virgin  gold. 

Maria  Lowell. 

Place  de  P Hotel  de  Ville.  The 
large  square  in  front  of  the  Hotel 
de  Ville,  Paris.  Here  was  for- 
merly the  Place  de  Greve,  the 
scene  of  many  executions,  and 
of  some  of  the  chief  events  in  the 
revolutions  of  1830, 1848,  and  1872. 

jgGiP  “ The  Place  de  Greve  is,  in  the 
history  of  Paris,  one  of  the  most  re- 
volting localities  the  stranger  could  be 
induced  to  visit.  For  many  centuries 
it  was  the  spot  on  which  criminals 
were  executed;  and,  besides  having 
been  thus  appropriated  to  scenes  of 
horror,  its  pavement  has  been  stained 
with  the  blood  of  the  victims  of  almost 
every  revolution  that  has  occurred. 
On  the  17th  of  March,  1848,  it  was  the 
scene  of  a frightful  mutiny  in  favor  of 
the  Provisional  Government;  and  on 
the  16th  of  the  following  month  an  at- 
tempt to  overturn  that  Government 
was  foiled  here  by  the  steady  attitude 
of  the  National  Guard.” 

Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 

Place  des  Consuls.  See  Place 
Mehemet  Ali. 

Place  des  Victoires.  A circular 
space  in  Paris  built  in  1(186  by 
Mansard,  and  surrounded  by 
houses.  A statue  of  Louis,  XIV., 
in  the  centre,  raised  by  the  Due 
de  la  Feuillade,  was  destroyed 
during  the  Revolution.  Its  place 
is  now  taken  by  another  of  the 
same  monarch. 

Place  du  Carrousel.  A large  pub- 
lic square  in  Paris,  near  the  Tui- 
leries, which  derives  its  name 
from  a tournament  held  here  by 


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Louis  XIV.  in  1662.  A portion  of 
the  place  is  called  the  Court  of  the 
Tuileries,  and  at  the  entrance  of 
this  court  stands  a triumphal  arch 
erected  by  Napoleon  in  1806.  The 
long  gallery  of  French  pictures, 
which  connects  the  Louvre  with 
the  Tuileries,  is  on  the  south  side 
of  this  square.  The  Revolution- 
ary guillotine  was  first  set  up 
here.  Until  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century  the  space  occu- 
pied by  this  square  was  covered 
with  houses,  churches,  etc.;  and 
the  work  of  clearing  the  land 
between  the  Tuileries  and  the 
Louvre  was  begun  by  Napoleon 
I.,  and  continued  by  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. Napoleon  III.,  before  the 
close  of  the  year  1858,  removed 
the  remaining  houses,  finished 
the  palatial  structures,  and  car- 
ried out  the  whole  plan  for  the 
magnificent  Place  du  Carrousel, 
at  an  expense  of  £1,600,000.  See 
Anc  du  Carrousel. 

Place  du  Palais  Royal.  On  the 
south  front  of  the  Palais  Royal, 
Paris.  Here  was  a small  square 
which  was  the  scene  of  a severe 
conflict  between  some  of  the  Mu- 
nicipal Guard  and  the  insurgents 
in  1848. 

Place  du  Trone.  A large  space  in 
Paris  at  the  end  of  the  Rue  St. 
Antoine.  Here  was  the  guillotine 
(afterwards  removed  to  the  Place 
de  la  Concorde)  from  June  9 to 
July  27,  1794;  and  here  1,270  per- 
sons were  executed  by  that  in- 
strument. 

Place  Mehemet  Ali.  A large 
square  in  Alexandria,  Egypt,  for- 
merly called  Place  des  Consuls, 
but  usually  known  among  Eng- 
lish-speaking people  as  the  Great 
Square.  It  is  the  European  cen- 
tre of  the  city.  Here  are  the 
chief  shops,  business  offices,  and 
hotels,  while  the  interior  of  the 
square  forms  an  agreeable  prom- 
enade. 

Place  of  Wailing  of  the  Jews. 
A famous  spot  in  Jerusalem,  be- 
ing a narrow  enclosed  space  near 
the  Mosque  of  Omar.  It  is  a sec- 
tion of  the  ancient  wall  of  the 


Haram,  which  includes  the  site  of 
the  old  temple  on  Mount  Moriah, 
and  is  believed  to  be  the  only 
part  remaining  of  Solomon’s  tem- 
ple wall.  To  this  place  the  Jews 
have  for  centuries  come  once  a 
week,  every  Friday,  to  mourn 
over  the  desolation  of  Israel. 
Men,  women,  and  children  may 
be  seen  there  in  every  variety  of 
attitude  indicative  of  grief  and 
despondency,  bewailing  their  dis- 
honored sanctuary. 

“ I have  said  how  proud  and 
prosperous  looked  the  Mosque  of  Omar, 
with  its  marble  buildings,  its  green 
lawns,  the  merry  children,  and  gay  in- 
mates making  holiday ; all  these  ready 
and  eager  to  stone  to  death  on  the  in- 
stant any  Jew  or  Christian  who  should 
dare  to  bring  his  homage  to  the  sacred 
spot.  This  is  what  we  saw  within  the 
walls.  We  next  went  round  the  out- 
side, till  we  came,  by  a narrow,  crooked 
passage,  to  a desolate  spot,  occupied  by 
desolate  people.  Under  a high,  mas- 
sive, very  ancient  wall,  was  a dusty, 
narrow,  enclosed  space,  where  we  saw 
the  most  mournful  groups  I ever  en- 
countered. This  high  ancient  wall, 
where  weeds  are  springing  from  the 
crevices  of  the  stones,  is  believed  to  be 
a part,  and  the  only  part  remaining,  of 
Solomon’s  temple  wall ; and  here  the 
Jews  come,  every  Friday,  to  their 
Place  of  Wailing  as  it  is  called,  to 
mourn  over  the  fall  of  their  Beautiful 
House,  and  pray  for  its  restoration. 
What  a contrast  did  these  humbled 
people  present  to  the  proud  Mohamme- 
dans within  ! The  women  were  sitting 
in  the  dust,  — some  wailing  aloud,  some 
repeating  prayers  with  moving  lips, 
and  others  reading  them  from  books  on 
their  knees.  A few  children  were  at 
play  on  the  ground;  and  some  aged 
men  sat  silent,  their  heads  drooped  on 
their  breasts.  Several  younger  men 
were  leaning  against  the  wall,  pressing 
their  foreheads  against  the  stones,  and 
resting  their  books  on  their  clasped 
hands  in  the  crevices.  With  some, 
this  wailing  is  no  form  ; for  I saw  tears 
on  their  cheeks.”  Mias  Martinectu . 

Place  Roy  ale.  A square  in  Paris, 
built  in  the  beginning  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century,  on  part  of  the 
site  of  the  Palais  des  Tournelles. 

Place  St.  Sulpice.  A place  in  Paris 
which  has  lately  been  ornament- 
ed with  trees,  and  in  which  a 
flower-market  is  held.  In  its  cen- 
tre stands  a beautiful  fountain 


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erected  by  Napoleon  the  First. 
This  fountain  is  in  the  form  of 
a pavilion,  and  is  adorned  with 
figures  of  Fenelon,  Bossuet,  Fic- 
chier,  and  Massillon. 

Place  Vendome.  This  square  in 
Paris  was  designed  by  Louis 
XIV.,  who  began  it  to  contain 
public  buildings,  such  as  the 
Mint,  Boyal  Library,  etc.  This 
design  was,  however,  abandoned 
except  so  far  as  the  formation  of 
a square  was  concerned.  In  1806 
a grand  triumphal  column  was 
erected  by  Napoleon  in  honor  of 
the  victories  achieved  by  the 
French  armies.  This  column  is 
constructed  from  the  metal  of 
cannon  taken  from  the  Austrians 
and  Prussians,  and  is  140  feet  in 
height.  It  is  surmounted  by  a 
statue  of  Napoleon,  and  is  orna- 
mented by  bas-reliefs  of  some  of 
the  principal  scenes  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1805;  also  with  helmets, 
cannon,  and  military  implements 
of  various  kinds.  See  Colonne 
Vendome. 

The  sun  unveiled  himself  in  beauty  bright. 
The  eyes  i f all  beamed  gladness  and  de- 
light. 

When,  with  unruffled  visage,  thou  didst 
come, 

Hero  of  France  ! unto  the  Place  Vendome 
To  mark  thy  column  towering  from  the 
ground, 

And  the  four  eagles  ranged  the  base 
around.  Victor  Hugo,  Trans. 

Placentia.  A place  on  the  Hud- 
son, near  Poughkeepsie,  formerly 
the  home  of  James  K.  Paulding 
(1779-1860). 

Placidia.  See  Mausoleum  of 
Galla  Placidia. 

Plaine-des-BeccIlets.  A fine  pub- 
lic square  in  Ghent.  Belgium. 

Plains  of  Abraham.  See  Abka- 

II  AM. 

Plains  of  Chalmette.  A level  tract 
about  live  miles  from  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi Biver,  and  surrounded 
by  cypress-swamps.  It  is  the 
site  of  the  engagement  known  as 
the  “ Battle  of  New  Orleans,” 
Jan.  8,  1815,  between  the  Ameri- 
can forces  under  Gen.  Jackson 
and  the  British  under  Paken- 


ham,  in  which  the  latter  were 
defeated.  A marble  monument 
has  been  erected  on  the  spot. 

Plantes,  Jardin  des.  See  Jardin 
des  Plantes. 

Playford  Hall.  An  ancient  coun- 
try mansion  in  England,  for 
many  years  the  residence  of 
Thomas  Clarkson  (1760-1846),  the 
philanthropist.  It  is  said  to  be 
the  oldest  fortified  house  of  the 
kind  in  England,  and  the  only 
one  that  has  water  in  the  moat 
by  which  it  is  surrounded. 

“ The  place  [Playford  Hall]  is 
a specimen  of  a sort  of  thing  which 
does  not  exist  in  America.  It  is  one 
of  those  significant  landmarks  which 
unite  the  present  with  the  past,  and  for 
which  we  must  return  to  the  country 
of  our  origin.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Plaza  de  las  Cortes.  A well- 
known  public  square  in  Madrid, 
Spain,  in  front  of  the  Spanish 
House  of  Commons.  In  this  en- 
closure is  a statue  of  Miguel  de 
Cervantes. 

Plaza  de  Oriente.  A well-known 
public  square  in  Madrid,  Spain. 
It  is  of  an  oval  form,  and  is  sur- 
rounded with  44  colossal  statues. 

Plaza  Mayor.  [The  Great  Square.] 
The  chief  square  in  Madrid, 
Spain,  on  which,  in  former  times, 
executions,  autos-da-fe,  and  royal 
bull- fights  were  celebrated.  The 
elevation  of  this  square  above 
the  level  of  the  sea  is  some  2,450 
feet. 

Pleiad.  See  Lost  Pleiad. 

Pleissenburg  Castle.  An  ancient 
citadel  of  historic  interest  in  Leip- 
sic,  Germany. 

Plessis  les  Tours.  A famous  cas- 
tle in  the  commune  of  La  Bielm, 
near  Tours,  France,  once  the 
royal  residence  of  Louis  XI. 
Portions  only  of  the  origin n l 
building  are  now  standing.  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  in  his  novel  of 
“ Quentin  Durward,”  has  given  a 
graphic  description  of  this  castle. 

Pliny’s  Doves.  A mosaic,  per- 
haps the  most  celebrated  in  the 
world,  now  in  the  Museum  of 


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the  Capitol,  Pome,  representing 
doves  drinking  from  a basin  sur- 
rounded by  a border.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  supposition 
that  it  is  a work  described  by 
Pliny,  in  the  35th  book  of  his 
Natural  History,  who  says  that 
at  Pergamos  there  is  a wonderful 
mosaic,  by  Sosus,  of  a dove  drink- 
ing, and  casting  the  shadow  of 
her  head  upon  the  water,  while 
others  are  pluming  themselves 
upon  the  lip  of  the  vessel. 

Ploughing  inNivernais.  [Labou- 
rat/e  Niveniais.]  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Rosa  Bonheur  (b.  1822), 
and  esteemed  her  masterpiece. 
In  the  Gallery  of  the  Luxem- 
bourg, Paris. 

jg®=-  “ I hear  as  I write  the  cry  of  the 
ox-drivers  — incessant,  musical,  mo- 
notonous. I hear  it  not  in  imagina- 
tion, but  coming  to  my  open  window 
from  the  fields ; . . . white  oxen  of  the 
noble  Charolais  breed,  sleek,  powerful 
beasts,  whose  moving  muscles  show 
under  their  skins  like  the  muscles  of 
trained  athletes.  When  the  gleams  of 
sunshine  fall  on  these  changing  groups, 
I see  in  nature  that  picture  of  Rosa 
Bonheur’s,  ‘ Ploughing  in  the  Niver- 
nois.’  ” Hamerton. 

Plover,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  the  expedition  of  Capt. 
Maguire  in  1852. 

Plummer  Hall.  A fine  building 
in  Salem,  Mass.,  containing  sev- 
eral libraries,  and  an  elegant  hall 
adorned  with  portraits  of  distin- 
guished men  of  the  colonial  pe- 
riod. 

Plymouth  Church.  A large  plain 
church  edifice  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
noted  as  that  in  which  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  preaches. 

Plymouth  Rock.  The  famous 
rock  or  ledge  on  which  the  Pil- 
grims are  believed  to  have  land- 
ed when  they  first  stepped  from 
their  boats  in  the  harbor  of  what 
is  now  Plymouth,  Mass.  The 
main  rock  is  on  Water  Street, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a stone 
canopy.  A portion  of  the  rock 
was  removed  in  1775  to  the  vicin- 
ity of  Pilgrim  Hall,  but  has  been 


recently  restored  to  its  original 
place,  and  is  now  under  the  can- 
opy- 

This  rock  has  become  an  object  of  ven- 
eration in  the  United  States. 

De  Tocqueville. 
But  if  he  [Davis]  bar  New  Emdand  out 
in  the  cold,  what  then?  She  is  still  there. 
And,  give  it  only  the  fulcrum  of  Plymouth 
Rock,  an  idea  will  upheave  the  continent. 

W.  Phillips. 

From  the  dt  ck  of  the  Mayflower,  from 
the  landing  at  Plymouth  Rock , to  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  States,  is  a mighty  con- 
tra t,  covt  ring  whole  spaces  of  hist  or/ 
— hardly  less  than  from  the  wolf  that 
suckled  Komulus  and  Remus  to  that 
Roman  Senate,  wh  ch,  on  curule  chairs, 
swayed  Italy  and  the  world. 

Charles  Sumner. 
An’  then  they  bust  out  in  a kind  of  a 
raptur 

About  their  own  vaitoo,  an’  folks’s  stone- 
blindness 

To  the  men  that  ’ould  actilly  do  ’em  a 
kindness,  — 

The  American  eagle,  — the  Pilgrims  thet 
landed,  — 

Till  on  ole  Plymouth  Rock  they  g't  finallv 
stranded.  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers. 
For  well  she  keeps  her  ancient  stock, 

1 he  stubborn  strength  of  Pilgrim  Rock ; 
And  still  maintains,  with  milder  laws. 
And  clearer  light,  the  Good  Old  Cause  ! 

Whittier. 

Pnyx,  The.  A place  of  public  as- 
sembly for  the  citizens  of  ancient 
Athens.  It  was  cut  out  of  a hill 
about  a quarter  of  a mile  from 
the  Acropolis,  and  was  of  a semi- 
circular form  like  a theatre. 

Where  stands  the  vane  of  Theseus,  there 
she  dwells, 

Within  the  shadow  of  Minerva’s  shrine. 
The  cavern  dungeon  where  old  Socrates 
The  hemlock  drank;  the  azure-vaulted 
Pnyx , 

Where  great  Demosthenes  the  state  con- 
trolled 

With  matchless  eloquence,  are  near  the 
spot 

Wherein  she  dwells. 

S.  G.  W.  Benjamin. 
Pocahontas,  Baptism  of.  See 
Baptism  of  Pocahontas. 

Poetry.  See  Parnassus. 

Poets’  Corner.  An  angle  in  the 
south  transept  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  London,  popularly  so 
called  from  the  fact  that  it  con- 
tains the  tombs  of  Chaucer,  Spen- 
ser, and  other  eminent  English 
poets,  and  memorial  tablets, 
busts,  statues,  or  monuments,  to 
many  who  are  buried  in  other 
I places.  Addison  says  that  here 


POG 


393 


POM 


there  are  “ many  poets  who  have 
no  monuments,  and  many  mon- 
uments which  have  no  poets.” 
The  name  is  first  mentioned  by 
Goldsmith. 

J8^=*  “ I passed  some  time  in  Poets’ 
Corner,  which  occupies  an  end  of  one 
of  the  transepts  or  cross  aisles  of  the 
abbey.  The  monuments  are  generally 
simple,  for  the  lives  of  literary  men 
afford  no  striking  themes  for  the  sculp- 
tor. Shakespeare  and  Addison  have 
statues  erected  to  their  memories;  but 
the  greater  part  have  busts,  medallions, 
and  sometimes  mere  inscriptions.  Not- 
withstanding the  simplicity  of  these 
memorials,  i have  always  observed  that 
the  visitors  to  the  abbey  remained 
longest  about  them.”  Irving. 

While  we  surveyed  the  Poets ’ Corner , I 
said  to  him  [Goldsmith],  “Fcsitan  et 
nostrum  nomen  miscebitur  istis.”  When 
we  got  to  Temple  liar,  he  stopped  me, 
pointed  to  the  heads  upon  it,  and  slyly 
whimpered,  “ Forsitan  et  nostrum  nomen 
miscebitur  istis.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

And  over  him  the  kindred  dust  was 
strewed 

Of  Poets'  Corner.  O misnomer  strange  ! 
The  poet’s  confine  is  the  amplitude 
( )f  the  whole  earth’s  illimitable  range 
O'er  which  his  spirit  wings  its  flight, 
Shedding  an  intellectual  light, 

A sun  that  never  sets,  a moon  that  knows 
no  change.  Horace  Smith. 

O World,  what  have  your  poets  while 
the}7  live 

But  sorrow  and  the  finger  of  the  scorner  ? 
And,  dead,  the  highest  honor  you  can  give 
Is  burial  in  a corner. 

Here  in  Westminster’s  sanctuary,  where 
Some  two-three  kings  usurp  one-half 
the  Abbey, 

Whole  generations  of  the  poets  share 
This  nook  so  dim  and  shabby. 

So  when  we  come  to  see  Westminster’s 
lions. 

The  needy  vergers  of  the  Abbey  wait  us; 
And  while  we  pay  to  s7  e the  royal  scions. 
We  see  the  poets  gratis. 

Robert  Leighton. 

Poggia  Re  ale.  A favorite  prome- 
nade of  the  lower  classes  of  Na- 
ples, Italy,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  that  city.  A palace  with  ex- 
tensive gardens  formerly  stood 
on  the  spot. 

Pola,  Amphitheatre  of.  A cele- 
brated Roman  ruin  in  the  town 
of  Pola,  Austria. 

Polaris,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing vessel  which  sailed  for  the 
Northern  seas  under  Commander 
Hall,  in  1870.  By  travelling  on 
the  ice  on  a sledge,  Capt.  Hall 


penetrated  as  far  as  to  lat.  82° 
16'  N. 

Pole,  Cardinal.  A portrait  by 
Sebastian  del  Piombo  (1485- 
1547),  pronounced  “a  magnifi- 
cent work.”  It  is  now  in  the 
Hermitage  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia. 

Pollice  Verso.  A picture  by  Jean 
Leon  Gerome  (b.  1824),  the  French 
painter. 

Pollux.  See  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Polyphemus.  A picture  by  Nico- 
las Poussin  (1594-1G65),  the  cele- 
brated French  painter. 

Poussin’s  magnificent  “ Polyphemus  ” 
(I  only  know  a print  of  that  marvellous 
composition)  has  perhaps  suggested  the 
first-named  picture  [one  by  Gudin]. 

Thackeray. 

Poly  technique,  Ecole.  See  Ecole 
Polytechnique. 

Pompeian,  Maison.  See  Maison 
Pompeian. 

Pompey’s  Pillar.  This  pillar, 
which  presents  a fine  appearance 
to  one  approaching  Alexandria, 
in  Egypt,  from  the  sea,  stands  on 
a lonely  eminence  about  a third 
of  a mile  south  of  the  present 
walls  of  the  city.  It  is  98  feet  9 
inches  in  height.  There  is  an  in- 
scription upon  it  purporting  that 
it  was  erected  by  Publius  in  honor 
of  Diocletian,  Abdallatif,  the 
ancient  scholar  and  traveller,  as- 
serts that  this  column  was  called 
by  the  Arabs  “the  pillar  of  the 
colonnades,”  and  that  he  himself 
had  seen  more  than  400  similar 
ones  on  the  seashore.  He  says 
also  that  these  pillars  had  evi- 
dently supported  a roof ; and  he 
believes  them  to  be  the  remains 
of  the  famous  Serapeum  built  by 
Alexander,  and  in  the  stoa  or 
portico  of  which  Aristotle  taught. 

“ Pompey’s  Pillar  is  by  no 
means  so  big  as  the  Charing  Cross 
trophy.  This  venerable  column  has  not 
escaped  ill  treatment  either.  Number- 
less ships’  companies,  travelling  cock- 
neys, etc.,  have  affixed  their  rude 
marks  upon  it.  Some  daring  ruffian 
even  painted  the  name  of  ‘ Warren’s 
blacking’  upon  it,  effacing  other  in- 
scriptions— one,  Wilkinson  says,  ‘of 
the  second  Psammetichus.’  ” 

Thackeray,  Corn  hill  to  Cairo. 


POM 


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When  Victory’s  Gallic  column  shall  but 
rise, 

Like  Pompey' s Pillar , i 1 a desert’s  skies, 
The  rocky  isle  that  holds  or  held  his  dust 
Shall  crown  the  Atlantic  like  the  hero's 
bust.  Byron. 

Is  Pompey's  Pillar  really  a misnomer? 
Had  Thebes  a hundred  gates,  as  sung  by 
Homer  ? Horace  Smith. 

Pillar  of  Pompey!  gazing  o'er  the  sea, 

In  solemn  pride,  and  mournful  majesty  ! 
When  oil  thy  grace  ful  shaft,  and  towering 
head, 

In  quivering  crimson,  day’s  last  beams  are 
shed, 

Thou  look’st  a thing  some  spell  with  life 
supplies, 

Or  a rich  flame  ascending  to  the  skies. 

Nicholas  Michell. 

Pompey’s  Statue.  [Otherwise 
, called  the  Spada  Pompey .]  A 
colossal  figure  of  Parian  marble, 
discovered  in  1553,  and  now  in 
the  Spada  Palace  at  Rome.  It  is 
generally  considered  to  be  the 
identical  statue  which  once  stood 
in  the  Curia  of  Pompey,  and  the 
one  at  the  base  of  which  “ great 
Cflesar  fell,”  although  this  has 
been  a subject  of  dispute  among 
antiquaries.  This  statue  nar- 
rowly escaped  destruction  during 
the  siege  of  Rome  by  the  French 
in  1849,  shots  from  their  batteries 
having  penetrated  the  building 
where  it  stands,  but  it  escaped 
unharmed. 

JG®=-  “I  saw  in  the  Palazzo  Spada 
the  statue  of  Pompey,  — the  statue  at 
whose  base  Caesar  fell.  A stern,  tre- 
mendous figure!  I imagined  one  of 
greater  finish,  of  the  last  refinement, 
full  of  delicate  touches,  losing  its  dis- 
tinctness in  the  giddy  eyes  of  one 
whose  blood  was  ebbing  before  it,  and 
settling  into  some  such  rigid  majesty 
as  this,  as  Death  came  creeping  over 
the  upturned  face.”  Dickens . 

jggp  “ Every  one  knows  that  it  was 
found  below  the  foundation  walls  of 
two  houses,  in  a lane  near  the  site  of 
the  Curia  of  Pompey  — that  the  pro- 
prietors, unable  to  settle  to  which  of 
them  it  belonged,  the  head  being  under 
one  house  and  the  feet  under  the  other, 
imitated  the  judgment  of  Solomon,  and 
resolved  to  cut  it  in  two,  and  that  a 
cunning  cardinal,  hearing  of  this,  per- 
suaded the  Pope  to  buy  it,  and  to  make 
him  a present  of  it.”  Eaton. 

4®=  “In  a more  civilized  age  this 
statue  was  exposed  to  an  actual  opera- 
tion ; for  the  French,  who  acted  the 
Brutus  of  Voltaire  in  the  Coliseum, 
resolved  that  their  Caesar  should  fall  at 


the  base  of  that  Pompey  which  was 
supposed  to  have  been  sprinkled  with 
the  blood  of  the  original  dictator.  The 
nine-foot  hero  was  therefore  removed 
to  the  arena  of  the  amphitheatre,  and, 
to  facilitate  its  transport,  suffered  the 
temporary  amputation  of  its  right  arm. 
The  republican  tragedians  had  to  plead 
that  the  arm  was  a restoration ; but  their 
accusers  do  not  believe  that  the  integ- 
rity of  the  statue  would  have  protected 
it.”  Byron. 

This  was  the  unkindest  cut  of  all ; 

For  when  the  noble  Caesar  saw  him  stab. 

Ingratitude,  more  strong  than  traitors’ 
arms. 

Quite  vanquished  him;  then  burst  his 
mighty  heart; 

And  in  his  mantle  muffling  up  his  face, 

Even  at  the  base  of  Pompey’s  statua, 

Which  all  the  while  ran  blood,  great 
Caesar  fell.  Shakespeare. 

And  thou,  dread  statue  ! yet  existent  in 
The  austerest  form  of  naked  majesty, 
Thou  who  beheldest,  ’mid  the  assassin’s 
din, 

At  thy  bathed  base  the  bloody  Caesar  lie, 
Folding  his  robe  in  dying  dignity, 

An  offering  to  thine  altar  from  the  queen 
Of  gods  and  men,  great  Nemesis ! 

Byron. 

Pons  Elms  (gElius).  See  Bridge 
of  St.  Angelo. 

Pont  du  Gard.  A magnificent 
aqueduct,  a grand  relic  of  Roman 
times,  at  Nimes,  in  Southern 
France. 

4®-  “ The  famous  Pont  du  Gard 
served  the  double  purpose  of  a bridge 
and  an  aqueduct.  It  crossed  the  river 
Gardon  between  two  mountains  some 
leagues  from  Nimes.  Three  ranges  of 
arcades,  superposed,  decreasing  in  size 
from  the  lowest  range,  and  constructed 
of  hewn  stone  lain  without  mortar  or 
cement,  constituted  this  marvellous 
work.  Rain  has  not  been  able  to  pene- 
trate the  seams  of  this  uncemented 
structure,  nor  has  time  been  able  to 
dislocate  its  joints.  The  Pont  du  Gard 
is  in  the  style  of  the  best  Roman  epoch. 
It  is  attributed  to  Agrippa,  who  came 
to  Nimes  in  A.D.  19,  and  who  had  the 
superintendence  of  the  waters  at  Rome. 
No  Roman  monument  is  more  ad- 
mired.” Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

4®  “ Such  confidence  had  they  [the 
Romans]  in  the  stability  of  their  em- 
pire, that  they  provided  for  the  day 
when  repairs  might  be  necessary  for 
the  Pont  du  Gard ! ” 

Merimee , Trans. 

jg®  “ The  sound  of  my  footsteps  in 
these  immense  vaults  made  me  fane}’ 
that  I heard  the  loud  voice  of  those  who 


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had  built  them.  I felt  lost  like  an  in- 
sect in  this  immensity.” 

Rousseau , Trans. 

Rousseau  came  out  of  one  of  his  sad 
self- torturing  fits,  as  he  cast  his  eye  on  the 
arches  of  the  old  Roman  aqueduct,  the 
Pont  da  Gard.  Holmes. 

Here  it  [the  r>ridge  of  Alcantara]  ex- 
ceeds every  tiling  I have  seen,  even  the 
Pont  da  Card , which  is  more  remarkable 
than  the  aqueducts  about  Rome. 

George  Ticknor. 

As  the  arches  of  the  Pont  da  Gard , sus- 
pended in  their  power  amidst  that  soli- 
tude, produce  an  overmastering  feeling  of 
awe;  so  the  huge  fabric  of  the  Lucretian 
system,  hung  across  the  void  of  Nihilism, 
inspires  a sense  of  terror,  not  so  much  on 
its  own  account,  as  for  the  Roman  stern- 
ness of  mind  that  made  it.  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Pont  Neuf.  [The  New  Bridge.] 
This  bridge  is  one  of  the  most 
important  in  Paris,  as  it  connects 
the  bank  of  the  Seine  with  the 
island  of  the  city,  and  is  fre- 
quented by  crowds  of  people.  It 
was  finished  by  Henry  IV.,  of 
whom  a statue  was  erected  in  the 
open  space  between  the  two 
bridges  in  1818.  An  older  statue 
of  that  ruler  on  the  same  spot 
was  melted  to  make  cannon  in 
1792;  and  to  form  the  present 
statue  the  statues  of  Napoleon 
from  the  Place  Vendome  and  the 
column  of  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  and 
of  Desaix  from  the  Place  des  Vic- 
toires,  were  likewise  melted  down. 
This,  the  longest  bridge  of  Paris, 
was  the  second  built  over  the 
Seine. 

1643,  Dec.  24.  Over  the  Seine  is  a state- 
ly bridge  called  Pont  Neuf , begun  by 
Henry  III.  in  1578,  finished  by  Henry  IV., 
his  successor.  It  is  all  of  hewn  free-stone, 
found  under  the  streets,  but  more  plenti- 
fully at  Mont- Marty  re,  and  consists  of  12 
arches,  in  the  midst  of  which  ends  the 
poynt  of  an  island  on  which  are  built 
handsome  artificers  houses.  There  is  one 
large  passage  for  coaches  and  two  for  foot 
passengers  three  or  four  feet  higher  and  of 
convenient  breadth  for  eight  or  ten  to  go 
abreast.  John  Evelyn , Diary. 

His  [Lulli's]  drowsy  pieces  are  played 
still  to  the  most  sprightly  audience  that 
can  be  conceived;  and  even  though  Ra- 
meau, who  is  at  once  a musician  and  a 
philosopher,  has  shown,  both  by  precept 
and  example,  what  improvements  French 
music  may  still  admit  of,  yet  his  coun- 
trymen seem  little  convinced  by  his  rea- 
sonings; and  the  Pont-neuf  taste,  as  it  is 
called,  still  prevails  in  their  best  perform- 
ances. Goldsmith. 

When  I was  in  full  training  as  a flaneur , 
I could  stand  on  the  Pont  Neuf  with  the 
other  experts  in  the  great  science  of  pass- 


ive cerebration,  and  look  at  the  river  for 
half  an  hour  with  so  little  mental  articu- 
lation, that  when  I moved  on  it  seemed  as 
if  my  thinking-marrow  had  been  asleep 
and  was  just  waking  up  refreshed  after  its 
nap.  Holmes. 

Pontack’s.  A tavern  in  Abchureh 
Lane,  London,  erected  after  the 
Great  Fire  of  1666.  It  was  re- 
sorted to  by  Swift. 

Ponte  alle  Grazie.  A well-known 
bridge  in  Florence,  Italy,  erected 
in  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  taking  its  name 
from  a neighboring  shrine  of  the 
Madonna. 

Ponte  dei  Sospiri.  See  Bridge  of 
Sighs. 

Ponte  di  Rialto.  See  Rialto. 

Ponte  Molle.  A bridge  across  the 
Tiber  in  Rome,  built  by  Pope 
Pius  VII.  in  1815.  It  is  the  site 
of  the  old  Roman  bridge  called 
the  Pons  Milvius,  after  M.  Emil- 
ius  Scaurus  by  whom  it  was 
built.  The  golden  candlestick 
from  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  is 
believed  to  have  been  thrown 
into  the  river  from  this  bridge. 

I have  stood  upon  the  Ponte  Molle  to 
enjoy  the  sublime  spectacle  of  the  close 
of'day.  The  summits  of  the  Sabine  Hills 
appeared  of  lapis  lazuli  and  gold,  while 
their  bases  and  sides  were  bathed  in  va- 
pors of  violet  or  purple.  This  rich  deco- 
ration does  not  vanish  so  quickly  as  in  our 
climate.  Chateaubriand , Trans. 

I should  like  to  live  long  enough  to  see 
the  course  of  the  Tiber  turned,  and  the 
bottom  of  the  river  thoroughly  dredged. 
I wonder  if  they  would  find  the  seven- 
branched  golden  candlestick,  brought 
from  Jerusalem  by  Titus,  and  said  to 
have  been  dropped  from  the  Milvian 
bridge.  Holmes. 

We  crossed  the  Ponte  Molle , looking 
back  often  to  the  dome  of  St.  Peter’s,  and 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  as  we  caught 
glimpses  of  them  between  the  villas  and 
over  the  hills.  George  Ticknor. 

Ponte  Rotto.  [The  Broken  Bridge.] 
A bridge  over  the  Tiber  at  Rome, 
built  upon  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Pons  A£milius.  The  modern 
bridge  has  been  several  times 
rebuilt.  Two  of  its  arches  were 
carried  away  in  1598,  their  place 
being  since  supplied  by  a suspen- 
sion span.  The  derivation  of  the 
modern  name  from  the  condi- 
tion of  the  stone  structure  is  ob- 
vious. 


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“ In  constructing  a suspension 
bridge  the  piles  of  the  Ponte  Potto 
were  used  as  a foundation,  which  last 
structure  was  erected  in  the  Middle 
Ages  upon  the  foundations  of  the  Pons 
Palatinus,  finished  under  the  censor- 
ship of  Scipio  Africanus.  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  and  a suspension  bridge,  such 
are  the  contrasts  which  can  be  found 
nowhere  but  in  Rome.” 

Ampere , Trans. 

Ponte  San  Angelo,  See  Bridge 
of  St.  Angelo. 

Ponte  SS.  Trinita.  A well-known 
bridge  in  Florence,  Italy,  con- 
structed in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, but  more  than  once  re- 
stored. 

Ponte  Vecchio.  [The  Old  Bridge,] 
A celebrated  bridge  across  the 
Arno  in  Florence,  Italy,  built  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  and,  like 
the  Rialto  in  Venice,  a street  of 
shops,  appropriated  to  jewellers, 
goldsmiths,  and  other  workers  in 
metal. 

JUS®*  “The  space  of  one  house,  in  the 
centre,  being  left  open,  the  view  be- 
yond is  shown  as  in  a frame ; and  that 
precious  glimpse  of  sky,  and  water, 
and  rich  buildings,  shining  so  quietly 
among  the  huddled  roofs  and  gables  on 
the  bridge,  is  exquisite.  Above  it,  the 
Gallery  of  the  Grand  Duke  crosses  the 
river.  It  was  built  to  connect  the  two 
great  palaces  by  a secret  passage ; 
and  it  takes  its  jealous  course  among 
the  streets  and  houses,  with  true  des- 
potism : going  where  it  lists,  and  spurn- 
ing every  obstacle  away,  before  it.” 

Dickens. 

J gStP*  “ I returned  homeward  over  the 
Ponte  Vecchio,  which  is  a continuous 
street  of  ancient  houses,  except  over 
the  central  arch,  so  that  a stranger 
might  easily  cross  the  river  without 
knowing  it.”  Hawthorne. 

Taddeo  Gaddi  built  me.  I am  old  — 

Five  centuries  old.  I plant  my  foot  of 
stone 

Upon  the  Arno,  as  St.  Michael’s  own 
Was  planted  on  the  dragon. 

I can  remember  when  the  Medici 
Were  driven  from  Florence;  longer  still 
ago 

The  final  wars  of  Ghibelline  and  Guelf. 
Florence  adorns  me  with  her  jewelry; 
And  when  I think  that  Michael  Angelo 
Hath  leaned  on  me,  I glory  in  myself. 

Longfellow. 

Pontine  Marshes.  This  is  a name 
given  to  a marshy  plain  in  the 
Papal  States,  about  21  miles  long 


by  10  broad,  infected  with  mias- 
mata, which  for  ages  have  given 
rise  to  malarial  fevers.  Many 
attempts  have  been  made  to  drain 
these  marshes.  The  tract  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  at  one  time 
a gulf  of  the  sea;  and  within  the 
historical  period  it  was  a fertile 
neighborhood,  containing  towns 
and  a considerable  population. 

Pool,  The.  A name  given  to  a part 
of  the  river  Thames,  just  below 
London  Bridge,  where  the  stream 
is  divided  into  two  channels  by 
the  rows  of  vessels  anchored  in  it. 

Pool  of  Bethesda.  A fountain  in 
Jerusalem  alluded  to  in  the  Bible 
(John  v.  2-7).  Its  situation  is 
not  established  beyond  question, 
but  it  is  by  Dr.  Robinson  and 
others  identified  with  the  inter- 
mittent spring  called  the  Foun- 
tain of  the  Virgin.  See  Fountain 
of  the  Virgin. 

4®^  “ I could  not  but  wish  that  it 
might  have  been  Bethesda ; but  it  can- 
not be  reasonably  supposed  so.” 

Miss  Martineau. 

Pool  of  Siloam.  This  celebrated 
pool  is  near  the  Valley  of  Jehosli- 
apliat  at  Jerusalem.  It  is  a rect- 
angular reservoir  of  stone,  which 
is  now  crumbling,  and  overrun 
by  a weedy  growth,  which  adds 
beauty  and  grace  to  the  scene. 
It  is  fed  from  a fountain  high  up 
in  the  rock.  Its  waters,  once  sa- 
cred to  the  Temple,  are  now  used 
to  irrigate  the  neighboring  val- 
leys. It  is  only  three  times  re- 
ferred to  in  the  Scriptures. 

The  waters  of  Siloah  that  flow  softly. 

Isa.  viii.  6. 

The  wall  of  the  pool  of  Siloah  by  the 
king’s  garden.  Neh.  iii.  15. 

Go  wash  in  th e pool  of  Siloam.  . . . He 
went  his  wa}%  therefore,  and  washed  and 
came  seeing.  John  ix.  17. 

or  if  Sion  hill 

Delight  thee  more,  and  Siloa's  brook  that 
flowed 

Fast  1 v the  oracle  ( f God,  I thence 
Invoke  thy  aid  to  my  advent’rous  son?. 

Milton. 

By  cool  Si  loam's  shady  rill 
How  sweet  tlv  lily  grows  ! 

Ileber . 

Pools  of  Solomon.  Three  reser- 
voirs in  Palestine,  receiving  their 


POP 


397 


POR 


supply  from  a subterranean  foun- 
tain which  furnished  water  for 
the  Holy  City,  the  “ Pools  of  Sol- 
omon ” serving  to  render  the  sup- 
ply of  water  constant. 

Pope’s  Head.  A noted  tavern  in 
London,  in  existence  as  early  as 
1464,  and  still  standing  in  1756. 

Popolo.  See  Piazza  del  Popolo 
and  Porta  del  Popolo. 

Porcelain  Tower.  A celebrated 
tower  in  the  city  of  Nanking, 
China.  It  was  built  the  ninth 
century  before  Christ  by  King 
A-yon,  was  rebuilt  in  the  fourth 
century  of  the  Christian  era,  and, 
having  been  again  destroyed, 
was  rebuilt  for  the  last  time  in 
1413  by  Hoang-li-Tai.  The  edi- 
fice, which  was  the  most  splen- 
did of  its  kind  in  China,  was 
octagonal  in  shape  and  261  feet 
high.  It  was  made  of  white 
brick,  and  the  cost  of  the  edifice 
is  said  to  have  been  between  $35- 
000,000  and  $40,000,000.  This  su- 
perb tower  was  destroyed  during 
the  Tae  Ping  occupation  of  the 
city  in  1853. 

jgSiP’  “ When  the  introduction  of 
Buddhism  into  the  country  necessitated 
the  use  of  high  towers,  the  Chinese 
achieved  marvels  in  this  kind  of  struc- 
ture. The  Great  Porcelain  Tower  at 
Nankin  attains  a height  of  350  feet. 
Originally  eight  chains  of  iron,  falling 
from  the  summit  at  each  of  the  eight 
angles,  sustained  72  brass  bells.  Eighty 
other  bells  hung  from  the  roofs  of  the 
nine  stories,  which  were  ornamented 
also  with  128  lamps.  From  the  sum- 
mit rose  a great  mast,  surrounded  with 
a spiral  cage  in  open-work,  and  crowned 
with  a globe  of  an  extraordinary  size. 
This  Porcelain  Tower  is  so  named  be- 
cause of  the  brilliant  porcelain  orna- 
ments with  which  its  walls  and  roofs 
are  decked.”  Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

The  Tower  of  Porcelam , strange  and  old, 
Uplifting  to  the  astonished  skies 
Itsninefol  i painted  balconies, 

With  balustrades  of  twining  leaves, 

And  roofs  of  tile,  beneath  whose  eaves 
Hang  porcelain  bells  that  all  the  time 
Ring  with  a soft,  melodious  chime; 

While  the  whole  fabric  is  ablaze 
With  varied  tints,  all  fused  in  one 
Great  mass  of  color,  like  a maze 
Of  flowers  ihumined by  the  sun. 

Longfellow. 

Porch,  The.  See  Stoa. 


Porchester  Castle.  An  ancient 
fortress  in  the  harbor  of  Ports- 
mouth, England.  Its  origin  is 
referred  by  some  to  the  time  of 
the  Roman  occupation. 

Port  Coon  Cave.  A natural  curi- 
osity in  the  county  of  Antrim, 
Ireland.  It  is  an  extraordinary 
excavation  in  the  basaltic  rocks 
into  which  boats  may  row  a long 
distance. 

Port  Royal  des  Champs.  A fa- 
mous abbey,  now  in  ruins,  about 
eight  miles  from  Versailles  in 
France,  the  headquarters  of  the 
Jansenists.  It  was  destroyed  in 
1709  through  the  influence  of  the 
Jesuits.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury a society  of  learned  men 
gathered  here  for  purposes  of 
study,  and  published  many  works. 
From  their  place  of  residence 
they  are  known  in  history  as  the 
Port  Royalists. 

“ France  has  many  a lovelier 
prospect,  though  this  is  not  without  its 
beauty,  and  many  a field  of  more-heart- 
stirring interest,  though  this,  too,  has 
been  ennobled  by  heroic  daring;  but 
through  the  length  and  breadth  of  that 
land  of  chivalry  and  song,  the  traveller 
will  in  vain  seek  a spot  so  sacred  to 
genius,  to  piety,  and  to  virtue.  The 
round  tower  of  the  dove-cote  and  the 
bases  of  the  piers  of  the  abbey  chapel 
are  all  that  remain  of  the  once  crowded 
monastery  of  Port  Royal.  In  those 
woods  Racine  first  learned  the  language 
of  poetry.  Under  the  roof  of  that  hum- 
ble farm-house,  Pascal,  Arnauld,  Ni- 
cole, De  Sacy,  and  Tillcmont  meditated 
those  works  which  as  long  as  civiliza- 
tion and  Christianity  survive  will  retain 
their  hold  on  the  gratitude  and  rever- 
ence of  mankind.  . . . To  this  seclu- 
sion retired  the  heroine  of  the  Fronde, 
Ann  Genevieve,  Duchess  of  Longue- 
ville,  to  seek  the  peace  the  world  could 
not  give.  Madame  de  Sevigne  discov- 
ered here  a place  ‘ tout  propre  a in- 
spire!* le  desir  de  faire  son  salut.’  From 
Versailles  there  came  hitherto  worship 
God  many  a courtier  and  many  a beau- 
ty, heart-broken  or  jaded  with  the  very 
vanity  of  vanities  — the  idolatry  of  their 
fellow-mortals.  Survey  French  society 
in  the  seventeenth  century  from  what 
aspect  you  may,  at  Port  Royal  will  be 
found  the  most  illustrious  examples  of 
whatever  imparted  to  that  motley  as- 
semblage any  real  dignity  or  permanent 
regard.’  Stephen . 


POR 


398 


POP 


Porta  Aurea.  See  Arch  of  Tra- 
jan. 

Porta  del  Popolo.  [Gate  of  the 
People.]  A gate  of  Rome,  upon 
the  north,  and  not  far  from  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Porta  Flaminia, 
which  was  the  entrance  of  the 
old  Flaminian  Way.  The  Porta 
del  Popolo  was  built  in  1561  from 
designs  by  Michael  Angelo. 

“ The  first  entrance  of  Rome  is 
prodigiously  striking.  It  is  by  a noble 
gate  designed  by  Michael  Angelo  and 
adorned  with  statues;  this  brings  you 
into  a large  square,  in  the  midst  of 
which  is  a large  obelisk  of  granite,  and 
in  the  front  you  have  at  one  view  two 
churches  of  a handsome  architecture, 
and  so  much  alike  that  they  are  called 
the  twins,  with  three  streets,  the  mid- 
dlemost of  which  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  Rome.”  Addison. 

Hence  turning  on  the  right  out  of  the 
Porto  del  Popolo  we  came  to  Justinian’s 
gardens  neere  the  Muro  torto,  so  promi- 
nently built  as  threatening  every  moment 
to  fall,  yet  standing  so  for  these  thousand 
yeares.  John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Porta  di  San  Giovanni.  [Gate  of 
St.  John.]  A modern  gate  of 
Rome,  built  by  Gregory  XIII.  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  near 
the  ancient  Porta  Asinaria,  which 
is  now  walled  up,  but  which  is 
the  best  preserved  of  those  of  the 
Aurelian  wall,  and  is  the  one 
through  which  Belisarius  first  en- 
tered the  city,  and  through  which 
the  treachery  of  the  Isaurians  al- 
lowed Totila  to  pass. 

Porta  di  San  Paolo.  [Gate  of  St. 
Paul.]  A celebrated  ancient  gate 
in  Rome,  and  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  entrances  to  the  city. 
It  was  rebuilt  by  Belisarius,  and 
a portion  of  it  is  thought  to  be 
older  than  his  time. 

Porta  di  San  Sebastiano.  [Gate 
of  St.  Sebastian.]  One  of  the 
ancient  gateways  of  Rome. 

Porta  Flaminia.  [The  Flaminian 
Gate.]  One  of  the  ancient  gates 
of  Rome,  the  place  of  which  is 
now  supplied  by  the  Porta  del 
Popolo.  See  Porta  del  Popolo. 

Porta  Maggiore.  [The  Greater 
Gate.]  The  finest  of  the  city 
gates  of  Rome,  and  a noble  mon- 


ument of  ancient  architecture. 
It  was  originally  an  arch  of  the 
aqueduct  of  Claudius. 

Porta  Nigra.  [The  Black  Gate.] 
A noted  ruin  and  relic  of  Roman 
times . at  Treves,  in  Rhenish 
Prussia.  It  was  a provincial  gate 
of  justice. 

4SP  “ It  is  the  only  example  of  its 
class  which  we  possess  in  any  thing 
like  its  original  state.  Notwithstand- 
ing its  defects  of  detail,  there  is  a vari- 
ety in  the  outline  of  this  building  and  a 
boldness  of  profile  that  render  it  an  ex- 
tremely pleasing  example  of  the  style 
adopted,  and,  though  exhibiting  many 
of  the  faults  incidental  to  the  design  of 
the  Colosseum,  it  possesses  all  that 
repetition  of  parts  and  Gothic  feeling 
of  design  which  gives  value  to  such  di- 
mensions.” Fergusson. 

Porta  Ostiensis.  [The  Ostian 
Gate.]  One  of  the  old  Roman 
gates,  leading  to  the  seaport  Os- 
tia. Its  place  is  now  occupied 
by  the  Porta  San  Paolo.  See 
Porta  di  San  Paolo. 

Porta  Santa.  [The  Holy  Gate.] 
A door  adjoining  the  main  en- 
trance to  St.  Peter’s  in  Rome, 
which  is  walled  up  and  marked 
by  a cross  in  the  middle.  It  is 
pulled  down  by  the  pope  in  per- 
son on  the  Christmas-eve  of  the 
Jubilee  which  has  taken  place  at 
the  expiration  of  every  period  of 
25  years  (except  1850)  since  the 
time  of  Sixtus  IV.  The  pope 
himself  begins  the  destruction  of 
the  door  by  striking  it  with  a sil- 
ver hammer.  The  dates  of  the 
two  preceding  jubilees  are  after- 
wards placed  over  the  entrance. 
There  are  three  other  basilicas  in 
Rome,  besides  St.  Peter’s,  viz.: 
St.  John  Lateran,  Sta.  Maria  Mag- 
giore, and  St.  Paolo  fuori  le  Mura, 
which  enjoy  the  dignity  of  a 
Porta  Santa . 

“ These  holy  years  and  doors 
were  originally  invented  by  Boniface 
VIII.,  at  the  termination  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  who  proclaimed  a jubi- 
lee throughout  the  Christian  world, 
with  plenary  indulgence  and  remission 
of  sjns  to  all  who  in  the  course  of  that 
year  should  visit  the  shrines  of  the 
apostles  and  martyrs  of  Christianity  at 
Rome ; and  commanded  this  festival  to 
be  held  for  evermore  at  the  expiration 


POR 


399 


POS 


of  every  century.  . . . But  it  was 
found  so  lucrative  to  the  Holy  See  from 
the  heaps  of  gold  the  piety  of  wealthy 
pilgrims  poured  on  the  altars,  that  in- 
stead of  one  the  number  was  gradually 
multiplied  to  four  jubilees  or  holy 
years  in  every  age.  Thus  after  the 
holy  doors  have  been  walled  up,  and 
the  brazen  cross  upon  them  devoutly 
pressed  by  the  lips  and  rubbed  by  the 
foreheads  and  chins  of  the  pious  for 
live  and  twenty  years,  they  are  thrown 
open,  and  the  Pope,  followed  by  ev- 
ery good  Christian,  walks  into  the 
four  churches  through  them,  but  al- 
ways walks  out  by  some  door  not 
holy.”  Eaton . 

4SP  “ After  preliminary  prayers 
from  Scripture,  singularly  apt,  the 
pope  goes  down  from  his  throne,  and, 
armed  with  a silver  hammer,  strikes 
the  wall  in  the  doorway,  which,  hav- 
ing been  cut  round  from  its  jambs 
and  lintel,  falls  at  once  inwards,  and  is 
cleared  away  in  a moment  by  the  San 
Pietrini.  The  pope  then,  bareheaded 
and  torch  in  hand,  first  enters  the  door, 
and  is  followed  by  his  cardinals  and 
other  attendants  to  the  high  altar, 
where  the  first  vespers  of  Christmas 
Day  are  chanted  as  usual.  The  other 
doors  of  the  church  are  then  flung  open, 
and  the  great  queen  of  churches  is 
filled.”  Cardinal  Wiseman. 

Porta  Westphalica.  [The  West- 
phalian Gate.]  A pass  in  the 
mountain  range  called  the  Wie- 
hengebirge  near  Minden,  Ger- 
many. 

Portage  Bridge.  A famous  wooden 
bridge  at  Portage,  N.Y.,  800  feet 
long,  and  234  feet  high.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  the  largest  wooden 
structure  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  It  is  now  replaced  by  an 
iron  structure. 

Portamento  della  Croce.  [Bear- 
ing of  the  Cross.]  A fine  picture 
by  Gaudenzio  Ferrari  (1484-1550). 

Porte  St.  Denis.  A triumphal 
arch,  76  feet  in  height,  in  Paris, 
built  in  1672  in  honor  of  the  vic- 
tories of  Louis  XIY.  The  walls 
ot  Paris  at  that  time  ran  where 
the  Boulevards  now  are,  and  this 
arch  was  one  of  the  gates  of  the 
city.  The  tops  of  this  arch  and  of 
the  Porte  St.  Martin  were  occu- 
pied and  held  by  the  insurgents 
in  1830. 

4^  “ It  commemorates  some  of  the 


wonderful  feats  of  arms  of  Ludovicus 
Magnus,  and  abounds  in  ponderous 
allegories  — nymphs  and  river-gods, 
and  pyramids  crowned  with  fleurs-de- 
lis;  Louis  passing  over  the  Rhine  in 
triumph,  and  the  Dutch  lion  giving  up 
the  ghost,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
1672.”  Thackeray . 

lie  [Voltaire]  is  properly  their  god, — 
such  god  as  they  are  fit  for.*  Accordingly 
all  persons, from  tne  Queen  Antoinette  to 
the  Douanier  at  the  Porte  St.  Penis,  do 
they  not  worship  him  ? Carlyle. 

Porte  St.  Martin.  A triumphal 
arch  in  Paris,  57  feet  high  and  57 
feet  wide,  erected  in  1675  in 
honor  of  the  victories  of  Louis 
XIY.  See  Porte  St.  Denis. 

Portland  Vase.  This  beautiful 
work  of  art  was  found  in  a sar- 
cophagus in  a sepulchre  near 
Rome  about  the  year  1560.  It 
was  formerly  the  principal  orna- 
ment of  the  Barberini  palace  in 
Rome,  but  afterwards  became  the 
property  of  the  Duchess  of  Port- 
land, and  after  her  death  was  de- 
posited in  the  British  Museum.  It 
is  composed  of  glass  and  enamel, 
out  of  which  figures  are  cut  in  the 
manner  of  a cameo.  There  are 
different  opinions  as  to  the  designs 
of  these  figures,  but  all  agree  as 
to  the  value  and  beauty  "of  the 
work.  Copies  of  it  were  execut- 
ed by  Wedgwood,  one  of  which 
may  be  seen  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  original  vase  was 
broken  in  1845,  but  the  pieces 
were  so  skilfully  put  together 
that  scarcely  a blemish  can  be 
detected.  It  is  kept  in  the  medal- 
room  of  the  museum. 

Portman  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London. 

Portsmouth,  The.  A vessel  of 
the  United  States  navy,  with 
which,  aided  by  the  Levant,  Ad- 
miral Foote  attacked  and  took 
the  four  Barrier-forts  in  Canton, 
China,  in  1856. 

Portugal  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don which  has  acquired  consider- 
able notoriety  from  the  court  for 
the  relief  of  insolvent  debtors 
being  held  there. 

Posilipo,  Grotta  di.  See  Grotta 
di  Posilipo. 


POT 


400 


PRA 


Potiphar’s  Wife  accusing  Joseph. 
A picture  by  Rembrandt  van  Ryn 
(1607-1639),  the  Dutch  painter.  It 
is  now  in  the  Hermitage  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia. 

Potomac,  The.  A noted  frigate  of 
the  United  States  navy,  in  service 
in  the  war  of  1812.  She  was  built 
at  Washington. 

Potter’s  Field.  An  ancient  burial 
place  for  strangers  at  Jerusalem. 
It  is  on  a hill  overlooking  the 
Valley  of  Hinnorn. 

Poulterer’s  Shop.  A picture  by 
Gerard  Dow  (1613-1680),  the 
Dutch  r/em’c-painter.  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London. 

Poultry.  A well-known  street  in 
London  anciently  occupied  by 
poulterers,  whence  the  name. 

Poverty.  A picture  by  Hans  Hol- 
bein the  Younger  (1498? -1513), 
well  known  by  engravings.  The 
original  perished  at  Whitehall  in 
1G98. 

Powderham  Castle.  A noble 
mansion,  the  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Devon,  near  Kenton,  England. 

Pozzi.  See  Wells,  The. 

Praca  do  Commercio.  A large 
and  handsome  public  square  in 
Lisbon,  Portugal. 

Prado,  EL  [The  Meadow.]  The 
grandboulevard  of  Madrid,  Spain, 
converted  by  Charles  III.  from  a 
meadow,  as  the  name  indicates, 
into  a delightful  promenade. 

j GOr*  “ The  interior  of  the  city  of 
Madrid,  taken  as  a whole,  is  far  from 
handsome.  It  should  not,  however, 
be  forgotten  that  no  city  in  Europe  can 
boast  within  its  walls  so  fine  a walk  as 
the  Prado.”  George  Ticknor. 

/Kip’  “To  me  the  Prado  is  an  inex- 
haustible source  of  amusement.  In 
the  first  place,  it  is  in  itself  the  finest 
public  walk  I have  ever  seen  within 
the  walls  of  any  city.  . . . Anciently 
it  was  an  uneven  meadow  of  little 
beauty,  but  famous  for  being  the  scene 
of  the  plots,  murders,  duels,  and  in- 
trigues of  the  city  and  court.  It  was 
not,  however,  until  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  that  Charles  III.  levelled 
it,  and  made  it  the  beautiful  wall:  it 


now  is.  . . . During  the  forenoon,  and 
nearly  all  the  afternoon,  no  part  of  the 
city  in  summer  is  so  silent  and  deserted 
as  this.  At  five  o’clock  the  whole 
Prado  is  watered,  to  prevent  the  dust 
which  would  otherwise  be  intolerable. 
Just  before  sundown  the  carriages  and 
crowd  begin  to  appear,  and  about  half 
an  hour  the  exhibition  is  in  its  greatest 
splendor.  On  your  left  hand  are  two 
rows  of  carriages  slowly  moving  up 
and  down  on  each  side,  while  the  king 
and  the  infantas  dash  up  and  down  in 
the  middle  with  all  the  privileges  of 
royalty,  and  compel  everybody  on  foot 
to  take  off  his  hat  as  he  passes,  and 
everybody  in  a carriage  to  stop  and 
stand  up.  Every  time  I see  this  singu- 
larly picturesque  crowd  mingled  with 
the  great  number  of  the  officers  of  the 
guard  that  are  always  there  in  splendid 
uniforms,  and  contrasted  with  the  still 
greater  number  of  priests  and  monks 
in  their  dark,  severe  costumes,  I feel 
persuaded  anew  that  it  is  the  most 
striking  moving  panorama  the  world 
can  afford.”  George  Ticknor . 

Prairie  Avenue.  A well-known 
and  prominent  street  in  Chicago, 
111. 

Prarie  de  Lacken.  A landscape 
picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640),  now  in  Buckingham 
Palace,  London. 

Prater,  The.  A celebrated  prom- 
enade in  Vienna,  Austria,  con- 
sisting of  avenues  nearly  four 
miles  in  length,  and  greatly  fre- 
quented. 

JdQf  “ In  the  afternoon  we  drove  out 
to  the  Prater  — the  famous  Prater.  It 
is  a great  public  garden  and  drive,  in- 
tersected with  many  pleasant  walks 
and  roads,  ornamented  with  fine  old 
trees,  and  parts  of  it  enlivened  with 
large  numbers  of  deer,  while  other 
parts  are  rendered  still  more  lively 
with  coffee-houses,  puppet-shows,  and 
shows  of  animals.  But  we  enjoyed 
very  much  the  drive  into  the  more  pic- 
turesque parts,  where  the  deer  were 
browsing  undisturbed,  and  oaks  a thou- 
sand years  old  cast  their  shade  upon 
us,  as  they  had  perchance  in  their 
youth  upon  the  court  of  Charlemagne.” 
George  Ticknor . 

Prato  della  Valle.  A well-known 
public  square  in  Padua,  Italy, 
containing  a large  number  of 
colossal  statues. 

Pratt  Street.  A street  in  Balti- 
more, Md.  It  was  while  passing 


PEA 


401 


PEI 


along  this  street  on  the  19th  of 
April,  1861,  that  the  6tli  Massa- 
chusetts regiment  was  attacked, 
having  three  of  their  number 
killed,  and  eighteen  wounded. 

Praxiteles,  Faun  of.  See  Faun. 

Praying  Boy.  See  Boy  Praying. 

Pro  aux  Clercs.  A district  near 
St.  Germain  des  Pres,  Paris,  now 
occupied  by  houses,  but  once, 
owing  to  the  disputed  ownership 
of  the  land,  a place  for  lawless- 
ness and  debauchery,  rioting  and 
duels. 

Pre  Catelan.  A prettily-laid-out 
garden  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
Paris.  The  Pre  Catelan  is  "pat- 
ronized by  the  upper  classes, 
and  concerts  are  given  here  sev- 
eral times  a week. 

Prebisehthor.  A remarkable  nat- 
ural arch,  90  feet  high,  in  the  re- 
gion known  as  the  Saxon  Switz- 
erland. 

Preble,  Fort.  See  Fort  Preble. 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  [Ital. 

La  Presentazione.]  A favorite 
subject  of  representation  by  the 
great  painters  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  based  upon  a legendary  in- 
cident, in  which  the  Virgin,  as 
a child,  is  consecrated  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Temple.  Among  the 
more  noted  compositions  which 
treat  of  this  subject  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned:  — ~ 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Ghirlandaio  (1449- 
1498),  “ a composition  full  of  life 
and  character,  . . . with  luxury 
of  accessories  and  accompani- 
ments.” In  the  church  of  S. 
Maria  Novella,  Florence,  Italy. 

Presentation  in  the  Temple.  A 
picture  by  Bembrandt  van  Byn 
(1606-1669),  the  Dutch  painter.  In 
the  Gallery  of  the  Hague,  Hol- 
land. 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Guido  Beni  (1574?- 
1642).  In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Titian  (1477-1576).  In 
the  Accademia  delle  Belle  Arti, 
Venice,  Italy. 


Presentation  in  the  Temple.  A 
picture  by  Jacopo  Bobusti,  called 
Tintoretto  (1512-1594).  In  the 
church  of  S.  Maria  del  Orto,  Ven- 
ice, Italy. 

Presentation  in  the  Temple.  A 
picture  by  Fra  Bartolommeo 
(1469-1517),  the  Italian  painter. 
Now  at  Venice,  Italy. 

Presentation  in  the  Temple.  A 
picture  by  Stephan  Lochner, 
called  Meister  Stephan  (d.  1451), 
a German  painter  of  rare  merit. 
It  is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Darm- 
stadt, Germany. 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
large  altar-picture  by  Titian  (1477— 
1576).  It  is  now  in  the  Accademia 
delle  Belle  Arti,  in  Venice,  Italy. 

1$®=“  “ This  famous  picture  is  so 
well  known  through  the  numerous  en- 
gravings that  I have  not  thought  it 
necessary  to  reproduce  it  here.  In  the 
general  arrangement  Titian  seems  to 
have  been  indebted  to  Carpaccio,  but 
all  that  is  simple  and  poetical  in  the 
latter  becomes  in  Titian’s  version 
sumptuous  and  dramatic.  The  number 
of  portrait-heads  adds  to  the  value  and 
interest  of  the  picture.” 

3Irs.  Jameson. 

Presentation  of  the  Virgin.  A 
picture  by  Taddeo  Gaddi  (1300- 
1352  ?).  In  the  church  of  Santa 
Croce,  Florence,  Italy. 

Presepio,  II.  [The  Manger.]  A 
chapel  in  the  church  of  Ara-Coeli 
at  Borne,  which  contains  the  fa- 
mous image  of  the  Bambino.  See 
Bambino. 

President,  The.  1.  A war-vessel  of 
the  old  United  States  navy.  She 
was  built  in  1794  at  New  York, 
and  carried  44  guns. 

So  off  he  goes  and  tells  his  crew  : 

The  sails  were  quickly  bei  t,  sir; 

A better  ship  you  never  knew. 

She’s  called  the  Presi-dent , sir. 

Old  Song. 

2.  An  American  steamer  which 
left  New  York  for  Liverpool  in 
April,  1841.  She  was  never  heard 
from  afterwards. 

There  is  another  passenger  vcrj’  much 
wrapped  up,  who  has  been  frowned  d<  v.  n 
by  the  rest,  and  morally  trampled  upon 
and  crushed,  for  presuming  to  inquire 
with  a timid  interest  how  long  it  is  since 
the  poor  President  went  down.  Dickens. 

Primrose  Hill.  An  elevation  near 


PRI 


402 


PRO 


Regent’s  Park,  London,  which 
has  been  converted  into  a public 
garden,  and  commands  an  exten- 
sive view.  It  is  so  called  from 
the  primroses  which  once  grew 
upon  it  in  great  abundance. 

As  I wns  going  up  Primrose  Hill , — 
Primrose  Ilill  was  dirty,  — 

There  1 met  a pretty  miss, 

And  she  dropped  mo  a courtesy. 

Little  miss,  pretty  miss, 

Blessings  light‘upon  you ! 

If  I had  half-a-crown  a day, 

I'd  spend  it  all  upon  you. 

Mother  Goose. 

I shall  not  omit  1 1 speak  of  one  genius, 
in  drab  breeches  and  gaiters,  and  an  Arca- 
dian hat,  who  had  a violent  propensity  to 
the  pastoral,  but  whose  rural  wanderings 
had  been  confined  to  the  classic  haunts  of 
Primrose  ITill  and  the  solitudes  of  the 
Regent’s  Park.  Irving. 

Prince  Adolphus.  See  Samson 

THREATENING  HIS  FATHER. 

Prince  Albert.  1.  An  Arctic  ex- 
ploring ship  which  sailed  from 
England  under  Commander  Ken- 
nedy, in  1851,  Lady  Franklin 
having  equipped  the  expedition. 

2.  An  armor-plated  ship  of  the 
British  navy,  launched  May  23, 
1864. 

Prince  Consort.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
June  26,  1862. 

Prince  Eugene,  Boulevart  de. 
See  Voltaire,  Boulevart  de. 

Prince  of  Orange  landing  at  Tor- 
bay.  A pieturfe  by  Joseph  Mal- 
lord  William  Turner  (1775-1851). 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Prince  of  Wales’s  Theatre.  A 
well-known  place  of  entertain- 
ment in  London,  formerly  known 
as  the  Queen’s  Theatre. 

Princes  Street.  A noted  street  in 
the  New  Town  of  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  regarded  as  almost  un- 
rivalled for  the  magnificent  view 
it  commands  of  the  Old  Town 
(the  street  being  only  built  upon 
on  the  north  side),  and  constitut- 
ing one  of  the  finest  promenades 
to  be  found  in  any  city. 

Princess’s  Theatre.  A theatre  in 
Oxford  Street,  London,  celebrat- 
ed for  the  reproduction,  under 


the  management  of  Mr.  Charles 
Kean,  of  Shakespeare’s  historic 
plays.  It  was  opened  to  the  pub- 
lic Sept.  30,  1841. 

Princeton,  The.  A United  States 
frigate.  By  the  bursting  of  a gun 
during  an  experimental  firing, 
while  a distinguished  party  of 
visitors  were  on  board,  the  Sec- 
retary of  State,  A.  P.  Upshur, 
and  others,  were  killed,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1844. 

Printing  House  Square.  1.  A re- 
tired court  in  London.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  office  of  the 
King’s  Printer,  which  stood  here 
till  nearly  the  close  of  the  last 
century,  and  was  marked  by  the 
royal  arms  over  the  doorway. 

I went  one  day  with  a good  friend  to 
the  “ Times  *’  office,  which  was  entered 
through  a pretty  garden-yard,  in  Printing- 
House  Square.  Emerson. 

2.  A noted  square  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  the  centre  of  the 
great  news-purveying  industry  of 
the  United  States,  where  are  as- 
sembled the  offices  of  the  chief 
metropolitan  journals,  the  Trib- 
une,, the  Herald,  the  Times,  the 
World,  the  Sun,  and  others,  some 
of  which  occupy  costly  and  im- 
posing buildings. 

Prison  of  Socrates.  This  name  is 
applied  to  one  of  three  chambers 
hewn  in  the  rock  at  the  base  of 
the  hill  Museum,  at  Athens, 
Greece.  The  dome  of  the  inner 
chamber  is  funnel-shaped,  with 
an  aperture  to  let  in  the  light 
from  the  top.  These  excavations 
are  sometimes  called  ancient 
baths. 

Prisoner  of  Chillon.  A picture  by 
Ferdinand  Victor  Eugene  Dela- 
croix (1799-1863),  the  celebrated 
French  historical  painter. 

Procuratie  Nuove.  The  new  or 
modern  palace  of  the  Procurators. 
In  Venice,  Italy,  fronting  on  the 
Piazza  of  St.  Mark. 

Procuratie  Vecchie.  The  ancient 
palace  of  the  Procurators.  In 
Venice,  Italy,  fronting  upon  the 
Square  of  St.  Mark. 

Prodigal  Son.  A noted  picture  by 


PRO 


403 


PRO 


Bartolome  Esteban  Murillo  (1618- 
1682).  Now  in  the  Gallery  of 
Stafford  House,  London. 

Prodigal  Son.  A picture  by  David 
Teniers  the  Younger  (1610-1694  ?), 
the  Belgian  genre- painter.  It  is 
now  in  the  Louvre,  in  Paris. 

Profile,  The.  A huge  and  very  in- 
teresting rock-conformation  upon 
the  side  of  Profile  Mountain  in  the 
Franconia  range  (White  Moun- 
tains), New  Hampshire.  From  a 
certain  point  of  view  at  a distance, 
it  bears  a wonderful  resemblance 
to  the  outline  of  a human  face. 
This  remarkably  complete  and 
distinct  profile  is  nearly  1,500  feet 
above  the  little  lake  below  it,  and 
is  from  60  to  80  feet  in  length.  It 
is  also  popularly  known  as  the 
Old  Man  of  the  Mountain. 
Hawthorne  refers  to  it  in  “ The 
Great  Stone  Face.” 

Beyond  them,  like  a sun-rimmed  cloud, 
The  great  Notch  mountains  shone, 
Watched  overby  the  solemn-browed 
And  awful  face  of  stone  ! Whittier 

Tis  the  musical  Pemigewasset, 

That  sings  to  the  hemlock-trees 
Of  the  pines  on  the  Profile  Mountain, 

Of  the  stony  Face  that  sees, 

Far  down  in  the  vast  rock-hollows 
The  waterfall  of  the  Flume. 

Lucy  Larcom. 

Propaganda.  [Ital.  Collegio  di 
Propaganda  Fede .]  A religious 
establishment  at  Rome,  founded 
by  Gregory  XY.  in  1622,  to  edu- 
cate young  foreigners  from  heret- 
ical countries,  in  order  that  they 
might  afterward  return  as  mis- 
sionaries and  spread  the  Catholic 
faith  among  the  people  of  their 
different  nations.  The  annual 
examination  of  the  pupils  takes 
place  in  January.  At  the  time  of 
the  French  Revolution,  the  name 
Propaganda  was  given  to  the  se- 
cret societies  which  aimed  to  dis- 
seminate democratic  ideas,  and  it 
is  often  used  at  the  present  day 
to  denote  any  institution  or  or- 
ganization which  seeks  to  pro- 
mote special  schemes  either  in 
politics  or  religion. 

“ The  origin  of  the  Propaganda 
is  properly  to  be  sought  in  an  edict  of 
Gregory  XIII.,  by  which  the  direction 
of  Eastern  missions  was  confided  to  a 
certain  number  of  cardinals,  who  were 


commanded  to  promote  the  printing  of 
catechisms  in  the  less-known  tongues. 
...  It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
great  preacher  Girolamo  da  Narni  that 
the  idea  was  first  conceived  of  extend- 
ing the  above-named  institution.  At 
his  suggestion  a congregation  was  es- 
tablished in  all  due  form,  and  by  this 
body  regular  meetings  were  to  be  held 
for  the  guidance  and  conduct  of  mis- 
sions in  every  part  of  the  world.” 

Ranke. 

4®=  “We  may  with  equal  justice 
call  Propaganda  an  universal  academy, 
or  a Noah’s  Ark,  just  as  we  feel  dis- 
posed. Young  men  from  all  parts  of 
the  world  are  educated  here  for  mis- 
sionaries. Here  are  children  from  Cali- 
fornia to  China,  from  Ireland  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  : every  one  of  them 
repeats  a poem  by  rote  in  his  native 
tongue.  But  a man  must  be  a Mezzo- 
fanti  to  profit  by  this  Babel-iike  an- 
thology. . . . The  less  the  audience  [at 
the  Feast  of  Languages  in  the  Propa- 
ganda] understand  of  these  poems,  the 
more  they  applaud : it  was  so  at  least 
on  this  occasion,  when  I heard  them 
cheer  loudest  an  Ethiopian  and  two 
Chinese,  their  languages  sounding  most 
like  gibberish  and  awaking  the  loudest 
laughter.”  Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Propylaea.  This  structure,  at  Ath- 
ens, Greece,  the  Vestibule  of  the 
citadel,  built  of  Pentelic  marble, 
was  begun  in  the  year  437  B.C., 
and  was  completed  by  the  archi- 
tect Mnesicles  five  years  later,  or 
about  the  time  of  the  beginning 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war.  It 
covered  the  whole  of  the  western 
end  of  the  Acropolis.  The  Greeks 
admired  the  Propylaea  more  than 
any  other  of  their  buildings. 
Some  walls  and  a few  columns 
are  still  standing,  and  the  en- 
trance has  been  recently  cleared. 

46iP“  The  grand  flight  of  the  Propy- 
laeum  is  on  the  right.  A high  rampart 
serves  as  the  basement  for  the  little 
temple  of  the  Wingless  Victory,  de- 
molished in  1687  by  the  Turks,  and 
afterward  built  up  again,  stone  by 
stone,  by  two  German  architects.  Ath- 
ens dedicated  it  to  her  divine  protect- 
ress Athena.  The  friezes  represented 
the  combats  in  which  this  goddess  as- 
sured victory  to  her  people,  and  upon 
the  balustrade,  the  Victories,  her 
winged  messengers,  seemed  to  await 
her  orders.”  Lefevre , Trans. 

4ST  “ The  Propylaea  still  form  a 
portal  which  divides  two  worlds.  You 
leave  modern  and  mediaeval  associa- 


PRO 


404 


PSY 


tions  behind  you,  and  are  alone  with 
the  Past.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Proserpine.  A well-known  ideal 
bust  by  PXiram  Powers  (b.  1805), 
the  American  sculptor. 

“ The  popularity  of  this  work 
has  caused  its  incessant  reproduction; 
few  modern  works  of  the  chisel  are 
more  exquisitely  and  gracefully  orna- 
mental to  boudoir,  salon,  or  library.” 
Tucker  man. 

Proserpine,  Rape  of.  See  Rape 
of  Proserpine. 

Prospect  Park.  A fine  pleasure- 
ground  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  cov- 
ering nearly  600  acres,  including 
hills,  meadows,  and  groves,  and 
a beautiful  lake.  The  park  was 
begun  in  1866,  and  is  said  to  have 
cost,  together  with  two  boule- 
vards connected  with  it,  nearly 
#12,000,000. 

Protestant  Cemetery.  [At  Rome.] 
The  Protestant  Burial-ground  in 
Rome,  near  the  Pyramid  of  Caius 
Cestius,  containing  the  graves  of 
many  English  and  American 
travellers  and  other  foreign  resi- 
dents at  Rome.  The  Old  Protes- 
tant Cemetery,  now  closed,  con- 
tains the  grave  of  Keats,  and  in 
the  New  Burial-ground  is  a mon- 
ument to  Shelley. 

It  would  almost  make  one  in 
love  with  death  to  be  buried  in  so  sweet 
a place.”  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley. 

Protomoteca.  The  name  given  to 
a suite  of  seven  rooms  in  the  Cap- 
itol of  Rome,  presented  to  the 
Arcadian  Academy  by  Leo  XII. 
They  contain  many  busts  of  illus- 
trious men,  including  some  which 
were  formerly  in  the  Pantheon. 

Province  House.  A noted  man- 
sion of  colonial  times,  which  for- 
merly stood  on  Washington 
Street,  Boston,  Mass.  It  had  a 
fine  lawn  in  front.  The  building 
was  of  brick,  three  stories  in 
height,  with  stone  steps.  It  was 
erected  in  1679.  In  1715  it  was 
purchased  by  the  Province  as  a 
residence  for  the  governors,  who 
from  a portico  in  front  were  in 
. the  habit  of  addressing  the  citi- 
zens. In  the  early  part  of  the 


present  century  it  became  pri- 
vate property,  and  a block  of 
stores  was  erected  in  front  of  it, 
the  old  building  degenerating 
into  a hall  for  negro  concerts.  It 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1864,  but 
the  walls  remain,  and  have  been 
used  as  the  exterior  of  a new 
building.  Nathaniel  Hawthorne 
has  given  a description  of  the 
Province  House  in  his  “Twice- 
Told  Tales.” 

O my- God!  — for  tliat  free  spirit,  wliich 
of  old  in  Boston  town 
Smote  the  Province  House  with  terror, 
struck  the  crest  of  Andros  down ! 

Whittier. 

Prytaneum.  [Gr.  t rpvraveiov,  the 
President’s  Hall,  or  Town  Hall.] 

A public  building  in  ancient 
Greek  cities.  In  Athens,  the 
hall  in  which  the  magistrates 
had  their  meals,  and  where  they 
entertained  at  the  public  cost  for- 
eign ambassadors.  Citizens  also 
of  high  public  merit,  and  the 
children  of  those  who  fell  in  bat- 
tle, were  often  rewarded  by  a seat 
at  this  public  table.  Socrates, 
on  his  trial,  when  asked  to  name 
his  punishment,  adjudged  him- 
self entitled  to  be  supported  in 
the  Prytaneum. 

What,  then,  is  suitable  to  a poor  man,  a 
benefactor,  and  who  has  need  of  leisure  in 
order  to  give  you  good  advice?  There  is 
nothing  so  suitable,  O Athenians,  as  that 
such  a man  should  be  maintained  in  the 
Prytaneum.  ...  If,  therefore,  I must 
award  sentence  according  to  my  just  de- 
serts, I award  this,  maintenance  in  the 
Prytaneum. 

Plato , Apology  of  Socrates. 

Psyche.  A beautiful  relic  of  an- 
cient sculpture,  now  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Naples,  Italy,  well 
known  by  the  numerous  re  pro-  • 

ductions  of  it  in  marble  and  plas- 
ter. It  apparently  represents  her 
listening  to  a Cupid  who  may  be 
supposed  to  stand  on  her  right. 

This  figure  was  found  in  the  am- 
phitheatre at  Capua. 

The  charming  Naples  Psyche. 

This  refined  youthful  torso,  with  its 
delicate  distingue  head,  is  likewise  not 
of  the  great  epoch  of  sculpture.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Psyche  and  the  Butterfly.  See 
Cupid  catching  a Butterfly. 


PTA 


405 


PUT 


Ptarmigan  Hill.  A picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873),  the 
most  celebrated  modern  painter 
of  animals. 

Pucelle,  Place  de  la.  See  Place 
de  la  Pucelle. 

Puck.  1.  An  admired  picture  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1723-1792). 

2.  A work  of  sculpture  by  Har- 
riet G.  Hosmer  (b.  1830). 

Pudding  Lane.  A narrow  street 
or  lane  in  London.  It  was  here 
that  the  Great  Fire  of  1666  began. 

Puente  de  Alcantara.  [The  Bridge 
of  Alcantara.]  An  interesting 
and  impressive  Roman  ruin  in 
the  town  of  Alcantara,  Spain. 
The  bridge,  built  of  immense 
stones,  which  here  spans  the  Ta- 
gus, was  built  for  the  Emperor 
Trajan,  A.D.  105.  It  consists  of 
six  arches,  the  central  span  being 
110  feet.  The  bridge  is  about  670 
feet  in  length,  and  210  in  height, 
and  is  constructed  of  granite 
without  cement. 

46^ “One  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  these  [bridges]  is  that  which  Trajan 
erected  at  Alcantara  in  Spain.  The 
roadway  is  perfectly  level,  as  is  gener- 
ally the  case  in  Roman  bridges,  though 
the  mode  by  which  this  is  attained,  of 
springing  the  arches  from  different 
levels,  is  perhaps  not  the  most  pleas- 
ing. To  us,  at  least,  it  is  unfamiliar, 
and  has  never,  I think,  been  adopted  in 
modern  times. ” Fergusson. 

Puente  del  Diablo.  [The  Devil’s 
Bridge.]  A famous  old  Roman 
aqueduct  — called  by  the  Span- 
iards el  Puente,  the  bridge— at 
Segovia  in  Spain. 

43P  “ The  first  thing  we  went  to  see 
was  the  cathedral;  . . . the  next,  the 
RomanAqueduct,  called  by  the  people 
‘ Puente  del  Diabolo,’  for  they  have  no 
idea  such  a stupendous  work  could  be 
achieved  by  a personage  of  less  author- 
ity and  power.  ...  It  begins  outside 
of  the  city,  and  traverses  the  valley  on 
159  arches  in  the  upper  row,  but  not 
quite  so  many  below.  It  is  built  of 
square-hewn  stones,  without  cement  or 
clamps,  and  is  nevertheless  so  perfect- 
ly preserved,  that  it  still  serves  the 
purpose  for  which  it  was  built  as  well 
as  when  it  was  new.  ...  It  is  cer- 
tainly one  of  the  most  solid  and  mag- 


nificent monuments  that  have  come 
down  to  us  from  antiquity.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Puerta  de  Alcala.  [Gate  of  Al- 
cala.] A grand  triumphal  gate 
affording  an  entrance  to  the  city 
of  Madrid,  Spain,  on  the  east.  It 
consists  of  live  arches,  and  was 
erected  by  Charles  III.  to  com- 
memorate his  entrance  to  Madrid. 

“ It  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
no  city  in  Europe  can  boast  within  its 
walls  so  fine  a walk  as  the  Prado,  that 
Rome  alone,  so  far  as  I know,  has  an 
entrance  equal  to  that  by  the  Gate  ot 
Alcala .”  George  Ticknor. 

Puerta  del  Sol.  [Gate  of  the  Sun.] 
A celebrated  public  square  in 
Madrid,  Spain.  It  is  now  in  the 
middle  of  the  capital,  although 
it  was  once  the  east  gate  on  which 
the  rising  sun  shone.  It  is  the 
centre  of  the  busy  life  of  the  city, 
and  at  all  times  a crowded  ren- 
dezvous of  idlers. 

Pullins,  The.  A natural  curiosity 
in  the  county  of  Donegal,  Ireland. 
It  is  an  extraordinary  ravine,  pre- 
senting in  succession  a series  of 
cascades,  caves,  wild  cliffs,  with 
a foaming  river  and  a natural 
bridge. 

4®=*  “ A description  can  but  faintly 
convey  the  extraordinary  character  of 
these  lovely  scenes.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Pulpit  [of  Nicholas  of  Pisa].  In 
the  cathedral  of  Siena,  Italy.  A 
celebrated  and  very  elaborate 
work  of  sculpture.  Another  by 
the  same  artist,  very  similar,  in 
the  Duomo  at  Pisa. 

4®"  “ I have  no  words  to  express 
the  originality  and  richness  of  invention 
displayed  in  this  pulpit.  It  is  as  pe- 
culiar as  it  is  beautiful.  ...  On  the 
panels  a labyrinth  of  crowded  figuia  s 
— a long  octagonal  procession,  the  Na- 
tivity, the  Passion,  the  Last  Judgment 
- — envelops  the  marble  with  a marble 
covering.”  Taine , Trans. 

Purgatory,  St.  Patrick’s.  See  St. 
Patrick’s  Cave  and  Purgatory. 

Puritans  going  to  Church.  A 
picture  by  George  H.  Boughton, 
a painter  of  landscapes  and  genre . 

Puttina,  La.  [The  Girl.]  An  ad- 


PYL 


406 


PYR 


mired  portrait  by  Titian  (1477- 
1576).  In  the  Palazzo  Strozzi, 
Florence, Italy. 

Pylades  and  Orestes.  A picture 
by  Benjamin  West  (1738-1820). 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Pyramids,  The.  A general  name 
for  the  sepulchral  monuments  of 
ancient  Egypt,  in  ail  about  60, 
but  specially  applied  to  the  Pyra- 
mids of  Gheezeh,  about  12  miles 
from  Cairo,  consisting  of  two 
large  and  several  smaller  pyra- 
mids. 

4®"  “ Let  us  now  turn  to  the  Pyra- 
mids— the  oldest,  largest,  and  most 
mysterious  of  all  the  monuments  of 
man’s  art  now  existing.  All  those  in 
Egypt  are  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile,  just  beyond  the  cultivated 
ground,  and  on  the  edge  of  the  desert, 
and  all  the  principal  examples  within 
what  may  fairly  be  called  the  Necrop- 
olis of  Memphis.  Sixty  or  seventy 
of  these  have  been  discovered  and  ex- 
plored, all  of  which  appear  to  be  royal 
sepulchres.  This  alone,  if  true,  would 
suffice  to  justify  us  in  assigning  a dura- 
tion of  1,000  years  at  least  to  the  dynas- 
ties of  the  pyramid  builders.  . . . The 
three  great  pyramids  of  Gizeh  are  the 
best  known  and  the  most  remarkable 
of  all  those  in  Egypt.  Of  these  the 
first,  erected  by  Cheops,  or  as  he  is 
now  more  correctly  named,  Suphis,  is 
the  largest ; but  the  next  by  Chepheren, 
his  successor,  is  scarcely  inferior  in 
dimensions ; the  third,  that  of  Myceri- 
nus,  is  very  much  smaller.  . . . All 
the  pyramids  (with  one  exception)  face 
exactly  north,  and  have  their  entrance 
on  that  side.  . . . The  small  residuum 
we  get  from  all  these  pyramid  discus- 
sions is,  that  they  were  built  by  the 
kings  of  the  early  dynasties  of  the 
old  kingdom  of  Egypt  as  their  tombs. 
The  leading  idea  that  governed  their 
forms  was  that  of  durability.  By 
concealment  of  the  entrance,  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  passages,  and  the  com- 
plicated but  most  ingenious  arrange- 
ment of  portcullises,  these  ancient 
kings  hoped  to  be  allowed  to  rest  in 
undisturbed  security  for  at  least  3,000 
years.  Perhaps  they  were  successful, 
though  their  tombs  have  been  since 
so  shamefully  profaned.”  Fergusson. 

4£3P  “ Nothing  can  express  the  vari- 
ety of  sensations  which  they  provoke. 
The  height  of  their  summit,  the  steep- 
ness of  their  slope,  the  vastness  of  their 
surface,  their  tremendous  weight,  the 
memory  of  the  times  they  have  out- 
lived, and  above  all  the  reflection  that 


these  mountains  of  masonry  have  been 
reared  by  petty  and  insignificant  man 
who  creeps  at  their  feet  — all  impress 
the  beholder,  and  fill  at  once  the  heart 
and  the  mind  with  astonishment,  terror, 
humiliation,  admiration,  and  respect.” 
Volney. 

The  Pyramids  themselves,  doting  with 
age,  have  forgotten  the  names  of  their 
founders.  Thomas  Fuller . 

And  Morning  opes  with  haste  her  lids, 

To  gaze  upon  the  Pyramids.  Emerson. 

Pyramid  of  Abooroash.  A ruined 
pyramid  about  five  miles  distant 
from  the  Pyramids  of  Gheezeh  in 
Egypt. 

Pyramids  of  Abooseer.  A group 
of  four  pyramids,  a few  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  Pyramids  of  Ghee- 
zeh, in  Egypt. 

Pyramid  of  Caius  Cestius.  A 
sepulchral  pyramid  — the  only 
one  in  Rome —situated  near  the 
Porta  di  San  Paolo,  and  immedi- 
ately adjoining  the  Protestant 
Burial-ground.  It  was  erected 
to  Caius  Cestius,  a tribune  of  the 
people.  The  pyramid  is  over  100 
feet  in  height,  and  contains  in 
the  centre  a small  sepulchral 
chamber. 

4S§=*  “ This  pyramid,  of  more  than 
100  feet  in  height,  is  entirely  built  of 
marble,  but  time  has  changed  its  color 
and  defaced  its  polish.  The  gray 
lichen  has  crept  over  it,  and  wild  ever- 
greens hang  from  its  crevices.  But 
what  it  has  lost  in  splendor,  it  has  gained 
in  picturesque  beauty ; and  there  are  few 
remains  of  antiquity  within  the  bounds 
of  the  Eternal  City,  that  the  eye  rests 
upon  with  such  unweaiying  admiration, 
as  this  gray  pyramid.”  Eaton. 

4®=  “ It  is  the  most  imperishable  of 
the  antiquities,  a beautiful  pyramid,  113 
feet  high,  built  into  the  ancient  wall  of 
Rome,  as  perfect  after  1,800  years  as  if 
it  were  built  but  yesterday.” 

N.  P.  Willis. 

4®=  “ From  one  part  of  the  city, 
looking  out  beyond  the  walls,  a squat 
and  stunted  pyramid  (the  burial-place 
of  Caius  Cestius)  makes  an  opaque  tri- 
angle in  the  moonlight.  But,  to  an 
English  traveller,  it  serves  to  mark  the 
grave  of  Shelley  too,  whose  ashes  lie 
beneath  a little  garden  near  it.  Nearer 
still,  almost  within  its  shadow,  lie  the 
bones  of  Keats,  ‘ whose  name  is  writ 
in  water,’  that  shines  brightly  in  the 
landscape  of  a calm  Italian  night.” 

Dickens , 


PYR 


407 


PYR 


J8&*  “ When  I am  inclined  to  be  seri- 
ous I love  to  wander  up  and  down  be- 
fore the  tomb  of  Caius  Cestius.  The 
Protestant  burial-ground  is  there.  . . . 
It  is  a quiet  and  sheltered  nook,  . . . 
and  the  pyramid  that  overshadows  it 
gives  it  a classic  and  singularly  solemn 
air.”  Rogers. 

Eastward  hence, 

Nigh  where  the  Cestian  pyramid  divides 
The  mouldering  wall,  behold  yon  fabric 
huge.  John  Dyer. 

Within  the  shadow  of  the  Pyramid 
Of  Caius  Oestius  was  the  Daisy  found, 
White  as  the  soul  of  Keats  in  Paradise. 

T.  B.  Aldrich. 

Pyramid  of  Cheops.  See  Great 
Pyramid. 

Pyramid  of  Cholula.  A celebrated 


ruined  pyramid  constructed  of 
clay  and  brick,  at  Cholula,  an 
Indian  town,  near  Pueblo,  in 
Mexico.  It  was  built  by  the  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Mexico.  It 
is  over  1,400  feet  square  at  the 
base,  and  177  feet  in  height,  and  is 
ascended  by  a flight  of  steps,  120 
in  number.  On  the  summit  is  a 
chapel  erected  by  the  Spaniards. 

The  fact  teaches  him  how  Belus  was 
worshipped,  and  how  the  Pyramids  were 
built,  better  than  the  discovery  by  Cham- 
pollion  of  the  names  of  all  the  workmen 
and  the  cost  of  every  tile.  He  finds  Assy- 
ria and  the  Mounds  of  Cholula  at  his  door, 
and  himself  has  laid  the  courses. 

Emerson. 


QUA 


408 


QUE 


Q. 


Quadrant,  The.  See  Regent  St. 

You  will  observe  a town  dandy  getting 
fidgetty  after  his  second  turn  in  the  Quad- 
rant, while  you  will  meet  the  same 
Frenchman  there  from  noon  till  dusk, 
bounding  his  walk  by  those  columns,  as 
if  they  were  the  bars  of  a cage. 

N P.  Willis. 

Quarr  Abbey.  A famous  monastic 
establishment  upon  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  erected  in  the  twelfth 
century,  of  which  the  ruins  only 
now  remain. 

Quarters  of  the  World.  See  Four 
Quarters  of  the  World. 

Quartier  Latin.  [Latin  Quarter.] 
A large  district  in  Paris,  on  the 
south  of  the  Seine.  Here  the 
principal  colleges  and  schools 
have  been  situated  for  many  cen- 
turies, and  here  the  numerous 
students  have  lived;  whence  this 
quarter  derives  its  name. 

JUSf  “ Though  the  colleges  are  now 
converted  into  private  houses  or  into 
public  schools,  the  Pays  Latin  is  still 
inhabited  by  many  thousand  students 
in  letters,  science,  law,  and  medicine, 
leading  a life  of  gayety  and  freedom 
from  restraint  which  is  hardly  to  be 
understood  by  an  Englishman.  They 
and  their  associates,  male  and  female, 
form  the  staple  of  a large  portion  of 
the  well-known  novels  of  Paul  de 
Kock.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

“ The  life  of  the  young  artist 
here  is  the  easiest,  merriest,  dirtiest 
existence  possible.  He  comes  to  Paris, 
probably  at  sixteen,  from  his  province; 
his  parents  settle  forty  pounds  a year 
on  him,  and  pay  his  master;  he  estab- 
lishes himself  in  the  Pays  Latin;  . . . 
he  arrives  at  his  atelier  at  a tolerably 
early  hour,  and  labors  among  a score 
of  companions  as  merry  and  as  poor  as 
himself.”  Thackeray. 

Quatre  Fils  Aymon.  A ruined 
castle  near  Spa  in  Belgium,  asso- 
ciated with  historic  and  romantic 
traditions. 

Quebec  Citadel.  A vast  fortress, 
from  its  lofty  commanding  situa- 
tion one  of  the  strongest  in  the 


world,  is  the  principal  defence  of 
the  city  of  Quebec,  Can.  It  cov- 
ers 40  acres. 

Queen  Anne’s  Farthing.  The 
belief  generally  obtains  in  Eng- 
land that  a Queen  Anne’s  far- 
thing is  a very  rare  possession: 
indeed,  it  is  supposed  that  there 
are  but  three,  of  which  two  are 
in  the  public  keeping,  and  that 
one  which  is  missing  would  bring 
a fabulous  price ; but  the  fact  is, 
that  it  is  no  more  rare  than  any 
other  coinage  of  the  mint  of  equal 
antiquity,  and  that  the  poor  coun- 
try people  who  occasionally  take 
long  journeys  to  London  to  dis- 
pose of  so  great  a curiosity  which 
has  fallen  into  their  hands,  find 
that  the  numismatist  to  whom 
they  apply  is  already  the  posses- 
sor of  several. 

Queen  Elizabeth.  See  Death  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

Queen  Elizabeth’s  Pocket  Pistol. 
The  popular  name  of  an  ancient 
piece  of  brass  ordnance,  24  feet 
in  length,  cast  in  1514,  and  pre- 
sented by  the  States  General  of 
Holland  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  It 
is  preserved  in  Dover  Castle. 

Queen  of  Sheba.  See  Embarka- 
tion of  the  Queen  of  Sheba.  * 

Queen  of  the  West.  A powerful 
United  States  “ ram,”  in  the  War 
of  the  Rebellion.  She  was  sent 
down  the  Mississippi,  and,  run- 
ning the  batteries  at  Vicksburg, 
destroyed  several  transport  ves- 
sels on  the  Lower  Mississippi  and 
on  the  Red  River,  but  was  finally 
lost  on  the  latter  river  through 
the  treachery  of  a pilot. 

Queen’s  Arms.  A tavern  in  St. 
Paul’s  Churchyard,  London. 

Queen’s  Bench.  See  King’s  Bench 
and  Queen’s  Bench. 


QUE 


409 


QUO 


Queen’s  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1448. 

Queen’s  Head.  A noted  hostelry 
in  the  olden  time  in  Islington, 
London. 

The  Queen’s  Head  and  Crown  in  Islington 
town 

Bore,  for  its  brewing,  the  highest  renown. 

Queen’s  Prison.  See  King’s 
Bench  and  Queen’s  Bench. 

Queen’s  State  Coach.  See  Coro- 
nation Coach. 

Queen’s  Theatre.  See  Prince  of 
Wales’s  Theatre. 

Queensberry  House.  The  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  near 
Richmond,  England. 

Quinze  Vingts.  A hospital  for  the 
blind,  in  the  Faubourg  St.  An- 
toine, Paris. 

Quirinal  Hill.  [Lat.  Mons  Quiri- 
nus.]  One  of  the  original  seven 
hills  of  Borne,  now  covered  with 
palaces  and  churches,  among 
which  the  most  noticeable  is  the 
Palace  of  the  Pope  on  the  Monte 
Cavallo,  the  summit  of  the  hill. 
The  modern  name,  Monte  Cavallo, 
is  derived  from  the  marble  groups 
of  Castor  and  Pollux  with  their 
horses,  discovered  in  the  Baths 
of  Constantine,  which  now  stand 
before  the  obelisk  in  the  Piazza 
di  Monte  Cavallo. 

Hence  we  went  to  Monte  Cavallo , here- 
tofore called  Mons  Quirinalis,  where  wc 
saw  those  two  rare  horses,  the  worke  of  the 


rivals  Phidias  and  Praxitiles,  as  they  were 
sent  as  a present  to  Nero  out  of  Armenia. 
They  were  placed  on  pedestals  of  white 
marble  by  Sixtus  V.,  by  whom  I suppose 
their  injuries  are  repair’d.  They  are  gov- 
ern’d by  4 naked  slaves  like  those  at  the 
foot  of  the  Capitol. 

John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Quirinal  Palace.  The  papal  pal- 
ace on  Monte  Cavallo,  Quirinal 
Hill,  Borne.  The  present  struc- 
ture was  begun  by  Gregory  XIII. 
in  1574,  and  continued  and  en- 
larged by  succeeding  popes.  The 
meeting  of  the  conclave  for  the 
election  of  the  popes  takes  place 
in  the  Quirinal  Palace,  and  from 
the  balcony  opening  upon  the 
Piazza  di  Monte  Cavallo  the  name 
of  the  new  pope  is  proclaimed  to 
the  people. 

“ That  palace-building,  ruin- 
destroying  Pope,  Paul  III.,  began  to 
erect  the  enormous  palace  on  the  Quiri- 
nal Hill,  and  the  prolongation  of  his 
labors  by  a long  series  of  successive 
pontiffs  has  macie  it  one  of  the  largest' 
and  ugliest  buildings  extant.” 

C.  A.  Eaton . 

What  is  most  charming  here  is  what 
you  encounter  on  the  way  unexpectedly ; 
now  the  Quirinal  Palace  on  the  summit  of 
a hill  entirely  detached  in  the  gray  atmos- 
phere, and,  in  front,  its  horses  ? nd  colossi 
of  marble.  Taine , Trans. 

Nor  herd  those  blood  stains  on  the  wall. 

Not  Tiber's  flood  c an  wash  away, 
Where,  in  thy  stately  Quirinal , 

Thy  mangled  victims  lay ! Whittier. 
I have  climbed  Trajan's  column,  and  saw 
thence 

The  Quirinal  here,  and  there  the  Vatican. 

Theodore  Auhanel,  Trans. 

Quoit-Thrower,  The.  See  Disco 

BOLUS. 


EAB 


410 


RAI 


R. 


Rabenstein.  [Ravenstone.]  An 
ancient  feudal  castle,  of  late  par- 
tially restored,  near  Streitberg, 
in  Franconia,  Germany. 

Raboteur,  Le.  [The  Planer.]  A 
picture  by  Annibale  Caracci 
( 15(>0—1G00),  representing  Joseph 
“ planing  a board,  while  Jesus,  a 
lovely  boy  about  six  or  seven 
years  old , stands  by  watching  the 
progress  of  the  work.  Mary  is 
seated  on  one  side  plying  her  nee- 
dle.” This  picture  is  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Earl  of  Suffolk  at 
Charlton,  England. 

4SP*  “ The  great  fault  of  this  picture 
is  the  subordinate  and  commonplace 
character  given  to  the  Virgin  Mary; 
otherwise  it  is  a very  suggestive  and 
dramatic  subject,  and  one  which  might 
be  usefully  engraved  in  a cheap  form 
for  distribution.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Baby  Castle.  One  of  the  finest 
and  best-preserved  of  the  ancient 
northern  castles  of  England,  the 
seat  of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland. 
King  Canute  presented  it  with 
other  offerings  at  the  shrine  of 
St.  Cuthbert,  but  it  passed  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  monks  in  1131. 
Portions  of  the  older  building  are 
so  skilfully  incorporated  with  the 
new  that  it  seems  a perfect  speci- 
men of  a castle  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  castle  is  of  great 
size  and  strength,  and  the  walls 
surrounding  it  occupy  about  two 
acres  of  ground.  The  pleasure- 
grounds  and  park  are  of  a magnifi- 
cence commensurate  with  that  of 
the  castle  itself,  and  command 
lovely  prospects. 

Rachel.  See  Jacob  and  Rachel. 

Rachel’s  Tomb.  A small  struc- 
ture near  Bethlehem  is  known 
as  the  “sepulchre  of  Rachel.” 
Jews,  Moslems,  and  Christians 
unite  in  affirming  the  authenti- 
city of  this  sepulchre,  although 
the  building  is  modern. 


They  journeyed  from  Bethel,  and  there 
was  but  a little  way  to  come  to  Ephrath. 
. . . And  Rachel  died,  and  was  buried  on 
the  way  to  Ephrath,  which  is  Bethlehem. 

Gen.  xxxv.  16-19. 

Radcliffe  Library.  An  imposing 
library . building  connected  with 
the  University  of  Oxford,  found- 
ed by  Dr.  John  Radcliffe  (d. 
1714). 

Radical  Road.  The  name  given 
to  a promenade  under  the  cliff 
called  Salisbury  Crags  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  circumstance 
that  the  road  was  built  in  1819  by 
disaffected  people  who  were  out 
of  employment. 

Rainbow,  The.  According  to  Au- 
brey, the  Rainbow,  in  Fleet 
Street,  the  second  coffee-house 
established  in  London,  was 
opened  about  1656.  It  is  now  a 
tavern,  and  the  old  coffee-room 
has  been  destroyed. 

The  coffee  house  was  the  Londoner’s 
house;  and  those  who  wished  to  find  a 
gentleman  commonly  asked,  not  wheth- 
er he  lived  in  Fleet  Street  or  Chancery 
Lane,  but  whether  he  frequented  “the 
Grecian  ” or  “ the  Rainbow .”  Macaulay. 

Rainbow  Falls.  A beautiful  cas- 
cade in  the  Adirondack  region  of 
New  York,  near  the  foot  of  the 
Ausable  Ponds. 

Rainbow  Landscape.  The  name 
given  to  a celebrated  picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
Now  in  the  Bethnal  Green  Mu- 
seum, London. 

Rainy  Season  in  the  Tropics.  A 
noted  picture  by  Frederic  Edwin 
Church  (b.  1826),  the  American 
landscape-painter. 

Raising  of  Lazarus.  A picture  by 
Sebastian  del  Piombo  (1485-1547), 
and  considered  one  of  the  most 
important  works  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  executed  for  Giulio  de’ 
Medici,  afterward  Pope  Leo  X. 


RAI 


411 


RAN 


It  is  now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

This  is  in  many  respects  one 
of  the  noblest  pictures  existing, — a 
dramatic  combination  and  pictorial 
completeness  which  few  would  now 
hesitate  to  prefer  to  the  Transfigura- 
tion by  Raphael.” 

Eastlake , Handbook  of  Painting . 

Raising  of  Lazarus.  An  admired 
painting  by  Benjamin  West 
(1738-1820),  serving  as  an  altar- 
piece  in  Winchester  Cathedral, 
England. 

Raising  of  Lazarus.  A picture  by 
Benjamin  Robert  Hay  don  (1786- 
1846).  In  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Raising  the  Body  of  St.  Hubert 
of  Li£ge.  An  altar-piece,  as- 
cribed to  Gerard  van  Meire,  the 
Flemish  painter,  but  which  has 
also  been  ascribed  to  Dierick 
Bouts  and  to  other  painters.  It 
is  in  the  National  Gallery  of  Lon- 
don. 

Rake’s  Progress.  A famous  dra- 
matic and  satirical  picture  by 
William  Hogarth  (1697-1764). 

4®=  “ It  would  be  suppressing  the 
merits  of  his  heart  to  consider  him  only 
a promoter  of  laughter.  . . . Mirth 
colored  his  pictures,  but  benevolence 
designed  them.  He  smiled,  like  Socra- 
tes, that  men  might  not  be  offended  at 
his  lectures,  and  might  learn  to  laugh 
at  their  own  follies.”  Lord  Orford. 

Rakos,  Field  of.  [Rakos  Mezo.] 
See  Field  of  Rakos. 

Raleigh’s  House.  See  Myrtle 
Grove. 

Ramaseum  [or  Memnonium].  An 
ancient  Egyptian  palace  and  tem- 
ple at  Thebes,  the  residence  of 
Rhamses  the  Great.  It  is  now  a 
wreck,  but  the  ruins  indicate 
that  it  was  of  immense  size. 
Within  the  palace  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  statue  of  Rhamses, 
the  largest  found  in  Egypt.  The 
walls  are  covered  with  wonderful 
sculptures,  illustrating  the  adven- 
tures and  victories  of  the  great 
king,  and  his  offerings  to  the 
gods.  [Written  also  Bhamession.] 
4@"  “ The  Rhamession  was  built 


wholly  by  the  great  Rhamses,  in  the 
fifteenth  century  B.C. ; . . . and  it  may 
be  considered  as  a typical  example  of 
what  an  Egyptian  temple  of  this  age 
was  intended  to  have  been.  Its  la$ade 
is  formed  by  two  great  pylons,  or  pyr- 
amidal masses  of  masonry,  which,  like 
the  two  western  towers  of  a Gothic 
cathedral,  are  the  most  imposing  part 
of  the  structure  externally.  . . . They 
[the  palace-temples]  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  appropriated  to  the  worship 
of  any  particular  god,  but  rather  for 
the  great  ceremonials  of  royalty,  of 
kingly  sacrifice  to  the  gods  for  the  peo- 
ple, and  of  worship  of  the  king  him- 
self by  the  people.”  Fergusson. 

And  thou  hast  walked  about  — how 
strange  a story ! 

In  Thebes’s  streets,  three  thousand  years 
ago; 

When  the  Memnonium  was  in  all  its  glory, 
And  time  had  not  begun  to  overthrow 
Those  temples,  palaces,  and  piles  stupen- 
dous, 

Of  which  the  very  ruins  are  tremendous. 

Horace  Smith. 

Rambla.  A beautiful  promenade 
in  Barcelona,  Spain.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Arabic,  and 
signifies  a river-bed,  which  in 
Spain,  being  often  dry  in  summer, 
is  used  as  a road.  It  is  the  cen- 
tre of  fashion  and  amusement. 

Ramble,  The.  A lovely  region  in 
Central  Park,  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  with  labyrinthinefoot-paths 
winding  through  acres  of  woody 
hills,  bordered  by  a lake. 

Rambouillet.  See  Hotel  de  Ram- 
bouillet. 

Raineses  III., Tomb  of.  See  Harp- 
ers’ Tomb. 

Ranelagh  Gardens.  A place  of 
amusement  in  London,  no  longer 
in  existence,  but  very  popular 
from  its  opening  in  1742  till  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century. 
Ranelagh,  spoken  of  by  Smollett 
as  being  like  the  “ enchanted  pal- 
ace of  genii,”  was  a sort  of  rival 
to  Vauxhall. 

46i"  “ The  prince,  princess,  duke, 
much  nobility,  and  much  mob  besides, 
were  there.”  Walpole  ( in  1742). 

4^  “ Ranelagh  has  totally  beat 
Vauxhall.  Nobody  goes  anywhere 
else  — everybody  goes  there.” 

Walpole  ( in  1744). 

4^*  “ Ranelagh  was  a very  pleasing 


HAP 


412 


RAT 


place  of  amusement.  There  persons 
of  inferior  rank  mingled  with  the  high- 
est nobility  of  Britain.” 

Samuel  Rogers. 

Accordingly,  Mr.  Stryver  inaugurated 
the  Long  Vacation  with  a formal  proposal 
to  take  Miss  Manette  to  Vauxhall  Gar- 
dens; that  failing,  to  Ranelagh  ; that  un- 
accountably failing  too, it  behooved  him  to 
present  himself  in  Soho,  and  there  declare 
liis  noble  mind.  Dickens. 

Vauxhall  and  Ranelagh  ! I then  had  heard 
Of  your  green  groves,  and  wilderness  of 
lamps 

Dimming  the  stars,  and  fireworks  magical, 
And  gorgeous  ladies,  under  splendid 
domes, 

Floating  in  dance,  or  warbling  high  in  air 
The  song  of  spirits.  Wordsworth. 

Rape  of  Europa.  A picture  by 
Paul  Veronese  (15302-1588).  In 
the  Doge’s  Palace,  Venice. 

Rape  of  Ganymede.  1.  The  mas- 
terpiece of  the  Athenian  sculptor 
Leochares  (fl.  372-338  B.C.)  Cop- 
ies in  marble  of  the  bronze  origi- 
nal abound.  One,  and  perhaps 
the  best  existing,  is  in  the  Museo 
Pio-Clementino,  of  the  Vatican, 
Rome.  There  is  another  copy  in 
the  Library  of  St.  Mark’s,  Ven- 
ice. 

2.  A well-known  picture  by 
Rembrandt  van  Ryn  (1606-1689), 
the  Dutch  painter.  Now  in  the 
Dresden  Gallery. 

Rape  of  Proserpine.  A picture  by 
Francesco  Primaticcio  (1490-1570), 
the  pupil  of  Raphael.  Now  in 
the  Stafford  House  Gallery. 

Rape  of  Proserpine.  A picture, 
“ with  a rich,  fantastically  lighted 
landscape,”  by  Niccolo  dell’  Ab- 
bate,  called  also  Niccolo  da  Mo- 
dena (1512-1571).  In  the  gallery 
of  Stafford  House. 

Rape  of  Proserpine.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
Now  at  Blenheim,  England. 

Rape  of  the  Sabines.  A celebrated 
group  in  marble  by  Giovanni  da 
Bologna  (1524-1608),  and  regard- 
ed as  his  masterpiece.  In  the 
Loggia  de’  Lanzi,  Florence,  Italy. 

“John  of  Bologna,  after  he 
had  finished  a group  of  a young  man, 
holding  up  a young  woman  in  his  arms, 
with  an  old  man  at  his  feet,  called  his 
friends  together  to  tell  him  what  name 


he  should  give  it,  and  it  was  agreed  to 
call  it  the  Rape  of  the  Sabines.” 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

Raphael  and  his  Fencing  Master. 
A picture  in  the  Louvre,  Paris, 
by  some  attributed  to  Pontormo. 

Raphael  and  Michael  Angelo.  A 
noted  picture  by  Horace  Vernet 
(1789-1863),  the  French  painter. 

jgST'  “ As  clever  a picture  as  can  he, 
— clever  is  just  the  word,  — the  groups 
and  drawing  excellent,  the  coloring 
pleasantly  bright  and  gaudy;  and  the 
French  students  study  it  incessantly  : 
there  are  a dozen  who  copy  it  for  one 
who  copies  Delacroix.”  Thackeray . 

Raphael  Sanzio.  A celebrated 
portrait  of  himself  by  the  paint- 
er. In  the  collection  of  auto- 
graph portraits  in  the  Uffizi  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  Italy.  There  is 
another  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Raphael,  Stanze  of.  See  Stanze 
of  Raphael. 

Raphael’s  Cartoons.  See  Cak- 
toons  of  Raphael. 

Raphael’s  Loggia.  See  Loggia  of 
Raphael. 

Raphael’s  House.  [Ital.  Casa  da 
Raffaello .]  A well-known  house 
in  Florence,  Italy,  in  which  Ra- 
phael was  born  and  lived. 

Ras-et-Teen,  Palace  of.  This  pal- 
ace, built  by  Mohammed  Ali,  is 
situated  at  the  western  end  of 
the  peninsula  of  the  same  name, 
near  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

Ratcliffe  Highway.  A famous 
London  thoroughfare,  now  called 
St.  George’s  Street,  noted  from 
its  association  in  former  times 
with  murders  and  robberies. 

4®=  “ Many  can  remember  the  ter- 
ror which  was  on  every  face,  the  care- 
ful barring  of  doors,  the  providing  of 
blunderbusses  and  watchmen’s  rattles.” 
Macaulay. 

4^  “ Look  at  a marine-store  deal- 
er’s, in  that  reservoir  of  dirt,  drunken- 
ness, and  drabs  : thieves,  oysters,  baked 
potatoes,  and  pickled  salmon,  — Rat- 
cliff Highway.”  Dickens. 

Rattler,  The.  The  first  naval  ves- 
sel propelled  by  a screw.  She 
was  built  by  the  English  Admi- 


RAY 


413 


REG 


ralty,  and  launched  at  Sheerness 
in  1843. 

Ravenseraig  Castle.  A ruined 
fortress  near  Kirkcaldy,  in  Scot- 
land. 

Moor,  moor  the  barge,  ye  gallant  crew, 
And,  gentle  lady,  deign  to  stay ! 

Rest  thee  in  Castle  Ravensheugh, 

Mor  tempt  the  stormy  Firth  to-day. 

Old  Ballad  of  Rosabelle. 
Yon’s  Ravenseraig,  wi’  riven  ha’, 

A thousand  winters  shook  its  wa1  — 

Tired  Time  let  scythe  an’  san’-glass  fa’, 
To  breathe  awhile  at  Cgie. 

William  Thom. 

Reading  Magdalen.  See  Magda- 

LEX. 

Reale,  Villa.  See  Villa  Re  ale. 

Rebecca.  A picture  by  Horace 
Vernet  (1789-1863),  the  French 
painter. 

JK IP*  “ His  [Vernet’s]  ‘ Rebecca  ’ is 
most  pleasing;  and  not  the  less  so  for 
a little  pretty  affectation  of  attitude 
and  needless  singularity  of  costume.” 
Thackei'ay . 

Red  Bull.  An  old  London  theatre 
referred  to  by  Knight  as  being  in 
1583  one  of  the  chief  London  the- 
atres. 

J&g*  “ I have  seen  the  Red  Bull  play- 
house, which  was  a large  one,  so  full, 
that  as  many  went  back  for  want  of 
room  as  had  entered;  and,  as  meanly 
as  you  now  think  of  these  drolls,  they 
were  then  acted  by  the  best  comedi- 
ans.” Kirkman , 1672. 

Red  Convent.  An  ancient  monas- 
tery of  Coptic  Christians  in  Upper 
Egypt. 

Red  Deer  of  Chillingham.  A pic- 
ture by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803- 
1873),  the  most  celebrated  modern 
painter  of  animals. 

Red  Horse.  See  Vale  of  the 
Red  Horse. 

Redentore,  II.  [The  Redeemer.] 
A grand  and  noted  church  of  the 
sixteenth  century  in  Venice, 
Italy. 

Redwood  Library.  A Doric  build- 
ing in  Newport,  R.I.,  erected  in 
1750,  containing  a small  but 
choice  collection  of  books,  with 
some  works  of  art.  Some  of  the 
volumes  in  this  library  were  pre-  I 


sented  by  the  King  of  England, 
and  others  by  Bishop  Berkeley. 

Reform  Club.  1.  A fine  building  in 
Pall  Mall,  London,  is  owned  and 
occupied  by  the  Reform  Club, 
which  was  founded  by  Liberal 
members  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, about  the  time  the  Reform 
Bill  was  passed,  1830-32.  The 
club  is  composed  of  1,000  mem- 
bers, not  including  those  belong- 
ing to  Parli?.ment. 

J 0®=*  “ Let  all  strangers  who  come  to 
London  for  business,  or  pleasure,  or 
curiosity,  or  for  whatever  cause,  not 
fail  to  visit  the  Reform  Club.  In  an 
age  of  utilitarianism,  and  of  the  search 
for  the  comfortable,  like  ours,  there  is 
more  to  be  learned  here  than  in  the 
ruins  of  the  Coliseum,  of  the  Parthe- 
non, or  of  Memphis.” 

Viscountess  de  Malleville. 

No  Carlton  Clubs,  Reform  Clubs . nor 
any  sort  of  clubs  or  creatures  or  of  ac- 
credited opinions  or  practices,  can  make  a 
Lie  Truth,  can  make  Bribery  a Propriety 
Carlyle. 

2.  A marble  club-house  in 
Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Reformation,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  Wilhelm  Kaulbach 
(1805-1874),  the  eminent  German 
painter.  [Called  also  the  Epoch 
of  the  Reformation .] 

Reformation,  Oak  of.  See  Oak  of 
Reformation. 

Regalia.  A general  term,  usually 
applied  to  a valuable  collection 
of  jewels  and  plate  kept  in  the 
Tower,  London.  That  portion  of 
the  Tower  where  the  regalia  is 
now  kept  is  called  the  Wakefield 
Tower.  A desperate  but  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  was  made  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  by  the  ruf- 
fian Blood,  to  carry  off  the  crown 
jewels.  Blo<^l,  though  captured, 
contrived  by  his  great  audacity 
to  secure  his  own  release,  and 
even  frightened  the  king  into 
granting  him  a pension  of  £500  a 
year. 

Regent  Diamond.  See  Pitt  Dia- 
mond. 

Regent  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don, nearly  a mile  in  length,  de- 
signed by  John  Nash  in  1813,  and 


REG 


414 


REP 


named  from  his  patron  the  Prince 
Regent.  The  street  trends  north- 
west by  a Quadrant , giving  a 
very  ornamental  appearance  by 
its  elegant  shop-fronts. 

Regent  Street  has  appeared  to 
me  the  greatest  and  most  oppressive 
solitude  in  the  world.  . . . Here,  it  is 
wealth  beyond  competition,  exclusive- 
ness and  indifference  perfectly  unap- 
proachable.” JST.  P.  Willis. 

The  gay  old  boys  are  paunchy  old  men 
in  the  disguise  of  young  ones,  who  fre- 
quent tee  Quadrant  and  Regent  Street  m 
the  daytime.  Dickens. 

King  Arthur’s  self 

Was  commonplace  to  Lady  Guenever: 
And  Camelot  to  minstrels  seemed  as  flat, 
As  Regent  Street  to  poets. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Regents,  The.  A picture  by  Fer- 
dinand Bol  (1(111-1680),  the  Dutch 
painter,  and  considered  his  best 
work.  It  is  in  the  “ Leprosen- 
huys  ” at  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

Regent’s  Park.  An  extensive 
common  or  pleasure-ground  in 
London,  comprising  472  acres. 
It  contains  within  its  boundaries 
several  handsome  private  resi- 
dences. 

E&t'"  Regent’s  Park  is  larger  than 
the  Jardin  des  Plantes  and  the  Luxem- 
bourg put  together.”  Taine. ’,  Trans. 

He  only  left  Bombay  yesterday  morn- 
ing, was  seen  in  the  Red  Sea  on  Tuesday, 
is  engaged  to  dinner  this  afternoon  in  the 
Regent  s Park , and  (as  it  is  about  two 
minutes  since  I saw  him  in  the  court-yard) 
I make  no  doubt  he  is  by  this  time  at  Al- 
exandria or  .Malta.  1'hackeray. 

Regicides’  Cave.  A cavern  in  a 
rock  near  New  Haven,  Conn., 
where  the  “ regicides  ” Edward 
Whalley  and  William  Goffe,  two 
of  the  judges  who  had  con- 
demned Charles  I.  to  death,  and 
afterwards  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Stuarts  had  escaped  from 
England,  were  seCteted  and  lived 
for  some  time. 

Reichenberg  Castle.  An  inter- 
esting ruined  castle  overlooking 
the  Rhine,  near  Goarshausen.  It 
was  built  in  1284. 

Reiehsveste.  An  ancient  imperial 
castle  at  Nuremberg,  Germany. 

Relay  House.  The  name  formerly 
given  to  what  is  now  called 


Washington  Junction,  a station 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, nine  miles  from  Baltimore, 
Md.  It  was  noted  in  the  Civil 
War  as  the  spot  seized  by  Gen. 
Butler,  and  from  which  he  pushed 
on  with  the  Massachusetts  and 
New  York  troops  to  the  occupa- 
tion of  Baltimore  on  the  night  of 
May  13,  1861. 

Religion  and  Philosophy.  A not- 
ed picture  by  Taddeo  Gaddi 
(1300-1352?).  In  the  church  of 
Sta.  Maria  Novella,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Reliquary  of  St.  Ursula.  A cele- 
brated shrine  in  the  chapel  of  St. 
John’s  Hospital  at  Bruges,  about 
four  feet  in  length,  the  whole  ex- 
terior of  which  is  covered  with 
miniature  designs  in  oil  by  Hans 
Memling  (d.  1465),  the  Flemish 
painter,  representing  scenes  in 
the  life  of  St.  Ursula.  These  lit- 
tle pictures  are  described  as 
among  the  best  productions  of 
the  Flemish  school. 

Reliques,  Grandes.  See  Grandes 
Reliques. 

Rendezvous  de  Chasse.  A pic- 
ture by  Adrian  van  de  Velde 
(1639-1672),  the  Dutch  painter.  In 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Baring, 
London. 

Repentance  Tower.  A monu- 
ment near  Ecelefechan,  Scotland, 
which  has  a singular  history.  Ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  the 
“ Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Bor- 
der,” it  was  built  by  a certain 
Lord  Herries  as  an  act  of  pen- 
ance for  having  on  a voyage  from 
England  thrown  overboard  a 
number  of  prisoners.  It  bears 
the  inscription  “Repentance” 
over  the  door,  with  a serpent  on 
one  side  and  a dove  on  the  other. 

Repentant  Eve.  A work  of  sculp- 
ture by  Edward  S.  Bartholomew 
(b.  1822).  In  possession  of  Joseph 
Harrison,  Philadelphia. 

Reply  to  Hayne.  See  Webster’s 
Reply  to  Hayne. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A very  com- 
mon and  most  pleasing  subject  of 


REP 


416 


RES 


representation  by  the  mediaeval 
painters,  exhibiting  the  Holy 
Family  as  resting  on  their  jour- 
ney, or  at  the  close  of  their  jour- 
ney, and  seated  in  a landscape. 
Of  numerous  compositions  upon 
this  subject,  greatly  varying  in 
details,  the  following  may  be 
named  as  among  the  more  impor- 
tant and  better  known. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A picture  by 
Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599-1641). 
In  the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A beautiful 
picture  by  Sir  Anthony  Aran  Dyck 
(1599-1641),  often  copied  and  en- 
graved. Now  in  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery. 

Repose  i n Egyp t . A well-known 
picture  by  Correggio.  See  Ma- 
donna DELLA  SCODELLA. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A picture  by 
Domenico  Zampieri,  called  Do- 
menichino  (1581-1641).  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A picture  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520),  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin  “ kneeling 
and  holding  the  Child  in  her 
arms;  St.  John  also  kneels,  and 
presents  fruits;  Joseph  leading 
an  ass  by  the  bridle  is  in  the  act 
of  raising  St.  John.”  This  picture 
is  now  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  in 
Vienna,  Austria. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed  Cor- 
reggio (1494-1534).  In  the  gallery 
at  Parma,  Italy.  Called  also 
La  Zingarella  (the  Gypsy),  q.v. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  A picture  by 
Lucas  Cranach  (1472-1553),  a Ger- 
man painter.  It  is  now  in  the 
Sciarra  Colonna  palace  at  Rome. 

“ In  a singular  and  charming  Ri- 
poso  by  Lucas  Cranach,  the  Virgin  and 
Child  are  seated  under  a tree;  to  the 
left  of  the  group  is  a fountain,  where  a 
number  of  little  angels  appear  to  be 
washing  linen  ; to  the  right  Joseph  ap- 
proaches, leading  the  ass,  and  in  the 
act  of  reverently  removing  his  cap.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Representation  of  Human  Xiife. 
A noted  picture  by  Jan  Steen 
(1636-1689),  the  Dutch  genre- paint- 
er. In  the  Museum  of  the  Hague. 

Rescue,  The.  A group  of  statua- 


ry by  Horatio  Greenough  (1805- 
1852),  “ intended  to  illustrate  the 
struggle  between  the  Anglo-Sax- 
on races  and  the  aborigines.” 
At  the  Capitol,  Washington. 

Rescue,  The.  An  American  ex- 
ploring ship  in  the  expedition  of 
De  Haven  and  Kane  to  the  Arc- 
tic regions  in  1850-51. 

Research,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Aug.  15,  1863. 

Resignation  of  Washington  at 
Annapolis.  A large  picture  by 
John  Trumbull  (1756-1843),  exe- 
cuted under  commission  from 
Congress,  for  the  Rotunda  of  the 
Capitol  at  Washington.  It  is 
well  known  by  engravings. 

Resistance,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy.  She  was 
launched  April  11,  1861. 

Resolute,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land, April  15,  1852,  in  Sir  Ed- 
ward Belcher’s  expedition.  On 
the  25th  of  August  in  the  same 
year  she  was  abandoned  in  the 
ice.  On  the  10th  of  September, 
1855,  she  was  found  drifting  on 
the  high  seas  by  Capt.  Budding- 
ton  of  the  American  whaling  ship 
George  Henry.  All  claim  to  the 
Resolute  having  been  relin- 
quished by  the  British  govern- 
ment, the  vessel  was  purchased 
by  Congress  for  the  sum  of  $40,- 
000,  and  sent  to  Queen  Victoria, 
as  a present,  and  was  formally 
presented  to  her  by  Capt.  Hart- 
stein  of  the  United  States  navy, 
Dec.  16,  1856. 

Resurrection,  The.  A noted  fres- 
co by  Giotto  di  Bondone  (1276- 
1336).  In  the  Arena  Chapel, 
Padua,  Italy. 

Resurrection,  The.  A fresco 
painting  by  Luca  Signorelli  (da 
Cortona)  (1439-1521).  In  the  Ca- 
thedral of  Orvieto,  Italy. 

Resurrection,  The.  A picture  by 
Francesco  Albani  (1578-1660).  In 
the  S.  Maria  de  Galeria,  Bologna, 
Italy. 


RET 


416 


RIC 


Retable  de  Poissy.  An  altar-piece, 
now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  which 
represents  in  the  centre  scenes  in 
the  Passion  of  the  Saviour,  and 
on  the  sides  events  which  took 
place  in  the  lives  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist  and  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist. Jean  de  France,  Due  de 
Berry,  brother  of  Charles  VI., 
and  his  wife,  gave  it  to  the  church 
of  Poissy. 

Return  from  the  Plight  into 
Egypt.  A picture  by  Peter  Paul 
Rubens  (1577-1640).  Now  at  Blen- 
heim, England. 

Revelation,  Book  of.  See  Book 
of  Revelation. 

Rex  Tibicen.  A picture  by  Jean 
Leon  Gerome  (b.  1824),  the  French 
painter. 

Rheinfels.  [The  Rock  of  the 
Rhine.]  This  fortress  is  consid- 
ered one  of  the  most  beautiful 
ruins  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine. 
It  was  founded  in  1245,  and  be- 
longed alternately  to  the  Hessians 
and  the  French,  until  in  1794  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French 
revolutionary  army,  and  three 
years  later  it  was  blown  up.  It 
now  belongs  to  the  Emperor  of 
Germany.  It  is  the  most  exten- 
sive ruin  on  the  Rhine,  and  was 
originally  built  partly  as  a strong- 
hold where  toll  could  be  collected 
upon  merchandise  passing  on  the 
Rhine.  An  increase  in  the  duties 
levied  led  to  an  unsuccessful  siege 
of  the  castle  for  15  months  by  the 
neighboring  burghers.  From  this 
and  other  circumstances  origi- 
nated the  union  of  60  German 
andRhenish  cities,  which  resulted 
in  the  breaking-up  of  this  and 
many  other  robber  strongholds 
upon  the  Rhine. 

Rheinstein.  [The  Stone  of  the 
Rhine.]  A conspicuous  castle  on 
the  Rhine.  The  original  castle 
was  of  great  antiquity.  It  was  re- 
built by  Frederic  of  Prussia  in 
1825-29,  and  a chapel  has  since 
been  added. 

Rhodian  Colossus.  See  Colossus 
of  Rhodes. 


Rhymer’s  Glen.  A locality  near 
Abbotsford  in  Scotland,  so  named 
because  of  legendary  traditions 
connected  with  Thomas  of  Ercil- 
doune  (Thomas  the  Rhymer). 

Rialto,  The.  [Ital.  Ponte  di  Rial- 
to.]  A famous  bridge  over  the 
Grand  Canal  in  Venice,  deriving 
its  name  from  the  quarter  of  the 
city  in  which  it  is  situated.  This 
section  — so  called  from  Rivo-alto 
— is  one  of  the  islands  upon 
which  Venice  is  built,  and  gave 
its  name  first  to  the  Exchange 
which  was  built  upon  it,  and  later 
to  the  bridge  by  which  it  was 
reached.  The  Rialto  was  long 
the  centre  of  trade  and  commer- 
cial life  in  the  city.  The  bridge, 
which  has  shops  upon  it,  was  be- 
gun in  1588. 

4®=*  “ The  Venice  of  modern  fiction 
and  drama  is  a thing  of  yesterday,  a 
mere  efflorescence  of  decay,  a stage- 
drama,  which  the  first  ray  of  daylight 
must  dissipate  into  dust.  No  great 
merchant  of  Venice  ever  saw  that  Ri- 
alto under  which  the  traveller  now 
pauses  with  breathless  interest.” 

Ruskin. 

Shy.  Signior  x\ntonio,  many  a time  and 
oft, 

In  the  Rialto,  you  have  rated  me 
About  my  moneys,  and  my  usances : 

Still  have  I borne  it  with  a patient  shrug; 
For  suffrance  is  the  badge  of  all  our  tribe. 

Shakespeare. 

[This  allusion  is  probably  to  the  Ex- 
change, though  it  might  be  taken  to  refer 
to  the  island,  but  hardly  to  the  bridge.] 
Ours  is  a trophy  which  will  not  decay 
With  the  Rialto  ; Shylock  and  the  Moor, 
And  Pierre,  cannot  be  swept  or  worn  away. 

Byron. 

Soprano,  basso,  even  the  contra-alto 
Wished  him  five  fathom  under  the  Rialto. 

Byron , 

Shylock  still  darkens  the  Rialto  with 
his  frown;  the  lordly  form  of  Othello  yet 
stalks  across  the  piazza  of  St.  Mark’s, 
and  everv  veil  that  flutters  in  the  breeze 
shrouds  the  roguish  black  eyes  of  Jes  ica. 

Hillard. 

The  soul’s  Rialto  hath  its  merchandise: 

I barter  curl  for  curl  upon  that  mart. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Pisa’s  patron  saint  hath  hallowed  to  him- 
self the  joyful  day. 

Never  on  the  thronged  Rialto  showed  the 
Carnival  more  gay.  T W.  Parsons. 

Riccardi  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Riccardi.]  A celebrated  palace 
in  Florence,  erected  in  the  iif- 


me 


417 


RIP 


fceenth  century.  The  chapel  con- 
tains some  fine  frescos. 

4®=  “ The  Riccardi  Palace  is  at  the 
corner  of  the  Via  Larga.  It  was  built 
by  the  first  Cosmo  di  Medici,  the  old 
banker,  more  than  four  centuries  ago. 
...  It  looks  fit  to  be  still  the  home  of 
a princely  race,  being  nowise  dilapi- 
dated nor  decayed  externally,  nor  like- 
ly to  be  so.  . . . This  mansion  gives 
the  visitor  a stately  notion  of  the  life  of 
a commercial  man  in  the  days  when 
merchants  were  princes.  ...  It  must 
have  been,  in  some  sense,  a great  man 
who  thought  of  founding  a homestead 
like  this,  and  was  capable  of  filling  it 
with  his  personality,  as  the  hand  fills 
a glove.”  Hawthorne. 

Richelieu,  Rue.  A well-known 
street  in  Paris.  In  this  street  is 
the  house  where  Moliere  died. 

Those  two  splendidly  dressed  ladies  are 
milliners  from  the  Rue  Richelieu , who 
have  just  brought  over,  and  disposed  of, 
their  cargo  of  summer  fashions. 

Thackeray. 

Riches.  A picture  by  Hans  Hol- 
bein the  Younger  (1498  ?-1543),  well 
known  by  engravings.  The  origi- 
nal perished  at  Whitehall  in  1098. 
There  is  a drawing  of  this  picture 
in  the  British  Museum.  See  Tri- 
umph of  Riches. 

Richmond,  The.  A noted  vessel 
of  the  United  States  navy,  one 
of  the  vessels  of  Commodore  Far- 
ragut’s  flotilla,  which  ran  the 
gauntlet  of  the  forts  of  Mississip- 
pi on  the  24th  April,  1852,  and  led 
to  the  taking  of  New  Orleans. 

Richmond,  Fort.  See  Fort  Rich- 
mond. 

Richmond  Palace.  An  ancient 
and  celebrated  royal  residence  at 
Richmond,  on  the  Thames,  ten 
miles  from  London.  The  palace, 
of  which  only  the  ruins  are  now 
standing,  was  also  called  Shene 
(shining),  from  its  beautiful  situa- 
tion. 

Richmond  Park.  An  ancient  and 
famous  park  or  pleasure-ground 
of  the  royal  manor  of  Richmond, 
about  nine  miles  from  London, 
overlooking  the  Thames,  and 
comprising  fine  forest  scenery. 
It  is  eight  miles  in  circumference, 
and  is  the  most  beautiful  of  the 


royal  parks  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
metropolis.  It  is  a favorite  re- 
sort of  Londoners. 

Rideau  Hall.  The  official  resi- 
dence of  the.Governor-General  of 
Canada,  in  New  Edinburgh,  On- 
tario. 

Riegersburg.  A remarkable  me- 
diaeval stronghold,  now  fallen 
into  ruin,  on  an  eminence  near 
Feldbaeh,  in  Southern  Austria. 

Rienzi’s  House.  A noted  build- 
ing in  Rome,  built  of  brick,  and 
thought  to  have  been  the  house 
in  which  “The  Last  of  the  Tri- 
bunes” may  have  lived.  It  has 
been  called  also,  without  appar- 
ent reason,  the  House  of  Pilate. 

4®"  “ By  what  inexplicable  absurd- 
ity it  has  obtained  the  name  of  the 
House  of  Pilate,  it  is  impossible  to  con- 
ceive, unless,  from  the  cruel  and  iniqui- 
tous judgments  that  disgraced  the  con- 
clusion of  Rienzi’s  reign,  he  may 
himself  have  acquired  that  nickname 
among  the  people  of  Rome.” 

G.  A.  Eaton. 

Riesenburg.  A remarkable  nat- 
ural curiosity,  — a sort  of  cave 
with  the  top  taken  off,  — near 
Streitberg,  in  the  region  known 
as  the  Franconian  Switzerland. 

Rigi,  Spectre  of  the.  See  Spec- 
tre of  the  Rigi. 

Rimini.  See  Francesca  da  Ri- 
mini. 

Ring  of  Brogarth.  A remarkable 
monument  of  antiquity  at  Sten- 
niss,  in  the  Orkneys,  consisting 
of  a great  circle  of  erect  and 
prostrate  stones,  of  unknown 
origin  and  use.  Allusion  is  made 
to  one  of  them  in  Scott’s  novel  of 
“ The  Pirate.” 

Rinuccini  Palace.  [Palazzo  Ri- 
nuccini.]  A palace  in  Florence, 
Italy,  built  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury by  Luigi  Cardi  Cigoli.  It 
contains  some  fine  pictures. 

Ripetta,  Via.  See  Via  Ripetta. 

Riposo,  II.  [The  Repose  (in 
Egypt).]  See  Repose  in  Egypt. 

4®=“  “ The  subject  generally  styled 
a Riposo  is  one  of  the  most  graceful 
and  most  attractive  in  the  whole  range 
of  Christian  art.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 


RIP 


418 


ROC 


But  for  the  occasion  and  the  appella- 
tion, it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  dis- 
tinguish the  Loves  that  sport  round 
Venus  and  Adonis,  from  the  Cherubim, 
so  called,  that  hover  above  a Nativity  or 
a Riposo ; and  the  little  angels,  in  his 
[Aibano’s]  Crucifixion,  cry  so  like  naughty 
little  boys,  that  one  longs  to  put  them  in 
a corner.  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Ripresa  dei  Barberi.  The  end  of 
the  Corso,  Rome,  and  the  place 
where,  in  the  races  of  the  carni- 
val, the  horses  are  stopped  by  a 
piece  of  cloth  suspended  across 
the  street.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  Barbary  horses  which 
were  the  original  racers. 

Rising.  See  Castle  Rising. 

Rittenhouse  Square.  A public 
park  in  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  sur- 
rounded by  handsome  mansions. 

Riva  dei  Schiavoni.  A street  or 
promenade  in  Venice,  Italy,  fa- 
cing the  harbor. 

’Twas  so 

When  I came  here.  The  galley  floats 
within 

A bow-shot  of  the  "Riva  di  Schiavoni.” 
Byron. 

Riviera.  [Bank  or  shore.]  A name 
of  general  application,  but  fre- 
quently given  in  particular  to  the 
Mediterranean  coast  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Genoa,  Italy. 

Riviera  di  Chiaia.  See  Chiaja. 

Rivoli,  Rue  de.  One  of  the  finest 
streets  in  Paris.  Napoleon  I.  be- 
gan the  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

This  ostentatious  architecture,  which 
arrived  in  Judea  by  cargoes,  these  hun- 
dreds of  columns  all  of  the  same  diameter, 
the  ornament  of  .some  insipid  Rue  de  Ri- 
voli,  such  is  Avhat  he  called  ‘k  the  kingdoms 
of  the  Avorld  and  all  their  glory.** 

Renan. 

In  our  black,  orderless,  zigzag  streets, 
we  can  show  nothing  to  compare  with 
the  magnificent  array  of  the  Rue  de  Ri- 
voli. Thackeray . 

Roaring  Meg.  A celebrated  piece 
of  ordnance  preserved  in  London- 
derry, Ireland.  It  was  presented 
to  the  city  by  the  Fishmongers’ 
Company  of  London. 

4SP*  “ In  the  yard  of  the  court-house 
is  the  far-famed  ‘ Roaring  Meg,’  so 
called  from  the  loudness  of  her  voice, 
which  is  said  hourly  to  have  cheered 
the  hearts  of  the  besieged,  and  ap- 
palled those  of  the  besiegers.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 


Rob  Roy’s  Cave.  A cavern  in  a 
rock  near  Inversnaid,  Scotland, 
sometimes  called  also  Bruce’s 
cave,  because  Bruce  lay  hid  there 
for  a night. 

Robin  Hood  Society.  A debat- 
ing club  which  met,  in  the  time 
of  George  II.,  in  Essex  Street, 
Strand,  London.  Here  was  heard 
some  of  Burke’s  earliest  elo- 
quence. Goldsmith  was  an  occa- 
sional visitor. 

Bobuste,  La.  An  ancient  piece  of 
ordnance  captured  at  San  Juan 
d’Ulloa,  now  preserved  as  a tro- 
phy in  the  United  States  Navy- 
yard,  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Rocco,  San.  See  San  Rocco. 

Roch,  St.  See  St.  Roch. 

Roche.  See  Castle  Roche. 

Roche  Guyon,  La.  A large  and 
imposing  chateau  on  the  banks 
of  the  Seine,  in  France,  near  Bon- 
nieres.  It  dates  from  the  twelfth 
century,  and  is  the  property  of 
the  Rochefoucauld  family. 

Rocher  Perce,  Le.  [The  pierced 
rock.]  A natural  curiosity  near 
Gaspe,  in  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec, Canada.  It  is  a remarkable 
promontory,  rising  280  feet  above 
the  water,  with  an  opening  or 
archway  through  which  fishing- 
smacks  can  pass. 

Rochester  Castle.  The  venerable 
fortress  in  the  Medway,  at  Roch- 
ester, England,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  remains  of  feudal  ar- 
chitecture in  the  kingdom. 

Rocio,  The.  A fine  public  square 
in  Lisbon,  Portugal. 

Rock  of  Abooseer.  An  almost 
perpendicular  crag,  200  feet  high, 
on  the  shore  of  the  Nile,  com- 
manding a fine  view  of  the  sec- 
ond cataract,  and  of  the  desert 
and  Arabian  hills. 

Jgggr’  “ I doubt  whether  a more  strik- 
ing scene  than  this,  to  English  eyes, 
can  be  anywhere  found.  It  is  thor- 
oughly African,  thoroughly  tropical, 
very  beautiful, — most  majestic,  and 
most  desolate.”  Miss  Martineau. 


ROC 


419 


ROC 


“ This  is  the  ultima  Thule  of 
Egyptian  travellers.” 

Murray's  Handbook* 

Rock  of  Cashel.  A famous  hill 
in  Tipperary  County,  Ireland, 
surmounted  by  the  most  interest- 
ing and  impressive  ruins  in  the 
island. 

“ The  rock,  rising  above  the 
adjacent  country,  is  seen  from  a very 
long  distance  and  from  every  direction 
by  which  it  is  approached;  its  summit 
crowned  by  the  venerable  remains 
that  have  excited  the  wonder  and  ad- 
miration of  ages,  and  will  continue  to 
do  for  ages  yet  to  come.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

“That  noble  ruin,  an  emblem 
as  well  as  a memorial  of  Ireland,  — at 
once  a temple  and  a fortress,  the  seat 
of  religion  and  nationality;  where 
councils  were  held;  where  princes  as- 
sembled; the  scene  of  courts  and  of 
synods;  and  on  which  it  is  impossible 
to  look  without  feeling  the  heart  at 
once  elevated  and  touched  by  the  no- 
blest as  well  as  the  most  solemn  recol- 
lections.” R.  L.  Shiel. 

Roy;d  and  saintly  Cashel!  I would  gaze 
Upon  the  wreck  of  thy  departed  powers, 
Not  in  the  dewy  light  of  matin  hours, 

Nor  the  meridian  pomp  of  summer’s 
blaze, 

But  at  the  close  of  dim  autumnal  days. 

At  such  a time,  methinks 

There  breathes  from  thy  lone  courts  and 
voiceless  aisles 

A melancholy  moral ; such  as  sinks 
On  the  lone  traveller’s  heart,  amid  the 
piles 

Of  vast  Persepolis  on  her  mountain  stand, 
Or  Thebes  half-buried  in  the  desert  sand. 

Sir  Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Rock  of  Dunamase.  One  of  the 
most  striking  and  interesting 
objects  in  Ireland,  situated  in 
Queen’s  County.  It  is  a solitary 
rock  in  the  midst  of  a fertile  plain, 
covered  from  base  to  top  with  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  and  powerful 
fortress. 

4®°*  “ Although  from  its  great  natu- 
ral strength  the  castle  would  seem  im- 
pregnable, it  was  several  times  taken 
and  retaken  by  the  ‘ ferocious  Irish,’ 
and  the  English  invaders.” 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

Rock  (and  Fortress)  of  Gibral- 
tar. A fortification  of  immense 
strength,  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  It 
belongs  to  England,  and  is  re- 
garded as  an  impregnable  strong- 
hold. Vast  sums  of  money  have 


been  spent  in  adding  to  the  nat- 
ural defences  of  the  situation. 
Numerous  caverns  and  galleries 
several  miles  in  length  have  been 
cut  in  the  solid  rock.  The  chief 
defences  are  upon  the  western 
side. 

4®"  “ The  vast  Rock  rises  on  one 
side  with  its  interminable  works  of  de- 
fence; and  Gibraltar  Bay  is  shining  on 
the  other,  out  on  which  from  the  ter- 
races immense  cannon  are  perpetually 
looking,  surrounded  by  plantations  of 
cannon-balls  and  beds  of  bomb-shells, 
sufficient,  one  would  think,  to  blow 
away  the  whole  Peninsula.  ...  So 
we  took  leave  of  this  famous  Rock, — 
this  great  blunderbuss,  — which  we 
seized  out  of  the  hands  of  the  natural 
owners  140  years  ago,  and  which  we 
have  kept  ever  since  tremendously 
loaded  and  cleaned  and  ready  for  use.” 
Thackeray. 

Rock  of  Horeb.  A large  granite 
block  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Mount  Sinai,  in  Arabia  Petrtea, 
pointed  out  as  the  rock  which 
Moses  smote  with  his  rod,  and 
from  which  water  poured  forth. 
There  are  several  seams  in  the 
rock,  which  by  the  faithful  are 
believed  to  be  the  impressions  of 
the  rod. 

Rocket,  The.  A locomotive  en- 
gine produced  by  the  two  Ste- 
phensons, and  the  first  which 
proved  a practical  success.  In 
October,  1829,  the  Rocket  gained 
the  prize  offered  by  the  directors 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester 
Railroad,  and  settled  the  ques- 
tion as  to  the  superiority  of  the 
locomotive  steam-engine  as  a 
motive-power. 

Rocks  of  Fontainebleau.  A pic- 
ture by  Rosa  Bonheur  (b.  1822), 
the  celebrated  French  painter  of 
animals. 

Rocky  Mountains.  A picture  hv 
Albert  Bierstadt  (b.  1829),  and 
considered  one  of  his  best  works. 
In  possession  of  Mr.  James  Mc- 
Henry. 

jgEgP  “ No  more  genuine  and  grand 
American  work  has  been  produced 
than  Bierstadt’s  Rocky  Mountains .” 

Tuckerman. 

4®=  “ Bierstadt’s  great  picture  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  represents  a vast 


HOD 


420 


RQS 


plain,  over  which  groups  of  Indians  in  | 
their  primitive  condition,  and  their 
wigwams,  are  scattered;  huge  cotton- 
wood trees,  oaks  and  pines,  occupy  a 
portion  of  the  foreground  ; beyond 
flows  a river,  on  the  opposite  shore  of 
which  rise  beetling  cliffs,  and  lofty 
snow-crowned  mountains,  — the  high- 
est peak  Mount  Lander.  The  picture 
made  a great  impression.” 

Sarah  Tytler. 

Rodenstein.  A ruined  fortress  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  near  Erbach  in 
Germany,  famous  as  being  the 
seat  of  the  legend  of  the  Wild 
Huntsman. 

Roderberg.  An  eminence  over- 
looking the  Rhine  near  Mehlem. 
It  is  an  extinct  volcano,  with  a 
crater  100  feet  in  depth. 

Roger  de  Coverley.  See  Sir 
Roger  de  Coverley  going  to 
Church. 

Rokeby.  A place  on  the  Hudson, 
near  Rhinebeck,  belonging  to  the 
Astor  family. 

Roland.  A famous  tocsin-bell  in 
the  ancient  13  el  fry  - tower  of 
Ghent,  Belgium.  Its  tolling 
called  the  citizens  together  to 
arms  or  for  debate.  It  bears  the 
following  inscription  in  Dutch: 
44  Mynen  naem  is  Roelant,  als  ick 
clippe  dan  ist  brandt;  als  ick 
luyde,  dan  ist  Storm  im  Vlaen- 
derlandt.” 

Toll ! Roland , toll ! 

Bell  never  yet  was  hung. 

Between  whose  lips  there  swung 
So  grand  a tongue  ! T.  Tilton. 

Roland’s  Breach.  See  Brechede 
Roland. 

Rolandseck  Castle.  A well- 
known  ruined  castle  on  the  Rhine, 
near  Oberwinter.  It  is  associated 
with  a legendary  story  which 
Schiller  has  made  the  subject  of 
his  ballad  of  44  The  Knight  of 
Toggenburg.” 

Rolls  Chapel.  A chapel  in  Lon- 
don, first  erected  in  the  time  of 
Henry  III.,  and  rebuilt  in  1617  by 
Inigo  Jones.  Bishops  Atterbury, 
Butler,  and  Burnet  were  preach- 
ers here.  The  chapel  contains  a 
noble  and  beautiful  tomb  by  Tor- 
regiano. 


Roman  Forum.  See  Forum  Ro- 
man ivvi. 

Roman  Wall.  See  Hadrian’s 
Wall. 

Romans  of  the  Decadence.  A 
well-known  picture  by  Thomas 
Couture  (b.  1815).  In  the  Lux- 
embourg, Paris. 

Rome.  See  Siege  of  Rome  under 
Porsenna. 

Romeo  and  Juliet.  A picture  by 
Wilhelm  Kaulbach  (1805-1874), 
the  eminent  German  painter. 

Romer.  An  ancient  and  cele- 
brated building  in  Frankfort-on- 
tlie-Main,  Germany.  It  is  the 
guild-hall,  or  town-house,  of  the 
city,  and  contains  the  room  in 
which  the  electors  met  to  choose 
a new  emperor,  and  that  in  which 
he  gave  his  first  banquet.  The 
building  is  thought  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  from  the  Italians, 
commonly  called  Romer  (Ro- 
mans), who  at  the  great  fairs  of 
the  town  lodged  their  goods  in  it. 

Romerberg,  The.  A celebrated 
public  square  in  Frankfort-on-the 
Main,  where  formerly  the  em- 
perors were  crowned.  In  this 
square  is  situated  the  ancient 
structure  called  the  Romer  or 
town-house. 

Rondinini  Faun.  A relic  of  Greek 
sculpture  formerly  in  the  Ron- 
dinini Palace  at  Rome.  Now  in 
the  British  Museum,  London. 
See  Barberini  Faun,  Faun,  etc. 

Rondinini  Medusa.  A celebrated 
work  of  ancient  sculpture,  so 
named  after  its  former  possessors, 
and  now  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Rosamund’s  Tower  (or  Bower). 
In  the  park  of  Blenheim,  Eng- 
land, near  the  place  where  the 
ancient  palace  of  Woodstock  was 
built.  It  was  a concealed  laby- 
rinth built  by  Henry  IT.  as  a resi- 
dence for  Rosamund,  adaughterof 
Walter  de  Clifford,  that  she  might 
escape  the  observation  of  his  wife 
Queen  Eleanor.  It  consisted  of 
subterranean  vaults  of  brick  and 


ros 


421 


nos 


stone.  According  to  Holinshed, 
“ the  Queene  found  liir  [Rosa- 
mond] out  by  a silken  thridde 
which  the  King  had  drawne  after 
him  out  of  hir  chamber  with  his 
foote,  and  dealt  with  her  in  such 
sharpe  and  cruell  wise  that  she 
lived  not  long  after.” 

“ Rosamond’s  Labyrinth,  whose 
ruins,  together  with  her  Well,  being 
paved  with  square  stones  in  the  bot- 
tom, and  also  her  Bower,  from  which 
the  Labyrinth  did  run,  are  yet  remain- 
ing, being  vaults  arched  and  walled 
with  stone  and  brick,  almost  inextrica- 
bly wound  within  one  another,  by 
which,  if  at  any  time  her  lodging  were 
laid  about  by  the  Queen,  she  might  eas- 
ily avoid  peril  imminent,  and,  if  need 
be,  by  secret  issues,  take  the  air  abroad, 
many  furlongs  about  Woodstock,  in 
Oxfordshire.”  Michael  Drayton. 

Yea  Rosamondc,  fair  Rosamonde, 

Her  name  was  called  so, 

To  whom  our  queene,  dame  Ellinor, 

Was  known  a deadly e foe. 

The  king  therefore,  for  her  defence 
Against  the  furious  queene. 

At  Woodstocke  builded  such  a bower, 
The  like  was  never  seene. 

Most  curiously  that  bower  was  built 
Of  stone  and  timber  strong, 

An  hundered  and  fifty  doors 
Did  to  this  bower  belong: 

And  they  so  cunninglye  contriv’d 
With  turnings  round  about. 

That  none  but  with  a clue  of  threat1. 
Could  enter  in  or  out.  Percy's  Reliques. 

Roscommon  Castle.  An  ancient 
fortress  in  Ireland,  and  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  kingdom. 

Rose,  The.  A celebrated  cask, 
filled  with  fine  hock,  some  of  it  a 
century  and  a half  old,  in  the 
cellars  underneath  the  Rathhaus 
in  Bremen,  Germany.  A com- 
panion cask  is  called  the  Twelve 
Apostles. 

This  is  the  Rose  of  roses  : 

The  older  she  grows,  the  sweeter  she  blos- 
soms, 

And  her  heavenly  perfume  has  made  me 
happy, 

It  has  inspired  me,  — has  made  me  tipsy; 
And  were  I not  held  by  the  shoulder  fast 
Bv  the  Town-Cellar  Master  of  Bremen, 

I had  gone  rolling  over ! 

Henricli  Heine , Trans. 

Rose,  The.  A famous  tavern  in 
Co  vent  Garden,  London,  fre- 
quented, in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  by  persons 
from  various  classes  of  society. 


It  was  near  the  Drury  Lane  The- 
atre, and  was  resorted  to  by 
dramatists,  poets,  courtiers,  and 
persons  of  doubtful  character. 

Some  sing  Molly  Mogg  of  the  Rose , 

And  call  her  the  Oakingliam  pclle; 
Whilst  others  does  farces  compose, 

On  peautiful  Mollo  Lepellc. 

Welsh  ballad. 

Rose,  The.  An  old  tavern  which 
was  situated  in  Marylebone,  Lon- 
don, and  was  formerly  much  fre- 
quented. There  was  a Rose  tav- 
ern in  Tower  Street  before  the 
Great  Fire. 

Rose,  The.  A place  of  amuse- 
ment referred  to  by  Knight  as 
being,  in  1853,  one  of  the  chief 
London  theatres. 

Scenery,  dresses,  and  decorations  such 
as  would  now  be  thought  mean  and  ab- 
surd, but  such  as  would  have  been 
thought  incredibly  magnificent  by  those 
who,  early  in  t'ie  seventeenth  century, 
sat  on  the  filthy  benches  of  the  Hope,  or 
under  the  thatched  roof  of  the  Rose,  daz- 
zled the  eyes  of  the  multitude. 

Macaulay. 

Rose,  Golden.  See  Golden  Rose. 

Rosemary  Lane.  A street  in  Lon- 
don. 

You  must  understand  that  I have  been 
these  sixteen  yrcars  Merry  Andrew  to  a 
puppet  show:  last  Bartholomew  Fair  my 
master  and  I quarrelled,  beat  each  other 
and  parted;  he  to  sell  his  puppets  to  the 
pincushion-makers  in  Rosemary  Lane,  and 
1 to  starve  in  St.  James’s  Bark.  Goldsmith. 

Rosenborg.  [Castle  of  the  Roses.] 
A royal  palace  in  Copenhagen, 
Denmark.  Llere  are  kept  the  re- 
galia of  the  Danish  kings. 

Roseneath,  A beautiful  peninsula 
stretching  out  into  the  Clyde, 
Scotland.  The  Duke  of  Argyle 
has  an  elegant  Italian  mansion 
upon  it,  also  called  Roseneath. 

Roses.  See  Feast  of  Roses  and 
Miracle  of  Roses  of  St.  Fran 

CIS. 

Roses  of  Psestum.  The  roses  of 
Pnestum  (an  ancietit  city  in 
Southern  Italy,  now  in  ruins) 
were  much  celebrated  by  the 
Latin  poets  Virgil,  Propertius, 
Ausonius,  and  others,  for  their 
beauty  and  fragrance.  These 
roses  have  disappeared,  though 

I it  is  said  a few  may  be  found 


ROS 


422 


ROS 


flowering  in  May  near  the  ruins 
of  the  temples.  The  violets  of 
Psestum , lauded  by  Martial,  were 
nearly  as  celebrated  as  its  roses. 

4SS"  “ I suppose  no  one  who  has  read 
his  'Virgil  at  school  crosses  the  plain 
between  Salerno  and  P£estum  without 
those  words  of  the  Georgies  ringing 
in  his  ears : biferique  rosaria  Pcesti. 

. . . The  poets  of  Rome  seem  to  have 
felt  the  magic  of  this  phrase;  for  Ovid 
has  imitated  the  line  in  his  Meta- 
morphoses; Martial  sings  of  Pcestane 
rosce.  . . . Even  Ausonius,  at  the  very 
end  of  Latin  literature,  draws  from  the 
rosaries  of  Psestum  a pretty  picture  of 
beauty  doomed  to  a premature  decline. 

‘ Vidi  Psestano  guadere  rosaria  cnltu 

Exoriente  nova  roscida  Lucifero.’ 

( ‘ I have  watched  the  rose-beds  that  lux- 
uriate on  Passtum’s  well-tilled  soil,  all 
dewy  in  the  young  light  of  the  rising 
dawn-star.’) 

“ What  a place  this  was,  indeed,  for 
a rose-garden,  spreading  far  and  wide 
along  the  fertile  plain,  with  its  deep 
loam  reclaimed  from  swamps,  and  irri- 
gated by  the  passing  of  perpetual 
streams!  But  where  are  the  roses 
now?  As  well  ask,  oil  sont  lea  neiges 
c Vantcint ” John  A.  Symonds. 

Rosetta  Gate.  The  eastern  en- 
trance to  a large  circuit,  near  the 
modern  town  of  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  the  walls  of  which  en- 
close an  area  about  10,000  feet  in 
length,  and  from  1,000  to  3,200 
feet  in  breadth.  This  space,  till 
recently  uninhabited,  is  now  be- 
ing settled,  and  may  be  regarded 
as  again  a part  of  Alexandria. 

Rosetta  Stone.  A piece  of  black 
basalt,  the  most  valuable  exist- 
ing relic  of  Egyptian  history,  in- 
scribed in  hieroglyphics  and  in 
Greek.  It  was  found  by  Bous- 
sard,  a French  officer,  near  Ro- 
setta, in  Egypt,  in  1799.  It  is 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  Lon- 
don. The  stone  is  a trilingual 
slab  or  tablet,  bearing  an  inscrip- 
tion in  honor  of  one  of  the  Ptole- 
mies, written  in  Greek,  hiero- 
glyphic, and  demotic  characters. 
A comparison  of  the  Greek  let- 
ters with  the  other  characters 
upon  the  stone  enabled  Dr. 
Young  and  Champollion  to  read 
the  whole  inscription,  thus  giv- 
ing the  clew  to  the  deciphering 
of  the  ancient  sacred  writings  of 


the  Egyptians.  The  Rosetta 
Stone  is  fragmentary. 

Rosewell.  A fine  old  mansion, 
now  deserted,  near  the  York  Riv- 
er, above  Yorktown,  Va.,  once 
the  country-seat  of  Gov.  Page, 
said  to  be  the  largest  private 
house  in  the  Old  Dominion.  Its 
materials  were  imported  from 
England,  and  the  cost  of  its  erec- 
tion ruined  the  owner. 

Roslin  Castle.  An  ancient  ruined 
castle  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
It  has  under  it  a set  of  curious 
excavations,  similar  to  those  at 
Hawthornden.  It  was  the  seat 
of  the  St.  Clair  family,  Lords  of 
Roslin. 

O’er  Roslin,  all  that  dreary  night 
A wondrous  blaze  was  seen  lo  gleam: 
’Twas  broader  than  the  watchfirc’s  light, 
And  redder  than  the  bright  moonbeam. 

It  glared  on  Roslin’s  castled  rock, 

It  ruddied  all  the  copsew'ood  glen; 

’Twas  seen  from  Dcydtn’s  groves  of  oak, 
And  seen  from  cavcrned  Ilawthorndcn. 

Scott. 

Roslin  Chapel.  A beautiful  ruin 
near  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  The 
chapel  was  built  by  William  St. 
Clair  in  1446,  and  was  the  burial- 
place  of  the  Barons  of  Roslin, 
who  were  all  laid  here  in  their 
armor,  as  described  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  his  poem.  It  is  noted 
for  the  profuseness  of  its  decora- 
tions. 

4®=-  “ This  little  gem  of  florid  archi- 
tecture is  scarcely  a ruin,  so  perfect 
are  its  arches  and  pillars,  its  fretted 
cornices  and  its  painted  windows.” 

A.  P.  Willis. 

4^  “ It  is  the  rival  of  Melrose,  but 
more  elaborate  : in  fact,  it  is  a perfect 
cataract  of  architectural  vivacity  and 
ingenuity,  as  defiant  of  any  rules  of 
criticism  and  art  as  the  leaf-embowered 
arcades  and  arches  of  our  American 
forest  cathedrals.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

August  and  hoary,  < ’er  the  sloping  dale 
The  Gothic  abbey  rears  its  sculptured 
towers ; 

Dull  through  the  roofs  resounds  the -whist- 
ling gale ; 

Dark  solitude  among  the  pillars  lowers. 

Mickle. 

Rospigliosi  Aurora.  See  Aurora. 

Rospigliosi  Palace,  fltal.  Palazzo 
Eospicjliosi.]  A palace  in  Rome, 
built  in  1603,  chiefly  remarkable 


ROS 


423 


ROU 


as  possessing  the  celebrated  fres- 
co of  Aurora  by  Guido. 

Ross  Castle.  An  interesting  ruin 
in  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland, 
situated  on  a peninsula  in  the 
Lower  Lake  of  Ki Harney.  It  is 
a tall,  square  embattled  building, 
with  machieolated  defences,  and 
is  a very  conspicuous  object  in 
the  landscape.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  exquisite  views. 

Rossmarkt,  The.  A public  square 
in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Ger- 
many. It  contains  a monument 
to  Guttenberg,  the  inventor  of 
printing. 

Rosso  Palace.  See  Brignole 
Sale  Palace. 

Rostellan.  The  seat  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Thomond,  near  Cloyne, 
Ireland. 

Rota,  The.  A political  club  in 
London,  founded  in  1659,  and  so 
called  from  a project  for  annually 
changing  by  rotation  a certain 
number  of  members  of  Parlia- 
ment. The  Rota  (or  Coffee  Club) 
was  a sort  of  debating  club  for 
the  spread  of  republican  ideas. 
Aubrey,  who  became  a member 
in  1659,  says  that  here  Milton  and 
Marvell,  Cyriac  Skinner,  Har- 
rington (the  author  of  “Oce- 
ana”), Nevill,  and  their  friends, 
discussed  abstract  political  ques- 
tions, and  that  they  had  “ a bal- 
loting box,  and  balloted  how 
things  should  be  carried,  by  way 
of  Tentamens.  The  room  was 
every  evening  as  full  as  it  could 
be  crammed.”  The  Rota  broke 
up  after  the  Restoration. 

But  Sidrophel,  as  full  of  tricks 
As  Rota- men  of  politics.  Butler. 

Rotello  del  Fieo.  A famous  pic- 
ture by  Leonardo  da  Yinci  (1452- 
1519),  representing  a horrid  mon- 
ster, said  to  have  been  composed 
by  him  after  having  collected  ser- 
pents, lizards,  and  other  obnox- 
ious animals,  with  a view  to  pro- 
ducing the  most  horrid  image 
possible. 

Rotherhithe.  A district  in  Lon- 
don, the  headquarters  of  sailors. 


Rotten  Row.  A road  in  Hyde 
Park,  London,  used  only  by 
equestrians,  and  greatly  fre- 
quented by  them  during  the  Lon- 
don season.  Its  name  is  said  by 
some  to  be  derived  from  rotteran , 
to  muster;  but  others  pronounce 
it  a corruption  of  Route  de  Roi, 
King’s  Drive. 

But  yesterday  a nakpd  sod. 

The  dandies  sneered  from  Rotten  Row , 
And  sauntered  o'er  it  to  and  fro. 

And  see  1 tis  done  ! Thackeray. 

Rotten  Row , this  half-mile  to  which  the 
fashion  of  London  confines  itself  as  if  the 
remainder  of  the  bright  green  Park  were 
forbidden  ground,  is  now  fuller  than  ever. 

A.  P.  Willis. 

I hope  I’m  fond  of  much  that’s  good, 

As  well  as  much  that’s  gay : 

I’d  like  the  country  if  I could, 

I like  the  Park  in  May; 

And  when  I ride  in  Rotten  Row , 

1 wonder  why  they  called  it  so. 

Frederick  Locker . 

Rotto,  Ponte.  See  Ponte  Rotto. 

Rotonda,  La.  See  Pantheon. 

Rotunda,  The.  A circular  hall  in 
the  centre  of  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington. It  is  96  feet  in  diameter, 
and  180  feet  high,  and  is  over- 
arched by  the  great  dome.  The 
rotunda  contains  eight  large  his- 
torical paintings. 

Rotunda,  The.  A public  enclos- 
ure and  favorite  resort  in  Dub- 
lin, Ireland. 

Rotzberg  Castle.  An  old  fortress 
in  Switzerland,  on  the  shore  of 
the  Alpnach  lake.  It  is  the  sub- 
ject of  legendary  song. 

Rouen  Cathedral.  See  Notre 
Dame  [de  Rouen]. 

Round  Hill  School.  A famous 
but  short-lived  classical  school 
on  a beautiful  hill  near  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  established  in 
1823  by  George  Bancroft  and  J. 
G.  Cogswell. 

4SP*  “ They  aimed  to  found  a pri- 
vate school  with  the  character  of  a 
great  public  school,  without  any  public 
foundation,  and  to  supply  its  wants 
from  its  annual  receipts.  It  was  a ro- 
mantic enterprise,  and  carried  on  in  a 
quixotic  or  poetical  spirit ; and  it  is 
even  remarkable  that  the  school  sur- 
vived its  first  lustre.  There  never  was 
before,  and  probably  never  will  be 
again,  such  a school  in  America,  or 


ROU 


424 


ROU 


perhaps  in  the  world.  It  was  composed, 
as  to  pupils,  almost  exclusively  of  the 
sons  of  rich  men  ; and  they  came  from 
the  cities  of  the  North  and  the  South, 
many  being  children  of  men  well  known 
in  public  life,  or  of  historical  families. 
. . . Probably  no  American  college  had 
at  the  time  so  large,  varied,  well-paid, 
and  gifted  a faculty  as  the  Round 
Hill  School.  It  outnumbered  Harvard 
and  Yale  in  the  corps  of  its  teachers, 
and  put  a complete  circle  about  them 
in  the  comprehensiveness  of  its  scheme 
of  education.  The  first  gymnasium  in 
the  country  was  set  up  in  its  play- 
ground, under  Dr.  Follen,  who  after- 
wards planted  a similar  one  in  the  Delta 
at  Cambridge.  The  school  had  a regu- 
lar professor  of  manners,  a Custos  Mo- 
7‘um,  who  spent  his  time  with  the  boys 
in  their  play-hours,  with  special  pur- 
pose to  correct  ill-speech  or  violence  or 
ungentlemanliness.”  H.  W.  Bellows. 

About  the  first  of  Aupust  we  wei  t to 
Round  Hill  and  Hanover,  but  that  is  all. 

George  Ticknor. 

Round  Robin.  This  name  is  giv- 
en to  a written  petition  or  pro- 
test, signed  by  a numbei  of  per- 
sons, in  a circular  form,  so  that 
it  may  not  appear  who  signed  it 
first.  Sometimes  the  names  are 
written  around  a ring  or  circle 
enclosing  the  memorial  or  re- 
monstrance, and  sometimes  they 
are  appended  to  it,  arranged 
within  a circle  of  their  own,  from 
the  centre  of  which  they  radiate 
as  the  spokes  of  a wheei  do  from 
the  nave.  It  has  been  said  that 
the  officers  of  the  French  govern- 
ment first  used  the  Round  Robin 
as  a means  of  making  known 
their  grievances;  but  this  is 
doubtless  a mistake,  as  the  same 
device  seems  to  have  been  in  use 
among  the  ancient  Romans,  and 
also  among  the  Greeks,  with 
whom  it  perhaps  originated.  The 
most  celebrated  Round  Robin 
ever  written  was  addressed  to 
Dr.  Johnson  by  several  friends 
of  Oliver  Goldsmith,  for  whose 
monument  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey Johnson  had  written  a Latin 
inscription.  The  following  is  a 
copy  of  this  famous  paper:  — 

We,  the  circumsubscribers,  having 
read  with  great  pleasure  an  intended 
epitaph  for  the  monument  of  Dr.  Gold- 
smith. which,  considered  abstractedly, 
appears  to  be,  for  elegant  composition 
and  masterly  Style,  in  every  respect 


worthy  of  the  pen  of  its  learned  author, 
are  yet  of  opinion  that  the  character  of 
the  deceased  as  a writer,  particularly 
as  a poet,  is,  perhaps,  not  delineated 
with  all  the  exactness  which  Dr.  John- 
son is  capable  of  giving  it.  We,  there- 
fore, with  deference  to  his  superior 
judgment,  humbly  request  that  he 
would  at  least  take  the  trouble  of  re- 
vising it,  and  of  making  such  additions 
and  alterations  as  he  shall  think  proper 
on  a further  perusal.  But,  if  we  might 
venture  to  express  our  wishes,  they 
would  lead  us  to  request  that  he  would 
write  the  epitaph  in  English  rather 
than  in  Latin ; as  we  think  the  mem- 
ory of  so  eminent  an  English  writer 
ought  to  be  perpetuated  in  the  language 
to  which  his  works  are  likely  to  be  so 
lasting  an  ornament,  which  we  also 
known  to  have  been  the  opinion  of  the 
late  doctor  himself. 

Jos.  Warton.  J.  Reynolds. 

Edm.  Burke.  W.  Forbes. 

Thos.  Franklin.  T.  Barnard. 

Ant.  Chanyier.  R.  B.  Sheridan. 
Geo.  Colman.  P.  Metcalfe. 

Wm.  Vachell.  E.  Gibbon, 

[These  names  were  signed 
around  a circle  enclosing  the  pe- 
tition.] 

JgG§=*  The  term  Round  Robin  is  of 
uncertain  derivation.  Some  say  it 
comes  from  the  French  words  rond , 
round,  and  ruban,  a ribbon;  but  this  is 
mere  assertion,  and  lacks  even  plausi 
bility  to  support  it.  In  some  parts  of 
England  a pancake  is  called  a Round 
Robin;  and  it  may,  fairly  enough,  be 
conjectured  that  the  circular  form  of 
petition,  which  is  also  so  called,  was 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  a pan- 
cake. But  the  question  then  arises, 
Why  was  the  pancake  so  called?  This 
is  not  easily  answered.  It  may  even 
have  happened  that  the  pancake  was 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  peti- 
tion. Robin  is  an  old  and  familiar  form 
of  Robert  (Robin  Redbreast,  by  the  by, 
means  Robert  Redbreast) ; and  it  would 
not  be  strange  if  some  forgotten  person 
of  that  name,  who  proposed  to  his  asso- 
ciates this  ingenious  method  of  declar- 
ing their  wishes  or  sentiments,  was  the 
occasion  of  the  designation.  Or  he 
may  have  been  the  happy  inventor  of  the 
pancake,  and  have  left  no  memorial  of 
himself  except  that  useful  article  of 
food  and  its  provincial  name.  There 
is,  however,  another  conjecture,  which, 
as  it  has  greater  probability,  deserves 
to  be  mentioned.  The  small  pieces  of 
spun-yarn  or  marline  which  are  used 
to  confine  the  upper  edge  of  a sail  to 
the  yard  or  gaff,  are  called  rope-bands , 
— corrupted  by  sailors  to  robands,  or 
robbins.  Now,  a robbin  of  this  sort 


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425 


BOY 


encircling  a yard  bears  an  easily  rec- 
ognizable, though  rather  fanciful,  re- 
semblance to  a ring  enclosing  a petition, 
or  other  writing.  As  Round  Robins 
are  frequently  made  use  of  by  British 
sailors,  it  is  quite  possible  that  this  is 
the  true  origin  of  the  name. 

No  tound  robin  signed  by  the  whole 
main-deck  ol  the  Academy  or  the  Porch. 

JJeQuincey. 

Round  Table  [of  King  Arthur], 
An  ancient  painted  oaken  table 
of  a circular  form,  in  the  County 
Hall  of  Winchester,  England. 
The  tradition  is,  that  this  table  is 
the  same  around  which  King 
Arthur  and  his  knights  used  to 
assemble.  This  table  was  ex- 
hibited in  1522  to  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  of  Germany.  It  is 
described  as  “a  circle  divided 
into  25  green  and  white  compart- 
ments radiating  from  the  centre, 
which  is  a large  double  rose.  . . . 
Resting  upon  the  rose,  is  a cano- 
pied niche,  in  which  is  painted  a 
royal  figure,  bearing  the  orb  and 
sword,  and  wearing  the  royal 
crown.” 

For  his  own  part,”  he  said,  ” and  in 
the  land  where  he  was  bred,  men  would  as 
soon  take  for  their  mark  King  Arthur’s 
Round  Table,  which  held  sixty  knights 
around  it.”  Scott. 

Where  Vmta’s  Norman  castle  still  up- 
rears 

Its  raftered  hall,— 

High  hung  remains,  the  pride  of  warlike 
years, 

Old  Arthur’s  board;  — on  the  capacious 
round 

Some  British  pen  has  sketched  the  names 
renowned. 

In  marks  obscure,  of  his  immortal  peers. 
Though  joined  b}r  magic  skill  with  many 
a rhyme 

The  Druid  frame,  unhonored,  falls  a prey 
To  the  slow  vengeance  of  the  wizard  'l  ime, 
And  fade  the  British  characters  away ; 
Yet  Spenser’s  page,  that  chants  inverse 
sublime 

Those  chiefs,  shall  live,  unconscious  of  de- 
cay. Thomas  Warton. 

Full  fifteen  years  and  more  were  sped. 
Each  brought  new  wreaths  to  Arthur’s 
head. 

And  wide  were  through  the  world  re- 
nown'd 

The  glories  of  his  Table  Round.  Scott. 

Round  Table.  See  King  Ar- 
thur’s Round  Table. 

Round  Top.  See  Little  Round 
Top. 

Round  Tower.  See  Old  Stone 
Mill. 


Rousseau’s  House.  On  the  Grand 
Rue,  Geneva,  Switzerland.  In 
this  house  Jean  Jacques  was  born, 
and  spent  his  early  life. 

Rowallan  Castle.  A feudal  man- 
sion of  great  antiquity  near  Kil- 
marnock, Scotland. 

Roxburgh  Castle.  An  ancient 
fortress,  made  a royal  palace  by 
David  I.  in  1124,  near  Teviot 
Bridge,  over  the  Tweed,  in  Scot- 
land. It  is  now  in  ruins.  In  a 
churchyard  adjoining  is  the  grave 
of  Edie  Ochiltree,  a character  in 
Scott’s  novel  of  “ The  Anti- 
quary.” His  real  name  was  An- 
drew Gemmel.  In  the  same 
neighborhood  is  a monument  to 
the  memory  of  the  poet  Thom- 
son, the  author  of  “ The  Seasons,” 
who  was  born  here. 

Roxburgh  ! how  fallen,  since  first  in  Gothic 
pride, 

Thy  lrowning  battlements  the  war  defied. 

Leyden. 

Roxburghe  Club.  This  club  in 
London  derives  its  foundation 
from  the  sale,  in  1812,  of  the  li- 
brary of  John,  third  Duke  of  Rox- 
burghe (died  1804),  after  whom 
it  is  named.  It  was  avowedly  in- 
stituted for  the  reprinting  of  rare 
and  old  specimens  of  ancient 
literature;  each  member  to  “re- 
print a scarce  piece  of  ancient 
lore,  to  be  given  to  the  members, 
one  copy  being  on  vellum  for  the 
chairman,  and  only  as  many 
copies  as  members.”  The  Rox- 
burghe Club  gave  elaborate  din- 
ners. It  is  still  in  existence. 

Royal  Academy.  A Society  of 
Artists  in  London,  organized  in 
1768,  of  which  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds was  the  first  president. 
The  Academy  occupied  rooms  for 
a time  in  Somerset  House,  but  in 
1838  removed  to  the  National 
Gallery. 

Royal  Academy  of  Music.  An 

academy  in  London,  for  teaching 
all  branches  of  music,  founded  in 
1822  by  the  late  Earl  of  Westmore- 
land. 

Royal  Adelaide.  A British  steam- 
er wrecked  off  Margate,  March 
30,  1850,  with  a loss  of  200  lives. 


ROY 


426 


ROY 


Royal  Alfred.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Oct.  15,  1864. 

Royal  Charter.  A British  steam- 
er, bound  from  Australia  to  Liv- 
erpool, wrecked  on  the  English 
coast,  Oct.  25,  1859,  with  a loss  of 
459  lives  and  nearly  $4,000,000 
worth  of  gold.  A good  part  of 
the  latter  was  recovered. 

Royal  Exchange.  A building 
erected  for  the  use  of  merchants 
and  bankers  in  London,  opened 
by  Queen  Victoria  in  1844.  The 
hour  of  ’Change  — the  busy  pe- 
riod — is  from  3^  to  4^  p.m.  Tues- 
day and  Friday  are  the  principal 
days  on  ’Change.  Lloyd’s  is  sit- 
uated in  the  Royal  Exchange. 
Sir  Thomas  Gresham  (sixteenth 
century)  built  the  first  Royal  Ex- 
change, which  was  destroyed  in 
the  Great  Fire  of  1666.  It  was 
rebuilt,  and  again  burnt  in  1838. 

Proclaim  through  every  high  street  of  the 
city, 

This  place  be  no  longer  called  a Burse; 
But  since  the  building’s  stately,  fair,  and 
strange. 

Be  it  forever  called  — the  Royal  Exchange. 

Ileywood. 

Observe  the  humors  of  th’  Exchange , 
That  universal  mart.  Tom  Brown. 

Royal  George.  One  of  the  finest 
ships  in  the  British  navy,  com- 
manded by  Admiral  Kempen- 
feldt.  Requiring  repairs  near  the 
keel,  she  was  careened  at  Ports- 
mouth ; but,  being  turned  over  too 
much,  she  filled  and  went  down 
with  all  on  board.  Nearly  900 
lives  were  lost. 

4®=- “ The  Royal  George,  of  108 
guns,  whilst  undergoing  a partial  ca- 
reening in  Portsmouth  Harbor,  was 
overset  about  10,  a.m.  Aug.  29,  1782. 
The  total  loss  was  believed  to  be  near 
1,000  souls.”  Palgrave . 

Toll  for  the  brave  ! the  brave  that  are  no 
more ! 

All  sunk  beneath  the  wave,  fast  by  their 
native  shore ! 

Eight  hundred  of  the  brave,  whose  cour- 
age well  was  tried. 

Had  made  the  vessel  heel,  and  laid  her  on 
her  side. 

A land-breeze  shook  the  shrouds,  and  she 
was  overset ; 

Down  went  the  Royal  George , with  all 
her  crew  complete ! 


Weigh  the  vessel  up,  once  dreaded  by  our 

foes, 

And  mingle  with  our  cup  the  tear  that 
England  owes ! 

Her  timbers  yet  are  sound,  and  she  may 
float  again. 

Full  charged  with  England’s  thunder,  and 
plough  the  distant  main. 

But  Kempenfeldt  is  gone,  his  victories  are 
o’er; 

And  he  and  his  eight  hundred  shall  plough 
the  waves  no  more.  Cowper . 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Brit- 
ain. A society  formed  in  Lon- 
don in  1799  for  the  pursuit  of  nat- 
ural science.  It  has  been  called 
“ the  workshop  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety.” In  the  laboratorj^of  the 
Institution  Sir  Humphry  Davy 
and  Professor  Faraday  made  some 
of  their  most  brilliant  discoveries. 

Royal  Naval  Club.  This  club  in 
London,  formed  in  1765,  num- 
bered among  its  members  Bos- 
cawen,  Rodney,  Sir  Philip  Dur- 
ham, and  was  a favorite  resort  c.f 
William  IV.  when  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence. The  precursor  of  this  club 
was  the  Naval  Club,  founded 
about  1674.  The  Royal  Naval 
Club  was  confined  to  members 
of  the  naval  service.  The  club 
dined  at  the  Thatched  House,  on 
the  anniversaries  of  the  battle  of 
the  Nile. 

Royal  Oak.  A famous  pollard  oak 
on  the  borders  of  Worcestershire, 
England,  in  which,  according  to 
tradition,  King  Charles  II.  secret- 
ed himself  from  his  pursuers, 
who  passed  around  and  under 
the  tree  without  discovering  him. 
On  account  of  the  king’s  escape, 
it  became  a custom  to  wear  oak 
on  the  anniversary  of  the  king’s 
birthday.  At  the  Restoration 
the  oak  was  destroyed,  through 
the  eagerness  to  obtain  relics  of 
the  king’s  hiding-place;  but  an- 
other tree,  which  grew  from  one 
of  its  acorns,  is  still  standing  It 
is  said  that  the  king  planted  two 
acorns  from  the  old  tree  in  Hyde 
Park,  and  that  the  tree  which 
sprang  from  one  of  them  is  now 
flourishing. 

There  is  no  need  that  the  personages  on 
the  scene  be  a King  ami  Clown;  that  the 
scene  be  the  Forest  of  the  Royal  Oak , “ on 
the  borders  of  Staffordshire:”  need  only 
that  the  scene  lie  on  this  old  firm  Earth  of 


ROY 


427 


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ours,  where  we  aLo  have  so  surprisingly 
arrived ; that  the  personages  be  men,  and 
seen  with  the  eyes  of  a man.  Carlyle. 

And  I will  work  in  prose  and  rhyme, 
And  praise  thee  more  in  both 

Than  bard  has  honored  beech  or  lime, 
Ur  that  Thessalian  growth 

I i which  the  swarthy  ringdove  sat, 
And  mystic  sentence  spoke; 

And  more  than  England  honors  that, 
Thy  famous  brother-oak, 

Win  rein  the  younger  Charles  abode 
Till  all  the  paths  were  dun, 

And  far  below  the  Roundhead  rode, 
And  hummed  a surly  hymn. 

Tennyson. 

Royal  Oak.  An  armor-plated  ship 
of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Sept.  10,  1862. 

Royal  Society.  A society  estab- 
lished in  London  for  the  study  of 
natural  science,  about  the  year 
1645,  and  said  to  be  the  oldest  so- 
ciety of  its  kind  in  Europe,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Lincean 
Academy  in  Rome,  of  which  Gal- 
ileo was  a member.  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  was  one  of  the  presidents 
of  the  society.  The  greater  part 
of  its  collections  have  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  British  Museum. 

Royal  Society  Club.  This  club  in 
London  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  about  1743  as  the  Club 
of  Royal  Philosophers,  which 
name  it  bore  until  1786.  It  was 
established  “ for  the  convenience 
of  certain  members  [of  the  Royal 
Society]  who  lived  in  various 
parts,  that  they  might  assemble 
and  dine  together  on  the  days 
when  the  Society  held  its  even- 
ing meetings.”  Many  distin- 
guished persons  have  been  guests 
of  the  club.  Ward,  in  1709,  hu- 
morously refers  to  the  “ Virtuo- 
so’s Club  ” as  first  established  by 
some  of  the  principal  members  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  says  its 
chief  design  “ was  to  propagate 
new  whims,  advance  mechanical 
exercises,  and  to  promote  useless 
as  well  as  useful  experiments.” 
The  Royal  Society  Club  has 
changed  its  place  for  dining  sev- 
eral times:  in  1857  they  removed 
to  the  Thatched  House,  where 
they  remained  until  that  tavern 
was  taken  down. 


Royal  Sovereign.  An  armor-plat- 
ed ship  of  the  British  navy, 
launched  March  8,  1864. 

Rubens,  The  Two  Sons  of.  A 

picture  of  his  two  sons  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  and  con- 
sidered one  of  his  masterpieces. 
It  is  in  the  collection  of  Prince 
Lichtenstein  at  Vienna. 

Rubicon,  The.  The  ancient  name 
of  a little  stream  which  divided 
Italy  from  Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  is 
at  the  present  time  identified  with 
the  Uso.  Julius  Caesar’s  passage 
of  this  stream  in  the  year  49  is 
famous  as  being  the  initiative  act 
of  civil  war;  and  from  this  cir- 
cumstance to  “ pass  the  Rubicon  ” 
became  a proverb,  signifying  the 
entrance  upon  any  undertaking 
from  which  there  can  be  no  re- 
treat. 

Now  near  the  banks  of  Rubicon  he  stood ; 
"When  lo  ! as  he  surveyed  the  narrow  flood, 
Amidst  the  dusky  horrors  of  the  night, 

A wondrous  vision  stood  contest  to  sight. 
Her  awful  head  Rome’s  reverend  image 
reared, 

Trembling  and  sad  the  matron  form  ap- 
peared ; 

A tow’ry  crown  her  hoary  temples  bound, 
And  her  torn  tresses  rudely  hung  around. 

Lucan , Trans. 

j&ip  “ Caesar  paused  upon  the  brink 
of  the  Rubicon.  What  was  the  Rubi- 
con? The  boundary  of  Caesar’s  prov- 
ince. From  what  did  it  separate  his 
province?  From  his  country.  Was 
that  country  a desert?  No  : it  was 
cultivated  and  fertile;  rich  and  popu- 
lous ! . . . What  was  Caesar,  that  stood 
upon  the  brink  of  that  stream?  A 
traitor,  bringing  war  and  pestilence 
into  the  heart  of  that  country ! No 
wonder  that  he  paused ! No  wonder  if, 
in  his  imagination,  wrought  upon  by 
his  conscience,  he  had  beheld  blood  in- 
stead of  water,  and  heard  groans  in- 
stead of  murmurs.  No  wonder  if  some 
Gorgon  horror  had  turned  him  into 
stone  upon  the  spot.  But,  no  ! he  cried, 
‘The  die  is  cast!’  He  plunged!  he 
crossed!  and  Rome  was  free  no  more.” 
J.  S.  Knowles. 

Alas  ! why  pass'd  he,  too,  the  Rubicon , — 
The  Rubicon  of  man’s  awaken’d  rights, 

To  herd  with  vulgar  kings  and  parasites  ? 

Byron. 

Rue  [Street].  For  names  begin- 
ning with  Rue,  see  the  next 
prominent  word. 

Rufus’s  Oak.  See  Rufus’s  Stone. 


RUF 


428 


RYK 


Rufus’s  Stone  (and  Oak).  A trian- 
gular stone  erected  in  the  New 
Forest,  near  Southampton,  Eng- 
land, on  the  spot  where  formerly 
stood  the  famous  oak,  on  which, 
according  to  the  inscription,  “ an 
arrow  shot  by  Sir  Walter  Tyrrel 
at  a stag,  glanced  and  struck 
King  William  II.,  named  Rufus, 
in  the  breast,  of  which  he  in- 
stantly died,  on  the  2d  of  August, 
A. D.  1100.”  The  spot  is  visited 
by  great  numbers  of  people  every 
year. 

O’er  the  New  Forest’s  heath-hills  bare, 
Down  steep  ra\  ine,  by  shaggy  wood, 

A pilgrim  wandered,  questing  where 
The  relic-tree  of  Rufus  stood. 


Some  monument  he  found,  which  spoke 
What  erst  had  happened  on  the  spot; 

But  for  that  old  avenging  oak, 

Decayed  long  since,  he  found  it  not. 

John  Kenyon. 

Rugby.  A famous  school  in  the 
town  of  the  same  name  in  the 
county  of  Warwick,  England.  It 
is  noted  as  the  scene  of  Dr.  Ar- 
nold’s life  and  labors.  The  school 
was  founded  in  the  reign  of  Eliz- 
abeth, and  has  line  cloistered 
buildings. 

Ruhmeshalle,  Die  Baierisehe. 

See  Hall  of  Fame. 

Rump  Steak,  or  Liberty  Club. 
This  political  club,  in  opposition 
to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  was  in 
existence  in  1733-4.  See  Beef- 
Steak  Society  [Club]. 

Russell  Square.  A well-known 
public  square  in  London,  upon 
the  site  of  the  old  palace  of  the 
Dukes  of  Bedford. 

Rutgers  College.  A collegiate  es- 
tablishment in  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.  It  was  founded  in  1770. 

Ruth  and  Naomi.  A picture  by 
Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858). 

Ruthwell  Cross.  A remarkable 
Runic  monument  in  the  parish  of 
Ruthwell,  near  Dumfries,  Scot- 
land. It  is  a stone  cross,  bearing 


an  inscription  in  Runic  and  in 
Latin  characters.  This  stone  is 
said  to  have  been  broken  in  two 
in  the  last  century  by  direction 
of  the  General  Assembly,  as  be- 
ing an  object  of  superstitious  ven- 
eration, and  to  have  been  after- 
wards put  together. 

Rutland  House.  A noble  mansion 
which  formerly  stood  in  Charter- 
house  Square,  London. 

Rydal  Mount.  The  picturesque  and 
celebrated  residence  of  the  poet 
Wordsworth,  standing  on  the 
projection  of  a hill  near  the  little 
village  of  Rydal,  near  Ambleside, 
in  the  “Lake  District”  of  Eng- 
land. Wordsworth’s  dwelling 
commanded  a line  view,  embra- 
cing the  lake  of  Rydal  and  a part 
of  Windermere.  The  poet  is 
sometimes  called  the  “ Bard  of 
Rydal  Mount.” 

4QP  “ A lovely  cottage-like  building, 
almost  hidden  by  a profusion  of  roses 
and  ivy.”  Mrs.  Hemans. 

This  dav  without  its  record  may  not  pass, 
In  which  I lirst  have  seen  the  lowly  roof 
That  shelters  Wordsworth's  age. 

Fitting  place  1 found 

Blest  with  rare  beauty,  set  in  deepest 
calm ; 

Looking  upon  still  waters,  whose  expanse 
Might  tranquillize  all  thought,  and  bor- 
dered round 

By  mountains.  Henry  Alford. 

Of  him  whose  whitened  locks  on  Rydal 
Mount 

Are  lifted  yet  by  morning  breezes  blowing 
From  the  green  hills,  immortal  in  his  lays. 

Whittier. 

Rye  House.  A frequent  resort  of 
anglers  from  London,  and  the 
scene,  according  to  some  author- 
ities, of  the  celebrated  alleged 
conspiracy  of  1683,  known  as  the 
Rye  House  Plot.  It  is  situated 
between  London  and  Newmar- 
ket. By  other  authorities  the 
scene  of  the  plot  is  referred  to  an 
ancient  mansion,  called  the  Rye 
House,  in  the  parish  of  Stanstead, 
Hertfordshire. 

Ryknield  St.  See  Fosse,  The. 


SAB 


429 


SAG 


s. 


Sabines,  Rape  of  the.  See  Rape 

of  the  Sabines. 

Sacer,  Mons.  See  Mons  Sager. 

Sachem’s  Plain.  A locality  near 
Norwich,  Conn.,  noted  as  the 
scene  of  a battle  between  the 
Narragansetts  and  Mohegans  in 
1642.  A granite  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Miantonomoh,  the 
Narragansett  chief  who  fell  in 
the  action,  was  erected  on  this 
battlefield  in  1841. 

Sackville  Street.  A noble  street 
in  Dublin,  Ireland,  the  principal 
thoroughfare  of  the  city,  midway 
in  which  is  Nelson’s  Pillar. 

4ST  “The  street  is  exceedingly 
broad  and  handsome.  Even  in  this, 
the  great  street  of  the  town,  there  is 
scarcely  any  one ; and  it  is  as  vacant 
and  listless  as  Pall  Mall  in  October.” 

Thackeray. 

Sacra  Conversazione.  [Holy  Con- 
versation.] The  name  given  by 
the  Italians  to  pictures  of  the 
Holy  Family  in  which  the  sacred 
persons  are  represented  as  a de- 
votional group,  in  distinction  from 
a merely  domestic  or  historical 
group.  For  examples  see  under 
Holy  Family. 

Sacra  Famiglia.  See  Holy  Fam- 
ily. 

Sacra,  Via.  See  Via  Sacra. 

Sacrament.  See  Dispute  of  the 
Sacrament. 

Sacraments.  See  Seven  Sacra- 
ments. 

Sacred  and  Profane  Love.  A 
well-known  picture  by  Titian 
(1477-1576).  In  the  Palazzo  Bor- 
ghese,  Rome. 

4®=*  “ Out  of  Venice,  there  is  nothing 
of  Titian’s  to  compare  to  his  Sacred  and 
Profane  Love.  Description  can  give  no 
idea  of  the  consummate  beauty  "of  this 
composition.”  Eaton. 


JO®3  “ The  Sacred  and  Profane  Love 
by  Titian  is  still  another  masterpiece 
of  the  same  spirit.  A beautiful  wo- 
man dressed  appears  by  the  side  of 
another  naked.  By  their  side  is  a sculp- 
tured fountain,  and  behind  them  a 
broad  landscape  of  a blue  tone  with 
warm  patches  of  earth  intersected  by 
the  darks  of  sombre  forests,  and  in  the 
distance  the  sea;  two  cavaliers  are  vis- 
ible in  the  background,  also  a spire 
and  a town.  . . . The  eye  passes  from 
the  simple  tones  of  that  ample  and 
healthy  flesh  to  the  rich  subdued  tints 
of  the  landscape,  as  the  ear  passes  from 
a melody  to  its  accompaniment.” 

Taine,  Trans . 

Sacred  College.  A name  given  to 
the  body  of  cardinals  or  princes 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
It  is  the  Sacred  College  assem- 
bling in  conclave,  which  elects  a 
new  pope  whenever  a vacancy 
occurs  in  the  holy  see. 

Sacred  Mount.  See  Mons  Sacer 
and  Monte  Sacro. 

Sacred  Way.  See  Via  Sacra. 

Sacrement,  St.  See  St.  Sacre- 
ment. 

Sacrifice  of  Isaac.  1.  A fresco 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
in  the  Stanza  of  the  Heliodorus, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

2.  A picture  by  David  Teniers 
the  Younger  (1610-1694  ?),  the  Bel- 
gian genre- painter. 

Sacro  (or  Santo)  Eremo.  A col- 
lection of  24  hermitages,  estab- 
lished by  Saint  Romualdo  near 
the  convent  of  Camaldoli  in  Italy. 
The  rules  and  observances  of  the 
hermitage  are  strict  and  severe. 

4®=“  “ Here  [at  Camaldoli]  we  passed 
the  night,  and  next  morning  rode  up  by 
the  steep  traverses  to  the  Santo  Eremo, 
where  Saint  Romualdo  lived  and  estab- 
lished 

de’  tacenti  cenobiti  il  eoro, 
L’arcane  penitenze,  ed  i digiuni 
A1  Camaldoli  suo. 

The  Eremo  is  a city  of  hermits, 


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wailed  round,  and  divided  into  streets 
of  low  detached  cells.  Each  cell 
consists  of  two  or  three  naked  rooms, 
built  exactly  on  the  plan  of  the  Saint’s 
own  tenement,  which  remains  just 
as  Romualdo  left  it  800  years  ago, 
now  too  sacred  and  too  damp  for  a 
mortal  tenant.  The  unfeeling  Saint 
has  here  established  a rule  which  an- 
ticipates the  pains  of  Purgatory.  No 
stranger  can  behold  without  emotion  a 
number  of  noble,  interesting  young 
men  bound  to  stand  erect  chanting  at 
choir  for  eight  hours  a day ; their  faces 
pale,  their  heads  shaven,  their  beards 
shaggy,  their  backs  raw,  their  legs 
swollen,  and  their  feet  bare.  . . . The 
sickly  novice  is  cut  off  in  one  or  two 
winters,  the  rest  are  subject  to  dropsy, 
and  few  arrive  at  old  age.”  Forsyth. 

At  Casentino’s  foot 
A river  crosses  named  Arcliiano,  born 
Above  the  Hermitage  in  Apennine. 

Dante , Purgatono , Longfellow' s Trans. 

Sacro,  Monte.  See  Monte  Sacro 
and  Mons  Sacer. 

Sadler’s  Wells.  A place  of 
amusement  for  the  populace,  on 
the  hanks  of  the  New  River  near 
Islington,  England.  It  contains 
a medicinal  spring,  of  much  re- 
pute in  old  times.  The  public- 
house  on  the  place  is  represented 
in  the  background  of  Hogarth’s 
print  of  “ Evening.”  The  site  is 
now  occupied  by  a theatre.  See 
Sadler's  Wells  Theatre. 

Sadler’s  Wells  Theatre.  One  of 
the  oldest  theatres  in  London, 
named  from  a mineral  spring  in 
the  neighborhood.  The  present 
house  was  erected  in  1 704,  and 
rebuilt  in  1876-77.  See  Sadler’s 
Wells. 

Her  [Mademoiselle  Clairon’s)  hands  are 
not  alternately  stretched  out,  and  then 
drawn  in  acain.  as  with  the  singing  wo- 
rn* nat  Sadler's-  Wells : they  are  employed 
with  graceful  variety,  and  every  moment 
please  with  new  and  unexpected  elo- 
quence. Goldsmith. 

Is  it  the  skilfullest  Anatomist  that  cuts 
the  best  figure  at  Sadler's  Wells  ? or  does 
the  Boxer  hit  better  for  knowing  that  he 
has  a flexor  longus  and  a flexor  brevis  ? 

Carlyle. 

Sages,  The  Chaldean.  See  Chal- 
dean Sages. 

Saidnaya.  A convent  of  great  an- 
tiquity in  Northern  Palestine,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Damascus, 
containing  a shrine  of  the  Virgin 


which  is  a favorite  resort  of  pil- 
grims belonging  to  the  Greek 
Church. 

St.  Agnes.  A well-known  picture 
by  Andrea  del  Sarto  (1488-1530). 
In  the  cathedral  at  Pisa,  Italy. 
See  also  Eve  of  St.  Agnes  and 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes. 

St.  Aignan,  Hotel.  See  Hotel  St. 
Aignan. 

St.  Alban’s  Abbey.  An  ancient 
monastic  establishment  in  the 
vicinity  of  St.  Albans,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, England.  It  was  once 
the  wealthiest  and  most  brilliant 
of  all  the  religious  houses  of 
Great  Britain.  It  is  now  restored, 
and  is  one  of  the  finest  cathedral- 
churches  in  England. 

45^  “ The  surviving  ruins  convey  a 
more  imposing  sense  of  the  ancient 
magnificence  than  Melrose,  or  Foun- 
tains, or  Glastonbury.”  Fronde. 

St.  Angelo.  The  celebrated  for- 
tress of  Papal  Rome,  anciently 
the  mausoleum  of  Pladrian,  erect- 
ed by  him  as  his  family  tomb,  the 
last  imperial  niche  in  the  mauso- 
leum of  Augustus  having  been 
occupied  by  the  ashes  of  Nerva. 
It  derives  its  present  name  from 
the  Church  tradition,  that  while 
Gregory  the  Great  was  leading  a 
procession  to  St.  Peter’s  with  the 
object  of  offering  up  a solemn 
service  to  avert  the  plague  which 
followed  the  inundation  of  589, 
there  appeared  to  him  a vision  of 
the  Archangel  Michael  standing 
on  the  summit  of  the  mausoleum 
in  the  act  of  sheathing  his  bloody 
sword,  to  indicate  that  the  pesti- 
lence was  stayed.  The  pope,  in 
memory  of  this  vision,  built  a 
chapel  on  the  summit;  but  this 
was  afterwards  replaced  by  a 
statue  of  the  archangel.  The  his- 
tory of  this  fortress  during  the 
Middle  Ages  is  almost  the  history 
of  the  city  itself  during  that  pe- 
riod. It  has  suffered  much  from 
siege  and  mutilations,  and  is  now 
but  the  skeleton  of  the  ancient 
mausoleum  of  the  emperors.  The 
tomb  of  Hadrian  is  thought  to 
have  been  first  turned  into  a for- 
tress about  A.D.  423, — in  the  time 


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of  Honorius.  Merivale  speaks  of 
the  effort  of  imagination  required 
to  transform  the  present  scarred 
and  shapeless  hulk  into  the 
“ graceful  pile  which  rose  col- 
umn upon  column,  surmounted 
by  a gilded  dome  of  span  almost 
unrivalled  ; ” and  Procopius  says 
of  the  original  mausoleum,  in 
the  sixth  century,  that  it  was 
built  of  Parian  marble,  the  square 
blocks  fitting  closely  without 
cement;  that  it  had  four  equal 
sides,  each  a stone’s  throw  in 
length,  and  rising  above  the 
walls  of  the  city,  while  on  the 
summit  were  statues  of  men  and 
horses,  of  admirable  workman- 
ship. The  castle  of  St.  Angelo 
has  often  served  as  a prison,  and 
part  of  it  is  now  so  used.  Ben- 
venuto Cellini  was  confined  here, 
and  the  pretended  cell  of  Beatrice 
Cenci  is  shown  by  the  custode. 
For  an  account  of  the  celebrated 
display  of  fireworks  formerly  ex- 
hibited from  the  castle  at  Easter, 
see  Girandola.  See  Bridge  of 
St.  Angelo. 

4®"  “ No  building  in  the  world  has 
probably  lived  through  a more  eventful 
existence,  and  none,  if  there  were 
tongues  in  stones,  could  tell  a tale  of 
more  varied  interest.” 

George  S.  Hillard. 

4®=*“This  proud  fabric  is  an  in- 
stance now  completely  vanity  defeats 
its  own  ends.  It  was  destined  by  Ha- 
drian to  hold  his  remains  forever.  Had 
he  chosen  a more  humble  monument, 
his  imperial  dust  might  probably  still 
have  remained  undisturbed.  As  it  is, 
his  ashes  are  long  since  scattered,  his 
very  name  has  passed  away,  and  the 
place  which  was  destined  to  be  sacred 
to  the  greatest  of  the  dead  now  serves 
for  the  punishment  of  the  vilest  of  the 
living.”  C.  A . Eaton. 

Turn  to  the  mole  which  Hadrian  rear’d 
on  high, 

Imperial  mimic  of  old  Egypt’s  piles, 
Colossal  copyist  of  deformity, 

Whose  traveled  phantasy  from  the  far 
Nile’s 

Enormous  model,  doom’d  the  artist’s  toils 
To  build  for  giants,  and  for  liis  vain  earth, 
His  shrunken  ashes,  raise  this  dome  ! llow 
smiles 

The  gazer’s  eye  with  philosophic  mirth, 
To  view  the  huge  design  which  sprung 
from  such  a birth  ! Byron. 

Think  also  whether  thou  hast  known  no 
Public  Quacks,  on  far  higher  scale  than 
this,  whom  a Castle  of  St.  Angelo  could 


never  get  hold  of ; and  how,  as  Emperors, 
Chancellors  (having  found  much  fitter 
machinery),  they  could  run  tin  ir  Quacks 
career;  and  make  whole  kingdoms,  whole 
continents,  into  one  huge  Egypu.u  Lodge, 
and  squeeze  supplies,  of  11101103  or  bloo  1, 
from  it  at  discretion  ? Carlyle. 

The  cannon  of  St.  Angelo , 

And  chanting  priest  and  clanging  bell, 
And  beat  of  drum  and  bugle  blow, 

Shall  greet  thy  coming  well ! 

Whittier. 

St.  Angelo,  Bridge  of.  See  Bridge 
of  St.  Angelo. 

St.  Anna.  A picture  by  Bartholo- 
mew Zeitblom  (b.  1410-1450),  a 
German  painter.  It  is  now  in 
the  museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

St.  Anna  (and  the  Virgin).  A well- 
known  picture  by  Leonardo  da 
Vinci  (1452-1520),  in  the  Louvre, 
at  Paris.  It  is  thought  by  some 
to  have  been  only  executed  from 
a cartoon  by  Leonardo. 

St.  Anne’s.  Of  several  churches 
of  this  name  in  London,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  noted  is  that 
in  Soho,  finished  in  1680. 

Kettles  and  pans, 

Say  the  belts  at  St.  Ann's. 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  Anthony.  See  Temptation 
of  St.  Anthony. 

St.  Antoine,  Hue.  A street  in 
Paris  which  has  been  closely  con- 
nected with  every  revolution. 
This  wide  and  irregular  street 
leads  from  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
forms  a continuation  of  the  Rue 
de  Rivoli  to  the  Place  de  la  Bas- 
tille, where  the  Bastille  formerly 
stood,  beyond  which  it  continues 
as  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.  An- 
toine. 

St.  Antoine.  See  Faubourg  St. 
Antoine. 

St.  Antony.  An  ancient  Coptic 
monastery  in  the  Eastern  Desert 
of  Egypt  /and  the  principal  one  in 
the  country. 

St.  Augustine  and  his  Mother. 
A picture  bv  Ary  Scheffer  (1795- 
1858). 

St.  Barbara.  A grand  altar-piece  by 
Jacopo  Palma,  called  Palma  Vec- 
chio  (14807-1548?),  in  the  church 


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of  Santa  Maria  Formosa  at  Ven- 
ice, Italy. 

4®=  “ She  is  no  saint,  but  a bloom- 
ing young  girl,  the  most  attractive  and 
lovable  that  one  can  imagine.” 

Taine , Trans. 

St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital.  The 
first  institution  of  the  kind  in 
London.  It  is  in  Smithfield,  and 
was  originally  part  of  the  Priory 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  founded  in 
1102  by  Rahere.  The  hospital  es- 
caped the  Great  Fire  in  1666,  and 
since  that  time  has  been  much 
enlarged.  St.  Bartholomew’s  en- 
joys an  excellent  reputation  as  a 
medical  school. 

St.  Basil.  A famous  church  in 
Moscow,  Russia,  built  during  the 
reign  of  Ivan  the  Terrible.  It 
consists  of  an  agglomeration  of 
towers  each  enclosing  a chapel, 
so  that  as  many  as  a dozen  or 
fifteen  saints  have  their  shrines 
under  one  roof. 

4®=-  “ What  is  it?  A church,  a pa- 
vilion, or  an  immense  toy?  All  the 
colors  of  the  rainbow,  all  the  forms 
and  combinations  which  straight  and 
curved  lines  can  produce,  are  here 
compounded.  It  seems  to  be  the  prod- 
uct of  some  architectural  kaleidoscope, 
in  which  the  most  incongruous  things 
assume  a certain  order  and  system,  for 
surely  such  another  bewildering  pile 
does  not  exist.  It  is  not  beautiful ; for 
beauty  requires  at  least  a suggestion 
of  symmetry,  and  here  the  idea  of  pro- 
portion or  adaptation  is  wholly  lost. 
Neither  is  it  offensive;  because  the 
maze  of  colors,  in  which  red,  green, 
and  gold  predominate,  attracts  and  ca- 
joles the  eye.  ...  I cannot  better  de- 
scribe this  singular  structure  than  by 
calling  it  the  Apotheosis  of  Chimneys.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

St.  Bavon.  A cathedral  in  Ghent, 
Belgium,  one  of  the  finest  Gothic 
churches,  containing  celebrated 
works  of  art ; in  particular,  the 
“ Adoration  of  the  Lamb,”  by 
Hubert  and  John  Van  Eyck. 

Toll!  Roland,  toll! 

In  old  St.  Bavon's  tower. 

At  midnight  hour, 

The  great  hell  Roland  spoke ! 

Toll ! Roland,  toll  ! 

Not  now  in  old  St.  Bavon's  tower  — 

Not  now  a midnight  hour  — 

Not  now  from  River  Scheldt  toZuyderZee, 

But  here,  — this  side  the  sea  ! 

T.  Tilton. 


St.  Bernard.  See  Hospice  of  St. 
Bernard  and  V ision  of  St  . Ber- 
nard. 

St.  Botolph’s.  A well-known 
church  in  Aldersgate,  London. 

At  Saint  Botulphe , and  Saint  Anne  of 
Buckstone; 

Praying  to  them  to  pray  for  me 

Unto  the  blessed  Trinitie.  Iley wood. 

St.  Bride’s.  A church  at  the  foot 
of  Fleet  Street,  London.  It  was 
rebuilt  by  Wren,  after  the  Great 
Fire  of  1666.  Dwellers  in  London 
are  fond  of  the  hells  of  St.  Bride’s. 
The  old  church  contained  the 
graves  of  Wynkin  de  Worde, 
Sackville  the  poet,  Lovelace,  Sir 
Richard  Baker.  John  Milton 
lodged  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Bride,  and  here  wrote  several  of 
his  treatises,  and  in  defence  of 
the  house  in  which  he  lived  com- 
posed his  sonnet  beginning,  — 

“ Captain,  or  colonel,  or  knight  in  arms.” 

Richardson  the  novelist  was  bur- 
ied in  the  present  church. 

St.  Calixtus,  Catacomb  cf.  See 

Catacomb  ot  St.  Calixtus. 

St.  Catherine.  A Greek  convent 
situated  on  the  slope  of  one  of  the 
peaks  of  Mount  Sinai  in  Arabia. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  the  Emperor  Justinian,  and 
contains  interesting  MS.  and  oth- 
er relics. 

4Qf=-  “ Though  the  interior  presents 
a scene  of  the  most  hopeless  confusion 
when  looked  down  upon  from  the 
guest-chambers,  there  is  not  wanting  a 
certain  quaint  picturesqueness  and 
charm,  which  is  heightened  in  spring 
by  the  bright  green  of  the  trellised 
vines.  Two  tiers  of  loopholes  are  still 
visible  in  the  west  wall;  and  some  few 
of  the  vaults  and  arches  within  remain 
intact,  but  they  are  for  the  most  part 
broken  down,  and  tilled  with  all  man- 
ner of  tilth.  Over,  above,  and  within 
them  are  the  buildings  of  after  ages, 
mosques,  chapels,  bakeries,  distiller- 
ies, and  stables,  some  themselves  gone 
to  ruin,  and  serving  as  foundations  for 
still  later  erections  of  mud  and  sun- 
dried  bricks,  which  are  daily  adding 
their  mite  to  the  general  confusion.  The 
quadrangle  is  now  completely  filled 
with  buildings;  and  through  them, 
turning  and  twisting  in  every  directionf 


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now  ascending,  now  descending,  ex- 
posed to  the  full  force  of  the  sun,  or 
passing  through  dark  tunnels,  is  a pei\ 
feet  labyrinth  of  narrow  passages.” 

C.  IF.  Wilson . 

Jt&t  “ M.  Seetzen  has  fallen  into  a 
mistake  in  calling  the  convent  by  the 
name  of  St.  Catherine.  It  is  dedicated 
to  the  Transfiguration,  or,  as  the 
Greeks  call  it,  the  Metamorphosis,  and 
not  to  St.  Catherine,  whose  relics  are 
only  preserved  here.”  Burckhardt. 

{fczf  “ Before  we  went,  we  called 
tin#  the  Convent  of  St.  Catherine,  as 
everybody  does.  Wo  had  read  of  it 
under  that  name,  and  seen  that  name 
under  every  print  of  the  place  that  had 
come  before  our  eyes.  Our  surprise 
was  therefore  great  when  a monk,  who 
had  taken  the  vows  twenty  years  before, 
declared  that  he  did  not  know  it  by 
that  name.  Being  asked  whether  the 
convent  had  nothing  to  do  with  St. 
Catherine,  he  replied,  only  by  the 
bones  of  a hermitess  named  Catherine, 
having  been  found  on  the  mountain 
above  the  convent  which  bears  her 
name.  Perplexed  by  this,  I was  yet 
more  surprised  when  I observed  a little 
Catherine-wheel  rudely  carved  over 
one  of  the  posterns;  and  a picture  of 
the  saint,  leaning  on  her  wheel,  in  the 
library,  with  her  name  at  length.  In 
the  chapel  also  her  relics  lie  in  state, 
— those  bones  which  were  found  on 
the  mountain-top,  and  were  brought 
hither  by  the  monks  a few  years  after 
the  establishment  of  the  convent.  The 
monk,  however,  stuck  to  his  declara- 
tion that  the  convent  had  no  connec- 
tion with  St.  Catherine.” 

Miss  Martineau. 

St.  Catherine.  1.  A picture  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 
See  also  Martyrdom  of  St. 
Catherine  and  Marriage  of 
St.  Catherine. 

2.  A picture  by  Heinrich  Karl 
Anton  Miicke  (b.  1806),  which  lias 
become  popular  through  engrav- 
ings. It  represents  the  saint 
borne  by  four  angels  over  sea  and 
land  to  Mount  Sinai. 

4G!P“The  floating  onward  move- 
ment of  the  group  is  very  beautifully 
expressed.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Catherine’s  House.  A house 
still  standing  in  Sienna,  Italy, 
and  distinguished  as  the  resi- 
dence of  St.  Catherine  of  Sienna 
(1347-1380),  remarkable  for  her 
fervent  charity  and  devotion. 


SAI 

Over  the  doorway  is  inscribed  in 
gold,  “ Sposte  Christi  Katliarime 
dornus  ” (the  house  of  Catherine 
the  bride  of  Christ). 

4®=*  “ Her  fame  was  universal 
throughout  Italy  before  her  death ; 
and  the  house  from  which  she  went 
forth  to  preach,  and  heal  the  sick, 
and  comfort  plague-stricken  wretches 
whom  kith  and  kin  had  left  alone  to 
die,  was  known  and  well-beloved  by 
all  her  citizens.  From  the  moment  of 
her  death,  it  became,  and  has  continued 
to  be,  the  object  of  gTjperstjtifmg  vener 
ation  to  thousands.”  Symonds. 

And  the  house  midway  hanging  see 
That  saw  Saint  Catherine  bodily. 

Felt  on  its  floors  her  sweet  feet  move. 
And  the  live  light  of  fiery  love 
Bum  from  her  beautiful,  strange  face, 
Swinburne. 

St.  Cecilia.  A picture  by  Dome- 
nico Zampieri,  called  Domeniclii- 
no  (1581-1641).  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Another  upon  the  same 
subject  by  this  painter,  formerly 
in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome, 
is  now  in  Lansdowne  House, 
London. 

St.  Cecilia.  A picture  by  Carlo 
Dolce  (1616-1686).  In  the  Dres- 
den Gallery.  There  are  several 
repetitions  of  this  picture  in  oth- 
er places. 

St.  Cecilia.  A.  celebrated  altar- 
picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  representing  St.  Cecilia,  as 
patroness  of  music,  standing  in 
the  centre,  with  two  saints  on 
each  side,  instruments  of  secular 
music,  the  pipe,  the  flute,  etc., 
lying  broken  and  scattered  at 
her  feet,  she  herself  raising  her 
eyes  to  the  angels  in  the  clouds 
above,  and  apparently  listening 
to  the  heavenly  song.  This  pic- 
ture was  originally  painted  for 
the  church  of  San  Giovanni-in- 
Monte,  near  Bologna,  Italy,  and 
is  now  in  the  gallery  of  that  city 
Raphael’s  original  drawing  for 
this  picture,  engraved  by  Marc 
Antonio,  is  highly  admired. 

jgGiP'  “ The  most  celebrated  of  the 
modern  representations  of  St.  Cecilia, 
as  patroness  of  music,  is  the  picture  by 
Raphael,  painted  by  him  for  the  altar- 
piece  of  her  chapel  in  the  church  of 
San  Giovanni -in-Monte,  near  Bologna. 
She  stands  in  the  centre,  habited  in  a 


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SAI 


rich  robe  of  golden  tint,  and  her  hair 
confined  by  a band  of  jewels.  In  her 
hand  she  bears  a small  organ, — but 
seems  about  to  drop  it  as  she  looks  up, 
listening  with  ecstatic  expression  to  a 
group  of  angels,  who  are  singing  above. 
Scattered  and  broken  at  her  feet,  lie 
the  instruments  of  secular  music,  the 
pipe,  flute,  tabor,  etc.  To  the  right  of 
St.  Cecilia  stands  St.  Paul,  leaning  on 
his  sword;  behind  him  is  St.  John  the 
Evangelist,  with  the  eagle  at  his  feet; 
to  the  left,  in  front,  the  Magdalene,  as 
already  described ; and  behind  her  St. 
Augustine.  . . . Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 
lias  given  us.  a parody  of  this  famous 
picture,  in  his  portrait  of  Mrs.  Billing- 
ton ; but,  instead  of  the  organ,  he  has 
placed  a music-book  in  her  hands,  a 
change  which  showed  both  his  taste 
and  his  judgment,  and  lent  to  the  bor- 
rowed figure  an  original  significance. 
It  gave  occasion  also  to  the  happy  com- 
pliment paid  to  the  singer  by  Haydn. 
‘ What  have  you  done?  ’ said  he  to  Sir 
Joshua  : ‘ you  have  made  her  listening 
to  the  angels  : you  should  have  repre- 
sented the  angels  listening  to  her  l ’ ” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

There  are  five  saints  there,  side  by  side, 
who  in  no  wise  concern  us,  but  whose  ex- 
istence is  so  perfect  that  we  wisli  the  pic- 
ture could  continue  forever 

Goetlie , Trans. 

St.  Cecilia.  A picture  by  Van  Eyck 
(1366-1426).  In  the  museum  at 
Berlin,  Prussia. 

St.  Christopher.  A large  altar- 
piece  by  Hans  Mem  ling  (d.  1495), 
the  Flemish  painter,  executed  for 
'Willem  Moreel,  and  bearing  date 
1484.  It  is  in  the  collection  of 
the  Academy  at  Bruges,  Belgium. 

St.  Christopher.  A picture  by  Hans 
Memling  ( d.  1495),  the  Flemish 
painter.  Erroneously  called  Al- 
bert Diirer.  It  is  now  at  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire’s  seat,  Hol- 
ker  Hall,  Lancashire. 

St.  Christopher.  A gigantesque 
fresco  painting  by  Mateo  Perez 
de  Alesio  (d.  1600).  “ The  figure 
of  the  saint  is  33  feet  high,  and 
his  leg  is  three  feet  across  the 
calf.”  In  the  cathedral  of  Seville, 
Spain. 

St.  Chrysostom.  An  altar-picture 
by  Sebastian  del  Piombo  (1485- 
1547).  In  the  church  of  S.  Gio- 
vanni Crisostomo,  at  Venice, 
Italy. 


St.  Clement-Danes.  A church  in 
London,  built  under  the  super- 
vision of  Sir  Christopher  Wren 
(1632-1723).  Strype  derives  the 
name  of  St.  Clement  Danes  from 
the  account  that  when  the  Danish 
people  were  expelled  by  Alfred 
in  886,  those  who  had  married 
English  women  were  allowed  to 
remain  here.  Stow,  however, 
tells  how  the  body  of  Harold,  the 
illegitimate  son  of  King  Canute, 
was  exhumed  from  Westminster 
by  the  legitimate  Hardicanute, 
and  cast  into  the  Thames,  and 
how  it  was  afterwards  recovered 
by  a fisherman,  and  buried  upon 
this  spot. 

“ We  pass  from  the  open  Place 
where  St.  Clement-Danes  stands,  — one 
of  the  most  Dutch-like  spots  in  London, 
to  which  idea  the  quaint  and  rather  ele- 
gant tower  lends  itself.  To  hear  its 
chimes,  not  at  midnight,  but  on  some 
December  evening,  when  the  steeple  is 
projected  on  a cold  blue  background, 
while  youxcan  see  the  shadows  of  the 
ringers  in  the  bell-tower,  is  a pictur- 
esque feeling.  They  fling  out  their 
janglings  more  wildly  than  any  peal  in 
London  : they  are  nearer  the  ground, 
and  the  hurly-burly  is  melodious 
enough.  Those  tones  the  Doctor  often 
heard  in  Gough  Square  and  Bolt  Court; 
and  inside  he  had  his  favorite  seat,  to 
this  day  reverently  marked  by  a plate 
and  inscription.  Yet  St.  Clement’s  is 
in  a precarious  condition,  and  when  the 
Law  Courts  are  completed  its  fate  will 
be  decided.”  Fitzgerald. 

jfeif  “ The  church  of  St.  Clement , 
in  the  Strand,  is  dedicated  to  this  saint 
[St.  Clement].  The  device  of  the  par- 
ish is  an  anchor,  which  the  beadles  and 
other  officials  wear  on  their  buttons, 
etc.,  and  which  also  surmounts  the 
weathercock  on  the  steeple.  To  choose 
the  anchor  — the  symbol  of  stability  — 
for  a weathercock,  appears  strangely 
absurd  till  we  know  the  reason.  There 
are  in  England  47  churches  dedicated 
to  St.  Clement.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

That  Church  of  St.  Clement  Danes , 
where  Johnson  still  worshipped  in  the  era 
of  Voltaire,  is  to  me  a venerable  place. 

Carlyle. 

How  Samuel  Johnson  in  the  era  of  Vol- 
taire, can  purify  and  fortify  his  soul,  and 
hold  real  communion  with  the  Highest, 
“in  the  Church  of  St.  Clement  Danes:" 
this  too  stands  all  unfolded  in  his  Biogra- 
phy, and  is  among  the  most  touching  and 
memorable  things  there.  Carlyle. 


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Where  the  fair  columns  of  St.  Clement 
stand. 

Whose  straitened  hounds  encroach  upon 
the  Strand.  Gay. 

Oranges  and  lemons, 

Sa}-  the  bells  of  St.  Clement's. 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  Clement’s  Well.  This  holy 
well  in  the  Strand,  London,  was 
much  resorted  to  by  the  youth 
of  the  city  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  A pump  now  stands  on  the 
spot. 

St.  Cloud.  A magnificent  royal 
residence  in  France,  on  the  south- 
ern slope  of  a hill  overlooking  the 
Seine.  The  chateau  contains 
several  suites  of  rooms,  which 
are  highly  ornamented  with  Gob- 
elin tapestry,  paintings,  statues, 
and  mosaics.  Its  history  is  close- 
ly connected  with  that  of  the 
French  monarclis.  It  derives  its 
name  from  Cleodald,  a grandson 
of  Clovis,  who  escaped  assassin- 
ation by  concealing  himself  in  a 
hermitage  in  the  woods  on  the 
summit  of  the  hill.  The  palace 
commands  a most  lovely  pros- 
pect, and  the  adjoining  park  is 
celebrated  for  its  beauty.  St. 
Cloud  was  the  favorite  residence 
of  Napoleon  I.  In  October,  1870, 
the  French  destroyed  it  by  shells 
from  Mont  Valerien,  that  it  might 
not  serve  to  shelter  the  Prussians. 

Tney  resembled  those  loathsome  slan- 
ders which  Goldsmith,  and  other  abject 
libellers  of  the  same  class,  were  in  the 
hab  t of  publishing  about  Bonaparte,  how 
he  hin  d a grenadier  to  shoot  Dessaix  at 
Marengo,  how  he  filled  St.  Cloud  with  all 
the  pollutions  of  Capreae.  Macaulay. 

Soft  spread  the  southern  summer  night 
Iler  veil  of  darksome  blue; 

Ten  thousand  stars  combined  to  light 
The  terrace  of  St.  Cloud. 

The  evening  breezes  gently  sighed, 

Like  breath  of  lover  true, 

Bewailing  the  deserted  pride 

And  wreck  of  sweet  St.  Cloud . Scott. 

St.  Cuthbert’s  Beads.  These 
beads  are  portions  of  the  fossil- 
ized remains  of  animals,  called 
crenoids.  They  consist  of  a series 
of  flat  plates  with  a hole  in  the 
centre  of  each  piece,  through 
which  they  may  be  strung  like  a 
rosary.  They  are  found  on  the 
shore  of  the  island  of  Lindisfarne; 
and  the  legend  is,  that  in  violent 


storms,  on  dark  nights,  St.  Cuth- 
bert  used  to  sit  on  a rock  in  the 
spray  and  mist,  and  with  another 
rock  forge  these  beads;  and  after 
the  storm  the  shore  was  found  to 
be  strewn  with  them. 

On  a rock,  by  Lindisfarno, 

St.  Cuthbert  sits,  and  toils  to  frame 
The  sea-born  beads  that  bear  his  name; 
Such  tales  had  Whitby’s  fishers  told, 

And  said  they  might  liis  shape  behold, 
And  hear  his  anvil  sound ; 

A deadened  clang,  — a huge  dim  form, 
Seen  but,  and  heard,  when  gatherin 
storm 

And  night  were  closing  round. 

Scott's  Marmion. 

St.  Cuthbert’s  Shrine.  See 
Shrine  of  St.  Cuthbert. 

St.  Denis,  Abbey  Church  of.  A 
religious  edifice  in  St.  Denis, 
France,  rich  in  historical  associa- 
tions, and  celebrated  as  the  burial- 
place  of  the  monarchs  of  France 
from  the  earliest  times.  It  has 
suffered  much  from  the  revolu- 
tions and  wars  which  have  swept 
over  France,  but  the  restorations 
which  it  has  recently  undergone 
entitle  it  to  rank  among  the  most 
splendid  Gothic  edifices  in  the 
world.  The  present  church  dates 
from  the  twelfth  century.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  here  was  the 
burial-place  of  St.  Denis,  and 
here  in  very  early  times  a Bene- 
dictine abbey  was  founded. 

St.  Denis  du  Marais.  See  St. 
Sacrement. 

St.  Denis,  Porte.  See  Porte  St. 
Denis. 

St.  Denis,  Hue.  One  of  the  ancient 
streets  of  Paris.  According  to 
tradition,  St.  Denis  frequently 
passed  over  the  old  chciassee,  and 
the  street  is  supposed  to  have 
been  so  named  in  liis  memory. 

4^=*  “Thence  we  turned  into  the 
Rue  St.  Denis,  which  is  one  of  the  old- 
est streets  in  Paris,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  first  marked  out  by  the  track  of 
the  saint’s  footsteps,  where,  after  his 
martyrdom,  he  walked  along  it,  with 
his  head  under  his  arm,  in  quest  of  a 
burial-place.  This  legend  may  account 
for  any  crookedness  of  the  street;  for 
it  could  not  reasonably  be  asked  of  a 
headless  man  that  he  should  walk 
straight.”  Ilaiothorne. 


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“ The  street  which  we  enter,  that 
of  the  Faubourg  St.  Denis,  presents  a 
strange  contrast  to  the  dark  uniformity 
of  a London  street,  where  every  thing, 
in  the  dingy  and  smoky  atmosphere, 
looks  as  though  it  were  painted  in 
India-ink.  Here,  on  the  contrary,  is  a 
thousand  times  more  life  and  color. 
Before  you,  shining  in  the  sun,  is  a 
long  glistening  line  of  gutter , — not  a 
very  pleasing  object  in  a city,  but  in 
a picture  invaluable.  On  each  side  are 
houses  of  all  dimensions  and  hues; 
some  but  of  one  story,  some  as  high  as 
the  Tower  of  Babel.  From  these  the 
haberdashers  (and  this  is  their  favorite 
street)  flaunt  long  strips  of  gaudy  cali- 
coes, which  give  a strange  air  of  rude 
gayety  to  the  street.  Gay  wine-shops, 
painted  red,  and  smartly  decorated 
with  vines  and  gilded  railings,  are 
filled  with  workmen  taking  their  morn- 
ing’s draught.  That  gloomy-looking 
prison  on  3'our  right  is  a prison  for 
women.”  Thackeray. 

St.  Dolough.  A famous  wonder- 
working well  and  pilgrim-resort 
in  the  county  of  Waterford,  Ire- 
land. 

St.  Dunstan’s.  Two  churches  in 
London  of  this  name,  one  known 
as  St.  Dunstan’s-in-the-East,  the 
other  as  St.  Dunstan’s-in-the- 
West.  Both  the  existingcliurches 
are  of  modern  construction.  The 
clock  of  the  old  church  of  St. 
Dunstan’s-in-the-West  was  one  of 
the  sights  of  London.  Above 
the  dial  were  two  wooden  figures 
of  savages  as  large  as  life,  and 
each  striking  with  a club  the 
quarter-hours  upon  a bell,  at  the 
same  time  moving  his  head. 

When  labor  and  when  dulness,  club  in 
hand, 

Like  the  two  figures  at  >67.  Dunstan's 
stand.  Cowper . 

St.  Elisiu3.  A picture  by  the 

Flemish  painter,  Petrus  Cristus, 
painted  (1449)  for  the  Goldsmiths’ 
Guildhall,  Antwerp,  Belgium. 
Now  in  the  Oppenheim  Collec- 
tion at  Cologne,  Germany. 

St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary.  A 
piece  of  sculpture  by  Benjamin 
Akers,  called  also  Paul  Akers, 
the  American  sculptor  (1825-18G2), 
which  has  been  admired  and 
often  repeated. 

St.  Elmo.  A well-known  hill  in 


Naples,  Italy,  on  the  summit  of 
which  is  the  celebrated  Castel 
Sant’  Elmo. 

St.  Elmo.  [Ital.  Castel  Sant ’ Elmo.] 
The  great  fortress  of  Naples, 
Italy,  built,  in  its  present  form, 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  by  Pe- 
dro de  Toledo.  It  was  in  former 
times  a fortification  of  great 
strength,  but  is  incapable  of  re- 
sisting the  weapons  of  attack 
used  in  modern  warfare. 

The  morrow  after  our  arrival,  in  the 
afternoone,  we  hired  a coach  to  carry  11s 
about  the  town.  First  we  went  to  the 
Castle  of  /St.  Elmo,  built  on  a very  high 
rock,  whence  we  had  an  intiro  prospect 
of  the  whole  Citty.  which  lyes  in  the 
shape  of  a theatre  upon  the  sea  brinke, 
with  all  the  circumjacent  islands.  This 
Fort  is  the  bridle  of'thc  whole  Citty,  and 
was  well  stor’d  and  garrisoned  with  na- 
tive Spanyards.  John  Evelyn.  1644. 

Naples,  thou  white  sun-lit  city ! The 
swarms  of  beings  with  song  and  shout 
flow  like  streaming  lava  ilirougli  thy 
streets;  we  hear  the  sounds,  town  after 
town  winds  like  a serpent  about  the  bay, 
Naples  is  this  serpent’s  head,  and  St.  Elmo 
the  crown  it  bears. 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

St.  Erasmus.  See  Martyrdom  of 
St.  Erasmus. 

St.  Etienne.  A monastic  church 
in  Caen,  France,  founded  by 
William  tlie  Conqueror,  and 
dedicated  by  him  in  1077.  It 
contains  the  grave  of  the  king, 
which  lias  been  several  times 
despoiled.  [Called  also  Abbaye 
aax  TIommes.] 

St.  Etienne  du  Mont.  [St.  Ste- 
phen of  the  Mount.]  A noted 
church  in  Paris,  France,  situated 
in  the  square  of  the  name,  near 
the  Pantheon.  The  present  build- 
ing was  begun  in  1517,  and  com- 
pleted in  1626.  The  style  is  a 
union  of  Gothic  and  Renaissance. 
This  church  is  celebrated  for  its 
choir,  pulpit,  and  the  grave  of 
St.  Genoveva. 

I wandered  through  the  haunts  of  men, 
From  Boulevard  to  Quai, 

Till  frowning  o’er  St.  Etienne , 

The  Pantheon’s  shadow  lay.  Holmes. 

I used  very  often,  ■when  coming  home 
from  my  morning’s  work  at  one  cf  the 
public  institutions  of  Paris,  to.  step  in  at 
the  dear  old  church  of  St.  Etienne  da 
Mont.  Holmes. 


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SAT 


St.  Eustaclic.  A noted  church,  in 
Paris,  France,  in  the  Rue  Trainee. 
It  is  second  only  in  size  to  Notre 
Dame,  and  belongs  to  one  of  the 
richest  parishes  in  the  city.  The 
building  was  begun  in  1532,  and 
finished  in  1011.  The  style  is 
Gothic  in  the  general  arrange- 
ment, but  Renaissance  in  the  de- 
tails. A fa£ade  was  added  on 
the  western  side  in  1752. 

St.  Francis.  A large  altar-picture 
painted  about  1514  for  the  Fran- 
ciscan convent  at  Carpi  by  Anto- 
nio Allegri,  surnamed  Correggio 
(1494-1534),  representing  the  Ma- 
donna enthroned  with  St.  Fran- 
cis and  St.  Anthony  of  Padua  on 
the  left,  and  on  the  right  St. 
John  the  Baptist  and  St.  Cath- 
erine. In  the  Dresden  Gallery. 

St.  Francis.  See  Communion  of 
St.  Francis,  Death  of  St. 
Fuancis,  Ecstasy  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, Miracle  of  Roses  of  St. 
Francis. 

St.  Francis  receiving  the  Stig- 
mata. A small  picture  by  Jan 
van  Eyck  (1370-1441).  Now  in 
the  possession  of  Lord  Heytes- 
bury. 

St.  Francis  wedded  to  Poverty. 
A fresco  painting  by  Giotto  di 
Bondone  (1270-1336),  the  early 
Italian  painter.  In  the  lower 
church  of  S.  Francesco,  Assisi, 
Italy. 

St.  Felicitas.  See  Martyrdom  of 
Santa  Felicita. 

St.  Genevieve.  See  Pantheon  (2). 

St.  George.  1.  A picture  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520),  repre- 
senting the  saint  attacking  the 
dragon  with  his  sword,  having 
already  pierced  him  with  a lance. 
This  picture  has  suffered  some- 
what from  injuries.  It  is  now  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

HGIT  “As  for  St.  George  and  the 
Dragon — from  the  St.  George  of  the 
Louvre, — Raphael’s, — who  sits  his 
horse  with  the  elegant  tranquillity  of 
one  assured  of  celestial  aid,  down  to 
him  who  ‘ swings  on  a sign -post  at  mine 
hostess’s  door’  — he  is  our  familiar  ac- 
quaintance.” Mrs.  Jameson. 


2.  There  is  another  St.  George 
by  Raphael,  in  which  the  dragon 
is  killed  by  the  spear  alone.  It 
was  executed  for  the  Duke  of 
Urbino,  and  intended  by  him  as  a 
present  for  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. It  is  considered  one  of  the 
most  finished  works  of  Raphael. 
Now  in  the  Hermitage  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. 

St.  George.  A picture  by  Antonio 
Allegri,  surnamed  Correggio 
(1494-1534),  representing  the  Ma- 
donna enthroned,  with  St.  George 
and  other  saints  at  the  sides. 
This  picture  is  noteworthy,  like 
the  St.  Jerome  ( q . v.),  on  account 
of  the  bright  daylight  diffused 
through  it.  In  the  Dresden  Gal- 
lery. 

St.  George’s.  A London  church, 
situated  in  Hanover  Square,  fa- 
mous for  the  number  of  aristo- 
cratic weddings  which  have  taken 
place  in  it.  It  is  stated  that  up- 
wards of  a thousand  marriages 
have  been  solemnized  here  within 
a single  year. 

St.  George’s  Fields.  A district  be- 
tween Lambeth  and  Southwark 
in  London,  formerly  occupied  for 
political  meetings  and  low  amuse- 
ments. 

St.  George’s  Hall.  A noted  build- 
ing in  Liverpool,  England,  of  the 
Corinthian  order,  and  including 
a large  concert-room. 

St.  George’s  Hospital.  At  Hyde 
Park  Corner,  London.  It  was 
originated  in  1733,  and  was  re- 
built in  1831.  This  hospital,  built 
on  the  site  of  Lanesborougli 
House,  is  supported  by  voluntary 
contributions  as  a hospital  for 
sick  and  lame  persons. 

St.  Germain  des  Pres.  One  of  the 
oldest  churches  in  Paris.  King 
Childebert,  A.D.  550,  founded  the 
abbey  to  which  this  church  was 
joined.  St.  Germanus  is  said  to 
have  advised  Childebert  to  found 
this  abbey  in  the  meadows  {pres) 
along  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine, 
whence  the  name.  Only  the 
church  and  part  of  the  abbot’s 
house  remain  of  this  celebrated 


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establishment,  the  church  being 
the  only  building  of  size  in  the 
Romanesque  style  now  standing 
in  Paris.  Only  a few  fragments 
remain  of  the  original  edifice  of 
Childebert,  in  fact,  nothing  earlier 
than  the  first  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. Externally  the  church  is 
plain  and  simple,  but  it  has  been 
decorated  in  a style  not  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  original  architec- 
ture. 

4®"  “ Most  of  the  Merovingian  mon- 
arch s of  France  in  the  sixth  and  sev- 
enth centuries  were  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Germain;  but  their  tombs 
were  rifled  at  the  Revolution,  and  a few 
only  of  their  monuments  are  now  pre- 
served in  the  church  of  St.  Denis.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

St.  Germain  PAuxerrois.  This 
church,  situated  in  the  place  of 
the  same  name,  opposite  the  east- 
ern facade  of  the  Louvre,  in 
Paris,  was  commenced  in  the 
fourteenth  century.  It  is  re- 
markable for  the  beauty  of  its 
architecture,  its  richly  painted 
windows,  and  the  magnificence 
of  its  decorations.  It  was  the 
bell  of  this  church  that  tolled  the 
signal  for  the  commencement  of 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Aug.  24,  1572.  Members  of  the 
royal  family  were  generally  bap- 
tized in  this  church.  It  has  un- 
dergone numerous  additions  and 
restorations. 

St.  Gervais.  A fine  Gothic  church 
in  Paris,  finished  in  1820.  A clas- 
sical facade  was  added  to  the 
original  structure  in  1610.  In  the 
windows  of  this  church  is  what 
is  still  the  finest  glass  in  Paris,  by 
Cousin  and  Pinaigrier.  Scarron, 
the  husband  of  Madame  de  Main- 
tenon,  Crebillon,  and  other  celeb- 
rities of  the  seventeenth  century, 
were  buried  here. 

St.  Giles’s.  A celebrated  locality 
in  London,  once  the  resort  of  the 
most  degraded  and  abandoned 
portion  of  the  populace.  It  has 
undergone  great  changes  within 
a few  years;  churches,  schools, 
and  reformatory  institutions  of 
every  class  having  been  erected. 

4QT3  “ St.  Giles  has  been  especially 
venerated  in  England  and  Scotland.  In 


1117,  Matilda,  wife  of  Henry  I.,  founded 
an  hospital  for  lepers  outside  the  city 
of  London,  which  she  dedicated  to  St. 
Giles,  and  which  has  since  given  its 
name  to  an  extensive  parish.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

46^  “ It  is  noteworthy  that  places 
dedicated  to  this  saint,  ‘ abbot  and  mar- 
tyr,’ were  almost  always  outside  some 
great  town.  This  was  because  St. 
Giles  (St.  Egidius)  was  the  patron 
saint  of  lepers,  and  where  a place  was 
called  by  his  name  a lazar-house  al- 
ways existed.”  Hare. 

4@"  “ The  Puritans  made  stout  ef- 
forts to  reform  its  morals;  and,  as  the 
parish  books  attest,  ‘ oppressed  tip- 
plers ’ were  fined  for  drinking  on  the 
Lord’s  day,  and  vintners  for  permitting 
them;  fines  were  levied  for  swearing 
oaths,  travelling  and  brewing  on  a fast- 
day,  etc.  Again,  St.  Giles’s  was  a ref- 
uge for  the  persecuted  tipplers  and 
ragamuffins  of  London  and  Westmin- 
ster in  those  days ; and  its  blackguard- 
ism was  increased  by  harsh  treatment. 
It  next  became  the  abode  of  knots  of 
disaffected  foreigners,  chiefly  French- 
men, of  whom  a club  was  held  in  Seven 
Dials.  Smollett  speaks,  in  1740,  of 
‘ two  tatterdemalions  from  the  purlieus 
of  St.  Giles’s,  and  between  them  both 
there  was  but  one  shirt  and  a pair  of 
breeches.’  Hogarth  painted  his  mo- 
ralities from  St.  Giles’s.  . . . Here 
were  often  scenes  of  bloody  fray,  riot, 
and  chance-medley ; for  in  this  wretched 
district  were  grouped  herds  of  men  but 
little  removed  from  savagery.” 

Timbs. 

A friend  of  mine  who  was  sitting  un- 
moved at  one  of  the  sentimental  pieces 
was  asked  how  lie  could  be  so  indifferent. 
“Why,  truly,”  says  he,  “as  tne  hero  is 
but  a tradesman,  it  is  indifferent  to  me 
whether  he  be  turned  out  of  liis  counting- 
house  on  Fish-street  hill,  since  he  will  still 
have  enough  left  to  open  shop  in  St. 
Giles's Goldsmith. 

Be  all  the  bruisers  cull'd  from  all  St. 
Giles' , 

That  art  and  nature  may  compare  their 
styles ; 

While  brawny  brutes  in  stupid  wonder 
stare, 

And  marvel  at  his  lordship’s  “ stone  shop” 
there.  Byron . 

St.  Giles’s.  1.  One  of  the  oldest 
and  most  venerable  churches  in 
London  (Cripplegate).  Plere  Mil- 
ton  was  buried,  and  Oliver  Crom- 
well was  married.  The  church 
was  built  in  1545.  Its  bells  are 
celebrated. 

Brickbats  and  tiles, 

Say  the  bells  of  St.  Giles'. 

Mother  Goose. 


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2.  A noted  church  in  the  High 
Street  of  the  Old  Town  of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  memorable  from 
its  associations  with  some  of  the 
most  important  events  in  the  re- 
ligious history  of  Scotland. 

4QT“The  parish  church  of  Edin- 
burgh existed  under  the  invocation  of 
St.  Giles,  as  early  as  1359.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

4®=*“  There  are  146  churches  in 
England  dedicated  to  St.  Giles.  They 
are  frequently  near  the  outskirts  of  a 
city  or  town;  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate, 
St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  St.  Giles,  Cam- 
berwell, were  all  on  the  outside  of  Lon- 
don as  it  existed  when  these  churches 
wore  erected,  and  there  are  other  ex- 
amples at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  etc.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Giles’s  Hospital.  A hospital 
for  lepers,  St.  Giles’s,  London, 
built  about  1118,  and  dissolved  at 
the  Reformation.  The  church  of 
St.  Giles-in-the-Fields  commemo- 
rates the  hospital  and  vicinity. 

St.  Giles  in  the  Fields.  A church 
in  London,  built  in  1730-34.  An- 
drew Marvel  was  buried  here  ; 
here  is  a tomb  to  George  Chap- 
man; and  in  the  churchyard  are 
buried  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury, 
Shirley  the  dramatist,  George 
Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
and  others. 

St.  Gothard.  See  Dogs  of  St. 
Gothard  and  Hospice  of  St. 
Gothard. 

St.  Helen’s.  An  old  and  noted 
church  in  Bishopsgate,  London, 
restored  in  1866. 

You  owe  me  ten  shillings, 

Saj'  the  bells  at  St.  Helen’s. 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  Hippolitus.  See  Martyrdom 
of  St.  Hippolitus. 

St.  Honor©,  Hue.  One  of  the 
principal  streets  of  Paris.  This 
long  and  irregular  street  reaches 
from  the  Marche  des  Innocens  to 
the  Rue  Royal,  beyond  which  it 
further  continues  as  the  Rue  du 
Faubourg  St.  Honore'. 

4®" “We  issued  forth  at  about 
eleven,^  and  went  down  the  Rue  St. 
Honore,  which  is  narrow,  and  has 
houses  of  live  or  six  stories  on  either 
side,  between  which  run  the  streets 


like  a gully  in  a rock.  . . . As  we  went 
down  the  Rue  St.  Honore,  it  grew 
more  and  more  thronged,  and  with  a 
meaner  class  of  people.  The  houses 
still  were  high,  and  without  the  shab- 
biness of  exterior  that  distinguishes  the 
old  part  of  London,  being  of  light-col- 
ored stone ; but  I never  saw  any  thing 
that  so  much  came  up  to  ray  idea  of  a 
swarming  city  as  this  narrow,  crowd- 
ed, and  rambling  street.” 

Hawthorne. 

“ This  Rue  St.  Honore  is  one  of 
the  old  streets  in  Paris,  and  is  that  in 
which  Henry  IV.  was  assassinated.” 

Hawthorne . 

If  the  banker  in  Lombard  Street  emer- 
ges from  the  twilight  of  Ins  counting-house 
to  make  a morning  call,  he  steps  into  a 
Piccadilly  omnibus,  in  a claret-colored 
frock  of  the  last  fashion  at  Crockford’s,  a 
fresh  hat,  and  (if  he  is  young)  a pair  of 
cherished  boots  from  the  Rue  St.  ITonore. 

N.  P.  Willis . 

St.  Hubert  of  Li&ge.  See  Rais- 
ing the  Body  of  St.  Hubert 
of  Liege. 

St.  Ildefonso.  See  Granja,  La. 

St.  Isaac’s.  See  Izak  Church. 

St.  Jacques.  A noted  church  in 
Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  altar- 
piece  is  a Holy  Family  by  Ru- 
bens. 

St.  Jacques  la  Boucherie.  A 
Gothic  bell-tower  in  Paris,  187 
feet  in  height,  begun  in  1508  and 
completed  in  1522.  The  church 
to  which  it  belonged  was  pulled 
down  in  1797.  The  region  around 
the  tower  has  been  cleared : the 
tower  itself  has  been  restored, 
and  now  forms  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  and  beautiful  monu- 
ments of  Paris. 

St.  James  [of  Compostella].  See 
Shrine  of  St.  James. 

St.  James  Baptizing.  A picture 
by  Andrea  Mantegna  (1431-1506). 
In  the  Eremitani  Chapel,  Padua, 
Italy. 

St.  James’s.  This  was  once  a part 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Martins-in-the 
Fields,  London.  The  phrase, 
“ The  Court  of  St.  James’s,”  is 
said  to  date  from  the  burning  of 
Whitehall  in  the  reign  of  William 
III.,  when  St.  James’s  became 
the  royal  residence.  “In  the 


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reign  of  Queen  Anne  it  had  ac- 
quired the  distinction  of  the  Court 
quarter.” 

The  inhabitants  of  St.  James's,  notwith- 
standing they  live  under  the  same  laws 
and  speak  the  same  language,  are  a dis- 
tinct people  from  those  ot  Clieapside,  who 
are  likewise  removed  lrom  those  of  the 
Temple  on  one  side,  and  those  of  Smith- 
field  on  the  other,  b}*-  several  climates  and 
degrees  in  their  way  of  thinking  and  con- 
versing together.  Addison , Spectator 

J&g3*  St.  James’s  Street  and  St. 
James’s  Place  are  familiar  localities 
near  the  Palace  of  St.  James,  and  have 
been  the  residence  of  many  eminent 
men  in  past  times. 

Half  St.  Giles  in  frieze 
Was  bidden  to  meet  St-  James  in  cloth  of 
gold, 

And,  after  contract  at  the  altar,  pass 
To  eat  a man  iage-feast  on  Hampstead 
Heath.  Mrs.  Browning. 

St.  James’s  Coffee-house.  A 
Whig  coffee-house  in  St.  James’s 
Street,  London,  famous  from  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne  till  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century. 
It  was  closed,  according  to  Mr. 
Cunningham,  about  1806.  It  was 
frequented  by  Swift,  Goldsmith, 
Garrick,  and  many  others. 

That  I might  begin  as  near  the 
fountain-head  as  possible,  I first  of  all 
called  in  at  St.  James’s,  where  I found 
the  whole  outward  room  in  a buzz  of 
politics;  the  speculations  were  but 
very  indifferent  towards  the  door,  but 
grew  finer  as  you  advanced  to  the 
upper  end  of  the  room,  and  were  so 
much  improved  by  a knot  of  theorists, 
who  sat  in  the  inner  room,  within  the 
steams  of  the  coffee-pot,  that  I there 
heard  the  whole  Spanish  monarchy  dis- 
posed of,  and  all  the  line  of  Bourbons 
provided  for  in  less  than  a quarter  of 
an  hour.”  Addison , Spectator. 

If  it  be  fine  weather,  we  take  a turn  in- 
to the  Park  till  two,  when  we  go  to  dinner ; 
and  if  it  be  dirty,  you  are  entertained  at 
piquet  or  basset  at  White’s,  or  you  may 
talk  politics  at  the  Smyrna  or  St.  James's. 

Journey  through  England , 1714. 

He  [Thomas  Wharton]  was  quite  as 
dexterous  a canvasser  among  the  em- 
broidered coats  at  the  St.  James's  Coffee- 
house, as  among  the  leathern  apron's  at 
Wycombe  and  Aylesbury.  Macaulay. 

St.  James’s  Court.  SeeST.  James’s. 

St.  James’s  Hall.  A modern  build- 
ing in  London,  fronting  upon  Pic- 
cadilly and  Regent  Street,  con- 
taining a large  hall  and  two 


smaller  halls,  used  for  concerts 
and  lectures. 

St.  James’s  Palace.  A royal  pal- 
ace in  London,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  sovereigns,  very 
interesting  from  its  historical  as- 
sociations. It  was  built  upon  the 
site  of  a hospital  dedicated  to  St. 
James.  After  the  burning  of 
Whitehall  in  1697,  the  palace  was 
used  for  state  ceremonies,  whence 
dates  the  Court  of  St.  James. 
Since  the  accession  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria, the  palace  has  only  been 
used  for  levees,  drawing-rooms, 
and  state-balls. 

Thus  this  palace  [of  the  Ceesars]  wtrs, 
as  it  were,  the  St.  James's  of  Rome.  Hare. 

St.  James’s  Park.  An  ancient 
common  or  pleasure-ground  in 
London,  contiguous  to  St.  James’s 
Palace.  It  comprises  91  acres. 
Since  the  time  of  Charles  II. 
the  park  has  been  open  to  the 
public. 

“ St.  James’s  is  far  the  prettiest 
of  the  London  parks,  and  the  most  fre- 
quented by  the  lower  orders.  On  Sun- 
days they  come  by  thousands  to  sit 
upon  the  seats,  . . . and  they  bring 
bread  to  feed  the  water-fowl,  which 
are  the  direct  descendants  of  those  in- 
troduced and  fed  by  Charles  II.  . . . 
Till  the  present  century,  the  Mall  con- 
tinued to  be  the  most  fashionable 
promenade  of  London ; but  the  trees 
were  then  ancient  and  picturesquely 
grouped,  and  the  company  did  not  ap- 
pear as  they  do  now  by  Rotten  Row, 
for  the  ladies  were  in  full  dress,  and 
the  gentlemen  carried  their  bats  under 
their  arms.”  Hare. 

4®=*  “ St.  James's  Park  is  a genuine 
piece  of  country,  and  of  English  coun- 
try.” Taine , Trans. 

I remember  to  have  read  in  some  philos- 
opher— I believe  in  Tom  Brown’s  works 
— that  let  a man’s  character,  sentiments, 
or  complexion  be  what  they  will,  he  can 
find  company  in  London  to  match  them. 
If  he  be  splenetic,  he  may  every  day 
meet  companions  on  the  seats  in  St. 
James's  Park , with  whose  groans  he  may 
mix  his  own,  and  pathetically  talk  of  the 
weather.  Goldsmith. 

I fancy  it  was  a merrier  England,  that 
of  our  ancestors,  than  that  which  we 
inhabit.  . . . They  played  all  sor.s  of 
games,  which,  with  the  exception  of 
cricket  and  tennis,  have  quite  gone  out 
of  our  manners  now.  In  the  old  prints  of 
St.  James's  Park  you  still  see  the  marks 


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along  the  walk  to  note  the  balls  when  the 
Court  played  at  mall.  Thackeray. 

A nymph  of  quality  admires  our  knight; 
He  marries,  bows  at  court,  and  grows  po- 
lite ; 

Leaves  the  dull  cits,  and  joins  (to  please 
the  fair) 

The  well-bred  cuckolds  in  St.  James's  air. 

Pope. 

St.  J ames’s  Street.  A well-known 
street  in  London,  noted  for  its 
club-houses.  In  this  street  lived 
Waller  the  poet,  Pope,  Lord  By- 
ron; and  here  Gibbon  died. 

The  Campus  Martins  of  St.  James' s-street, 
Wln  ro  the  beaux  cavalry  pace  to  and  fro. 
Before  they  take  the  field  in  Rotten  Row. 

R B.  Sheridan. 

If  our  Government  is  to  be  a No-Gov- 
ernment, what  is  the  matter  who  adminis- 
ters it.-'  Fling  an  orange-skin  into  St 
James's  Street;  let  the  man  it  hits  be  your 
man.  Carlyle. 

Come,  and  once  more  together  let  us  greet 
The  long-lost  pleasures  of  St.  James's- 
street.  Tickell. 

St.  James's  Street , of  classic  fame  ! 

The  finest  people  throng  it ! 

St.  James's  Street  ? I know  the  name  ! 

1 think  I’ve  passed  along  it! 

Why,  that’s  where  Sacharissa  sighed 
When  Waller  read  his  ditty; 

Where  Byron  lived,  and  Gibbon  died, 
And  Alvanley  was  witty. 

Frederick  Locker 

St.  James’s.  A small  theatre  in 
King  Street,  St.  James’s,  London, 
well  patronized  in  the  height  of 
the  London  season. 

St.  Januarius,  Blood  of.  See 

Blood  of  St.  Januarius. 

St.  Jerome.  A noted  picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Brera, 
at  Milan,  Italy.  Vandyke  is  said 
to  have  derived  some  of  his  high- 
est inspirations  from  the  study  of 
this  picture. 

St.  Jerome.  A picture  by  George 
Pencz  (1500  7-1554?),  a German 
painter.  In  the  chapel  of  St. 
Maurice  at  Nuremberg,  Germany. 

St.  Jerome.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
named  Correggio  (1494-1534),  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin  and  Child 
together  with  St.  Jerome  and 
Mary  Magdalen.  Sometimes 
called  “ The  Day”  (II  Giorno), 
in  contrast  with  La  Notte,  or  the 
“Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,” 
at  Dresden.  This  picture  is  in 
the  gallery  of  Parma,  Italy. 


4^  “The  pure  light  of  day  is  dif- 
fused over  the  picture;  the  figures 
seem  surrounded,  as  it  were,  by  a ra- 
diant atmosphere.  The  Magdalen  is 
equally  the  perfection  of  female  beau- 
ty and  of  Correggio’s  art;  other  por- 
tions, however,  are  not  quite  free  from 
affectation.” 

Eastlake,  Handbook  of  Painting. 

4®=-  “ In  the  celebrated  St.  Jerome 
of  Correggio,  she  [the  Magdalen]  is  on 
the  left  of  the  Madonna,  bending  down 
with  an  expression  of  the  deepest  ado- 
ration to  kiss  the  feet  of  the  infant 
Christ,  while  an  angel  behind  holds  up 
the  vase  of  ointment.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

St.  Jerome.  See  Communion  of 
St.  Jerome, 

St.  Jerome  in  his  Study.  A cele- 
brated and  well-known  print  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver.  It  is 
familiar  through  photographic 
and  heliotype  reproductions. 

4®=-“  A perfect  contrast  to  the  Mel- 
ancholy [see  Melencolia]  is  to  be  found 
in  its  contemporary  print  of  St.  Jerome 
in  his  Study.  There,  too,  we  see  the 
figure  of  a man  sunk  in  deep  thought, 
and  a chamber  filled  with  various  appa- 
ratus. The  whole  is  arranged  with  the 
most  ingenious  fancy,  but  pervaded  by 
a serenity  and  grace  which  keep  aloof 
all  the  dreams  and  visionary  forms  cre- 
ated by  the  imagination,  and  bring  be- 
fore us  the  simple  reality  of  homely 
life  in  its  most  pleasing  form.  Gerard 
Dow,  the  most  feeling  of  the  Dutch 
<?eftre-painters,  has  produced  nothing 
so  pleasing  and  touching  as  this  print, 
which  even  in  the  most  trifling  acces- 
sories bears  the  impress  of  a lofty  and 
gentle  nature.” 

Kugler , Handbook  of  Painting. 

4GgP“  Very  celebrated  is  an  engrav- 
ing of  this  subject  [St.  Jerome]  by  Al- 
bert Diirer.  The  scene  is  the  interior 
of  a cell  at  Bethlehem  ; two  windows 
on  the  left  pour  across  the  picture  a 
stream  of  sunshine.  St.  Jerome  is  seen 
in  the  background,  seated  at  a desk, 
most  intently  writing  his  translation  of 
the  Scriptures.  In  front  the  lion  is 
crouching,  and  a fox  is  seen  asleep. 
The  execution  of  this  print  is  a miracle 
of  art,  and  it  is  very  rare.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Joachim.  See  St.  Joseph  and 
St.  Joachim. 

St.  John,  Grotto  of.  See  Grotto 

of  St.  John, 


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St.  John  Lateran.  [Ital.  S.  Gio- 
vanni in  Laterano.]  A celebrated 
basilica  in  Rome,  dedicated  to  St. 
Jolm  the  Baptist,  and  long  re- 
garded as  the  first  of  Christian 
churches.  It  derives  its  name  of 
I Alter  an  from  a rich  patrician 
family.  The  present  building  is 
the  fourth  which  has  been  erect- 
ed, and  has  itself  undergone 
many  alterations.  The  first  ba- 
silica was  built  in  321  by  Constan- 
tine; the  present  one  by  Urban 
Y.  (1362-70).  The  west  front 
bears  the  inscription,  “ Sacro- 
sancta  Lateranensis  ecclesia,  om- 
nium urbis  et  orbis  Ecclesiarum 
Mater  et  Caput.”  The  Chapter 
of  the  Lateran  takes  precedence 
even  over  that  of  St.  Peter’s,  and 
the  coronation  of  each  newly- 
elected  pope  takes  place  here. 
This  basilica  owes  its  chief  celeb- 
rity to  the  five  General  Councils 
held  in  it,  known  as  the  Lateran 
Councils,  the  last  of  which  oc- 
curred May  3,  1512.  St.  John 
Lateran  is  one  of  the  four  basili- 
cas which  enjoy  the  distinction 
of  having  a “ Porta  Santa,” 

^^“The  basilica  of  St.  John  Lat- 
eran is  held  in  peculiar  reverence  from 
its  venerable  antiquity  and  from  its 
having  long  been  regarded  as  the  moth- 
er church  of  Christendom.  ...  As 
there  has  never  been  a total  demolition 
and  destruction,  the  chain  of  associa- 
tion remains  unbroken  ; and  the  rever- 
end form  of  the  first  Christian  Empe- 
ror, whose  statue  stands  in  the  vesti- 
bule, is  still  the  presiding  genius  of  the 
place.  The  interior  is  rich  and  impos- 
ing, though  not  in  the  purest  taste.” 

Hillard. 

The  next  day  there  was  much  ceremo- 
ny at  St.  John  de  Laterally  so  as  the  whole 
week  was  spent  in  running  from  church 
to  church,  all  the  town  in  busie  devotion, 
greate  silence,  and  unimaginable  super- 
stition. John  Evelyn , 1644. 

St.  John  Nepomuck.  A famous 
bronze  statue  upon  the  Carls- 
briicke,  a bridge  over  the  Mol- 
dau  in  Prague,  Austria.  St.  John 
Nepomuck  is  the  patron  saint  of 
bridges. 

“ He  was  a priest  many  centu- 
ries ago,  whom  one  of  the  kings  threw 
from  the  bridge  into  the  Moldau,  be- 
cause he  refused  to  reveal  to  him  what 
the  queen  confessed.  The  legend  says 


the  body  swam  for  some  time  on  the 
river  with  five  stars  around  its  head.” 
Bayard  Taylor . 

The  story  of  the  saint  hav- 
ing been  thrown  from  the  bridge 
is  now  proved  to  be  an  inven- 
tion. 

St.  John  Nepomuck,  Shrine  of. 
See  Shrine  of  St.  John  Nepo- 
muck. 

St.  John  the  Baptist.  A small 
but  delicately  executed  picture 
by  Hans  Memling  (d.  1495),  the 
Flemish  painter.  Formerly  in 
possession  of  Cardinal  Bembo, 
but  now  in  the  Pinakothek  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

St.  John  the  Baptist.  A picture 
by  Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the 
Academy  at  Venice,  Italy. 

St.  John  the  Baptist.  A picture 
by  Salvator  Rosa  (1615-1673).  In 
Florence,  Italy. 

St.  John  the  Baptist.  See  Be- 
heading of  St.  John. 

St.  John  the  Divine,  Monastery 
of.  This  celebrated  monastery, 
on  the  island  of  Patmos,  off  the 
west  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  was 
built  in  the  twelfth  century  by 
the  Byzantine  emperors.  The 
building  has  the  appearance  of  a 
Middle  Age  fortress.  Not  far 
distant  is  the  famous  cavern  or 
grotto  where  the  Apocalypse  is 
said  to  have  been  written  by  St. 
John. 

St.  John  the  Evangelist.  A pic- 
ture attributed  to  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520),  representing  him 
mounted  on  the  back  of  an  eagle 
and  soaring  heavenward,  holding 
in  one  hand  a tablet,  in  the  other 
a pen.  In  the  Museum  at  Mar- 
seilles, France. 

St.  John  the  Evangelist.  A pic- 
ture by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
named  Correggio  (1494-1534).  One 
of  the  series  of  the  Evangel- 
ists in  the  Cathedral  at  Parma, 
Italy. 

St.  John  the  Evangelist.  A half- 
length  portrait  by  Domenico  Zam- 
pieri,  surnamed  Domenichino 
(1581-1641),  well-known  by  Mill- 


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ler’s  engraving  of  it.  In  the  col- 
lection of  Prince  Narischkin,  at 
St.  Petersburg.  There  is  a repe- 
tition of  the  same  at  Castle  How- 
ard, England. 

St.  John  the  Evangelist.  A pic- 
ture by  Carlo  Dolce  (1C16— 168(>), 
and  one  of  his  best  works.  In 
the  Museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

St.  John  in  the  Wilderness.  A 
noted  picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1183-1520).  In  the  Uffizi  Gallery 
in  Florence,  Italy. 

4®"  “ His  glorious  form  in  the  fail- 
proportions  of  ripening  boyhood,  the 
grace  of  his  attitude,  with  the  arm 
lifted  eloquently  on  high,  the  divine  in- 
spiration which  illumines  his  young 
features,  chain  the  step  irresistibly  be- 
fore it.  It  is  one  of  those  triumphs  of 
the  pencil  which  few  but  Raphael  have 
accomplished,  — the  painting  of  spirit 
in  its  loftiest  and  purest  form.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

St.  John’s.  A church  in  Clerken- 
well,  London.  It  was  in  the 
crypt  of  this  church  that  the  in- 
vestigation was  made  in  regard 
to  the  so-called  Cock-Lane  Ghost. 
See  Cock  Lane. 

Pokers  and  tongs, 

Say  the  bells  at  St.  John's. 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  John’s.  An  interesting  church 
edifice  in  Richmond,  Va.,  built 
before  the  Revolution,  and  con- 
nected with  many  historical 
events.  In  1775  the  Virginia 
Convention  held  its  sessions  here, 
during  which  Patrick  Henry 
made  his  famous  address.  The 
Convention  for  ratifying  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  also  assembled 
in  this  church. 

St.  John’s  Gate.  A relic  of  the 
old  and  splendid  monastery  of 
the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, in  London.  In  1845  it 
underwent  repairs  and  restora- 
tions. The  first  number  of  the 
“Gentleman’s  Magazine”  was 
printed  in  an  office  established 
here,  the  magazine  still  bearing 
the  Gate  as  a vignette. 

How  he  [Johnson]  sits  there,  in  his 
rough-hewn,  amorphous  bulk,  in  that 
upper  room  at  St.  John's  Gate,  and  trun- 
dles off  sheet  after  sheet  of  those  Senate- 
of  Lilliput  Debates,  to  the  clamorous 


Printer’s  Devils  waiting  for  them,  with 
insatiable  throat,  down  stairs;  himself 
perhaps  impransus  all  the  while.  ...  If 
to  Johnson  himself,  then  much  more  to 
us,  may  that  St.  John's  Gate  be  a place 
we  can  “ never  pass  without  veneration.” 
Carlyle. 

At  the  time  of  Johnson’s  appearance, 
there  were  still  two  ways  on  which  an 
author  might  attempt  proceeding:  there 
were  the  Maecenases  proper  in  the  West 
End  of  London;  and  the  Maecenases  vir- 
tual of  St.  John's  Gate  and  Paternoster 
Row.  Carlyle. 

St.  John’s  Wood.  A district  in 
London,  situated  to  the  west  of 
Regent’s  Park. 

St.  Joseph  and  St.  Joachim.  A 
picture  by  Albert  Diirer  (1471- 
1528),  the  German  painter  and 
engraver.  In  the  Gallery  of  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

St.  Julian.  A picture  by  Cristo- 
foro  Allori  (1577-1619).  In  the 
Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

St.  Just.  See  Yuste. 

St.  Justina  and  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara.  A noted  picture  by 
Alessandro  Bonvicino,  called  II 
Moretto  di  Brescia  (1514-1564). 
In  the  Belvedere,  Vienna,  Aus- 
tria. 

4£g=  “ Every  one  who  has  been  at 
Vienna  will  probably  remember  the 
St.  Justina  of  the  Belvedere,  so  long 
attributed  to  Pordenone,  but  now 
known  to  be  the  production  of  a much 
greater  man,  Bonvicino  of  Brescia  (II 
Moretto).”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Katherine  Docks.  Well- 
known  docks  in  London, opened 
for  use  in  1828.  It  is  said  that 
over  1,200  houses  were  pulled 
down,  and  more  than  11,000  in- 
habitants were  removed,  to  clear 
the  ground  for  this  great  under- 
taking. The  cost  was  £1,700,000. 
These  docks  were  united  in  1863 
with  the  London  Docks  ( q.v.), 
under  one  management. 

This  London  City,  with  all  its  houses, 
palaces,  steam-engines,  cathedrals,  and 
huge  immeasurable  traffic  and  tumult, 
what  is  it  but  a Thought,  but  millions  of 
Thoughts  made  into  One, — a huge  im- 
measurable Spirit  of  a Thought,  embodied 
in  brick,  in  iron,  smoke,  dust.  Palaces, 
Parliaments.  Hackney  Coaches,  Katherine 
Docks,  and  the  rest  of  ;t ! Carlyle. 

St.  Kevin’s  Kitchen.  A noted 
ruin  in  the  county  of  Wicklow, 


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Ireland,  being  an  ancient  church 
invested  with  much  legendary 
lore. 

St.  Keyne’s  Well.  A celebrated 
well  in  Cornwall,  England,  which 
is  described  in  the  following 
rhymes : — 

In  name,  in  shape,  in  quality, 

This  well  is  very  quaint; 

The  name  to  lot  of  Keyne  befell, 

No  over-holy  saint. 

The  shape  — four  trees  of  clivers  kind, 
Withy,  oak,  elm,  and  ash, 

Make  with  their  roots  an  arched  roof, 
Whose  fl  »or  the  spring  doth  wash. 

The  quali  y — that  man  and  wife, 

Wno-e  chance  or  choice  attains, 

First #f  this  sacred  stream  to  drink. 
Thereby  the  mastery  gains.  Carew. 

You  drank  of  the  well,  I warrant,  betimes  ? 

He  to  the  Corni-liman  said  ; 

But  the  Cornisliman  smil  d as  the  stran- 
ger spake. 

And  sheepishly  shook  his  head. 

I hastened  as  soon  as  the  wedding  was 
done, 

And  left  mv  wife  in  the  porch; 

But  i’  faith  she  had  been  wiser  than  me, 

For  she  took  a bottle  to  church  ! 

Southey. 

St.  Kieran’s  Chair.  A very  an- 
cient and  venerated  stone  chair  in 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  reputed  to  be 
the  seat  of  the  saint  who  preceded 
St.  Patrick  in  his  mission  by  thirty 
years,  and  who  was  the  first  to 
preach  Christianity  in  Ireland. 

St.  Lazare.  A house  of  detention 
and  correction  for  disorderly 
women  in  the  Faubourg  St. Denis, 
Paris.  Here  was  formerly  a cele- 
brated convent. 

Well,  let  us  take  a look  at  this  guin- 
guette  [at  the  bal  Perron  at  the  Barriere 
du  Tronej;  a hundred  low  grisettes,  and 
fifty  women  of  the  town  whose  acquaint- 
ance with  St.  Lazare  and  the  Prefecture 
of  Police  you  recognize  at  once. 

Taine , Trans. 

St.  Leonard’s  Crags.  The  popular 
name  of  a cottage  in  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  once  the  home  of  Effie 
Deans,  the  heroine  of  Scott’s  tale 
of  “ The  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian.” 

St.  Louis.  A noted  frigate  of  the 
United  States  navy,  in  service  in 
the  war  of  1812.  She  was  built 
at  Washington. 

St.  Luke.  [Ital.  Accademici  di  San 
Lara.]  An  academy  of  fine  arts 
in  Rome,  founded  in  the  last  part 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and 


composed  of  painters,  sculptors, 
and  architects.  It  occupies  part 
of  the  site  of  the  Forum  of  Julius 
Csesar,  and  contains,  besides  nu- 
merous designs  and  models,  a 
collection  of  pictures  by  various 
artists.  Among  these  works  is 
St.  Luke  painting  the  portrait  of 
the  Virgin  and  Cliild,  ascribed  to 
Raphael,  of  which  Mrs.  Jameson 
says  that  it  is  the  most  famous  of 
all  pictures  upon  this  favorite  sub- 
ject. The  skull  of  Raphael  was 
for  a long  time  thought  to  be 
among  the  treasures  of  the  Acade- 
my, until  the  discovery  of  the 
genuine  one  in  the  Pantheon. 

St.  Luke.  A statue  by  Giovanni 
da  Bologna,  called  II  Fiammingo 
(1524-1608).  In  the  church  of  Or 
S.  Michele,  Florence,  Italy. 

St.  Luke.  1.  A famous  picture 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1488-1520), 
representing  St.  Luke  as  kneeling 
on  a footstool  before  an  easel,  and 
painting  the  Virgin  and  Child, 
who  appear  to  him  in  the  clouds 
of  heaven.  Behind  St.  Luke,  Ra- 
phael stands  looking  on.  In  the 
Academy  of  St.  Luke  at  Rome. 

2.  There  is  another  picture, 
usually  ascribed  to  Raphael,  upon 
the  same  subject, in  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  London. 

St.  Luke.  A picture  by  Roger  van 
der  Weyden  (d.  1464),  the  Flem- 
ish painter.  It  was  originally 
placed  on  the  altar  of  the  Guild, 
of  St  Luke  at  Brussels,  Belgium, 
but  is  now  in  the  Gallery  of  Mu- 
nich, Bavaria. 

St.  Madem’s  Well.  A holy  well 
in  Cornwall,  England.  It  was  in 
Catholic  times  a favorite  resort  for 
invalids,  who  attempted  to  propi- 
tiate the  saint  by  offerings  of 
pins  and  pebbles.  Since  the  sev- 
enteenth century  it  has  been 
little  visited. 

St.  Margaret.  A famous  picture 
of  this  saint  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  painted  for  Francis 
I.  in  compliment  to  his  sister 
Margaret  of  Navarre.  Now  in 
the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

St.  Margaret  (and  the  Dragon). 


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An  altar-picture  attributed  to  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520),  but  prob- 
ably by  his  pupil  Giulio  Romano, 
(1492-1546),  representing  the  saint 
“ issuing  from  a cave,  with  the 
monster  crouching  around  her, 
while  she  raises  the  crucifix 
against  him.”  This  picture  is  in 
the  Gallery  of  Vienna,  Austria. 

St.  Margaret’s.  An  old  and  cele- 
brated church  in  the  parish  of 
Westminster,  London.  It  was 
repaired  at  the  expense  of  Par- 
liament in  1735. 

Bull’s  eves  and  targets, 

Say  the  bells  of  St.  Marg'ret’s . 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  Marguerite.  A church  in  the 
Rue  St.  Bernard,  Faubourg  St. 
Antoine,  Paris.  It  is  built  in  the 
Italian  style. 

St.  Mark.  A celebrated  colossal 
figure  of  the  apostle  by  Fra  Bar- 
tolommeo (1469-1517),  the  Italian 
painter.  In  the  Pitti  Palace, 
Florence,  Italy. 

“Among  the  devotional  pic- 
tures of  St.  Mark,  one  of  the  most  fa- 
mous is  that  of  Fra  Bartolommeo,  in  the 
Palazzo  Pitti.  He  is  represented  as  a 
man  in  the  prime  of  life,  with  bushy 
hair,  and  a short  reddish  beard,  throned 
in  a niche,  and  holding  in  one  hand  the 
Gospel,  in  the  other  a pen.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Mark.  See  Miracle  of  St. 
Mark. 

St.  Mark  preaching  in  Alexan- 
dria. A picture  by  Gentile  Bel- 
lini (1421-1501).  In  the  Brera, 
Milan,  Italy. 

St.  Mark’s.  The  cathedral  church 
of  Venice,  Italy,  and  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  and  interesting 
buildings  in  the  world.  The  ori- 
ginal church  edifice  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  976.  The  present  build- 
ing was  dedicated  to  St.  Mark, 
the  patron  saint  of  Venice,  in 
1085. 

J&ST  “ The  church  is  lost  in  a dim 
twilight,  to  which  the  eye  must  be  ac- 
customed for  some  moments  before  the 
form  of  the  building  can  be  traced ; and 
then  there  opens  before  us  a vast  cave, 
hewn  out  into  the  form  of  a cross,  and 
divided  into  shadowy  aisles  by  many 
pillars.  Round  the  domes  of  its  roof 


the  light  enters  only  through  narrow 
apertures  like  large  stars ; and  here  and 
there  a ray  or  two  from  some  far-away 
casement  wanders  into  the  darkness, 
and  casts  a narrow  phosphoric  stream 
upon  the  waves  of  marble  that  heave 
and  fall  in  a thousand  colors  along  the 
the  floor.”  Ruskin . 

“ It  is  impossible  to  find  fault 
with  plain  surfaces  when  they  are  cov- 
ered with  such  exquisite  gold  mosaics 
as  those  of  St.  Mark’s,  or  with  the 
want  of  accentuation  in  the  lines  of  the 
roof,  when  every  part  of  it  is  more 
richly  adorned  in  this  manner  than  any 
other  church  of  the  Western  world. 
Then,  too,  the  rood-screen,  the  pulpit, 
the  pala  d’oro,  the  whole  furniture  of 
the  choir,  are  so  rich,  so  venerable,  and 
on  the  whole  so  beautiful,  and  seen  in 
so  exquisitely  subdued  a light,  that  it  is 
impossible  to  deny  that  it  is  perhaps 
the  most  impressive  interior  in  Western 
Europe.”  Fergusson. 

jgSr*  “ This  singular  edifice  can 
neither  be  described  nor  forgotten.  It 
is  a strange  jumble  of  architectural 
styles;  partly  Christian  and  partly  Sar- 
acenic, in  form  a Greek  cross,  crowned 
with  the  domes  and  minarets  of  a 
mosque.  . . . And  yet  in  spite  of  ar- 
chitectural defects,  this  church  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  buildings  in  the 
world.  It  is  a vast  museum,  filled  with 
curious  objects  collected  with  religious 
zeal,  and  preserved  with  religious  care.* 
It  is  the  open  lap  of  Venice  into  which 
the  spoils  of  the  East  have  been 
poured.”  Hillard. 

4®=  “ The  church,  which  the  mighty 
bell-tower  and  the  lofty  height  of  the 
palace-lines  make  to  look  low,  is  in  no 
wise  humbled  by  the  contrast,  but  is 
like  a queen  enthroned  amid  upright 
reverence.  The  religious  sentiment  is 
deeply  appealed  to,  I think,  in  the  in- 
terior of  St.  Mark’s ; but  if  its  interior 
is  heaven’s,  its  exterior,  like  a good 
man’s  daily  life,  is  earth’s;  and  it  is 
this  winning  loveliness  of  earth  that 
first  attracts  you  to  it,  and  when  you 
emerge  from  its  portals,  you  enter  upon 
spaces  of  such  sunny  length  and 
breadth,  set  round  with  such  exquisite 
architecture,  that  it  makes  you  glad  to 
be  living  in  this  world.” 

IF.  D.  Howell*. 

“ St.  Mark’s  of  Venice  is  a St. 
Sophia  in  miniature,  a reduction  on  the 
scale  of  an  inch  to  the  foot  of  the  im- 
mense structure  of  Justinian.  Its  ar- 
chitects had  the  advantage  of  seeing 
St.  Sophia  in  all  its  integrity  and  splen- 
dor before  it  had  been  profaned  by  Ma- 
homet II.  in  the  year  1453.” 

Theophile  Gautier. 


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Before  St.  Mark  still  glow  his  steeds  of 
brass, 

Their  gilded  collars  glittering  in  the  sun  ; 
But  is  not  Doria’s  menace  come  to  pass  ? 
Are  they  not  bridled  ? Byron. 

Fair  as  the  palace  builded  for  Aladdin, 
Yonder  St.  Mark  uplifts  its  sculptured 
splendor,  — 

Intricate  fretwork,  Byzantine  mosaic, 
Color  on  color,  column  on  column, 
Barbaric,  wonderful,  a thing  to  kneel  to ! 

T.  B.  Aldrich. 

St.  Mark’s.  See  Fort  St.  Mark’s. 

St.  Mark’s  Campanile.  The  great 
belfry  tower  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Venice.  It  was  begun  in  888,  but 
not  completed  till  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  a 
very  conspicuous  object  in  any 
view  of  the  city;  and  from  its 
summit,  which  is  ascended  by 
an  easy  incline,  without  steps,  a 
magnificent  prospect  is  obtained. 

Between  those  pillars  [at  the  entrance 
of  t e Piazza  of  St.  Mark],  there  opens  a 
great  light;  and  in  the  midst  of  it,  as  we 
advance  slowly,  the  va-t  tower  of  S.  Mark 
seems  to  lift  itself  visibly  forth  from  the 
level  field  of  chequered  stones.  Ruskin. 

At  the  corner  of  the  new  Procuratie,  a 
little  distant  from  the  church,  stands  the 
steeple  of  St.  Mark.  This  is  a quadrangu- 
lar tower,  about  aOO  feet  in  height.  I am 
told  that  it  is  1 ot  uncommon  in  Italy  for 
the  church  and  steeple  to  be  in  this  state 
of  disunion.  This  shocked  a clergyman  of 
my  acquaintance  very  much.  . . . dhe 
gentleman  was  clearly  of  the  opinion  that 
church  and  steeple  ought  to  be  as  insepa- 
ble  as  man  and  wife,  that  every  church 
ought  to  consider  its  steeple  as  mortar  of 
its  mortar,  and  stone  of  its  stone.  An  old 
captain  of  a ship,  who  was  present,  de- 
clared himself  of  the  same  way  of  think- 
ing, and  swore  that  a church,  divorced 
from  its  steeple,  appeared  to  him  as  ridicu- 
lous as  a ship  without  a mast. 

Dr.  John  Moore. 

St.  Mark’s  Column.  A famous 
granite  pillar  in  Venice,  Italy,  on 
the  summit  of  which  rests  the 
Lion  of  St.  Mark.  It  was  brought 
from  the  Holy  Land  in  the 
twelfth  century. 

St.  Mark’s  Square  or  Place.  [Ital. 

Piazza  S.  Marco.]  The  famous 
piazza,  or  square,  in  Venice,  near 
or  around  which  are  grouped  all 
the  more  celebrated  edifices, — 
the  Doge’s  Palace,  the  Church  of 
St.  Mark  with  its  Campanile  or 
bell-tower,  the  Horologe  of  Pe- 
trus Lombardus,  and  the  other 
structures  which  have  given  to 
the  city  its  great  renown. 


4®=* ‘‘St.  Mark’s  Place  is  the  heart 
of  Venice.  The  life  which  has  fled 
from  the  extremities  still  beats  strong- 
ly here.  Apart  from  all  associations, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  architec- 
tural objects  in  Europe.”  Hillard. 

“Of  all  the  open  spaces  in  the 
city,  that  before  the  Church  of  St. 
Mark  alone  bears  the  name  of  Piazza, 
and  the  rest  are  merely  called  Camjpi , 
or  fields.  But  if  the  company  of  the 
noblest  architecture  can  give  honor, 
the  Piazza  San  Marco  merits  its  dis- 
tinction, not  in  Venice  only,  but  in  the 
whole  world;  for  I fancy  that  no  other 
place  in  the  world  is  set  in  such  goodly 
bounds.”  W.  D.  Howells. 

St.  Mark  yet  sees  his  lion  w here  he  stood 
Stand,  but  in  mockery  of  his  wither’d 
power, 

Over  the  proud  Place  where  an  emperor 
sued, 

And  monarclis  gazed  and  envied  in  the 
hour 

When  Venice  was  a queen  with  an  un- 
cquall’d  dower.  Byron. 

Were  Genoa’s  galleys  riding  in  ti  e port, 
Were  civil  fury  raging  in  St.  Mark's, 

You  are  not  to  be  wrought  on,  but  would 
fall, 

As  you  have  risen,  with  an  unalter’d  brow. 

Byron. 

Not  a stone 

In  the  broad  pavement,  but  to  him  w ho 

has 

An  eye,  an  ear,  for  the  inanimate  world, 
Tells  of  past  ages.  Samuel  Rogers. 

Hushed  is  the  music,  hushed  the  hum  of 
voices; 

Gone  is  the  crowd  of  dusky  promenaders, 
Slender-waisted,  almond-eyed  Venetians, 
Princes  and  paupers.  Fot  a single  foot- 
fall 

Sounds  in  the  arches  of  the  Procuratie. 
One  after  one,  like  sparks  in  cindered 
paper, 

Faded  the  lights  out  in  the  goldsmiths’ 
windows. 

Drenched  wdtli  the  moonlight  lies  the  still 
Piazza.  T.  B.  Aldrich. 

St.  Martin.  1.  A picture  by  An- 
thony van  Dyck  (1599-1641),  in 
the  church  of  Savelthem  near 
Brussels,  Belgium,  representing 
the  saint  as  dividing  his  mantle 
with  a beggar. 

2.  Also  a picture  upon  the 
same  subject,  by  the  same  paint- 
er, now  at  Windsor  Castle. 

St.  Martin,  Boulevard.  A fine  ave- 
nue in  Paris,  France. 

St.  Martin  de  Tours.  A famous 
abbey  church  in  Tours,  France, 
of  which  at  present  only  two  tow- 
ers remain,  the  rest  of  the  build- 
ing having  been  destroyed  in  the 


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Revolution  of  1790.  Tlie  existing 
portions  are  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. This  celebrated  shrine  was 
a place  of  great  resort  for  ages. 
It  possessed  immense  treasures 
in  gold  and  silver,  which  were 
plundered  by  the  Huguenots  in 
15  62. 

St.  Martin,  Porte.  See  Porte 
St.  Martin. 

St.  Martin,  Rue.  A long  narrow 
street  in  Paris,  running  from  the 
river  to  the  boulevards,  and  con- 
tinuing under  the  name  of  Rue 
du  Faubourg  St.  Martin,  to  the 
Barriere  de  la  Villette  on  the 
north  of  the  city.  The  Boule- 
vart  de  Sebastopol  has  deprived  it 
of  much  of  its  importance  as  a 
thoroughfare. 

St.  Martin’s  in  the  Fields.  A 
church  on  the  east  side  of  Trafal- 
gar Square,  London,  built  in 
1721-26,  and  having  for  its  best 
feature  a Greek  portico.  There 
was  a church  upon  this  spot  as 
earl}"  as  1222. 


land,  founded  by  William  of 
Wykeham.  The  building,  which 
is  architecturally  line,  was  begun 
in  1387  and  finished  in  1393. 

St.  Maurice.  A noted  abbey,  said 
to  be  the  most  ancient  monastic 
establishment  among  the  Alps, 
in  the  town  of  the  same  name  in 
Switzerland. 

St.  Maurice.  See  Conversion  of 
St.  Maurice  by  Erasmus. 

St.  Medard.  A church  in  Paris, 
the  nave  and  choir  of  which  date 
from  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  though  the  latter  was 
altered  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

St.  Merri.  A large  church  in  Paris, 
begun  in  1520  and  completed  in 
1612.  It  has  suffered  some  inju- 
dicious alterations.  It  is  in  the 
Flamboyant  style. 

St.  Michael.  A picture  by  Giovan- 
ni da  Fiesole,  called  Fra  Angeli- 
co (1387-1455).  In  the  Uffizi  Pal- 
ace, Florence,  Italy. 


St.  Martin’s  Ludgate.  An  old 
and  noted  church  in  Ludgate 
Street,  London,  rebuilt  after  the 
Great  Fire  by  Sir  Christopher 
Wren.  An  epitaph  in  the  old 
church,  bearing  date  1590,  has  be- 
come very  celebrated. 


Earth  goes  to  f As  mold  to  mold 

Earth  treads  on  ! j (U  ttering  in  gold 

Earth  as  to  f a 1 1 Return  here  should 

Earth  shall  to  J l.Uoe  ere  he  -would 


Earth  upon 
Earth  goes  to 
Earth  though  on 
Earth  shall  from 


1 f Consider  may 

V Forth  J Passed  away 
j J1,art  S is  stout  and  gay 
j LPasse  poor  away. 


Half-pence  and  farthings. 

Say  the  bells  of  St.  Martin's. 

Mother  Goose. 


St,  Martin’s  le  Grand.  A well- 
known  street  in  London.  The 
general  post-office  is  situated  on 
this  street. 


St.  Mary -le- Bow.  See  Bow 

Church. 

St.  Mary-le-Strand.  An  interest- 
ing old  church  in  the  Strand, 
London. 

St.  Mary’s  College.  A celebrated 
institution  in  Winchester,  Eng- 


St. Michael.  A celebrated  picture 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
representing  the  archangel  tread- 
ing on  the  neck  of  the  dragon, 
and  attacking  him  with  a sword. 
It  is  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

“St.  Michael  — not  standing, 
but  hovering  on  his  poised  wings,  and 
grasping  his  lance  in  both  hands  — sets 
one  foot  lightly  on  the  shoulder  of  the 
demon,  who,  prostrate,  writhes  up,  as 
it  were,  and  tries  to  lift  his  head  and 
turn  it  on  his  conqueror  with  one  last 
gaze  of  malignant  rage  and  despair. 
The  archangel  looks  down  upon  him 
with  a brow  calm  and  serious : in  his 
beautiful  face  is  neither  vengeance  nor 
disdain,  in  his  attitude  no  effort.  . . . 
The  form  of  the  demon  is  human,  but 
vulgar  in  its  proportions ; but,  from 
the  attitude  into  which  he  is  thrown, 
the  monstrous  form  is  so  fore-shortened 
that  it  does  not  disgust,  and  the  ma- 
jestic figure  of  the  archangel  fills  up 
nearly  the  whole  space,  — fills  the  eye 
— fills  the  soul  — with  its  victorious 
beauty.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Michael.  A picture  by  Guido 
Reni  ( 15742-1642 ).  In  the  church 
of  the  Cappucini,  Rome. 

4QT  “ It  seems  agreed  that  as  a work 


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of  art  there  is  only  the  St.  Michael  of 
Guido  which  can  be  compared  with 
that  of  Raphael.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4£3P  “Like  the  Belvedere  god,  the 
archangel  breathes  that  dignified  ven- 
geance which  animates  without  dis- 
torting, while  the  very  devil  derives 
importance  from  his  august  adversary, 
and  escapes  the  laugh  which  his  figure 
usually  provokes.”  Forsyth. 

St.  Michael's.  1.  A famous  church 
on  the  hill  of  the  Kremlin  in 
Moscow,  Russia.  It  contains  the 
sarcophagi  of  the  early  Tzars 
from  Ivan  I.  to  Alexis,  father  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  a splendid 
silver  coffin,  enclosing  the  body 
of  a boy,  believed  to  be  that  of 
the  last  prince  of  the  house  of 
Ruric.  This  body  is  worshipped 
as  a holy  relic. 

2.  The  finest  old  church  now 
remaining  in  Scotland,  in  point 
of  size  and  architecture.  It  was 
a royal  chapel  at  Linlithgow, 
founded  by  David  I. 

St.  Michael’s  Chair.  The  vulgar 
designation  of  a stone  lantern  on 
a tower  at  St.  Michael’s  Mount, 
Cornwall,  England,  just  large 
enough  to  admit  of  one  person 
being  seated  in  it.  The  attempt 
to  sit  in  it  is  attended  with  danger 
on  account  of  its  exposed  position, 
and  the  popular  superstition  is 
that,  of  a married  couple,  which- 
ever party  first  succeeds  in  occu- 
pying it,  thereby  acquires  marital 
sovereignty. 

Rebecca  bis  wife  had  often  wished 
To  sit  in  St.  MichaeVs  Chair ; 

For  she  should  be  the  mistress  then, 

If  she  had  once  sat  there. 

Southey. 

St.  Michael’s  Mount.  A cele- 
brated rocky  eminence  near  Pen- 
zance in  Cornwall,  England.  It 
is  surmounted  by  a chapel,  found- 
ed in  the  fifth  century,  and  is 
associated  with  much  romantic 
legend.  It  is  asserted  that  the 
archangel  Michael  appeared  to 
some  hermits  upon  one  of  its 
crags,  to  which  tradition  has 
given  the  name  of  St.  Michael’s 
Chair.  At  high  tide  the  rock  is 
surrounded  by  the  sea. 


Or  whether  thou  to  our  moist  vows  deny ’d, 
Sleep’st  by  the  fable  of  Bellerus  old. 
Where  the  great  vision  of  the  guarded 
Mount 

Looks  towards  Namancos  and  Bayona’s 
hold, 

Look  homeward,  angel,  now,  and  melt 
with  ruth. 

And,  O ye  dolphins,  waft  the  hapless 
youth.  Milton. 

If  we  had  the  Spaniards  established  at 
Land’s  End,  with  impregnable  Spanish 
fortifications  on  St.  MichaeVs  Mount , we 
should  perhaps  come  to  the  same  conclu- 
sion. Thackeray. 

St.  Nicolas  des  Champs.  A 
florid  Gothic  church  of  the  fif- 
teenth and  sixteenth  centuries, 
in  the  Rue  St.  Martin,  Paris. 
Here  were  buried  Gassendi  and 
Mdlle.  de  Scudery. 

St.  Olave’s.  An  old  and  interest- 
ing church  in  Hart  Street,  Lon- 
don. 

St.  Ouen.  [Fr.  Ec/Use  de  St.  Oaen. ] 
A fine  Gothic  church  in  Rouen, 
France,  and  one  of  the  few  an- 
cient ecclesiastical  monuments  of 
the  Continent  which  are  com- 
pleted. It  is  named  after  the 
Archbishop  of  Rouen,  who  died 
in  678. 

St.  Pancras.  One  of  the  parishes 
of  London,  and  the  most  popu- 
lous. 

St.  Pancras  - in  - the  -Fields.  An 
old  and  noted  church  in  London, 
said  to  have  been  the  last  church 
in  England  whose  bell  tolled  for 
mass,  and  in  which  the  Roman 
Catholic  rites  were  celebrated 
before  the  Reformation.  This 
church  was  restored  and  enlarged 
in  1858. 

In  passingand  returning  by  St.  Pancras 
church,  he  [Dr.  Johnson]  fell  into  prayer, 
and  mentioned,  upon  Dr.  Brocklesby  in- 
quiring why  the  Catholics  chose  that  spot 
for  their  burial-place,  that  some  Catholics 
in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time  had  been  burnt 
there.  Windham’s  Diary. 

St.  Patrick’s.  A cathedral  in 
Dublin,  Ireland.  It  is  in  the 
minds  of  many  associated  with 
Jonathan  Swift,  the  English  sat- 
irist, who  was  appointed  to  the 
deanery  in  1713,  and  retained  it 
till  his  death,  being  known  as  the 
Dean  of  St.  Patrick’s. 


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St,  Patrick’s.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic cathedral  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  It  is  an  imposing  edifice 
of  white  marble,  of  the  decorated 
Gothic  order,  with  two  marble 
spires  each  over  325  feet  in  height. 
It  was  begun  in  1858,  and  is  situ- 
ated upon  the  highest  point  of 
Fifth  Avenue. 

St.  Patrick’s  Cave  [and  Purga- 
tory]. A locality  in  Ireland, 
upon  a small  island  in  Lough 
Derg,  famous  throughout  Europe 
in  the  Middle  Ages  by  reason  of 
the  legendary  associations  con- 
nected with  the  saint,  who  is 
here  supposed  to  have  opened  a 
descent  into  purgatory  for  living 
sinners  who  wished  to  undergo 
expiation  for  their  misdeeds. 

46^  “ St.  Patrick’s  Purgatory  has 
been  famous  from  a very  early  period. 
The  lake  upon  which  it  is  situated  is 
about  six  miles  in  length  by  four  in 
breadth.  The  ‘ holy  islands  ’ it  con- 
tains are  little  more  than  bare  rocks. 
The  one  to  which  the  pilgrims  resort, 
‘ Station  Island,’  is  about  half  a mile 
from  the  shore,  and  rises  very  little 
above  the  surface  of  the  lake;  a ferry- 
boat carries  them  across,  and  of  course 
a considerable  income  is  derived  from 
this  source.  The  station  commences 
on  the  1st  of  June,  and  continues  till 
the  15th  of  August ; and  we  learn  that 
the  whole  number  of  pilgrims  visiting 
the  Lough  would  amount  during  the 
season  to  above  19,000,  the  great  ma- 
jority being  women  ; and  many  of  them 
will  have  travelled  a distance  of  200 
miles  to  arrive  at  the  scene  of  their  de- 
votions, this  too  at  a season  of  the  year 
when  labor  is  particularly  needful  and 
profitable.  There  are  few  intelligent 
persons  of  any  creed  who  will  not  re- 
joice that  ‘ St.  Patrick’s  Purgatory  ’ 
has  fallen  from  its  high  estate,  and  that 
the  gross  superstitions  connected  with 
it  are  becoming  every  year  more  and 
more  a mere  record  of  by-gone  degra- 
dations.” Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall. 

4QP  “ Who  has  not  heard  of  St. 
Patrick's  Purgatory , of  its  mysterious 
wonders,  and  of  the  crowds  of  devotees 
who  have  for  ages  been  attracted  by  its 
reputed  sanctity?  There  it  stands, 
with  its  chapels  and  its  toll-houses; 
and  thither  repair  yearly  crowds  of 
pious  pilgrims,  who  would  wash  away 
at  once,  by  a visit  to  these  holy  shores, 
the  accumulated  sins  of  their  iiv  s.” 

Wright. 


Patrick.  This  cave,  Egerio,  which  3*ou 
see,  concealeth 

Many  mysteries  of  life  and  death, 

Not  tor  him  whose  hardened  bosom  feeletli 
Nought  of  true  repentance  or  true  faith. 
But  he  who  treely  enters,  who  revealetli 
All  his  sins  with  penitential  breath, 

Shall  endure  his  purgatory  then, 

And  return  forgiven  back  again. 

Calderon , Trans. 

St.  Paul.  See  Beheading  of  St. 
Paul,  Conversion  of  St.  Paul, 
and  Paul  and  Barnabas. 

St.  Paul  and  St.  Anthony.  A 
striking  picture  by  Guido  Reni 
( 15742-1642).  In  the  Museum  at 
Berlin. 

St.  Paul  preaching  at  Athens. 

See  Paul  preaching  at  Athens. 

St.  Paul  visiting  St.  Peter  in 
Prison.  A picture  by  Filippino 
Lippi  (1460-1505).  In  the  church 
of  S.  M.  del  Carmine,  Florence, 
Italy. 

St.  Paul’s.  1.  The  metropolitan 
church  of  London,  and  the  third 
cathedral  dedicated  to  that  saint, 
built  upon  very  nearly  the  same 
site  as  its  predecessors.  The  first 
church  was  founded,  according 
to  Bede,  about  A.D.  610,  by  Eth- 
elbert,  King  of  Kent,  but  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1087.  The  sec- 
ond church,  “Old  St.  Paul’s,” 
was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire, 
1666.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
present  building  was  laid  June 
21,  1675.  It  was  finished  in  35 
years  under  one  architect,  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  (1632-1723). 
It  is  in  the  form  of  a Latin  cross. 
Wren  was  buried  in  the  crypt  of 
St.  Paul’s,  where  is  a tablet  to 
his  memory,  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion, “ Si  monumentum  requiris, 
circumspice.” 

4S§=“  “ Other  edifices  may  crowd  close 
to  its  foundation,  and  people  may 
tramp  as  they  like  about  it;  but  still 
the  great  cathedral  is  as  quiet  and 
serene  as  if  it  stood  in  the  middle 
of  Salisbury  Plain.  There  cannot  be 
any  thing  else  in  its  way  sy  good  in 
the  world  as  just  this  effect  of  St. 
Paul’s  in  the  very  heart  and  densest 
tumult  of  London.”  Hawthorne. 

“ The  whole  cost,  £747,954  2s. 
9 d.,  was  paid  by  a tax  on  every  chal- 
dron of  coal  brought  into  the  port  of 


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London,  on  which  account  it  is  said 
that  the  cathedral  has  a special  claim 
of  its  own  to  its  smoky  exterior.” 

Hare. 

4Sg=-“The  roof  from  which  the 
dome  springs  is  itself  as  high  as  the 
spires  of  most  other  churches ; black- 
ened for  two  hundred  years  with  the 
coal  smoke  of  London,  it  stands  like  a 
relic  of  the  giant  architecture  of  the 
early  world.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

He  sette  not  his  benefice  to  lrnyre. 

And  lefte  liis  scheep  eneombred  in  the 
my  re, 

And  ran  to  Londone,  unto  seynte  Poules, 
To  seeken  him  a cliaunterie  for  soules. 

Chaucer , Prologue. 

We're  all  in  the  dumps, 

For  diamonds  are  trumps. 

The  kittens  are  gone  to  St.  Paul's  ! 

The  babies  are  bit, 

The  moon’s  in  a fit, 

And  the  houses  are  built  without  walls. 

Mother  Goose. 

As  I was  walking  o’er  little  Moorfields, 

I saw  St.  Paul's  a- running  on  wheels, 
With  a fee,  fo,  fum. 

Then  for  further  frolics  I’ll  go  to  France, 
While  Jack  shall  sing  and  his  wife  shall 
dance. 

With  a fee,  fo,  fum. 

Mother  Goose. 

light  down  by  smok}r  Paul's  they  bore, 
Till,  where  the  street  grows  straitcr, 
One  fixed  forever  at  the  door, 

And  one  became  head-waiter. 

Tennyson. 

St.  Paul's  high  dome  amidst  the  vassal 
bands 

Of  neighboring  spires,  a regal  chieftain 
stands.  Joanna  Baillie. 

2.  An  interesting  and  impor- 
tant church,  though  architectur- 
ally plain,  situated  in  Covent 
Garden,  London,  built  by  Inigo 
Jones,  and  the  first  Protestant 
church  of  consequence  erected  in 
England.  The  interior  was  most- 
ly destroyed  by  fire  in  1795. 

St.  Paul’s.  See  San  Paolo. 

St.  Paul’s  Churchyard.  An  irreg- 
ular circle  of  houses  enclosing  St. 
Paul’s  Church  and  burial-ground, 
in  London. 

No  place  so  sacred  from  such  fops  is 
barr’d, 

Nor  is  Paul’s  church  more  safe  than 
Paul's  churchyard.  Pope. 

St.  Paul’s  Cross.  A canopied 
cross,  rising  from  stone  steps,  in 
the  graveyard  of  St.  Paul’s,  Lon- 
don. Before  the  time  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, sermons  were  deliv- 
ered here  on  Sunday  afternoons. 


It  was  destroyed  by  order  of  Par- 
liament in  1643. 

4®=-“  Paul’s  Cross  was  the  pulpit 
not  only  of  the  cathedral : it  might  al- 
most be  said,  as  preaching  became 
more  popular,  and  began  more  and 
more  to  rule  the  public  mind,  to  have 
become  that  of  the  Church  of  England. 
. . . Paul’s  Cross  was  not  only  the 
great  scene  for  the  display  of  eloquence 
by  distinguished  preachers : it  was 

that  of  many  public  acts,  some  relating 
to  ecclesiastical  affairs,  some  of  min- 
gled cast,  some  simply  political.  Here 
Papal  Bulls  were  promulgated;  here 
excommunications  were  thundered 
out;  here  sinners  of  high  position  did 
penance;  here  heretics  knelt,  and  read 
their  recantations,  or,  if  obstinate, 
were  marched  off  to  Smithfield.” 

Bean  Milman. 

St.  Paul’s,  Great  Bell  of.  See 

Great  Bell  of  St.  Paul’s. 

St.  Paul’s  School.  An  establish- 
ment near  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral, 
London,  founded  in  1514  by  Dean 
Colet.  It  was  designed  for  153 
poor  children,  the  number  corre- 
sponding to  that  of  the  fishes 
taken  by  St.  Peter.  John  Million 
went  to  school  here  between  the 
ages  of  11  and  16. 

4®=*  “ In  1877  the  Mercers’  Company 
purchased  16  acres  of  ground  in  Ham- 
mersmith, whither  it  is  intended  to  re- 
move the  school.”  Hare . 

St.  Paul,  Hotel.  See  Hotel  St. 
Paul. 

St.  Peter.  A well-known  bronze 
statue  of  St.  Peter  in  the  basilica 
of  St.  Peter’s,  Rome,  having'  one 
foot  extended,  the  toe  of  which 
is  reverently  kissed  by  devout 
Catholics.  By  some  antiquaries 
it  is  thought  to  have  been  cast  by 
St.  Leo  from  the  bronze  statue  of 
Jupiter  Capitolinus;  others  main- 
tain that  it  is  the  identical  statue 
of  Jupiter,  transformed  into  that 
of  the  Apostle.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  it  is  not  a work  of 
classical  times,  but  belongs  to  the 
early  ages  of  Christianity. 

4SP  “ Long  since  would  that  toe 
have  been  kissed  away,  had  it  not  been 
guarded  by  a sort  of  brass  slipper ; for 
no  good  Roman  Catholic,  from  the  popG 
to  the  beggar,  ever  enters  the  church 
without  fervently  pressing  his  lips  to 


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it,  and  then  applying  his  forehead  and 
chin  to  its  consecrated  tip.” 

C.  A.  Eaton. . 

St.  Peter.  See  Crucifixion  of  St. 
Peter  and  Deliverance  of  St. 
Peter. 

St.  Peter  and  St.  John  curing  the 
Lame  Man  at  the  Beautiful 
Gate  of  the  Temple.  See  Peter 
and  John  at  the  Beautiful 
Gate. 

St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  An  im- 
posing Roman  Catholic  church 
edifice,  built  of  red  sandstone,  in 
Philadelphia,  Penn.  It  has  a 
dome  over  200  feet  in  height. 

St.  Peter  delivered  from  Prison. 
A picture  by  Filippino  Lippi 
(1460-1505).  In  the  church  of  Sta. 
Maria  del  Carmine,  Florence, 
Italy. 

St.  Peter  liberated  by  an  Angel. 
A picture  by  Washington  Allston 
(1779-1843).  Now  in  the  church 
of  Asliby-de-la-Zouch,  England. 

St.  Peter  Martyr.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Titian  (1477-1576),  in 
which  his  greatest  qualities  as  a 
figure  and  landscape  painter  were 
displayed.  It  was  formerly  in 
the  church  of  SS.  Giovanni  e Pa- 
olo, in  Venice,  but  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1866. 

St.  Peter’s.  1.  [Ital.  S.  Pietro  in 
Vciticano .]  The  chief  metropoli- 
tan church  of  Rome,  and  the 
most  magnificent  of  Christian 
temples.  As  early  as  A D.  90, 
an  oratory  was  built  on  the  site 
of  the  present  building  to  mark 
the  spot  where,  according  to  tra- 
dition, the  Apostle  Peter  was  in- 
terred, and  where  many  of  the 
early  Christian  martyrs  had  suf- 
ferred.  In  306  Constantine  the 
Great  built  a basilica  on  the  same 
spot.  The  present  edifice  was 
dedicated  by  Urban  VIII.  in  1626. 
St.  Peter’s  is  one  of  the  seven 
basilicas  in  Rome,  of  which  four 
are  within  the  walls,  and  three 
without.  The}7  derive  their  name 
from  the  Bcisiliece  or  Courts  of 
Justice  of  the  later  period  of  the 
empire,  upon  the  plan  of  which, 
find  often  upon  the  sites  of  which, 


the  first  Christian  churches  were 
built.  The  space  covered  by  the 
buildings  of  St.  Peter’s  is  said  to 
be  240,000  square  feet,  or  about 
5^  English  acres.  Its  facade  is 
357  feet  in  length,  and  144  feet  in 
height.  A line  upon  the  pave- 
ment marks  the  size  of  the  other 
great  Christian  churches,  accord- 
ing to  which  the  length  of  St. 
Peter’s  is  613|  feet;  St.  Paul’s, 
London,  520|  feet;  Milan  Cathe- 
dral, 443  feet.  It  is  only  by  de- 
grees that  one  receives  the  im- 
pression of  its  vast  size.  The 
dome,  which  is  double,  was  be- 
gun by  Michael  Angelo,  and  was 
completed  when  he  died  in  1563. 

4^  “A  work  so  vast  and  various 
must  be  approached  in  the  spirit  of 
knowledge  and  docility.  Most  build- 
ings have  an  unity  of  plan ; and  their 
different  parts,  and  the  successive 
changes  in  structure  and  detail,  are 
like  variations  upon  one  musical  theme. 
Not  so  with  St.  Peter’s.  It  awakens 
no  ideas  of  unity  or  simplicity.  It  is  a 
great  representative  structure,  which 
gathers  within  itself  the  convergent 
rays  of  innumerable  lights.  It  is  a 
temple,  a museum,  a gallery  of  art,  and 
a mausoleum.  If  a fanciful  compari- 
son may  be  pardoned,  other  churches 
are  gardens,  but  St.  Peter’s  is  a land- 
scape. Its  growth  and  history  em- 
brace nearly  three  hundre  d and  fifty 
years.  ...  Its  foundation  was  nearly 
coeval  with  the  invention  of  printing; 
before  the  sacristy  was  completed,  the 
splendid  researches  of  Watt  had  been 
crowned  with  success;  and  in  the  in- 
terval had  occurred  the  discovery  of 
America,  and  the  Reformation.  Reli- 
gion, politics,  literature,  art,  and  man- 
ners had  gone  through  whole  cycles  of 
mutation,  and  the  web  of  society  had 
been  unravelled  and  re-woven.  All 
these  considerations  should  be  borne  in 
mind  by  him  who  would  form  a true 
judgment  of  this  unique  building.  It 
should  be  examined  in  that  historical 
spirit  in  which  we  study  the  Roman 
law  or  the  English  constitution.” 

Hillard . 

“ The  building  of  St.  Peter’s 
surpasses  all  powers  of  description. 
It  appears  to  me  like  some  great  work 
of  nature,  a forest,  a mass  of  rocks,  or 
something  similar,  for  I never  can  real- 
ize the  idea  that  it  is  the  work  of  man.” 
Mende  Issohn , Tra  n -s1 . 

4®=  “ No  architecture  ever  surpassed 
in  effect  the  interior  of  this  pile  when 
illuminated  at  Easter  by  a single  cross 


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of  lamps.  The  immediate  focus  of 
glory  — all  the  gradations  of  light  and 
darkness  — the  sombre  of  the  deep 
perspectives  — the  multitude  kneeling 
round  the  Pope — the  groups  in  the 
distant  aisles  — what  a world  of  pic- 
tures for  men  of  art  to  copy  or  com- 
bine! What  fancy  was  ever  so  dull  or 
so  disciplined  or  so  worn  as  to  resist 
the  enthusiasm  of  such  a scene?  ” 

Forsyth . 

4ST  “ St.  Peter’s  surpasses  all  other 
churches  not  more  in  magnitude  than 
in  magnificence.  . . . The  treasures 
and  the  taste  of  the  world  seem  to  have 
been  exhausted  in  its  embellishment.” 
0.  A.  Eaton. 
4®*  “ I have  been  twice  to  St.  Pe- 
ter’s, and  was  impressed  more  than  at 
any  former  visit  by  a sense  of  breadth 
and  loftiness,  and,  as  it  were,  a vision- 
ary splendor  and  magnificence.” 

Hawthorne. 

But  thou,  of  temples  old,  or  altars  new, 
Standest  alone,  with  nothing  like  to  thee, 
W orthiest  of  God,  the  holy  and  the  true. 
Since  Zion’s  desolation,  when  that  lie 
Forsook  his  former  city,  wliat  could  be 
Of  earthly  structures,  in  his  honor  piled, 
Of  a sublimer  aspect  ? Majesty, 

Power,  glory,  strength,  and  beauty,  all 
arc  aisled 

In  this  eternal  ark  of  worship  undefiled. 

Enter:  its  crandeur  overwhelms  thee  not ; 
And  why?  It  is  not  lessened;  but  thy 
mind, 

Expanded  by  the  genius  of  the  spot, 

Has  grown  colossal.  Byron. 

And  while  still  stands 
The  austere  Pantheon,  into  heaven  shall 
soar 

A dome  [St.  Peter’s ],  its  image,  while  the 
base  expands 

Into  a fane  surpassing  all  before, 

Such  as  all  flesh  shall  flock  to  kneel  in. 

Byron. 

The  hand  that  rounded  Peter’s  dome , 

And  groined  the  aisl  s of  Christian  Rome, 
Wrought  in  a sad  sincerity. 

Himself  from  God  he  could  not  free  : 

He  builded  better  than  he  knew; 

The  conscious  stone  to  beauty  grew. 

Emerson. 

A spiritual  empire  there  embodied  stood; 
The  Roman  Church  there  met  me  face  to 
face; 

Ages,  sealed  up,  of  evil  and  of  good, 

Slept  in  that  circling  colonnade’s  embrace. 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 
And  mark  ! our  church  hath  its  own  at- 
mosphere, 

That  varies  not  with  seasons  of  the  year, 
But  ever  keeps  its  even,  temperate  air, 
And  soft,  large  light  without  offensive 
glare.  W.  W.  Story. 

2.  A number  of  churches  of 
this  name  in  London.  That  in 
Cornhill,  rebuilt  by  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren  (1632-1723)  after  the 


Great  Fire,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  best  known. 

Pancakes  and  fritters, 

Say  the  bells  of  St.  Peter’s. 

Mother  Goose. 

St.  Peter’s  Chains.  See  San  Pie- 
tro in  Vincoli. 

St.  Peter’s  Chair.  See  Chair  of 
St.  Peter. 

St.  Peter’s  College.  A foundation 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1257. 
[Called  also  Peterhouse.] 

St.  Peter’s  College.  See  West- 
minster School. 

St.  Peter’s,  Obelisk  of.  See  Obe- 
lisk of  St.  Peter’s. 

St.  Petronia.  A picture  by  Fran- 
cesco Barbieri,  called  Guercino 
(1590-1666).  In  the  Museum  of 
the  Capitol,  Borne.  See  also 
Martyrdom  of  S.  Petronilla. 

4®=*  “The  body  is  being  taken  out 
of  the  ground  while  the  soul  is  received 
into  Paradise.  This  is  a composite 
work;  the  artist,  according  to  the  prac- 
tice of  schools  not  primitive,  having 
assembled  together  three  or  four  kinds 
of  effect.  . . . The  entire  subject  — 
death,  cold  and  lugubrious,  contrasted 
with  a happy  triumphant  resurrection 
— serves  to  arrest  the  attention  of  the 
multitude,  and  excite  its  emotion. 
Painting  thus  regarded  leaves  its  natu- 
ral limits,  and  approaches  literature.” 
Taine , Trans. 

St.  Petronilla.  See  Santa  Petro- 
nilla. 

St.  Philippe.  The  parish  church 
of  the  Faubourg  St.  Honore, 
Paris,  built  in  1784. 

St.  Boch.  A large  and  fashion- 
able church  in  Paris,  in  the  Bue 
St.  Honore'.  Here  were  buried 
Corneille,  Descartes,  and  the 
Abbe  de  l’Epee.  The  chapels 
contain  numerous  paintings  and 
sculptures  of  the  last  century, 
and  the  church  shows  the  change 
from  the  style  of  architecture  of 
the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  to  that 
of  Louis  XV. 

Then  and  there  Napoleon  ascended  his 
throne;  and  the  next  day,  from  the  steps 
of  St.  Roche,  thundered  forth  the  cannon 
which  taught  the  mob  of  Paris,  for  the 


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first  time,  that  it  had  a master.  That  was 
the  commencement  of  the  Empire.  So 
the  Anti-slavery  movement  commenced 
unheeded  in  that  “ obscure  hole”  which 
Mayor  Otis  could  not  find,  occupied  by  a 
printer  and  a black  boy.  W.  Phillips. 

St.  Roch  distributing  Alms.  A 

picture  by  Annibale  Caracci 
(1550-1001-)),  and  regarded  as  one 
of  his  chief  works.  In  the  Gallery 
at  Dresden,  Germany. 

St.  Sacrement.  A modern  Italian 
church  in  Paris,  also  known  as 
St.  Denis  du  Marais. 

St.  Saviour  (Southwark).  A church 
in  London,  near  London  Bridge,  a 
remnant  of  the  priory  of  St.  Mary 
Overy,  but  known  as  St.  Sav- 
iour’s before  1510.  The  choir 
and  Lady  Chapel  remain  excel- 
lent specimens  of  early  English 
church  architecture.  In  the  for- 
mer are  the  graves  of  Philip 
Massinger,  John  Fletcher,  and 
Edward  Dyer  the  poet;  and  here 
is  the  tomb  of  John  Gower  (Moral 
Gower). 

St.  Sebaldus.  See  Shrine  of  St. 
Sebaldus. 

St.  Sebastian.  1.  A celebrated 
picture  in  the  church  of  S.  Maria 
degli  Angeli,  at  Rome. 

2.  A picture  by  Domenico  Zam- 
pieri,  surnamed  Domenichino 
(1581-1641).  In  the  Stadel  Insti- 
tut,  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Ger- 
many. 

“ Visitors  to  picture  and  sculp- 
ture galleries  are  haunted  by  the  forms 
of  two  handsome  young  men,  — Sebas- 
tian and  Antinous.  Both  were  saints  : 
the  one  of  decadent  Paganism,  the 
other  of  mythologizing  Christianity. 
According  to  the  popular  beliefs  to 
Which  they  owed  their  canonization, 
both  suffered  death  in  the  bloom  of 
earliest  manhood  for  the  faith  that 
burned  in  them.  There  is,  however, 
this  difference  between  the  two : that, 
whereas  Sebastian  is  a shadowy  crea- 
ture of  the  pious  fancy,  Antinous  pre- 
serves  a marked  and  unmistakable  per- 
sonality. . . . The  pictures  of  Sebastian 
vary  according  to  the  ideal  of  adoles- 
cent beauty  conceived  by  each  succes- 
sive artist.  In  the  frescos  of  Perugi.no 
and  Luini  he  shines  with  the  pale  pure 
light  of  saintliness.  On  the  canvas  of 
Sodoma  he  reproduces  the  voluptuous 
charm  of  youthful  Bacchus,  with  so 


much  of  anguish  in  his  martyred  fea. 
tures  as  may  serve  to  heighten  his  dae- 
monic fascination.  . . . Under  Guido’s 
hand  he  is  a model  of  mere  carnai 
comeliness.  And  so  forth  through  the 
whole  range  of  the  Italian  painters.” 

J.  A'.  Symonds. 

St.  Sebastian.  A series  of  pictures 
representing  the  history  of  the 
saint,  by  Paul  Veronese  (1530?- 
1588).  In  the  sacristy  of  the 
church  of  S.  Sebastiano,  Venice, 
Italy. 

j “ Paul  Veronese’s  ‘ St.  Sebas- 
tian ’ . . . appeared  to  me  when  last  I 
saw  it  one  of  the  finest  dramatic  pic- 
tures I had  ever  beheld.  It  struck  me 
as  a magnificent  scene  played  before 
me  with  such  a glow  of  light  and  life 
and  movement  and  color,  . . . that  I felt 
as  if  in  a theatre,  . . . and  inclined  to 
clap  my  hands  and  cry  ‘ Bravo  ! ’” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

St.  Sebastian.  A picture  by  Guido 
Reni  (1574  ?-1642).  In  the  Capitol, 
Rome. 

St.  Sebastian.  A celebrated  votive 
picture  by  Antonio  Allegri,  sur- 
named Correggio  (1494-1534),  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin  and  Child 
“enthroned  on  clouds  and  sur- 
rounded by  a circle  of  infant  an- 
gels ; below  are  St.  Sebastian, 
St.  Geminianus,  and  St.  Roch.” 
This  picture  is  in  the  Gallery  at 
Dresden,  Germany. 

4®=*  “ The  figure  of  St.  Sebastian  is 
one  of  the  most,  beautiful  by  Correggio, 
and  the  picture  is  thought  to  represent 
the  most  perfect  period  of  the  master.” 
Pastlake,  Handbook  of  Painting. 

St.  Sebastian.  A noted  and  ad- 
mired picture  by  Giovanni  Anto- 
nio Cavaliere  Razzi,  called  II 
Sodoma  (1479  ?-1550  ?).  In  the 
Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence,  Italy. 

St.  Sebastian.  See  also  Cata- 
comb of  St.  Sebastian  and 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Sebastian. 

St.  Sepulchre’s.  A well-known 
church  in  London,  near  Newgate, 
containing  one  of  the  oldest  and 
largest  organs  in  the  city.  By  a 
legacy  left  to  this  church  in  1605, 
a person  was  employed  to  toll  a 
hand-bell  before  the  cells  of  those 
prisoners  at  Newgate  who  were 
condemned  to  death,  on  the  night 


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Tiefore  their  execution,  reciting 
these  lines : — 

All  you  that  in  the  condemned  hole  do  lie, 
1 re  pare  you,  for  to-morrow  you  shall  die; 

And.  when  St.  Sepulchre's  bell  to-morrow 
tolls. 

The  Lord  have  mercy  on  your  souls  ! 

Unreasonable  people  are  as  hird  to  rec- 
oncile as  the  vanes  ot  Si.  Sepulchre's 
tower,  which  never  looked  all  four  upon 
one  point  in  the  heavens,  Howell. 

St.  Sernin.  An  ancient  church  of 
the  Romanesque  order  in  Tou- 
louse, France.  It  was  dedicated 
in  1(M)  by  Pope  Urban  II. 

St.  Severin.  A fine  Gothic  church 
in  Paris,  in  the  form  of  a central 
nave  and  two  aisles,  and  rows  of 
chapels  on  either  side.  This 
church,  on  the  site  of  an  older 
structure  of  the  eleventh  century, 
was  begun  as  early  as  1489. 

St.  Simeon  the  Prophet.  [S,  Sim- 
eone  Prof  eta.]  A noted  statue  by 
Marco  Romano.  In  the  church 
cf  S.  Simeone  Grande,  Venice, 
Italy. 

St.  Simon’s  Pillar.  The  famous 
column  upon  the  summit  of 
which  St.  Simon  Stylites  (b.  388), 
the  Eastern  hermit,  lived  for 
37  years.  After  his  death,  his 
admirers  built  a church  upon  the 
spot,  enclosing  the  pillar  on  which 
he  had  so  long  lived.  The  pedes- 
tal upon  which  this  column  stood 
is  still  remaining  among  the 
ruins  of  Kul’at  Sim’an,  between 
Antioch  and  Aleppo,  in  Syria. 

St.  Sophia.  A mosque  in  Con- 
stantinople, Turkey,  and  the 
principal  place  of  Mohammedan 
worship  in  the  world.  It  is  a 
very  fine  example  of  Byzantine 
architecture.  The  mosque  was 
originally  a Christian  church 
built  by  the  Emperor  Justinian 
in  531,  and  was  converted  into  a 
Moslem  temple  by  Mohammed 
II.  in  1453.  The  building  is  in 
the  form  of  a Greek  cross,  and  is 
surmounted  by  a lofty  dome  with 
several  lesser  domes  and  mina- 
rets. The  building  is  of  brick, 
but  is  lined  in  the  interior  with 
costly  marbles.  Many  of  the  tem- 


ples of  Greece  and  Egypt  were 
pillaged  to  enrich  this  mosque. 

JbfT’  “ When  Justinian  exclaimed, 

‘ I have  surpassed  thee,  O Solomon,’ 
lie  took  an  exaggerated  view  of  the 
work  of  his  predecessor,  and  did  not 
realize  the  extent  to  which  his  build- 
ing excelled  the  Jewish  temple.  The 
latter  was  only  equal  to  a small  church, 
with  a wooden  roof,  supported  by 
wooden  posts,  and  covering  some  7,200 
square  feet.  Sta.  Sophia  covers  ten 
times  that  area,  is  built  of  durable  ma- 
terials throughout,  and  far  more  artis- 
tically ornamented  than  the  temple  of 
the  Jews  ever  could  have  been.  But 
Justinian  did  more  than  accomplish 
this  easy  victory.  Neither  the  Panthe- 
on nor  any  of  the  vaulted  halls  at  Rome 
equal  the  nave  of  Sta.  Sophia  in  extent, 
or  in  cleverness  of  construction,  or  in 
beauty  of  design.  Nor  was  there  any 
thing  erected  during  the  ten  centuries 
which  elapsed  from  the  transference  of 
the  capital  to  Byzantium  till  the  build- 
ing of  the  great  mediaeval  cathedrals, 
which  can  be  compared  with  it.  In- 
deed, it  remains  even  now  an  open 
question  whether  a Christian  church 
exists  anywhere,  of  any  age,  whose  in- 
terior is  so  beautiful  as  that  of  this 
marvellous  creation  of  old  Byzantine 
art.”  Fergus  son. 

4@=*“It  is  certain  that  no  domical 
building  of  modern  times  can  at  all  ap- 
proach Sta.  Sophia's,  either  for  appro- 
priateness or  beauty.  If  we  regard  it 
with  a view  to  the  purposes  of  Protes- 
tant worship,  it  affords  an  infinitely 
better  model  for  imitation  than  any 
thing  our  own  mediaeval  architects  ever 
produced.”  Fergus  son. 

jgGaP  “ Its  immense  dome  is  said  to 
be  more  wonderful  than  St.  Peter’s; 
but  it's  dirt  is  much  more  wonderful 
than  its  dome,  though  they  never  men- 
tion it.”  Mark  Twain . 

I have  beheld  Sophia's  bright  roofs  swoT 
Tlieir  glittering  mass  i’  the  sun,  and  have 
surveyed 

Its  sanctuary  the  while  the  usurping  Mos- 
lem prayed.  Byron. 

Toor  child  1 I would  have  mended  it  with 
gold, 

Until  it  gleamed  like  St.  Sophia's  dome 
When  all  the  faithful  troop  to  morning 
prayer.  Mrs.  Browning . 

0,  Stamboul!  once  the  empress  of  their 
reign  ? 

Though  turbans  now  pollute  Sophia's 
shrine, 

And  Greece  her  very  altars  eyes  in  vain. 

Byron. 

St.  Stephen.  The  name  by  which 
the  great  hell  in  Westminster 


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Palace,  London,  is  known.  The 
weight  of  this  bell  is  llj  tons. 

St.  Stepnen.  See  Martyrdom  of 
St.  Stephen. 

St.  Stephen’s.  1.  The  cathedral 
of  Vienna,  Austria.  One  of  the 
most  imposing  specimens  of 
Gothic  architecture  in  the  world. 
It  was  begun  in  1359  and  finished 
in  1480. 

JGSgp*  “ St.  Stephen’s  Cathedral  in  the 
centre  of  the  old  city  is  one  of  the  fin- 
est specimens  of  Gothic  architecture  in 
Germany.  Its  unrivalled  tower,  which 
rises  to  the  height  of  428  feet,  is  visible 
from  every  part  of  Vienna.  It  is  en- 
tirely of  stone,  most  elaborately  orna- 
mented, and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
strongest  in  Europe.  The  inside  is 
solemn  and  grand,  but  the  effect  is  in- 
jured by  the  number  of  small  chapels 
and  shrines.”  Bayard  Taylor . 

“ No  one  with  a trace  of  poetry 
in  his  composition  can  stand  under  the 
great  cavernous  western  porch  [of  St. 
Stephen’s],  and  not  feel  that  he  has 
before  him  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  impressive  buildings  in  Europe. 
A good  deal  of  this  may  be  owing  to 
the  color.  The  time-stain  in  the  nave 
is  untouched,  the  painted  glass  perfect, 
and  the  whole  has  a venerable  look, 
now  too  rare.  The  choir  is  being 
smartened  up,  and  its  poetry  is  gone. 
Meanwhile  no  building  can  stand  in 
more  absolute  contrast  with  the  cathe- 
dral at  Cologne,  than  this  one  at  Vien- 
na. The  former  fails,  because  it  is  so 
coldly  perfect : this  impresses,  though 
offending  against  all  rules,  because  it 
was  designed  by  a poet.”  Fergusson. 

2.  An  admired  church,  in  the 
rear  of  the  Mansion  House,  Lon- 
don, the  work  of  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  (1632-1723). 

JKSf-  “ If  the  material  had  been  as 
lasting,  and  the  size  as  great,  as  St. 
Paul’s,  this  church  would  liave  been  a 
greater  monument  to  Wren  than  the 
cathedral.”  Fergusson. 

St.  Stephen’s  Chapel.  In  the  Old 

Palace  at  Westminster,  London. 
See  St.  Stephen’s  Hall. 

“ St.  Stephen’s  Chapel  was  a 
beautiful  specimen  of  rich  Decorated 
Gothic,  its  inner  walls  being  covered 
with  ancient  frescos  relating  to  the  Old 
and  New  Testament  history : it  was 
used  as  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1547  till  1834;  and  its  walls  resounded 
to  the  eloquence  of  Chatham,  Pitt,  Fox, 
Burke,  Grattan,  and  Canning.”  Hare. 


St.  Stephen’s  Court.  The  English 

Exchequer. 

That  cupboard,  where  the  mice  disport- 
1 liken  to  St.  Stephen's  Court. 

Matt.  Prior  ( Erie  Robert's  Mice). 

St.  Stephen’s  Hall.  A room  in 
the  New  Palace  at  WTestminster, 
London,  leading  from  Westmin- 
ster Hall.  It  derives  its  name 
from  occupying  the  same  space 
as  St.  Stephen’s  Chapel  of  the  old 
palace,  and  is  lined  by  twelve 
statues  of  eminent  parliamentary 
statesmen  and  orators.  See  St. 
Stephen’s  Chapel. 

What  is  the  good  of  men  collected,  with 
effort,  to  debate  on  the  benches  of  St. 
Stephen’s , now  when  there  is  a Times 
Newspaper?  Not  the  discussion  of  ques- 
tions; only  the  ultimate  voting  of  them 
(a  very  brief  process,  1 should  think  !)  re- 
quires to  go  on,  or  can  veritably  go  on,  in 
St.  Stephen's  now.  Carlyle. 

St.  Sulpice.  This  church,  on  the 
Place  St.  Sulpice  in  Paris,  was 
commenced  by  Anne  of  Austria 
in  1646,  but  was  not  completed 
until  1745.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
Latin  cross.  The  exterior  is  very 
fine,  and  within,  the  high  altar 
surrounded  by  statues  of  the 
Twelve  Apostles  is  very  impos- 
ing. 

St.  Sulpice.  See  Place  St.  Sul- 
pice. 

St.  Theodore’s  Column.  A well- 
known  pillar  of  granite  in  Ven- 
ice, Italy,  on  the  summit  of  which 
is  a statue  of  St.  Theodore  resting 
upon  a crocodile.  It  was  brought 
from  the  Holy  Land  in  the  early 
part  of  the  twelfth  century.  St. 
Theodore  was  the  first  patron 
of  Venice;  but  he  was  deposed, 
and  St.  Mark  adopted,  when  the 
bones  of  the  latter  were  brought 
from  Alexandria. 

St.  Theresa  delivering  St.  Bernar- 
dino de  Mendoza  from  Purgatory. 
A picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640).  It  is  in  the  Museum 
of  Antwerp,  Belgium. 

St.  Theresa.  A statue  by  Giovan- 
ni Lorenzo  Bernini  (1598-1680). 
In  the  church  of  Santa  Maria 
della  Vittoria,  in  Rome. 

4®=“  “ She  is  adorable.  In  a swoon 
of  ecstatic  happiness  lies  the  saint, 


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with  pendant  hands,  naked  feet,  and 
half-closed  eyes,  fallen  in  transports  of 
blissful  love.  Her  features  are  emaci- 
ated, but  how  noble ! Words  cannot 
render  the  sentiment  of  this  affecting 
rapturous  attitude.”  Taine>  Trans. 

St.  Thomas.  See  Incredulity  of 
St.  Thomas. 

St.  Thomas  d’Aquin.  A fashion- 
able church  in  the  most  aristo- 
cratic quarter  of  the  Faubourg 
St.  Germain,  Paris.  It  formerly 
belonged  to  a Dominican  convent. 
Here,  among  other  modern  pic- 
tures, is  one  by  Ary  Scheffer,  of 
St.  Thomas  calming  the  waves  in 
a tempest. 

St.  Thomas’s  Hospital.  A hospital 
in  London,  originally  founded  in 
1213  as  an  almshouse.  Queen 
Victoria  laid  the  first  stone  of  the 
present  building  in  1868. 

St.  Ursula.  A well-known  church 
in  Cologne,  Germany,  containing 
the  famous  relics  of  the  saint  and 
of  the  11,000  virgins. 

“ The  whole  church  is  full  of 
virgins.  The  altar-piece  is  a vast  pic- 
ture of  the  slaughter,  not  badly  painted. 
Through  various  glass  openings  you 
perceive  that  the  walls  are  full  of  the 
bones  and  skulls.  Did  the  worship  of 
Egypt  ever  sink  lower  in  horrible  and 
loathsome  idolatry?  ” Charles  Beecher. 

St.  Ursula.  A picture  by  the  dis- 
tinguished Flemish  painter  Jan 
van  Eyck  (1370-1441),  represent- 
ing St.  Ursula  seated  before  a rich 
Gothic  tower  — her  attribute. 
The  picture  bears  the  date  1437, 
and  is  in  the  Museum  at  Ant- 
werp, Belgium. 

St.  Ursula.  See  Reliquary  of 
St.  Ursula. 

St.  Veronica.  A picture  by  Roger 
van  der  Weyden  (d.  1464),  the 
Flemish  painter,  and  one  of  his 
later  works.  It  represents  the 
saint  with  the  Sudarium  on  which 
the  countenance  of  Christ  is  im- 
pressed. The  picture  is  now  in 
the  Stadel  Institut  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Germany. 

St.  Winifred’s  Well.  This  was 
once  the  most  celebrated  holy 
well  in  Great  Britain.  It  was 


situated  in  Holywell  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Flint,  England.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  it  was  regarded  with 
great  veneration.  It  is  said  to 
derive  its  name  from  the  follow- 
ing legend:  “Winifred,  a noble 
British  maiden  of  the  seventh 
century,  was  beloved  f>y  a certain 
Prince  Cradocus.  She  repulsed 
his  suit,  and  he  in  revenge  cut 
off  her  head.  The  prince  was 
immediately  struck  dead,  and  the 
earth  opening  swallowed  him  up. 
Winifred’s  head  rolled  down  the 
hill,  and  from  the  spot  where  it 
rested  a spring  gushed  forth.  St. 
Bueno  picked  up  the  head,  and 
re-united  it  to  the  body,  so  that 
Winifred  lived  for  many  years  a 
life  of  great  sanctity;  and  the 
spring  to  which  her  name  was 
given  became  famous  for  its  cura- 
tive powers.”  The  Countess  of 
Richmond,  mother  of  Henry  VII., 
built  a court-house  over  this  cele- 
brated well.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  it  was  visited  by  thou- 
sands, but  has  since  fallen  into 
comparative  neglect. 

St.  Zaccaria.  An  admired  church 
in  Venice,  Italy,  built  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fifteenth  century.  Its 
facade  is  regarded  by  Fergusson 
as  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy. 

St.  Zenobius,  Burial  of.  A picture 
by  Ridolfo  Ghirlandajo  (1482— 
1560),  the  Italian  painter,  and  con- 
sidered one  of  his  chefs-d’wuvre. 
In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

St.  Zenobius  raising  a dead  child. 

A picture  by  Ridolfo  Ghirlandajo 
(1482-1560),  the  Italian  painter, 
and  considered  his  masterpiece. 
It  is  in  the  Louvre  in  Paris. 

Sainte  Chapelle.  [Holy  Chapel.] 
A small  but  beautiful  religious 
edifice  in  the  courtyard  of  the 
Palais  de  Justice  in  Paris,  former- 
ly the  royal  chapel.  It  was  begun 
in  1244,  and  finished  in  1248.  It 
is  in  two  stories,  to  correspond 
with  the  floors  of  the  ancient 
palace.  The  upper  chapel  was 
for  the  royal  family,  and  the 
lower  for  the  servants.  This  chap- 
el is  attractive  from  its  historical 
associations  as  well  as  from  the 


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delicacy  and  beauty  of  its  archi- 
tecture, which  is  Gothic,  and  one 
of  the  most  exquisite  specimens 
existing  of  that  style.  It  was 
built  by  St.  Louis  for  the  recep- 
tion of  reliques  of  the  Saviour,  — 
the  crown  of  thorns,  a piece  of 
the  true  cross,  and  the  spear- 
head which  pierced  our  Saviour’s 
side.  The  stained-glass  windows 
of  the  chapel  are  very  splendid : 
four  of  them  are  illustrative  of 
the  principal  events  in  the  life  of 
St.  Louis  and  his  two  crusades. 
St.  Chapelle  is  said  to  now  pre- 
sent “ the  completest,  perhaps 
the  finest,  example  of  the  reli- 
gious architecture  of  the  middle 
of  the  thirteenth  century.” 

4®^  “It  only  wants  increased  di- 
mensions to  merit  the  title  of  a sub- 
lime specimen  of  Gothic  art.” 

Fergus  son. 

■Mabille  at  the  present  day  is  so  well 
known,  both  in  France  and  in  other  coun- 
tries, it  is  so  frequented  by  people  of  fash- 
ion, by  princes  even,  who  in  their  pas- 
sage through  the  city  visit  it  with  as 
much  interest  as  Notre  Dame  and  the 
Sainte  Chapelle , and  give  it  renown,  that 
to  call  the  Chateau  dcs  Fleurs  its  brother 
is  to  confi  r upon  it  the  highest  eulogy. 

Larousse , Trans. 

Sainte  Clotilde.  The  chief  mod- 
ern Gothic  church  in  Paris.  It 
was  begun  in  1846,  and  is  said  to 
have  cost  £320,000.  The  style  is 
that  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
It  has  two  conspicuous  spires, 
and  is  richly  ornamented. 

Sainte  Gudule.  A cathedral 
church  in  Brussels,  Belgium.  It 
was  built  in  1273,  and  is  famous 
for  its  painted  windows,  statues, 
and  pulpit. 

Sainte  Trinite.  A n ancient  mo- 
nastic establishment  in  Caen, 
France,  founded  and  consecrated 
by  Matilda,  wife  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  1066.  [Also  called 
Abbaye  mix  Dames.] 

Sakkarah,  Tablet  of.  See  Tablet 
of  Sakkarah. 

Sala  a Croce  Greca.  [Hall  of  the 
Greek  Cross.]  A noble  aj)art- 
ment  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

4®"  “ Whoever  would  seek  for  the 
luxury  of  architecture  in  its  highest 
perfection  will  find  it  in  the  Hall  of  the 


Greek  Cross.  The  finest  materials  are 
used  to  embellish  the  noblest  propor- 
tions. . . . Every  thing  is  rich,  airy,  and 
exhilarating.”  Hillard. 

Sala  del  Cambio.  [Exchange 
Hall.]  A building  in  Perugia, 
Italy,  once  an  exchange,  but  now 
no  longer  used  for  that  purpose. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fine  frescos  by 
Perugino  (1446-1524). 

This  is  still  more  apparent  in  the  Cam- 
bio, a kind  of  exchange  or  guildhall  of  the 
merchants.  Perugino  was  intrusted  with 
its  decoration  in  the  year  1500 

Taine,  Trans. 

Sala  degli  Animali.  [Hall  of  Ani- 
mals.] An  apartment  in  the  Vati- 
can, at  Rome,  containing  repre- 
sentations of  animals  in  marble 
and  alabaster. 

“ The  Hall  of  Animals  is  a fresh 
revelation  of  the  resources  of  Greek 
sculpture.  Here  is  a motionless  me- 
nagerie in  marble,  — horses,  dogs,  cen- 
taurs, crocodiles,  wild  boars,  lions, 
bulls,  and  serpents.  In  some  cases  the 
colors  of  life  are  attempted,  . . . the 
general  effect  of  each  type  is  given  with 
nice  discrimination.”  Hillard 

Sala  della  Biga.  [Hall  of  the  Biga  ] 
A well-known  apartment  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome. 

4SP  “ The  Hall  of  the  Biga  is  a cir- 
cular chamber  in  Avhich  is  preserved  a 
representation  in  white  marble  of  an 
ancient  Biga,  or  chariot,  with  two 
wheels.  Very  little  of  the  original 
work  remains;  but  it  has  been  restored 
with  great  taste  and  skill,  and  forms  a 
curious  and  interesting  object.” 

Hillard. 

Sala  di  Constantino.  [Hall  of  Con- 
stantine.] A hall  in  the  Vatican 
Palace,  Rome,  adorned  with  fres- 
cos by  the  pupils  of  Raphael, 
after  designs  by  that  master. 

Sala  Ducale.  [Ducal  Hall.]  A 
room  in  the  Vatican  Palace,  in 
Rome,  in  which  the  popes  for- 
merly gave  audience  to  foreign 
princes. 

Sala  Regia.  [Royal  Hall.]  A room 
in  the  Palace  of  the  Vatican, 
Rome,  used  as  a hall  of  audience 
for  ambassadors. 

Salisbury  Cathedral.  A famous 
church,  the  most  elegant  of  its 
kind  in  England,  at  Salisbury, 


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the  capital  of  Wiltshire.  It  was 
erected  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
The  spire,  which  is  greatly  ad- 
mired for  its  beauty,  is  more  than 
400  feet  in  height. 

Salisbury  Court  Theatre.  See 

Duke’s  Theatre. 

Salisbury  Crags.  The  foremost, 
but  not  the  highest,  of  a precipi- 
tous range  of  hills  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Edinburgh,  and  south  of 
Holyrood  Palace.  They  are  said 
to  derive  their  name  from  the 
Earl  of  Salisbury,  who  was  with 
Edward  III.  in  his  expedition  to 
the  north.  The  rocks,  with  the 
buildings  upon  them,  give  to  the 
city  its  imposing  appearance. 
See  Arthur’s  Seat  and  C Alton 
Hill. 

4SP*  “ Those  Salisbury  Crags  which 
overlook  Edinburgh  have  a very  pe- 
culiar outline : they  resemble  an  im- 
mense elephant  crouching  down.” 

Mrs.  //.  B.  Stowe. 

Salisbury  Plain.  A bare,  barren 
tract,  affording  pasturage  for 
sheep,  about  eight  miles  north 
of  Salisbury,  Wiltshire,  England. 
It  contains  the  druidical  remains 
of  Stonehenge,  and  is  associated 
also  with  the  hero  of  Hannah 
More’s  popular  story  of  the 
“ Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain.” 

“ After  dinner,  we  walked  to 
Salisbury  Plain.  On  the  broad  downs, 
under  the  gray  sky,  not  a house  was 
visible,  nothing  but  Stonehenge,  which 
looked  like  a group  of  brown  dwarfs 
in  the  wide  expanse.  Far  and  wide 
a few  shepherds  with  their  flocks 
sprinkled  the  plain.”  R.  W.  Emerson. 

Other  edifices  may  crowd  close  to  its 
foundation,  and  people  may  tramp  as  the}' 
like  about  it;  but  still  the' great  cathedral 
[St.  Paul’s]  is  as  quiet  and  serene  as  if  it 
stood  in  the  middle  of  Salisbury  Plain. 

Hawthorne. 

Sallust’s  House  and  Gardens. 
[Lat.  Horti  Pretiosissimi.]  Cele- 
brated palace  and  pleasure- 
grounds  in  ancient  Pome,  once 
belonging  to  the  historian  Sallust 
(86-34  B C.),  and  after  his  death 
purchased  for  the  emperors. 
They  were  the  favorite  retreat  of 
Vespasian,  Nerva,  and  Aurelian. 
Many  line  buildings  once  stood 
here,  which  were  destroyed  when 


Pome  was  taken  by  Alaric,  A.D. 
410,  and  only  a few  ruins  now  re- 
main. 

Salon,  El.  See  Saloon,  The. 

Salon  Carre.  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Here  are  the  finest  paint- 
ings of  the  Italian,  Flemish, 
Spanish,  and  French  schools. 

Saloon,  The.  [Span.  El  Salon.]  A 
well-known  promenade  in  the 
Prado,  at  Madrid,  Spain.  It  is 
1,450  feet  in  length,  and  250  feet 
broad. 

4®=*“  As  you  enter  it  [the  Prado], 
you  find  yourself  in  a superb  wide 
opening  called  the  Saloon ; on  your 
right  hand  a double  walk,  and  on  your 
left  first  the  place  where  carriages  pa- 
rade, and  afterwards  another  double 
walk,  the  whole  ornamented  with  foun- 
tains and  trees  and  statues.” 

George  Tieknor. 

Salt  Pond.  A natural  curiosity  in 
Giles  County,  Va.  It  is  described 
as  a lake  of  “ fresh  water  sunk  in 
the  mountain  [Salt  Pond  Moun- 
tain] at  an  elevation  of  4,500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is 
fed  by  no  visible  stream.  . . . 
The  lake  is  said  to  have  been 
gradually  enlarging  instead  of 
diminishing  since  1804,  when  it 
was  first  discovered.  It  is  with- 
out fish;  and,  though  some  were 
placed  in  it,  they  have  disap- 
peared. Among  its  mysterious 
attractions  is  the  singular  fact 
that  its  depth  is  unfathomable,  — 
a line  300  feet  in  depth  touched 
no  bottom.  . . . The  origin  of 
this  singular  lake  is  undiscov- 
ered.” 

Saltero’s,  Don.  See  Don  Salte- 

RO’S. 

Salpetriere.  A house  of  refuge 
and  hospital  for  poor,  insane, 
aged,  and  incurable  women,  Bou- 
levard de  1’  Hopital,  Paris.  It 
was  founded  under  Louis  XIV. 

4£g=-“This  magnificent  hospital, 
commonly  called  ‘La  Salpetriere,’  — 
from  its  standing  on  ground  formerly 
occupied  as  a saltpetre  manufactory, — 
and  which  in  the  year  1662  contained 
nearly  10,000  poor,  is  120  yards  more 
than  a quarter  of  a mile  in  length,  by 
36  yards  more  than  the  fifth  of  a mile 
in  breadth.”  Sir  Francis  B.  Head. 


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My  neighbor  said  to  a vulgar  creature 
who  was  dancing:  “'Has  the  Salpetriere 
come  down  to  the  bal  da  Trone  to-day  f ” 
— “ No,  but  Mazas  has  emptied  itself  to- 
day into  the  bal  du  Trone.”  A distinc- 
tion is  made  between  them. 

Taine,  Trans. 

Saltram  Gallery.  An  interesting 
collection  of  paintings  formed 
chiefly  by  Sir  Joslina  Reynolds, 
in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of 
Morley  at  his  country  seat,  Sal- 
tram,  in  Devonshire,  England. 

Saltram  House.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Morley,  near  Lyneham, 
England. 

Salutation,  The.  A picture  by  Ma- 
riotto  Albertinelli  (1475?-1520?), 
and  considered  his  chef  cV oeuvre. 
In  the  Ufflzi  Gallery,*  Florence, 
Italy. 

Salutation.  A tavern  of  this  name, 
well  known  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  was  situated  in  Tavi- 
stock Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London.  The  name  Salutation 
was  not  confined  to  this  tavern. 
See  Salutation  and  Cat. 

There  hath  been  great  sale  and  utterance 
of  Wine, 

Besides  Beere,  and  Ale,  and  Ipocras  fine, 
In  every  country,  region,  and  nation. 

But  chiefly  in  Billingsgate,  at  the  Salu- 
tation. 

New  es  from  Bartholomew  Fay  re. 

Salutation  and  Cat.  A tavern  in 
Newgate  Street,  London,  resorted 
to  in  the  last  century.  Lamb  and 
Coleridge  met  here.  See  Salu- 
tation. 

For  me,  I’m  much  concerned  I cannot 
meet 

“ At  Salutation  Tavern , Newgate-street,” 
Your  notice,  like  your  verse,  so  sweet  and 
short ! 

If  longer,  I’d  sincerely  thank  you  for  it. 

Samuel  Richa?'dson. 

Salvation.  See  Fount  of  Salva- 
tion. 

Salvator  Mundi.  [The  Saviour  of 
the  World.]  A picture  bearing 
this  name,  by  Fra  Bartolommeo 
(1469-1517),  the  Italian  painter. 
In  the  Pitti  Palace  at  Florence, 
Italy. 

Salvator  Mundi.  A head  of  Christ, 
represented  as  the  Saviour  of  the 
world,  by  Jan  van  Eyck  (1370- 
1441),  the  Flemish  painter.  It 


bears  date  1438,  and  is  in  the 
Museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Samaritan.  See  Good  Samaritan. 

Samaritan  Synagogue.  This  little 
chapel,  in  which  the  few  remain- 
ing Samaritans  meet  to  worship, 
is  on  Mount  Gerizim,  not  far 
from  Jerusalem.  The  priests 
exhibit,  but  do  not  allow  the 
visitor  to  touch,  a very  valuable 
copy  of  the  Pentateuch  which 
they  believe  to  be  3,500  years 
old. 

Samian  Sibyl.  A picture  by  Fran- 
cesco Barbieri,  called  Guercino 
(1590-1666).  In  the  Tribune  of 
the  Uffizi,  Florence,  Italy. 

4®"  “It  is  a glorious  work.  With 
her  hands  clasped  over  her  volume, 
she  is  looking  up  with  a face  full  of 
deep  and  expressive  sadness.  A pic- 
tux  esque  turban  is  twined  around  her 
head,  and  bands  of  pearls  gleam  amidst 
her  rich  dark  brown  tresses.  Her 
face  bears  the  softness  of  dawning 
womanhood.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Samson  and  Delilah.  1.  A pic- 
ture by  Anthony  van  Dyck  (1599- 
1641),  and  considered  by  some 
one  of  his  finest  works.  It  is  in 
the  Gallery  of  Vienna,  Austria. 

2.  A picture  by  Lucas  Cra- 
nach (1472-1553),  a German  paint- 
er. It  is  now  in  the  Royal  Gal- 
lery at  Augsburg,  Bavaria. 

Samson  blinded  by  the  Philis- 
tines. A picture  by  Rembrandt 
van  Ryn  (1606-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter.  In  the  collection  of 
Count  Schonborn  at  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Samson  threatening  his  Father- 
in-law.  A picture  by  Rembrandt 
van  Ryn  (1607-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter.  In  the  Museum  at  Ber- 
lin, Prussia.  [Sometimes  called 
Prince  Adolphus  of  Gueldres  threat - 
ening  his  imprisoned  father.'] 

San  Agostino.  [St.  Augustine  ] 
A well-known  church  at  Rome 
in  the  piazza  of  the  same  name. 

4QP  “It  [San  Agostino]  is  a transi- 
tional specimen  between  the  pillared 
styles,  which  were  then  struggling 
for  the  mastery.  It  may  either  be 
regarded  as  the  last  of  the  old  race, 


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460 


SAN 


or  the  first  of  the  new  style  which 
was  so  soon  destined  to  revolutionize 
the  architectural  world.” 

Fergusson. 

San  Carlo.  [St.  Charles.]  A fa- 
mous opera-house  in  Naples,  and 
one  of  the  largest  in  Europe. 
It  was  first  opened  in  1737.  Hav- 
ing been  burned  down  in  the  year 
1(316,  it  was  rebuilt  in  the  original 
form.  Some  of  the  chief  master- 
pieces of  music  were  first  brought 
out  on  this  stage. 

4£§  “There  are  six  rows  of  boxes 
in  this  theatre : the  house  is  magnifi- 
cent, the  light  is  not  strong,  not  daz- 
zling. The  science  of  humoring  the 
eye,  and  indeed  all  the  senses,  is  well 
understood  here.  They  do  not  heap 
the  audience  together,  as  at  the  ‘ Grand 
Opera,’  or  at  the  ‘ Italiens  ’ in  Paris.” 

Taine , Trans. 

San  Francesco.  1.  A beautiful 
and  remarkable  building  of  Assi- 
si , Italy,  so  called  from  St.  Francis 
of  Assisi  (1182-1226),  the  founder 
of  one  of  the  four  orders  of  men- 
dicant monks,  called  Francis- 
cans. This  interesting  convent 
is  now  suppressed. 

Worn  with  travel,  tired  and  lame, 

To  Assisi’s  walls  I came: 

Sad,  and  full  of  homesick  fancies, 

1 addressed  me  to  St.  Francis. 

T.  W.  Parsons. 

2.  The  hermitage  of  San  Fran- 
cesco, situated  in  a picturesque 
gorge  near  the  convent  of  San 
Francesco  at  Assisi,  Italy,  and 
remarkable  as  the  solitary  re- 
treat of  St.  Francis. 

San  Giorgio.  An  important  and 
noted  church  of  the  sixteenth 
century  in  Venice,  Italy. 

San  Giorgio-in-Velabro.  A church 
in  Home,  founded  in  the  fourth 
century  after  Christ,  and  which 
has  been  several  times  rebuilt. 
For  the  origin  of  the  name  see 
Vela brum. 

4^  “ St.  George  and  the  dragon, 
and  his  martyrdom,  are  the  usual  sub- 
jects in  the  many  churches  dedicated  to 
this  snint.  His  church  at  Rome,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Palatine,  called  from  its 
situation  San  Giorgio-in-Velabro,  was 
built  by  Leo  II.  in  682.  In  a casket 
under  the  altar  is  preserved,  as  a pre- 
cious relic,  a fragment  of  his  banner; 


and  on  the  vault  of  the  apsis  is  an  an- 
cient painting,  the  copy  of  a more  an- 
cient mosaic,  which  once  existed  there. 
In  the  centre  stands  the  Redeemer  be- 
tween the  Virgin  and  St.  Peter;  on 
one  side,  St.  George  on  horseback  with 
his  palm  as  martyr,  and  his  standard 
as  the  ‘Red-cross  Knight;’  on  the 
other  side,  St.  Sebastian  standing, 
bearded,  and  with  one  long  arrow.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

San  Giovanni,  Baptistery  of.  See 
Baptistery  of  San  Giovanni. 

San  Giovanni  e San  Paolo.  A 
noted  church  in  Venice,  erected 
in  the  thirteenth  century. 

4ST*  “ Their  famous  church  at  Ven- 
ice, the  SS.  Giovanni  e Paolo,  can  never 
be  forgotten  by  those  who  have  lin 
gered  around  its  wondrous  and  pre- 
cious monuments.”  Mrs.  Jameson . 

San  Giovanni,  Porta.  See  Porta 
San  Giovanni. 

San  Gregorio.  A church  in  Rome, 
founded  in  the  seventh  century, 
and  so  named  from  Gregory  the 
Great,  who  was  for  many  years  a 
monk  in  the  adjoining  monastery. 
The  church  contains  in  one  of  its 
chapels  the  two  celebrated  rival 
frescos  by  Guido  and  Domeni- 
chino,  of  which  Annibal  Caracci 
said  that  the  work  of  Guido  was 
that  of  the  master,  but  the  pic- 
ture of  Domenichino  the  work 
of  the  scholar  who  knew  more 
than  the  master. 

San  Ildefonso.  See  Granja,  La. 

San  Jacinto.  A frigate  of  the 
United  States  navy,  noted  as  be- 
ing the  vessel  into  which  Mason 
and  Slidell,  the  Confederate  emis- 
saries, were  forcibly  taken  by 
her  commander,  Capt.  Wilkes, 
from  the  British  mail  steamer 
Trent , on  the  8th  of  November, 
1861. 

San  Juan  d’Ulloa.  A famous  for- 
tress now  more  than  250  years 
old,  commanding  the  harbor  of 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

San  Lorenzo.  A famous  church 
in  Florence,  Italy,  consecrated 
by  St.  Ambrose  in  373,  rebuilt 
by  Brunelleschi  and  Antonio  Ma- 
netti.  This  church  contains  the 
famous  monuments  of  the  Medi- 


SAN 


461 


SAN 


cis,  executed  by  Michael  An- 
gelo. 

“No  church  can  he  freer  from 
had  taste  than  this  one ; and  there  is 
no  false  construction,  nor  any  thing  to 
offend  the  most  fastidious.” 

Fergusson. 

San  Lorenzo.  See  Martyrdom 
of  Sax  Lorexzo. 

San  Lorenzo  fuori  le  Mura.  [St. 
Laurence  without  the  Walls.] 
One  of  the  seven  basilicas  of 
Rome,  situated  a short  distance 
from  the  city,  on  the  way  to  Ti- 
voli. The  basilica  is  now  almost 
swallowed  up  in  the  burial- 
ground  of  San  Lorenzo,  the 
great  modern  public  cemetery  of 
Kome. 

San  Lorenzo  in  Lueina,  A well- 
known  church,  situated  on  the 
Corso,  Rome. 

San  Luca,  Aecademia  di.  See 
St.  Luke. 

San  Marco.  A well-known  mo- 
nastic establishment  in  Florence, 
Italy,  now  used  as  a museum, 
and  containing  some  fine  fres- 
cos. 

San  Marco,  Piazza.  See  St. 

Mark’s  Square. 

San  Michele.  A famous  monas- 
tery crowning  an  eminence  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Turin,  Italy. 
See  also  Or  Sax  Michele. 

San  Miniato  al  Monte.  A cele- 
brated and  beautiful  church  near 
Florence,  Italy,  so  named  after 
the  Florentine  St.  Miniato  (or  S. 
Minias),  who,  according  to  the 
legend,  served  in  the  Roman 
army  under  Decius,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  in  the  year  254.  The 
place  now  serves  as  a burial- 
ground  — a Florentine  Campo 
Santo. 

J86g=*“  A mass  of  buildings  conspicu- 
ous from  their  position  and  castellated 
appearance.  The  church,  parts  of 
which  belong  to  the  eleventh  century, 
is  an  imposing  structure,  and  is,  to  a 
considerable  extent,  built  of  the  frag- 
ments of  ancient  Roman  edifices,  which, 
when  we  compare  their  original  desti- 
nation with  their  present  position,  re- 


mind us  of  a palimpsest  manuscript, 
from  which  a hymn  to  Apollo  has  been 
expunged,  and  a holy  legend  written 
in  its  place.”  Ilillard. 

Who,  that  remembers  Florence,  does 
not  remember  well  the  San  Miniato-in- 
Monte  towering  on  its  lofty  eminence 
above  the  city,  and  visible  ah  mg  the 
Lung*  Arno  from  the  Ponte  alle  Grazie  to 
the  Ponte  alia  Car  raj  a ? Mrs.  Jameson. 

Fired  with  the  patriots’  zeal, 
Where  San  Miniato' s glow 
Smiled  down  upon  the  foe, 

Till  Treason  won  the  gates  that  mocked 
the  invader’s  steel.  C.  P.  Crunch. 

San  Pancrazio.  [St.  Pancras.]  An 
ancient  church  in  Rome,  Italy. 
It  adjoins  the  grounds  of  the 
Villa  Pamphili.  The  church  was 
founded  in  the  sixth  century,  and 
restored  in  the  seventeenth,  and 
has  been  the  scene  of  many  in- 
teresting events.  In  the  siege  of 
Rome  in  1849  by  the  French,  the 
building  was  taken  by  storm. 

As  they  passed 

The  gate  of  San  Pancrazio , human  blood 
Flowed  ankle-liigh  about  them,  and  dead 
men 

Choked  the  long  street  with  gashed  and 
gory  piles.  Whittier : 

San  Paolo  fuori  le  Mura.  [St. 
Paul's  without  the  Walls.]  One 
of  the  great  churches  of  Rome. 
The  original  temple,  which  was 
one  of  the  most  interesting  mon- 
uments of  the  early  Church,  hav- 
ing been  founded  by  the  Empe- 
ror Theodosius  in  386  to  com- 
memorate the  martyrdom  of  St. 
Paul,  and  in  which  Christian 
worship  had  been  performed  un- 
interruptedly for  1,500  years,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  July  16,  1824. 
A splendid  edifice,  though  far  in- 
ferior to  its  predecessor,  has  since 
been  built  upon  the  same  site, 
which  is  pointed  out  as  the  burial- 
place  of  St.  Paul.  It  was  opened 
by  Pius  IX.,  in  1854. 

“ The  very  abandonment  of  this 
huge  pile  standing  in  solitary  grandeur 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber  was  one 
source  of  its  value.  ...  It  remained 
genuine,  though  bare,  as  S.  Apollinare 
in  Classe,  at  Ttavenna,  the  city  emi- 
nently of  unspoiled  basilicas.” 

Cardinal  Wiseman . 

4Ggp  “ The  church  of  San  Paolo  fuori 
le  Mura  was  almost  an  exact  counter- 
part of  St.  Peter’s,  both  in  design  and 
dimensions.  The  only  important  vari* 


SAN 


462 


SAN 


atlons  were,  that  the  transept  was  made 
of  the  same  width  as  the  central  nave, 
and  that  the  pillars  separating  the  nave 
from  the  side  aisles  were  joined  by 
arches  instead  of  by  a horizontal  archi- 
trave. Both  these  were  undoubted  im- 
provements ; the  lirst  giving  space  and 
dignity,  the  latter  not  only  adding 
height,  but  giving  it,  together  with 
lightness,  that  apparent  strength  requi- 
site to  support  the  high  wall  placed 
over  the  pillars.”  Fergusso7i. 

San  Paolo,  Porta  di.  See  Porta 
di  San  Paolo. 

San  Pietro  in  Mont  or  io.  A well- 
known  and  interesting  church  in 
Rome  founded  by  Constantine  the 
Great,  and  rebuilt  b}r  the  Span- 
ish sovereigns  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella.  The  name  Montorio 
(Monte  d’ Oro)  is  thought  to  be 
derived  from  the  yellowish  sand 
of  the  hill  on  which  it  stands. 

San  Pietro  in  Vincoli.  [St.  Peter 
in  Chains.]  A celebrated  church 
in  Rome,  on  the  Esquiline  Hill, 
near  the  Baths  of  Titus;  origi- 
nally founded,  according  to  the 
legend,  by  Theodora,  sister  of 
Hermes,  prefect,  of  Rome,  A.D. 
2 Oil;  but  probably  built  by  the 
Empress  Eudoxia,  wife  of  Val- 
entinian  III.,  who  placed  in  it 
one  of  the  famous  chains  with 
which  St.  Peter  is  said  to  have 
been  bound,  and  which  now 
gives  to  this  church  its  great  at- 
traction to  Catholic  pilgrims. 
The  chains  are  in  fragments, 
many  links  having  been  broken 
off  and  sent  as  presents  to  differ- 
erent  monarchs.  The  longest  is 
some  five  feet.  They  are  not 
publicly  exhibited  except  on  the 
occasion  of  the  festival  of  St.  Pe- 
ter, on  the  1st  of  August  and  the 
following  eight  days.  The  church 
contains  Michael  Angelo’s  cele- 
brated statue  of  Moses. 

San  Pietro  in  Vincoli  is  one 
of  the  noblest  churches  in  Rome,  com- 
prising a nave  separated  from  two 
aisles  by  fluted  marble  columns  of  the 
Doric  order.”  Hillard. 

San  Placido.  See  Martyrdom  of 
San  Placido  and  Santa  Flavia. 

San  Rocco,  Scuola  di.  A building 
in  Venice,  erected  in  the  six- 


teenth century,  containing  some 
of  the  best  works  of  Tintoretto 
and  other  Venetian  painters. 

4SP  “ Among  other  buildings  of  this 
date  [the  sixteenth  century],  the  pala- 
tial fraternity-houses  — the  so-called 
schools  — take  foremost  rank;  as  for 
example  the  superb  Scuola  di  San 
Rocco,  extravagantly  adorned  with 
colored  marble  wainscoating  and  a 
wealth  of  plastic  ornament.” 

Li'tbke. 

San  Sebastiano.  [St.  Sebastian.] 
A Roman  basilica,  or  metropoli- 
tan church,  situated  about  two 
miles  beyond  the  gate  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Via  Appia.  See 
Domine  Quo  Vadis  and  Cata- 
combs. 

San  Sebastiano,  Porta  di.  See 
Porta  di  San  Sebastiano. 

San,  Stone  of.  See  Stone  of  San. 

San  Vitale.  A celebrated  Byzan 
tine  church  in  Ravenna,  Italy, 
containing  some  fine  mosaics.  It 
was  erected  in  the  sixth  century, 
but  has  undergone  great  restora- 
tions. 

Sancho  Panza  and  the  Duchess. 

A picture  by  Charles  Robert  Les- 
lie (1794-1859).  In  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

Sancta  Sanctorum.  [Holy  of  Ho- 
lies.] *A  celebrated  Gothic  chap- 
el in  the  basilica  of  St.  John 
Lateran,  in  Rome,  containing  a 
famous  portrait  of  the  Saviour,  of 
Greek  workmanship,  attributed 
by  the  faithful  to  St.  Luke,  and 
said  to  be  an  exact  likeness  of 
Christ  at  the  age  of  12.  This 
chapel  is  regarded  as  so  extreme- 
ly sacred  that  no  one  but  the 
pope  can  officiate  in  it;  and  it  is 
only  open  even  to  the  clergy  on 
the  day  before  Palm  Sunday. 
See  Holy  of  Holies. 

Sanctuary,  The.  A picture  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873),  the 
most  celebrated  modern  painter 
of  animals.  This  picture  was 
painted  in  1842,  and  is  now  the 
property  of  Queen  Victoria.  Its 
motto  was  taken  from  the  poem 
of  Loch  Maree : — 


SAN 


463 


SAN 


“ Poor  hunted  hart ! the  painful  struggle 
o'er, 

How  blest  the  shelter  of  that  island  shore ! 
There  while  lie  sobs,  his  panting  heart  to 
rest, 

Nor  hound  nor  hunter  shall  his  lair 
molest.” 

Sandringham  Hall.  The  seat  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  not  far  from 
Lynn,  England. 

Sans  Souci.  A famous  palace  in 
the  vicinity  of  Potsdam,  near  Ber- 
lin, Prussia.  It  was  built  by 
Frederick  the  Great  (1712-1786), 
and  was  his  favorite  residence. 
Voltaire  lived  here  for  a time. 
The  name  Philosopher  of  Sans 
Souci  was  given  to  Frederick 
the  Great.  He  was  a disciple  of 
Voltaire,  and  the  author  of  sev- 
eral political  and  philosophical 
treatises. 

On  the  whole,  we  must  pity  Frederic, 
environed  with  that  cluster  of  Philoso- 
phers: doubtless  he  meant  rather  well; 
yet  the  French  at  Rosbach,  with  guns  in 
their  hands,  were  but  a small  matter, 
compared  with  these  French  in  /Sans 
Souci.  Carlyle. 

Nay,  what  is  better,  T have  not  the 
trouble  of  entertaining  them.  My  estate 
is  a perfect  Sans  Souci , where  every  one 
does  as  he  pleases,  and  no  one  troubles 
the  owner.  Irving. 

Potsdam,  thou  cradle  of  a line  of  kings. 
Quiet  in  thy  greatness,  a historic  crown 
Rests  well  upon  thee  and  on  Sanssouci, 
The  home  o-lTiim  whom  sternly  gained  re- 
nown 

Calls  “Great”  forever. 

Arthur  von  Rapp. 

Santa  Annunziata.  A noted 
church  in  Florence,  Italy.  It 
was  built  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, but  lias  undergone  restora- 
tions. It  contains,  among  other 
chapels,  one  of  the  Annunciation 
built  by  Pietro  de  Medici. 

J 8®=*  “ It  [the  chapel]  is  a very  beau- 
tiful piece  of  architecture  — a sort  of 
canopy  of  marble,  supported  on  pillars ; 
and  its  magnificence  within,  in  marble 
and  silver,  and  all  manner  of  holy  dec- 
oration, is  quite  indescribable.” 

Hawthorne. 

“ In  the  inner  part  of  this  chap- 
el is  preserved  a miraculous  picture  of 
the  * Santis sima  Annunziata  ’ painted 
by  angels,  and  held  in  such  holy  repute 
that  $40,000  have  lately  been  expended 
in  providing  a new  crown  for  the  sa- 
cred personage  represented.” 

Hawthorne. 


/ After  dinner  we  went  to  the  church  of 
Annunciata , where  the  Duke  and  his 
Court  were  at  their  devotions;  for  here  is 
a shrine  that  dos  greate  miracles  [proved] 
by  innumerable  votive  tablets,  <kc.,  cov- 
ering almost  the  walles  of  the  whole 
church.  This  is  the  image  of  Gabriel 
who  saluted  the  Bl.  Virgin,  and  which 
the  artist  performed  so  well  he  was  in  de- 
spair of  finishing  the  Virgin’s  face,  where- 
tioon  it  was  miraculously  don  for  him 
whilst  he  slept;  but  others  say  it  was 
painted  by  St.  Luke  himself.  Whoever  it 
was,  infinite  is  the  devotion  of  botli  sexes 
to  it.  John  Evelyn , 1G44. 

Sant’  Apollinare  in  Classe.  A 
famous  Byzantine  church  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Roman  town  of 
Classis,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Ravenna,  Italy,  dating  from  the 
sixth  century. 

JgGIr*  “ A vast  lonely  structure,  bear- 
ing its  huge  long  back  against  the  low 
horizon,  like  some  monster  antedilu- 
vian saurian,  the  fit  denizen  of  this 
marsh  world.  It  is  the  venerable  Ba- 
silica of  S.  Apollinare  in  Classe.” 

Trollope. 

“ On  the  spot  where  he  [St. 
Apollinaris  of  Ravenna]  suffered,  about 
534  years  afterwards,  was  built  and 
dedicated  to  his  honor  the  magnificent 
basilica  of  St.  Apollinaris-in-Classe.  It 
is  still  seen  standing  in  the  midst  of  a 
solitary  marshy  plain  near  Ravenna, 
surrounded  with  rice-grounds,  and  on 
the  verge  of  that  vast  melancholy  pine- 
forest  made  famous  in  the  works  of 
Boccaccio,  Dante,  and  Byron.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Santa  Casa.  [The  Holy  House.] 
A celebrated  religious  sanctuary 
in  the  church  of  the  same  name 
in  the  city  of  Loreto,  Italy.  For 
five  centuries  it  has  been  a centre 
of  pilgrimage,  its  fame  and  sanc- 
tity drawing  crowds  of  votaries 
from  all  parts  of  the  Christian 
world.  It  is  a small  brick  house, 
enclosed  in  a marble  casing,  and 
contains  the  statue  of  the  Virgin 
[Our  Lady  of  Loretto],  said  to 
have  been  sculptured  by  St.  Luke 
from  the  cedar-wood  of  Lebanon. 
According  to  the  Romish  legend, 
the  Casa  Santa  was  the  birthplace 
of  the  Virgin,  the  scene  of  the 
Annunciation  and  Incarnation, 
and  the  place  where  the  Holy 
Family  found  shelter  after  the 
flight  out  of  Egypt.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  miraculously  trans- 
ported from  Nazareth  by  angels, 


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464 


SAN 


and  finally  deposited,  in  1295,  on 
the  spot  it  now  occupies. 

J “ Every  one  knows  the  story  of 
the  House  of  Loreto.  The  devotion  of 
one-half  the  world,  and  the  ridicule 
of  the  other  half,  has  made  us  familiar 
with  the  strange  story,  written  in  all 
the  languages  of  Europe  round  the 
walls  of  that  remarkable  sanctuary. 
But  the  ‘wondrous  flitting’  of  the 
Holy  House  is  not  the  feature  in  its 
history  which  is  most  present  to  the 
pilgrims  who  frequent  it.  It  is  re- 
garded by  them  simply  as  an  actual 
fragment  of  the  Holy  Land,  sacred  as 
the  very  spot  on  which  the  mystery  of 
the  Incarnation  was  announced  and 
begun.  In  proportion  to  the  sincerity 
and  extent  of  this  belief  is  the  venera- 
tion which  attaches  to  what  is  un- 
doubtedly the  most  frequented  sanctu- 
ary in  Christendom.”  Dean  Stanley. 

“ Nazareth  was  taken  by  Sultan 
Khalil  in  1291,  when  he  stormed  the 
last  refuge  of  the  Crusaders  in  the 
neighboring  city  of  Acre.  From  that 
time,  not  Nazareth  only,  but  the  whole 
of  Palestine,  was  closed  to  the  devo- 
tions of  Europe.  The  Crusaders  were 
expelled  from  Asia,  and  in  Europe  the 
spirit  of  the  crusades  Avas  extinct.  But 
the  natural  longing  to  see  the  scenes  of 
the  events  of  the  Sacred  History  — the 
superstitious  craving  to  Avin  for  prayer 
the  favor  of  consecrated  localities  — did 
not  expire  with  the  crusades.  Can  we 
wonder,  that,  under  such  circumstances, 
there  should  have  arisen  the  feeling, 
the  desire,  the  belief,  that,  if  Mahomet 
could  not  go  to  the  mountain,  the 
mountain  must  come  to  Mahomet?  The 
house  of  Loretto  is  the  petrifaction,  so 
to  speak,  of  the  ‘ last  sigh  of  the  cru- 
sades.’ ” Dean  Stanley. 

It  is  Avortliy  of  notice  also,  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  extraordinary  chair  [Shake- 
speare's], that  it  partakes  something  of  the 
volatile  nature  of  the  Santa  Casa  of  Lo- 
retto, or  the  flying  chair  of  the  Arabian 
enchanter;  for,  though  sold  some  few 
years  since  to  a northern  princess,  yet, 
strange  to  tell,  it  has  found  its  way  back 
again  to  the  old  chimney-corner.  Irving. 

Thou  see’st  my  father’s  house,  so  German, 
there, 

As  if  in  airy  flight  such  angel-pair, 

As  bore  Loretto' s house  of  charity , 

Right  from  the  Rhine  had  brought  thee 
o’er  the  sea. 

Graf  von  Auersperg , Trans. 

Forms,  features,  worshipped  while  we 
breathe  or  move, 

Be,  by  some  spirit  of  your  dreaming  hour, 
Borne,  like  Loretto' s chapel , through  the 
air 

To  the  green  land  I sing,  then  Avake  : you'll 
find  them  there. 

Fitz-  Greene  Halleck. 


I scanned 

That  house  walled  round  with  sculptured 
forms  divine, 

Labor  illustrious  of  a Tuscan  hand. 

Of  song-raised  temples  we  liaAre  heard  ere 
now : 

Lo,  here  a visible  hymn  in  marble  graven  1 
Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Santa  Conversazione.  [The  Holy 
Conversation.]  A name  given  to 
a style  of  representations  of  the 
Madonna,  or  the  Holy  Family,  in 
which  numerous  figures  are 
grouped  around  the  Virgin  and 
Child,  usually  amid  retired  and 
beautiful  country  landscapes. 
Palma  Vecchio  (1475-1528)  seems 
to  have  invented  the  larger  form 
of  this  composition,  of  which  fre- 
quent examples  are  found  among 
liis  works. 

Santa  Croce.  [Holy  Cross.]  A 
famous  church  of  the  Black  Friars 
in  Florence,  Italy.  As  a favorite 
place  of  interment  of  the  Floren- 
tines, it  has  often  been  styled  the 
“Westminster  Abbey”  of  the 
city. 

4SP1  “In  Santa  Croce,  as  at  West- 
minster Abbey,  the  present  destination 
of  the  building  [as  a place  of  interment] 
was  no  part  of  the  original  design.  . . . 
Thus  it  came  to  pass,  as  if  by  accident, 
that  in  the  \rault  of  the  Buonarotti  Avas 
laid  Michael  Angelo;  in  the  vault  of 
the  Viviani,  the  preceptor  of  one  of 
their  house,  Galileo.  From  these  two 
burials  the  church  gradually  became 
the  recognized  shrine  of  Italian  ge- 
nius.” Dean  Stanley. 

46IP*  “This  morning  ...  to  the 
church  of  Santa  Croce,  the  great  monu- 
mental deposit  of  Florentine  worthies. 
...  I threw  my  eyes  about  the  church, 
and  came  to  the  conclusion,  that,  in 
spite  of  its  antiquity,  its  size,  its  archi- 
tecture, its  painted  windows,  its  tombs 
of  great  men  and  all  the  reverence  and 
interest  that  broods  o\7er  them,  it  is  not 
an  impressive  edifice.  Any  little  Nor- 
man church  in  England  would  impress 
me  as  much  or  more.”  Hawthorne. 

4®=*  “ This  church  of  Santa  Croce 
contains  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  as- 
semblage of  the  dead  in  Europe.” 

Mme.  de  Stael. 

In  Santa  Croce's  holy  precincts  lie 
Ashes  which  make  it  holier,  dust  which  is 
Even  in  itself  an  immortality, 

Though  there  Avere  nothing  save  the  past, 
and  this 

The  particle  of  those  sublimities 
Which  have  relapsed  to  chaos : — here  re- 
pose 


SAN 


465 


SAN 


Angelo’s,  Alfieri’s  bones,  and  his. 

The  starry  Galileo,  with  his  woes; 

Here  Machiavelli’s  earth,  return’d  to 
whence  it  rose.  Byron. 

Henceforward,  Dante ! now  my  soul  is 
sure 

That  thine  is  better  comforted  of  scorn, 
And  looks  down  from  the  stars  in  fuller 
cure, 

Than  when,  in  Santa  Croce  church,  for- 
lorn 

Of  any  corpse,  the  architect  and  hewer 

Did  pile  the  empty  marbles  as  thy  tomb  ! 

Mrs.  Browning. 

There’s  a verse  he  set 
In  Santa  Croce  to  her  memory. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Santa  Croce  and  the  dome  of  St.  Peter’s 
are  lame  copies  after  a divine  model. 

Emerson. 

Santa  Croce  in  Gerusalemme. 
[Holy  Cross  in  Jerusalem.]  One 
of  the  great  Roman  basilicas.  It 
derives  its  name  from  the  Title  of 
the  True  Cross  (Titulus  Crucis),  — 
a plank  of  wood  bearing  the  in- 
scription in  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
Latin,  Jesus  Nazarene  King, — 
deposited  here  by  the  Empress 
Helena,  and  from  the  earth  from 
Jerusalem  which  was  brought 
and  mixed  with  the  foundations 
of  the  church. 

JgQjf  “ The  Church  of  Santa  Croce  in 
Gerusalemme  stands  on  the  lonely  ex- 
panse of  the  Esquiline  Hill,  close  by 
the  walls  of  Rome,  . . . built  by  St. 
Helena,  mother  of  Constantine  the 
Great.  Unspeakable  are  the  obligations 
the  Roman  Catholic  world  lies  under  to 
this  exemplary  saint  and  empress,  not 
only  for  bringing  into  the  world  the 
first  Christian  emperor,  but  for  going 
all  the  way  to  Jerusalem  on  purpose 
to  make  the  discovery  of  the  True 
Cross  (which  nobody  on  the  spot  had 
been  able  to  find  for  300  years),  and 
bringing  it  to  this  church,  where  every 
true  believer  may  see  it.”  C.  A.  Eaton. 

Santa  Culla.  [The  Holy  Cradle.] 
A relic  preserved  in  a costly  reli- 
quary in  the  Basilica  of  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore  in  Rome,  and  be- 
lieved by  the  devout  to  be  the 
identical  cradle  in  which  the  Sav- 
iour was  carried  into  Egypt.  It 
is  publicly  exhibited  on  Christ- 
mas Bay. 

Sant’  Elmo.  See  St.  Elmo. 

Santa  Felicita.  See  Martyrdom 
of  Santa  Felicita. 

Santa  Flavia.  See  Martyrdom 


of  San  Placido  and  Santa  Fla. 
via. 

Santa  Liparata.  See  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore. 

Santa  Maria.  One  of  the  three 
vessels  with  which  Columbus  set 
sail  for  America.  The  Santa  Ma- 
ria was  commanded  by  Columbus 
in  person.  These  little  ships  set 
sail  from  Palos,  Spain,  on  the  3d 
of  August,  1492. 

“ The  departure  from  Palos, 
where,  a few  days  before,  he  had  begged 
a morsel  of  bread  and  a cup  of  water 
for  his  wayworn  child,  — his  final  fare- 
well to  the  Old  World  at  the  Canaries, 

— his  entrance  upon  the  trade-winds, 
which  then,  for  the  first  time,  filled  a 
European  sail,  — the  portentous  varia- 
tion of  the  needle,  never  before  ob- 
served,— the  fearful  course  westward 
and  westward,  day  after  day,  and  night 
after  night,  over  the  unknown  ocean, — 
the  mutinous  and  ill-appeased  crew;  — 
at  length,  when  hope  had  turned  to  de- 
spair in  every  heart  but  one,  the  tokens 
of  land,  — the  cloud-banks  on  the  west- 
ern horizon,  — the  logs  of  drift-wood, 

— the  fresh  shrub,  floating  with  its 
leaves  and  berries,  — the  flocks  of  land- 
birds, — the  shoals  of  fish  that  inhabit 
shallow  water, — the  indescribable  smell 
of  the  shore,  — the  mysterious  presenti- 
ment that  seems  ever  to  go  before  a 
great  event,  — and  finally,  on  that  ever- 
memorable  night  of  the  12th  of  October, 
1492,  the  moving  light  seen  by  the 
sleepless  eye  of  the  great  discoverer 
himself,  from  the  deck  of  the  Santa 
Maria,  and  in  the  morning  the  real,  un- 
doubted land,  swelling  up  from  the 
bosom  of  the  deep,  with  its  plains,  and 
hills,  and  forests,  and  rocks,  and 
streams,  and  strange  new  races  of  men  ; 

— these  are  incidents  in  which  the  au- 
thentic history  of  the  discovery  of  our 
Continent  excels  the  specious  wonders 
of  romance,  as  much  as  gold  excels  tin- 
sel, or  the  sun  in  the  heavens  out- 
shines the  flickering  taper.” 

E.  Everett. 

Santa  Maria  ad  Martyres.  See 

Pantheon. 

Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli.  [Holy 
Mary  of  tlie  Angels.]  A Roman 
church  built  by  Michael  Angelo 
out  of  a portion  of  the  ruins  of 
the  Baths  of  Diocletian. 

“ One  of  the  largest  and  hand- 
somest churches  in  Rome.  It  is  Dio- 
cletian’s bathing-room.  Immense  col- 
umns, each  a single  block  of  granite, 


SAN 


466 


SAN 


still  stand  proudly  and  unchanged  from 
his  time.  In  this  church  there  is  some- 
thing very  pleasant  and  refreshing,  as 
if  one  were  in  the  open  air  under  the 
shade  of  the  pine-trees,  and  at  the  same 
time  all  is  so  solitary,  solemn,  really 
Catholic!  The  walls  display  some  of 
the  finest  paintings.  Here  is  Domeni- 
chino’s  ‘ St.  Sebastian,’  and  Carlo  Ma- 
ratti’s  ‘ Baptism  of  Christ.’  ” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Santa  Maria  dei  Gesuiti.  [St. 
Mary  of  the  Jesuits.]  A church 
in  Venice,  Italy.  It  contains  an 
“Assumption”  by  Tintoretto, 
and  a “ Martyrdom  of  St.  Law- 
rence ” by  Titian.  [Called  also 
S.  Maria  Assunta.'] 

4®"  “In  order  to  see  this  taste  in 
full  display,  it  is  necessary  to  visit  the 
Gesu,  . . . the  central  monument  of 
the  society  [the  Jesuits],  built  by  Vign- 
olles  and  Jacques  della  Porta  in  the 
last  quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  grand  pagan  renaissance  perpetu- 
ates itself  here,  but  with  modifications. 
. . . With  the  solidity  of  its  founda- 
tion and  the  soundness  of  its  forms, 
with  the  pompous  majesty  of  its  pilas- 
ters crowned  with  gilded  capitals,  its 
painted  domes  eddying  with  grand  fig- 
ures, its  paintings  framed  in  with  bor- 
derings  of  sculptured  gold,  . . . this 
church  resembles  a magnificent  ban- 
queting hall,  some  regal  hotel  de  ville 
decked  out  with  all  its  silver  and  glass 
...  to  receive  a monarch  and  do  him 
the  honors  of  a city.”  Taine , Trans. 

Santa  Maria  del  Fiore.  [Holy 
Mary  of  the  Flower.]  The  cathe- 
dral or  Duomo  of  Florence,  Italy, 
begun  in  1294,  and  finished  by 
Brunelleschi  in  1446.  It  is  so 
called  in  allusion  to  the  lily  in 
the  city  arms  of  Florence,  which 
perpetuates  the  tradition  of  its 
having  been  founded  in  a flowery 
field.  The  cupola  is  one  of  the 
largest  domes  in  the  world,  and 
can  be  compared  only  to  that  of 
St.  Peter’s.  Many  eminent  ar- 
chitects were  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction of  this  church,  among 
whom  in  particular  Giotto  may 
be  mentioned,  by  whom  the  fa- 
mous campanile,  or  bell-tower, 
was  designed.  When  Michael 
Angelo  was  asked  to  make  the 
dome  of  St.  Peter’s  excel  that  of 
the  Cathedral  of  Florence,  he  said 
that  he  would  make  “its  sister, 
greater,  but  not  more  beautiful.” 


4ST’  “ As  patroness  of  Florence  in 
her  own  right,  the  Virgin  bears  the 
title  of  Santa  Maria  del  Fiore , and  in 
this  character  she  holds  a flower,  gener- 
ally a rose,  or  is  in  the  act  of  presenting 
it  to  the  Child.”  Mrs.  Jameson . 

4®=*  “ Florence  extended  her  walls 
for  the  third  time.  Arnolfo  de  Lapo, 
the  famous  architect,  began  to  build 
the  churches  which  yet  stand  there 
as  the  greatest  and  finest,  and  among 
them,  most  distinguished  of  all,  Santa 
Maria  del  Fiore.  He  built  it  in  a new 
style, — the  Gothic,  or  as  the  Italians 
called  it,  the  German,  the  free  upward- 
rising  proportions  of  which  took  the 
place  of  the  more  heavy  and  wide- 
spreading  dimensions  in  which  they 
had  been  built  hitherto.” 

Grimm , Trails. 

4®="“  Around  the  Duomo,  there  is 
strife  and  bustle  at  all  times : crowds 
come  and  go ; men  buy  and  sell ; boys 
laugh  and  quarrel;  but,  in  the  midst  of 
this,  there  is  the  Duomo  unharmed  and 
unpolluted,  at  the  same  time  a prayer 
and  poem.”  Pascarel , Trans. 

“ The  charm  of  the  past  in  Flor- 
ence is  like  the  beauty  of  the  majestic 
Duomo.”  Pascarel,  Trans. 

4®"  “ Among  the  greatest  and  most 
complete  examples  of  Italian  Gothic  is 
the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  dei  Fiori,  the 
cathedral  of  Florence,  one  of  the  largest 
and  finest  churches  produced  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  — as  far  as  mere  grandeur 
of  conception  goes,  perhaps  the  very 
best,  though  considerably  marred  in 
execution  from  defects  of  style  which 
are  too  apparent  in  every  part.” 

Fergus  son. 

Santa  Maria  del  Popolo.  A church 
in  Home,  near  the  Porta  (lei 
Popolo,  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed in  1099. 

43P*  “ A church  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, modernized  by  Bernini,  but  still 
impressive.  Wide  arcades  in  rows 
separate  the  great  nave  from  the  lesser 
ones,  and  the  effect  of  these  bold  curves 
is  grave  and  grand.” 

II.  Taine , Trans. 

Santa  Maria  dell’  Ara  Cceli.  See 
Ara  Cceli. 

Santa  Maria  della  Salute.  [Our 

Lady  of  Salvation.]  A noble 
and  conspicuous  church  in  Ven- 
ice, Italy,  built  in  the  early  part 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
fronting  on  the  Grand  Canal.  It 
is  a votive  church,  having  been 
built  as  an  offering  to  the  Virgin 


SAN 


467 


SAN 


for  having  stayed  a pestilence 
whirl  1 was  devastating  the  city, 
from  which  circumstance  the 
church  takes  its  name. 

When  at  last  that  boat  darted  forth 
upon  tlic  breadth  of  silver  sea,  across 
which  the  front  of  the  Ducal  Palace, 
flushed  with  its  sanguine  veins,  looks  to 
the  snow}’-  dome  of  Our  Lady  of  Salvation, 
it  was  no  marvel  that  the  mind  should  be 
so  deeply  entranced  by  the  visionary 
charm  cf  a scene  so  beautiful  and  so 
strange,  as  to  forget  the  darker  truths  of 
its  history  and  its  being.  Ruskin. 

Santa  Maria  di  Rotonda.  See 

Pantheon. 

Santa  Maria  Gloriosa  dei.  Frari 

See  Frari,  etc. 

Santa  Maria  in  Trastevere.  A 
church  in  Rome,  said  to  have 
been  the  first  in  the  city  conse- 
crated to  the  Virgin.  It  was 
founded  by  St.  Calixtus  in  224, 
and  was  in  early  times  known  as 
Fons  Olei,  from  a spring  of  oil 
which  is  said  to  have  appeared 
there  at  the  time  of  the  Saviour’s 
birth.  The  church  was  after- 
wards rebuilt,  and  has  since  been 
largely  altered. 

Santa  Maria  Maggiore.  [St.  Mary 
the  Greater.]  One  of  the  princi- 
pal Roman  churches, and  thethird 
in  rank.  It  was  founded  A.D.  352, 
by  Pope  Liberius, — hence  often 
styled  the  Liberian  Basilica,  — and 
was  originally  called  S.  Maria  ad 
Nives,  from  a legend  that  it  was 
founded  in  fulfilment  of  a vision 
representing  a fall  of  snow  which 
covered  the  precise  space  to  be 
occupied.  This  legend  is  the  sub- 
ject of  two  fine  pictures  by  Murillo 
in  the  Gallery  at  Madrid.  The 
basilica  afterwards  took  its  pres- 
ent name  from  being  the  principal 
of  all  the  churches  of  Rome  dedi- 
cated to  the  Virgin.  This  basili- 
ca is  one  of  those  which  possesses 
a Porta  Santa. 

The  basilica  of  Santa  Maria 
Maggiore  has  little  to  be  commended 
externally ; but  the  interior,  through 
all  the  changes  which  it  has  undergone, 
still  retains  the  features  of  the  basilica 
essentially  unimpaired,  and  a single 
glance  at  its  noble  and  harmonious  pro- 
portions vindicates  the  taste  and  judg- 
ment of  those  who  adapted  that  form 
to  the  purposes  of  Christian  worship.” 
Hillard. 


J “ This  basilica,  standing  upon 
a large  eminence,  surmounted  with  its 
domes,  rises  nobly  upwards,  at  once 
simple  and  complete;  and  when  you 
enter  it,  it  affords  still  greater  pleas- 
ure. It  belongs  to  the  fifth  century : 
on  being  rebuilt  at  a later  period,  the 
general  plan,  its  antique  idea,  was  pre- 
served. An  ample  portico  with  a hori- 
zontal roof  is  sustained  by  two  rows  of 
white  Ionic  columns.  You  arc  re- 
joiced to  see  so  fine  an  effect  produced 
by  such  simple  means.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Santa  Maria  Novella.  [The  New 
Church  of  the  PIolv  Virgin.]  A 
fine  Gothic  church  in  Florence, 
Italy,  containing  some  fine  paint- 
ings. The  square  in  front  of  this 
church  is  the  scene  of  many  of 
the  public  festivities  of  the  city. 
Michael  Angelo  thought  this 
church  very  beautiful,  and  called 
it  “ the  bride  ” (la  Sposa). 

“The  interior  of  Santa  Maria 
Novella  is  spacious  and  in  the  Gothic 
style,  though  differing  from  English 
churches  of  that  order  of  architecture. 
Its  old  walls  are  yet  stalwart  enough  to 
outlast  another  set  of  frescos,  and  to 
see  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  a new 
school  of  painting  as  long-lived  as  Ci- 
mabue’s.  I should  be  sorry  to  have  the 
church  go  to  decay,  because  it  wTas 
here  that  Boccaccio’s  dames  and  cava- 
liers encountered  one  another.” 

Hawthorne. 

And,  past  the  quays,  Maria  Novella’s 
Place, 

In  which  the  mystic  obelisks  stand  up 
Triangular,  pyramidal,  each  based 
On  a single  trine  of  brazen  tortoises, 

To  guard  that  fair  church,  Buonarotti’s 
Bride. 

That  stares  out  from  her  large  blind  dial- 
eyes, 

Her  quadrant  and  armillary  dials,  black 
With  rhythms  of  many  suns  and  moons, _ 
in  vain 

Inquiry  for  so  rich  a soul  as  his. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Or  enter,  in  your  Florence  wanderings, 
Santa  Maria  Novella  church. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva.  [The 
Holy  Virgin  upon  Minerva.]  The 
principal  Gothic  church  in  Rome, 
so  called  because  it  was  built 
upon  the  ruins  of  a temple  of 
Minerva.  It  contains  many  in- 
teresting relics  of  art  and  history. 

Santa  Petronilla.  A famous  pic- 
ture by  Giovanni  Francesco  Bar- 
bieri,  called  Guercino  (1520-1666), 


SAN 


468 


SAN 


representing  the  saint  as  “ being 
raised  from  her  tomb  to  be  shown 
to  Flaccus,  her  betrothed.”  In 
the  Capitol  at  Rome. 

Santa,  Porta.  See  Porta  Santa. 

Santa  Reparata.  See  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore. 

Santa  Saba.  This  ancient  convent 
is  on  a mountainous  height  over- 
looking the  Dead  Sea.  It  is  about 
three  hours  ride  from  Jerusalem. 
The  situation  is  wild  and  dreary 
in  the  extreme.  It  was  founded 
by  St.  Saba  in  the  fifth  century, 
and  tradition  says  that  14,000  an- 
chorites followed  him  hither. 
Cyril,  John  Damascenus,  and 
Euphemius  lived  here.  It  is  said 
that  this  convent  contains  many 
inestimable  manuscripts,  but 
only  Turks  are  allowed  to  see 
them.  The  building  occupies  a 
situation  of  wild  grandeur,  the 
irregular  groups  of  towers,  walls, 
and  chapels  being  lodged  upon 
narrow  terraces  in  the  rock,  and 
clinging  to  the  faces  of  precipices. 
Women  are  not  allowed  to  enter 
the  convent  under  any  circum- 
stances, the  monks  being,  as  Miss 
Martineau  says,  too  holy  to  be 
hospitable. 

Santa  Scala.  [The  Holy  Staircase.] 
A famous  staircase  consisting  of 
28  marble  steps,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Basilica  of  St.  John  Lateran 
at  Rome.  According  to  the 
church  tradition,  they  belonged 
to  the  house  of  Pilate,  and  are 
the  very  steps  descended  by  the 
Saviour  when  he  left  the  judg- 
ment-seat. Penitents  can  ascend 
only  upon  their  knees,  and  the 
multitude  of  the  faithful  who 
visit  them  is  so  great  that  it  has 
been  found  necessary  to  protect 
the  steps  by  planks  of  wood.  For 
1500  years  this  staircase  has  been 
regarded  with  special  veneration 
by  the  Roman  Church.  In  a 
chapel  of  a church  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Kreuzberg,  near  Bonn, 
on  the  Rhine,  is  a marble  stair- 
case built  by  the  Elector  Clement 
Augustus,  in  1725,  in  imitation  of 
the  Scala  Santa,  which,  like  the 
latter,  is  believed  by  the  faithful 


• 

to  be  the  identical  staircase 
which  led  to  Pilate’s  Judgment 
Hall,  and  which  no  one  is  allowed 
to  ascend  except  on  his  knees. 

4®"  “These  holy  steps  that  pious 
knees  have  worn  till  they  are  almost 
worn  away,  have  now  been  cased  in 
wood.  ...  Go  when  you  will,  except 
on  a grand  festa — you  cannot  fail  to 
see  various  sinners  creeping  up  it  on 
their  knees,  repeating  on  every  step  a 
Paternoster  and  an  Ave  Maria.  ...  I 
am  told  the  ascenders  of  this  Holy 
Staircase  gain  three  thousand  years’ 
indulgence  every  time  of  mounting; 
but  what  temptation  is  that  in  a church 
where  indulgences  for  thirty-nine  thou- 
sand years  may  be  bought  on  the  festa 
of  the  patron  saint?  ” C.  A.  Eaton. 

J “ It  is  covered  with  wood,  and 
the  devout  ascend  it  on  their  knees.  I 
have  just  seen  these  people  staggering 
and  climbing  up  : it  takes  half  an  hour 
thus  to  hoist  themselves  to  the  top, 
clinging  to  its  steps  and  walls  with 
their  hands  the  better  to  become  im- 
pregnated with  the  sanctity  of  the  place. 
It  is  worth  while  to  see  their  earnest- 
ness, their  large  fixed  eyes.  . . . One 
would  imagine  himself  in  a Buddhist 
country  : there  is  gilding  for  the  better 
and  relics  for  the  poorer  classes  — such 
is  the  comprehension  of  worship  in 
Italy  for  the  last  two  hundred  years.” 
Taine , Trans. 

46§==’  “ I never,  in  my  life,  saw  a.r\y 
thing  at  once  so  ridiculous,  and  so  un- 
pleasant, as  this  sight, — ridiculous  in 
the  absurd  incidents  inseparable  from 
it;  and  unpleasant  in  its  senseless  and 
unmeaning  degradation.  There  are 
two  steps  to  begin  with,  and  then  a 
rather  broad  landing.  The  more  rigid 
climbers  went  along  this  landing  on 
their  knees,  as  well  as  up  the  stairs; 
and  the  figures  they  cut,  in  their  shuf- 
fling progress  over  the  level  surface,  no 
description  can  paint.  Then,  to  see 
them  watch  their  opportunity  from  the 
porch,  and  cut  in  where  there  was  a 
place  next  the  wall ! And  to  see  one 
man  with  an  umbrella  (brought  on  pur- 
pose, for  it  was  a fine  day)  hoisting 
himself,  unlawfully,  from  stair  to  stair ! 
And  to  observe  a demure  ladj-  of  fifty- 
five  or  so,  looking  back,  every  now  and 
then,  to  assure  herself  that  her  legs 
were  properly  disposed  ! There  were 
such  odd  differences  in  the  speed  of 
different  people  too.  Some  got  on  as 
if  they  were  doing  a match  against 
time;  others  stopped  to  say  a prayer 
on  every  step.  This  man  touched 
every  stair  with  his  forehead,  and 
kissed  it;  that  man  scratched  his  head 
all  the  way.  . . . But  most  of  the  Peni- 


SAN 


469 


SAP 


tents  came  clown  very  sprightly  and 
fresh,  as  having  done  a real  good  sub- 
stantial deed,  which  it  would  take  a 
good  deal  of  sin  to  counterbalance.” 

Dickens. 

The  pious  monk  [Luther]  climbing  the 
Santa  Scala  painfully  on  his  knees  among 
the  retinue  of  pilgrims.  Chr  Examiner. 

Brother  Martin  Luther  went  to  accom- 
plish the  ascent  of  the  Santa  Scala , which 
once,  they  say,  formed  part  of  Pilate's 
house.  Schonberg- Cotta  Chronicles. 

Santissimo  Bambino.  See  Bam- 
bino. 

Santo  Chiodo.  [The  Holy  Nail.] 
See  Iron  Crown. 

Santo  Eremo.  See  Sacro  Eremo. 

Santo  Spirito.  A well-known  and 
interesting  church  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  in  Florence,  It- 
aly. 

Santo  Volto.  [Holy  Face.]  A 
crucifix  preserved  in  the  cathe- 
• dral  of  Lucca,  Italy,  and  held  in 
the  utmost  veneration  by  the 
people.  The  tradition  is,  that  it 
is  the  work  of  Nicodemus,  who 
sculptured  it  from  memory. 
There  are  references  to  he  found 
also  to  another  Santo  Volto  in 
the  church  of  Santa  Croce  at 
Florence. 

The  other  sank,  and  rose  again  face  down- 
ward ; 

But  the  demons,  under  cover  of  the  bridge, 
Cried : “ Here  the  Santo  Volto  has  no  place  ! 

Here  swims  one  otherwise  than  in  the  Ser- 
ehio; 

Therefore,  if  for  our  gaffs  thou  wishestnot, 
Do  not  uplift  thyself  above  the  pitch.” 

Dante , Inferno,  Trans,  of  Longfellow. 

Sappho’s  Leap.  The  name  given 
to  a white  cliff  or  promontory  an- 
ciently called  Leucadia,now  Cape 
Lucato,  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Santa  Maura,  one  of  the 
Ionian  Islands.  It  was  so  called 
because  Sappho,  the  poetess,  is 
reported  to  have  thrown  herself 
from  this  height  into  the  sea.  A 
criminal,  with  birds  attached  to 
him  to  break  his  fall,  was  thrown 
from  this  cliff  at  the  annual  festi- 
val of  Apollo;  and,  if  he  reached 
the  water  unhurt,  he  was  picked 
up  by  boats  placed  there  for  the 
purpose.  This  is  the  rock  from 


which,  according  to  the  story, 
lovers  threw  themselves  in  order 
to  be  free  from  the  pangs  of  love. 

4®=-  “ I shall  in  this  paper  discharge 
myself  of  the  promise  I have  made  to 
the  public  by  obliging  them  with  a 
translation  of  the  little  Greek  manu- 
script, which  is  said  to  have  been  pre- 
served in  the  Temple  of  Apollo  upon 
the  promontory  of  Leucate.  It  is  a 
short  history  of  the  ‘ Lover’s  Leap.’ 
[Here  follows  a humorous  account  of 
various  persons  who  threw  themselves 
from  the  precipice.]  . . . Sappho  the 
Lesbian  arrived  at  the  Temple  of  Apol- 
lo, habited  like  a bride.  After  having 
sung  a hymn  to  Apollo,  she  hung  up 
her  garland  on  one  side  of  his  altar 
and  her  harp  on  the  other.  She  then 
tucked  up  her  vestments  like  a Spartan 
virgin,  and  amidst  thousands  of  specta- 
tors who  were  anxious  for  her  safety, 
marched  directly  forward  to  the  utmost 
summit  of  the  promontory,  where,  after 
having  repeated  a stanza  of  her  own 
verses,  which  we  could  not  hear,  she 
threw  herself  off  the  rock  with  such 
an  intrepidity  as  was  never  before  ob- 
served in  any  one  who  had  attempted 
that  dangerous  leap.  . . . Alcaeus,  the 
famous  lyric  poet,  who  had  been  some 
time  passionately  in  love  with  Sappho, 
arrived  at  the  promontory  of  Leucate 
that  very  evening  in  order  to  take  the 
leap  upon  her  account ; but  hearing  that 
Sappho  had  been  there  before  him,  and 
that  her  body  could  be  nowhere  found 
— he  very  generously  lamented  her  fall, 
and  is  said  to  have  written  his  hundred 
and  twenty-fifth  ode  upon  that  occa- 
sion.” 

Ad d ison , Specta  tot'. 

“ Sappho’s  Leap  of  course  was  the 
great  point  of  interest.  It  is  a precipice 
about  two  hundred  feet  in  height,  near 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  island, 
and,  I should  judge,  well  adapted  for 
the  old  lady’s  purpose.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

There  stands  a rock,  from  whose  impend- 
ing steep 

Apollo’s  fane  surveys  the  rolling  deep ; 
There  injured  lovers,  leaping  from  above, 
Their  flames  extinguish  and  forget  to  love. 
Deucalion  once  witli  hopeless  fury  burned, 
In  vain  ho  loved  — relentless  I’yrrha 
scorned: 

But  when  from  hence  he  plunged  into  the 
main, 

Deucalion  scorned,  and  Pyrrha  loved  in 
vain 

Haste,  Sappho,  haste,  from  high  Leucadia 
throw 

Thy  wretched  weight,  nor  dread  the  deeps 
below  ! Ovid , Tr  Pope. 

’Twas  on  a Grecian  autumn’s  gentle  eve 
Childe  Harold  hailed  Leucadia’s  cape  afar 


SAR 


470 


SCA 


But  when  he  saw  the  evening  star  above 
Leucadia’s  far- projecting  cape  of  woe, 

And  hailed  the  last  resort  of  fruitless  love, 
He  felt,  or  deemed  he  felt,  no  common 
glow.  Byron. 

Saratoga.  A mansion  near  Berry- 
ville,  Va.,  once  the  residence  of 
Gen.  Daniel  Morgan  (1736-1802), 
who  is  said  to  have  built  the 
house  with  the  help  of  Hessians 
taken  prisoners  at  Saratoga. 

Saratoga,  The.  A noted  vessel, 
the  tiag-ship  of  the  American 
fleet  under  Commodore  Macdon- 
ough,  in  the  naval  battle  on  Lake 
Champlain  in  September,  1814. 
The  Saratoga  took  the  Conji- 
ance,  the  flag-ship  of  the  British 
fleet. 

Sardanapalus.  A picture  by  Fer- 
dinand Victor  Eugene  Delacroix 
(1799-1863),  the  celebrated  French 
historical  painter. 

Sarto,  Andrea  del.  See  Andrea 
del  Sarto. 

Sasso  di  Dante.  See  Dante’s 
Stone. 

Saturday  Club.  An  old  club  in 
London.  Swift  writes  to  Stella 
in  1711  that  there  were  Lord 
Keeper,  Lord  Divers,  Mr.  Secre- 
tary, Mr.  Harley,  and  himself; 
and  again,  in  1713,  “ I was  of  the 
original  Club,  when  only  poor 
Lord  Divers,  Lord  Keeper,  and 
Lord  Bolingbroke  came;  but  now 
Ormond,  Anglesey,  Lord  Stewart, 
Dartmouth,  and  other  rabble  in- 
trude, and  I scold  at  it;  but  now 
they  pretend  as  good  a title  as  I; 
and,  indeed,  many  Saturdays  I 
am  not  there.  The  company 
being  too  many,  I don’t  love 
it.” 

Saturn,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Saturn. 

Saturnian  Hill.  See  Capitoline 
Hill. 

Saul  and  the  Witch  of  Endor,  A 
picture  by  Washington  Allston 
(1779-1843).  Formely  in  posses- 
sion of  Col.  T.  H.  Perkins,  Bos- 
ton. 

Savin  Dock.  A bluff  on  Long  Is- 
land Sound,  near  New  Haven, 


Conn.,  and  a favorite  place  of  re- 
sort for  the  inhabitants. 


Saviour,  St.  See  St.  Saviour. 

Savoir  Vivre  Club.  See  Boodle’s 
Club. 


Savonarola.  A portrait  by  Fra 
Bartolommeo  ( Della  Porta)  (1469- 
1517).  In  the  Museum  of  St. 
Mark,  Florence,  Italy. 


Savoy,  The.  A noted  palace  which 
once  stood  in  London,  all  remains 
of  which  were  removed  upon  the 
building  of  Waterloo  Bridge. 
The  Savoy  was  built  on  ground 
granted  to  Peter,  Earl  of  Savoy, 
and  magnificently  rebuilt  by 
Henry,  first  Duke  of  Lancaster, 
it  having  been  purchased  by 
Queen  Eleanor.  There  lived  the 
captive  King  John  of  France, 
who  died  there  in  1364.  The  poet 
Chaucer  was  married  in  the  Sa- 
voy to  Philippa  de  Duet.  The 
palace  was  destroyed  by  the  reb- 
els under  Wat  Tyler  in  1381,  but 
was  rebuilt  as  a hospital  by  Plen- 
ry  VII.  Part  of  the  Savoy  was 
used  as  a prison. 

“ Still  aiming  at  the  lawyers, 
the  people  attacked  the  Temple  and 
burned  it,  with  the  records  which  it 
contained.  They  proceeded  next  to 
destroy  the  Savoy  Palace  belonging  to 
the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  the  most  beau- 
tiful house  in  England,  and  afterwards 
the  Hospital  of  the  Knights  of  Rhodes, 
the  bloody  axe  beating  time  to  their 
march,  and  every  supposed  enemy  of 
popular  rights  that  was  unable  to  es- 
cape being  dragged  to  the  block.” 

Froude. 


The  comons  brent  the  Sauoye  a place  fay  re 
For  evill  wyll  the  hand  unto  Duke  John: 
Wherefore  he  fled  north  warde  in  great  dis- 
payre 

Into  Scotlande.  Hardyng's  Chronicle. 


Cade.  So,  sirs. 
dowrn  the  Savoy. 


-Now  go  some  and  pull 
King  Henry  VI .,  Part  II. 


Not  content  with  the  easy  victories 
which  he  [Dr.  William  Sherlock]  gained 
over  such  feeble  antagonists  as  those  who 
were  quartered  at  Clerkenwell  and  the 
Savoy,  he  had  the  courage  to  measure  his 
strength  with  no  less  a champion  tli  n 
Bossuet,  and  came  out  of  the  < onflict 
without  discredit.  Macaulay 


Scala,  La.  A celebrated  theatre 
in  Milan,  Italy,  of  great  size,  sur- 
passed only  by  that  of  San  Carlo 
at  Naples. 


SCA 


471 


SCH 


lie  carried  me  immediately  to  his  box 
in  the  great  theatre  Della  Scala;  for  here 
everybody  goes  every  evening  to  the  play, 
and  what  society  there  is  ...  is  at  this 
great  exchange  and  lounge. 

George  Ticknor  ( in  1817). 
I fancy  that  to  And  good  Italian  opera 
you  must  seek  it  somewhere  out  of  Italy, 
— though  possibly  it  might  be  chanced 
upon  at  La  Scala  in  Milan,  or  San  Carlo 
in  Naples.  W.  D.  Howells. 

Scala  dei  Giganti.  See  Giant’s 
Staircase. 

Scala  d’Oro.  See  Golden  Stair- 
case. 

Scala  Regia.  [Royal  Staircase.] 
A staircase  in  the  palace  of  the 
Vatican  in  Rome,  a magnificent 
work  of  Bernini,  leading  to  the 
Sal  a Regia. 

Scaligers,  Tombs  of  the.  See 
Tombs  of  the  Scaligers. 

Sceleratus,  Vic  us.  See  Vicus 
Sceleratus. 

Schaffhausen.  See  Fall  of 

SCHAFFHAUSEN. 

Schiava  di  Tiziano.  [Titian’s 
Slave.]  A picture  in  the  Bar- 
berini  Palace,  Rome.  It  is 
now  attributed  to  Jacopo  Palma, 
called  Palma  Veccliio  (1480?- 
1518). 

Schiavi,  Torre  di.  See  Torre  di 
SCHIAVI. 

Schleissheim.  A deserted  palace 
in  the  vicinity  of  Munich,  which 
once  contained  a celebrated  gal- 
lery of  pictures.  It  still  contains 
the  Crucifixion, by  Tintoretto,  one 
of  the  largest  pictures  in  the 
world. 

Schonberg.  A ruined  castle  on 
the  Rhine,  near  Oberwesel,  asso- 
ciated with  romantic  legends. 

Schonberg  Cotta  House.  The 
famous  house  in  Eisenach,  Ger- 
many, in  which  Martin  Luther 
once  lived.  “The  house  has  an 
antique,  tumble-down  appear- 
ance, owing  to  its  top-heavy  style, 
but  was  evidently  rather  a fine 
house  in  its  day,  though  the  in- 
terior arrangements  must  always 
have  been  inferior.  The  rooms 
are  very  small,  with  tiny  win- 


dows. The  bedroom  is  like  a 
prison-cell , and  the  sitting-room  is 
only  a trifle  larger.”  Mrs.  E.  R. 
Charles  wrote  “ Chronicles  of  the 
Sehonberg-Cotta  Family.” 

Schonbrunn.  The  summer  palace 
of  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  about 
two  miles  from  Vienna.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  a beautiful 
fountain  (Schone  Brunnen)  at  the 
end  of  one  of  the  alleys  in  the 
garden.  The  palace  was  built  by 
the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  and 
was  occupied  by  Napoleon  in 
1809,  when  Vienna  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  French. 

Shall  Belgium  feel,  and  gallant  France, 
By  Vendome’s  pile  ana  Schoenbrun's 
wall, 

And  Poland,  gasping  on  her  lance, 

The  impulse  of  our  cheering  call  ? 

Whittier. 

Schone  Brunnen.  [Beautiful 
Fountains.]  A fine  work  of  mon- 
umental art  in  the  market-place 
at  Nuremberg,  Germany. 

“ One  of  the  most  unexception- 
able pieces  of  German  design  in  exist- 
ence. It  much  resembles  the  contem- 
porary crosses  erected  by  our  Edwrardl. 
to  the  memory  of  his  beloved  queen 
Eleanor;  but  it  is  larger  and  taller,  the 
sculpture  better,  and  better  disposed, 
and  the  whole  design  perhaps  unri- 
valled among  monuments  of  its  class.” 
Fergus  son. 

Schonforst.  A ruined  castle  near 
Aix-la-Chapelle  in  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 

School  of  Athens.  The  popular 

title  of  a celebrated  fresco  by  Ra- 
phael Sanzio  (1483-1520)  in  the 
Camera  della  Segnatura  of  the 
Vatican  Palace  in  Rome.  Its 
proper  subject  is  Philosophy, 
and  it  is  one  of  four  paintings 
which  the  chamber  contains,  — 
the  other  three  illustrating  respec- 
tively Theology,  Poetry,  and 
Jurisprudence,  and  which  were 
intended  to  exhibit  the  lofty  sub- 
jects of  thought  with  which  the 
human  mind  is  occupied. 

“ The  general  arrangement  of 
this  subject  [the  School  of  Athens]  is 
masterly.  The  style  is  grand  and  free; 
a picturesque  unity  of  effect  seems  to 
have  been  the  artist’s  aim  throughout, 
and  this  aim  he  has  attained  most  per- 


SCH 


472 


SCO 


fectly.  . . . The  group  of  youths  in 
particular  assembled  around  Archime- 
des, is  among  the  most  interesting  and 
natural  of  Raphael’s  creations.” 

Eastlake . 

“ In  the  composition  and  exe- 
cution of  the  ‘ School  of  Athens,’  Ra- 
phael had  recovered,  so  to  speak,  the 
long-lost  thread  of  the  manner  and 
taste  of  antiquity,  and  had  at  length 
connected  with  the  eternal  models  of 
the  true  and  beautiful  the  chain  of  mod- 
ern inventions.” 

Quatremere  de  Quincy. 

Schoolmaster.  See  Titian’s 
Schoolmaster. 

Schuyler,  Fort.  See  Fort  Schuy- 
ler. 

Schwedenstein.  [Stone  of  the 
Swede.]  A monument  erected 
on  the  battle-field  of  Liitzen, 
Germany,  to  mark  the  spot  where 
Gustavus  Adolphus  fell  Nov.  6, 
1632. 

Sciarra  Palace,  [Ital.  Palazzo  Sci- 
arra.]  A palace  on  the  Cor  so, 
Rome,  built  in  1603  by  Labacco, 
and  containing  a small  gallery  of 
pictures  in  which  are  some  fine 
works  of  art. 

Sciences,  Aeademie  des.  One  of 
the  five  academies  embraced  in 
the  Institut,  the  most  important 
learned  society  of  France.  It  is 
devoted  to  purely  scientific,  mor- 
al, and  political  objects.  It  was 
founded  in  1795,  suppressed  by 
Napoleon  in  1803,  and  re-estab- 
lished by  the  government  of 
Louis  Philippe  in  1832.  See  In- 
stitut. 

Scimia,  Torre  della.  See  Torre 
della  Scimia. 

Scipios,  Tombs  of  the.  See  Tombs 
of  the  Scipios. 

Scollop  Shell  Cave.  A natural 
curiosity  in  the  island  of  Staffa, 
in  Scotland.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  peculiar  shape  of  the 
basaltic  columns,  which  are  bent 
in  such  a way  as  to  give  them  the 
appearance  of  a ship’s  timbers, 
or  of  a scollop  shell. 

Scone  Palace.  The  parish  of  Scone 
with  its  castle  was  formerly  one 
of  the  most  important  places  in 


Scotland.  The  Scottish  kings 
were  crowned  in  the  abbey  which 
stood  here,  and  of  which  only  a 
part  of  an  aisle  and  a cross  re- 
main. On  the  ancient  site  near 
Perth  stands  a modern  mansion, 
called  Scone  Palace,  the  seat  of 
Lord  Mansfield.  See  Stone  of 
Scone. 

This  castle  hath  a pleasant  seat:  the  air 
Nimbi}'  and  sweetly  recommends  itself 
Unto  our  gentle  senses.  Shakespeare. 

Scone,  Stone  of.  See  Stone  of 

Scone. 

Scorpion,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
July  4,  1863. 

Scotland  Yard.  A place  in  Lon- 
don said  to  derive  its  name  from 
the  fact  of  its  being  the  site  of  a 
palace  in  which  the  kings  of 
Scotland  were  received  when 
they  came  to  England,  and  now 
widely  known  as  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  metropolitan  police. 
Scotland  Yard  is  near  the  Ban- 
queting House,  Whitehall  It 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
kings  of  Scotland  from  959  (the 
time  of  King  Edgar)  till  the  re- 
bellion of  William  of  Scotland 
(reign  of  Henry  II.).  Milton, 
Inigo  Jones,  Sir  John  Denham, 
Sir  Christopher  Wren,  lived  in 
Scotland  Yard.  No  one  could  be 
arrested  for  debt  within  the  lim- 
its of  Scotland  Yard. 

Much  of  this  had  occurred  before  the 
intelligence  of  Scotland  Yard  had  been 
set  to  work  by  Judge  Bramber. 

Anthony  Trollope. 

Scott  Monument.  A memorial 
structure  200  feet  in  height,  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  erected  in 
1844  in  honor  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 
(1771-1832),  and  designed  to  imi- 
tate Melrose  Abbey.  It  consists 
of  a pile  of  ai cites  diminishing  in 
size  towards  the  top,  with  56 
niches  for  statues  of  some  of  the 
chief  characters  in  the  stories 
of  the  great  novelist.  Beneath 
the  main  arches  is  a statue  of 
Scott  himself  and  his  dog,  by 
Steele. 

4®=-  “ Most  conspicuous  and  beauti- 
ful of  all  objects,  rises  200  feet  an  elab- 
orate brown-stone  Gothic  spire  in  the 


SCO 


473 


SEA 


shape  of  a mediaeval  cross,  and  noblest 
example  of  that  style  ever  reared,  — in- 
deed, one  of  the  noblest  open-air  mon- 
uments on  earth,  the  just  and  honor- 
able memorial  of  Scotland  to  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott.”  J.  F.  Ilunnewell. 

Scottish  Raid.  A picture  by  Rosa 
Bonheur  (b.  1822),  the  celebrated 
French  painter  of  animals. 

Scriblerus  Club.  This  famous  as- 
sociation in  London,  formed  in 
1714  by  Dean  Swift  in  place  of 
the  Brothers  Club,  was  of  a lit- 
erary rather  than  political  char- 
acter. Arbuthnot,  Pope,  Gay, 
Oxford,  and  St.  John  were  mem- 
bers. The  chief  object  of  the 
club  was  to  satirize  the  abuse  of 
human  learning;  but  violent  dis- 
agreements between  Oxford  and 
Bolingbroke.  which  Swift  tried 
in  vain  to  settle,  led  to  the  final 
dissolution  of  the  society.  Scott 
says  that  the  violence  of  political 
faction  “ dispersed  this  little  band 
of  literary  brethren,  and  prevent- 
ed the  accomplishment  of  a task 
for  which  talents  so  various,  so 
extended,  and  so  brilliant,  can 
never  again  be  united.”  The 
“Memoirs  of  P.  P.,  Clerk  of  the 
Parish,”  and  the  famous  “Gulli- 
ver’s Travels,”  preserve  the 
memory  of  the  Scriblerus  Club. 
Dyce  says,  “ In  the  Miscellanies 
of  Pope  and  Swift,  was  printed, 
for  the  first  time,  Martinas  Scri- 
blerus iiepi  BA0OY2,  or  the  Art  of 
Sinking  in  Poetry , of  which  the 
greater  part,  if  not  the  whole, 
was  composed  by  Pope.  It  was 
intended  to  form  "a  portion  of  that 
larger  work,  which  the  members 
of  the  Scriblerus  Club,  particu- 
larly Pope,  Swift,  Arbuthnot, 
and  Lord  Oxford,  had  projected 
many  years  before.” 

4SP*  “ Polite  letters  never  lost  more 
than  by  the  defeat  of  this  scheme,  in 
which  each  of  this  illustrious  trium- 
virate [Pope,  Swift,  and  Arbuthnot] 
would  have  found  exercise  for  his  own 
peculiar  talent,  besides  constant  em- 
ployment for  that  they  all  held  in  com- 
mon. For  Arbuthnot  was  skilled  in 
every  thing  which  related  to  science; 
Pope  was  a master  in  the  fine  arts ; and 
Swift  excelled  in  a knowledge  of  the 
world.  Wit  they  had  all  in  equal 
measure ; and  this  so  large,  that  no  age 


perhaps  ever  produced  three  men  to 
whom  nature  had  more  bountifully  be- 
stowed it,  or  art  had  brought  it  to 
higher  perfection.”  MVarburton. 

“ The  name  originated  as  fol- 
lows : Oxford  used  playfully  to  call 
Swift  Martin,  and  from  this  sprung 
Martinus  Scriblerus.  Swift,  as  is 
well  known,  is  the  name  of  one  species 
of  swallow  (the  largest  and  most  pow- 
erful flyer  of  the  tribe),  and  Martin  is 
the  name  of  another  species,  the  wall- 
swallow,  which  constructs  its  nest  in 
buildings.”  Timbs. 

Scuola  di  San  Rocco.  See  San 
Rocco. 

Scylla.  ISTow  called  Sciglio.  A 
celebrated  promontory  of  Italy 
on  the  Strait  of  Messina.  It  is 
opposite  to  Charybdis,  where 
are  numerous  rocks  and  shoals 
with  strong  currents,  making  the 
passage  between  the  headlands 
and  the  whirlpool  somewhat  diffi- 
cult, and  giving  rise  to  the  pro- 
verbial expression,  to  “avoid 
Scylla  and  fall  on  Charybdis.” 
According  to  ancient  fable,  a ter- 
rible monster  named  Scylla  in- 
habited a cave  in  the  promontory 
called  after  him,  and  devoured 
the  rash  voyagers  who  ap- 
proached too  near. 

4®=-  “ Scylla  and  Charybdis  are  far- 
famed  names.  . . . Where  is  Scylla? 
‘ Yes,  she  still  lives.’  They  pointed  to 
a little  jutting  rock,  with  a dark  ruin- 
ous tower,  on  the  wild  coast  of  Cala- 
bria. There  was  a heavy  surf  here, 
though  the  sea  was  tolerably  calm. 
Blackish  gray  rocks  jutted  forth, 
against  which  the  waves  dashed  with 
angry  roar.  It  was  Scylla’s  howling 
dog  we  saw.  I think  they  may  be  able 
to  hear  it  in  a storm  from  the  sandy 
isthmus  of  Messina.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Thus  when  I shun  Scylla , your  father, 
I fall  into  Charybdis,  your  mother. 

Shakespeare. 

Seal,  The  Great.  See  Great 
Seal. 

Sealed  Knot.  An  old  Royalist 
club  of  London.  Just  before  the 
Restoration  it  had  arranged  for  a 
general  uprising  in  favor  of  the 
king;  but  the  leaders,  having  been 
informed  against,  were  arrested 
and  imprisoned. 

Seasons.  See  Four  Seasons. 


SEB 


474 


SEN 


Sebald.  See  St.  Sebald’s  Tomb. 

Sebaldus.  See  Shrine  of  St.  Se- 

BALDUS. 

Sebastian,  St.  See  St.  Sebastian 
and  Catacombs  of  St.  Sebas- 
tian. 

Sebastiano,  San.  See  San  Sebas- 
tiano  and  Porta  di  San  Sebas- 
tiano. 

Sebastopol,  Bonlevart  de.  Awide, 
magnificent  street  in  Paris,  one 
of  the  new  boulevards,  lined  with 
trees,  and  reaching  from  the 
Strasbourg  Railway  terminus  to 
the  Seine,  the  part  between  the 
railway-station  and  the  B.  St. 
Denis  being  known  as  the  Boule- 
vart  de  Strasbourg.  See  Boule- 
vards. 

“Any  one  who  has  traced  on 
an  old  map  of  Paris  the  labyrinth  of 
dark  and  narrow  streets  through  which 
the  Rue  de  Rivoli  has  boldly  cut,  or 
who  can  remember  the  former  aspect 
of  those  quarters  now  intersected  by 
the  Boulevart  Sebastopol  and  other 
thoroughfares,  will  bear  witness  to  the 
almost  magical  effect  of  a transforma- 
tion which  the  social  economist  or  the 
sanitary  commissioner  indeed  may  view 
with  satisfaction,  but  which  the  artist 
and  antiquarian  cannot  but  deplore.” 

C.  L.  Eastlake. 

Seechia  Rap  it  a.  [The  Stolen 
Bucket.]  A famous  relic,  and  the 
subject  of  Tassoni’s  celebrated 
poem  of  the  same  name,  now  pre- 
served in  the  Ghirlandina,  or  bell- 
tower,  of  Modena,  Italy. 

If  thou  shouldst  ever  come  by  choice  or 
chance 

To  Modena,  where  still  religiously 
Among  her  ancient  trophies  is  preserved 
Bologna’s  bucket  (in  its  chain  it  hangs 
Within  that  reverend  tower,  the  Guirlan- 
dine).  Rogers. 

Sefton  Park.  A fine  pleasure- 
ground  in  Liverpool,  England, 
covering  200  acres  and  elaborate- 
ly laid  out. 

Segnatura,  Stanza  della.  See 

Stanze  of  Raphael. 

Segovia,  Bridge  of.  See  Puente 
del  Dtablo. 

Seine,  Rue  de.  A well-known 
street  in  Paris,  France. 


1644,  March  1.  I went  to  see  the  Count 
do  Liancourt’s  palace  in  the  Rue  de  Seine , 
which  is  well  built.  John  Evelyn , Diary, 
They  have  no  Rue  de  la  Harpe  or  Rue 
St.  Denis  here  [Ostia] : 1 was  reminded  of 
nothing  at  Paris  but  the  Rue  de  Seine , or 
the  Quai  des  Augustins. 

Montaigne , Trans . 
Passing  from  thence  up  the  picturesque 
Rue  de  Seine , let  us  walk  to  the  Lux- 
tmbourg,  where  bonnes,  students,  gri- 
settes,  and  old  gentlemen  with  pigtails, 
h»ve  to  wander  in  the  melancholy,  quaint 
old  gardens.  Thackeray. 

Ah,  Clemence ! when  I saw  thee  last 
trip  down  the  Rue  de  Seine , 

And  turning,  when  thy  form  had  passed, 

I said,  “ We  meet  again.”  Holmes. 

Selsker  Abbey.  A beautiful  mo- 
nastic ruin  of  the  twelfth  century 
in  Wexford  county,  Ireland.  The 
name  is  a corruption  of  St.  Sep- 
ulchre. 

Selva  de5  Filosofi.  [Wood  of  the 
Philosophers.]  A picture  by 
Salvator  Rosa  (1615-1673).  In 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  It- 
aly. 

Seminary  Ridge.  An  eminence 
in  the  western  part  of  the  town 
of  Gettysburg,  Penn.,  famous  in 
connection  with  the  great  battle 
of  July  3,  1863.  The  hill  was 
occupied  by  the  troops  of  Gen. 
Lee,  and  from  this  point  three 
columns  advanced  into  the  val- 
ley and  charged  the  Federal 
lines. 

Senator,  Palace  of  the.  See  Pi- 

azza DEL  CAMPIDOGLIO. 

Sennacherib’s  Palace.  The  great 
metropolitan  palace  of  Nineveh, 
built  by  Sennacherib,  the  Assy- 
rian king.  It  stands  upon  a 
mound  about  a mile  and  a half  in 
circumference. 

“ Judging  even  from  what  has 
as  yet  been  uncovered,  it  is,  of  all  the 
buildings  of  antiquity,  alone  surpassed 
in  magnitude  by  the  great  palace-tem- 
ple at  Karnak ; and  when  we  consider 
the  vastness  of  the  mound  on  which  it 
was  raised,  and  the  richness  of  the  or- 
naments with  which  it  was  adorned,  a 
doubt  arises  whether  it  was  not  as 
great  or  at  least  as  expensive  a work 
as  the  great  palace-temples  of  Thebes. 
The  latter,  however,  were  built  with 
far  higher  motives,  and  designed  to  last 
through  ages,  while  the  palace  at  Nin- 
eveh was  built  only  to  gratify  the  bar- 


SEP 


475 


SEP 


baric  pride  of  a wealthy  and  sensual 
monarch,  and  perished  with  the  ephem- 
eral dynasty  to  which  he  belonged.” 

Fergusson. 

Septimius  Severus,  Arch  of.  See 

Arch  of  Septimius  Severus. 

Sepulchre’s,  St.  See  St.  Sepul- 
chre’s. 

Seraglio,  The.  The  former  palace 
of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  in  Con- 
stantinople. It  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  a point  of  land  extending 
into  the  sea,  and  contains,  within 
the  area  of  nine  miles  which  are 
embraced  by  its  walls,  several 
mosques,  gardens,  and  buildings, 
capable  of  accommodating  15,000 
or  20,000  persons. 

J G®8*  “ The  palace  of  the  Seraglio, 
the  cloister  with  marble  pillars,  the  hall 
of  the  ambassadors,  the  impenetrable 
gate  guarded  by  eunuchs  and  ichoglaus, 
have  a romantic  look  in  print;  but  not 
so  in  reality.  Most  of  the  marble  is 
wood,  almost  all  the  gilding  is  faded, 
the  guards  are  shabby,  the  foolish  per- 
spectives painted  on  the  walls  are  half 
cracked  off.  The  place  looks  like  Vaux- 
hall  in  the  daytime.”  Thackeray . 

/Kip’  “ The  old  Seraglio  is  a dark-red, 
noble-looking  pile,  but  somewhat  heavy 
in  comparison  with  the  rest  of  the  en- 
virons. The  new  Seraglio  looks  hand- 
some and  invites  the  eye.  Round  about 
stand  splendid  kiosks,  where  rich  mar- 
ble columns  support  the  glittering 
spiral  roofs.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

Serapeum  (or  Serapion),  The. 
This  ancient  edifice  of  Alexan- 
dria, Egypt,  was  founded  by 
Ptolemy  Soter,  in  honor  of  Sera- 
pis,  a foreign  deity,  to  whom  he 
erected  a statue.  It  was  the  last 
stronghold  of  the  Pagans  in  Al- 
exandria, and  was  besieged  by 
the  Christians  and  zealously  de- 
fended by  the  Pagans,  A.D.  389, 
when  Theodosius  put  an  end  to 
the  conflict  by  an  imperial  order 
that  the  idols  of  Alexandria 
should  be  destroyed.  According 
to  some  ancient  writers  Pompey’s 
Pillar  is  a relique  of  this  magnifi- 
cent building.  Three  hundred 
thousand  volumes,  of  the  700,000 
of  which  the  Alexandrian  Li- 
brary consisted,  were  in  the  Sera- 
peum. 


“ Gibbon  says  that  the  temple 
of  Serapis,  which  “ rivalled  the  pride 
and  magnificence  of  the  Capitol,  was 
erected  on  the  spacious  summit  of  an 
artificial  mount,  raised  100  steps  above 
the  level  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
city  ; and  the  interior  cavity  was 
strongly  supported  by  arches,  and 
distributed  into  vaults  and  subterrane- 
ous apartments.  The  consecrated 
buildings  were  surrounded  by  a quad- 
rangular portico  : the  stately  halls,  the 
exquisite  statues,  displayed  the  tri- 
umph of  the  arts;  and  the  treasures  of 
ancient  learning  were  preserved  in  the 
famous  Alexandrian  Library,  which 
had  arisen  with  new  splendor  from  its 
ashes.”  He  adds  with  reference  to  the 
conflict  of  the  Christians  and  Pagans 
and  the  final  destruction  of  the  Serape- 
um : “The  votaries  of  Serapis,  whose 
strength  and  numbers  were  much  in- 
ferior to  those  of  their  antagonists, 
rose  in  arms,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
philosopher  Olympius,  who  exhorted 
them  to  die  in  defence  of  the  altars 
of  the  gods.  These  Pagan  fanatics  for- 
tified themselves  in  the  temple,  or 
rather  fortress  of  Serapis,  repelled  the 
besiegers  by  daring  sallies  and  a reso- 
lute defence.  . . . The  efforts  of  the 
prudent  magistrate  were  usefully  ex- 
erted, for  the  establishment  of  a truce, 
till  the  answer  of  Theodosius  should 
determine  the  fate  of  Serapis.  The 
two  parties  assembled  without  arms  in 
the  principal  square;  and  the  imperial 
rescript  was  publicly  read.  But  when 
a sentence  of  destruction  against  the 
idols  of  Alexandria  was  pronounced, 
the  Christians  set  up  a shout  of  joy 
and  exultation,  whilst  the  unfortunate 
Pagans,  whose  fury  had  given  way  to 
consternation,  retired  with  hasty  and 
silent  steps,  and  eluded  by  their 
flight  or  obscurity  the  resentment  of 
their  enemies.  Theophilus  proceeded 
to  demolish  the  temple  of  Serapis, 
without  any  other  difficulties  than 
those  which  he  found  in  the  weight 
and  solidity  of  the  materials ; but  these 
obstacles  proved  so  insuperable,  that 
he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  foundations, 
and  to  content  himself  with  reducing 
the  edifice  itself  to  a heap  of  rubbish. 

. . . The  colossal  statue  of  Serapis  was 
involved  in  the  ruin  of  this  temple  and 
religion.  . . . The  huge  idol  was  over- 
thrown and  broken  to  pieces;  and  the 
parts  of  Serapis  were  ignominiously 
dragged  through  the  streets  of  Alexan- 
dria.” 

jgGgr  “ The  Serapeum  was  the  Palla- 
dium of  the  Egyptian  religion  and  of 
the  Greek  philosophy.  At  the  time  of 
its  destruction  it  represented  the  alli- 
ance which  these  two  had  completed 


SER 


476 


SEV 


against  their  enemy,  the  Christian  re- 
ligion.” M.  Ampere,  Trans. 

Kome  herself  had  received  with  rapture 
the  strange  rites  of  Nilotic  and  of  Syrian 
superstition.  ...  In  his  villa  at  Tivoli, 
he  [Hadrian)  built  a Serapeum. 

J.  A.  Symonds. 

Serapeum,  See  Apts  Mausoleum. 

Serapion.  See  Serapeum. 

Serapis,  The.  A British  frigate 
captured  off  Scarborough,  Eng- 
land, in  1779,  by  John  Paul  Jones, 
commander  of  the  Bon  Homme 
Richard . 

Serbonian  Bog.  A swamp  of  great 
extent  in  ancient  times  near 
Damietta  in  Egypt. 

A gulf  profound,  as  that  Serbonian  bog 
Retwixt  Damiata  and  Mount  Casius  old, 
Where  armies  whole  have  sunk. 

Milton. 

Much  of  this  barrenness  is,  I am  per- 
suaded, to  be  charged  to  the  philosophy  of 
Kant,  which  for  nearly  20  years  ruled  un- 
questioned, and  absorbed  and  perverted 
all  the  talents  of  the  land.  It  was  a vast 
“ Serbonian  bog , where  armies  whole  have 
sunk,”  and  from  which  even  the  proud 
and  original  genius  of  Schiller  hardly 
escaped.  George  Ticknor. 

Sermon  on  the  Mount.  A fresco 
painting  by  Cosimo  Rosselli  (1439- 
1506).  In  the  Sistine  Chapel, 
Rome. 

Serpentine,  The.  A pool  of  water 
covering  50  acres  in  Hyde  Paris, 
London,  formed  by  order  of  Car- 
oline, queen  of  George  II.,  and  so 
called  in  distinction  from  the 
previous  straight  canals.  Here 
200,000  persons  are  said  to  bathe 
annually.  In  the  winter  it  is 
used  as  a skating-field. 

Serra  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Serra.]  A noted  palace  in  Genoa, 
Italy. 

Serrant.  A chateau  in  France, 
near  Angers,  the  country-seat  of 
Count  Walsh. 

Servant  Maid.  See  Idle  Servant 
Maid. 

Servius  Tullius.  See  Agger  of 
Servius  Tullius. 

Sethi  I.,  Tomb  of.  See  Belzoni’s 
Tomb. 

Seven  Churches  [of  Asia].  A col- 
lective name  given  to  the  Chris- 


tian churches  established  at  Eph- 
esus, Smyrna,  Pergamos,  Thya- 
tira,  Sardis,  Philadelphia,  and 
Laodicea,  all  in  Asia  Minor. 
They  are  spoken  of  in  the  Book 
of  Revelation  i.  4. 

Seven  Dials.  A celebrated  locali- 
ty in  St.  Giles’s,  London,  for- 
merly notorious  for  its  degraded 
condition,  but  now  much  im- 
proved. It  was  so  named  from  a 
pillar,  removed  in  1773,  bearing 
a seven-faced  dial,  and  standing 
at  the  point  of  divergence  of 
seven  streets.  See  St.  Giles’s. 

Where  famed  St.  Giles’s  ancient  limits 
spread, 

An  in- rail'd  column  rears  its  lofty  head ; 
Here  to  seven  streets  seven  dials  count 
their  day, 

And  from  each  other  catch  the  circling 
ray.  Gay. 

T went  to  see  the  building  near  St. 
Giles's,  where  seven  streets  made  a star, 
from  a Doric  pillar  placed  in  the  centre  of 
a circular  area,  said  to  be  built  ...  in 
imitation  of  those  at  Venice.  Evelyn. 

There  are  many  by -streets  [in  New 
York]  almost  as  neutral  in  clean  colors, 
and  positive  in  dirty  ones,  as  b3'-streets  in 
London;  and  there  is  one  quarter,  com- 
monly called  the  Five  Feints,  which,  in 
respect  of  filth  and  wretchedness,  may  be 
safely  backed  against  Seven  Dials , or  any 
other  part  of  famed  St.  Giles’s.  Dickens. 

Seven  Hills  [of  Rome].  The 
heights  or  eminences  upon  which 
the  ancient  city  of  Rome  was 
built,  though  not  all  of  them  ob- 
vious at  a glance,  can  be  recog- 
nized without  much  difficulty, 
and  are  usually  enumerated  as 
follows:  the  Capitoline,  the  Pal- 
atine, the  Aventine,  the  Coelian, 
the  Esquiline,  the  Quirinal,  and 
the  Yiminal.  See  these  hills  un- 
der their  respective  names. 

Hut  I will  sing  above  all  monuments, 
Seven  Roman  hills  — the  world’s  seven 
wonderments. 

Jove  fearing,  least  if  she  should  greater 
grow^e. 

The  Giants  old  should  once  againe  uprise, 
Her  whelm’d  with  hills,  these  Seven  Hils 
which  be  nowe 

Tombes  of  her  greatnes  which  did  tlireate 
4hc  skies  * 

Upon  her  bead  he  heapt  Mount  Saturnal, 
Upon  herbellie  th’  antique  Palatine, 

Upon  her  stomacke  laid  Mount  Quirinal, 
On  her  left  hand  the  noysome  Esquiline, 
And  Coelian  on  the  right:  but  both  her 
feete 

Mount  Viminal  and  Aventine  doo  meete. 

Spenser,  The  Rums  of  Rome* 


SEV 


477 


SHA 


Seven  Joys  of  Mary.  [Ger.  Die 

sieben  Freuden  Maria.']  A noted 
picture  by  Hans  Memling  (d. 
1499? ).  In  the  Gallery  at  Munich, 
Bavaria. 

Seven  Pines.  A locality  a few 
miles  from  Richmond,  Va.,  on  the 
Williamsburg  road,  so  called  from 
seven  large  pines.  At  this  spot, 
on  the  31st  of  May,  1862,  a severe 
but  indecisive  battle  was  fought 
between  the  Union  and  the  Con- 
federate armies,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Gen.  McClellan  and 
Gen.  Johnston  respectively. 

Seven  Sacraments.  A picture  by 
Roger  van  der  Weyden  (d.  1464), 
the  Flemish  painter.  It  was  exe- 
cuted for  Jean  Chevrot,  Bishop 
of  Tournai,  and  is  now  in  the 
Museum  of  Antwerp,  Belgium. 

Seven  Sacraments.  A series  of 
pictures  by  Nicholas  Poussin 
(1594-1665),  the  French  painter, 
and  among  his  most  important 
works.  Now  in  England. 

Seven  Towers.  A state  prison  in 
Constantinople,  Turkey,  near  the 
former  palace  of  the  Sultan,  the 
Seraglio. 

But  then  they  never  came  to  the  Seven 
Towers.  Byron. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World. 

The  seven  wonders  of  the  ancient 
world  have  been  differently 
enumerated,  but  the  following 
list  is  that  generally  received: 
the  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  the  Pha- 
ros of  Alexandria,  the  walls  and 
hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  the 
temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  the 
statue  of  Jupiter  by  Phidias  at 
Olympia,  the  Mausoleum  built  by 
Artemisia  at  Halicarnassus,  and 
the  Colossus  of  Rhodes. 

Seven  Works  of  Mercy.  A pic- 
ture by  David  Teniers  the  Young- 
er (1610-1694?),  the  Belgian  yenre- 
painter.  Now  in  the  Louvre,  at 
Paris. 

Seven  Years  of  Famine.  A fres- 
co painting  illustrating  the  his- 
tory of  Joseph,  by  Friedrich 
Overbeck  (1789-1869).  In  the  villa 


of  the  consul-general  Bartholdy, 
in  Rome. 

Sevendroog  Castle.  A tower 
erected  by  Sir  W.  James  on 
Shooter’s  Hill  near  London,  to 
commemorate  his  capture  of  a 
fort  of  the  same  name  in  In- 
dia. 

1789,  Club  of.  See  Feuillant 
Club. 

Severin,  St.  See  St.  Severin'. 

Severus  (Septimius),  Arch  of.  See 
Arch  of  Septimius  Severus. 

Severus’  Wall.  See  Hadrian’s 
Wall. 

Shadow  of  Death.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  William  Holman  Hunt 
(b.  1827),  representing  Christ  in 
the  carpenter’s  shop.  It  was  sold 
for  £10,000. 

Shadwell  Street.  A street  in 
London,  and  one  of  the  poorest 
and  most  wretched  districts. 

“ Shadwell  ...  is  close  at 
hand;  by  the  vastness  of  its  distress 
and  by  its  extent,  it  is  in  keeping  with 
the  hugeness  and  wealth  of  London. 
I have  seen  the  bad  quarters  of  Mar- 
seilles, of  Antwerp,  of  Paris  : they  do 
not  come  near  to  it.”  Taine , Trans. 

Shaftesbury  House.  A noble 
mansion,  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  still 
standing  in  Aldersgate  Street, 
London. 

Shakespeare  and  his  Contempo- 
raries. A picture  by  Thomas 
Faed  (b.  1826),  well  known  by 
numerous  repetitions.  The  ori- 
ginal is  in  the  Corcoran  Gallery, 
Washington. 

Shakespeare  Tavern.  A well- 
known  theatrical  tavern  which 
was  situated  in  Covent  Garden, 
London.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  tavern  in  Covent  Garden, 
and  the  first  in  the  metropolis 
that  had  rooms.  There  was 
another  of  the  same  name  oppo- 
site Drury-lane  Theatre. 

Shakespeare’s  Cliff.  A bold  cliff 
of  chalk  at  Dover,  England,  so 
called  from  the  description  in 


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€<  King  Lear,”  which  it  is  thought 
to  have  suggested. 

There  is  a cliff  whose  high  and  bending 
head 

Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  depp. 

Shakespeare. 

Shakespeare’s  House.  1.  The 
famous  house  in  which  the  poet 
was  born,  situated  in  Henley 
Street,  Stratford-on-Avon,  Eng- 
land. It  has  recently  been  pur- 
chased by  subscription,  with  a 
view  to  the  careful  preservation 
of  it  and  of  its  contents  for  the 
inspection  of  future  genera- 
tions. 

J0®=a“It  is  a small,  mean-looking 
edifice  of  wood  and  plaster,  a true 
nestling-place  of  genius,  which  seems 
to  delight  in  hatching  its  offspring  in 
by-corners.  The  walls  of  its  squalid 
chambers  are  covered  with  names  and 
inscriptions  in  every  language,  by  pil- 
grims of  all  nations,  ranks,  and  condi- 
tions, from  the  prince  to  the  peasant; 
and  present  a simple  but  striking  in- 
stance of  the  spontaneous  and  univer- 
sal homage  of  mankind  to  the  great 
poet  of  nature.”  Irving. 

Jgtgr  “ The  part  of  the  house  which 
is  shown  consists  of  a lower  room 
which  is  floored  with  flat  stones  very 
much  broken.  It  has  a wide,  old-fash- 
ioned chimney  on  one  side,  and  opens 
into  a smaller  room  back  of  it.  From 
thence  you  go  up  a rude  flight  of  stairs 
to  a low-studded  room,  with  rough- 
plastered  walls,  where  the  poet  was 
born.  . . . Though  scrupulously  neat 
and  clean,  the  air  of  it  is  ancient  and 
rude.  The  roughly-plastered  walls  are 
so  covered  with  names  that  it  seemed 
impossible  to  add  another.  The  name 
of  almost  every  modern  genius,  names 
of  kings,  princes,  dukes,  are  shown 
here;  and  it  is  really  curious  to  see  by 
what  devices  some  very  insignificant 
personages  have  endeavored  to  make 
their  own  names  conspicuous  in  the 
crowd.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Neglect,  subdivision,  and  base 
uses  had  reduced  this  house  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  century  to  a 
very  forlorn  and  unsightly  condition. 
But  as  late  as  1769  it  preserved  enough 
of  its  original  form  to  show  that  Wil- 
liam Shakespeare  was  born  and  passed 
his  childhood  and  his  adolescent  years 
in  a home  which  was  not  only  pretty 
and  picturesque,  but  very  comfortable 
and  unusually  commodious  for  a man 
in  his  father’s  station  in  the  middle  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  ...  In  1847  the 
Shakespeare  house  passed  into  the 


hands  of  an  association,  under  whose 
care  it  has  been  renovated;  but  unfor- 
tunately, ^ike  some  of  the  Shakespeare 
poetry,  not  restored  to  a close  resem- 
blance to  its  first  condition  ; though 
that  was  perhaps  impossible.” 

Richard  Grant  White . 

Coleridge  was  singularly  destitute  of 
sympathy  with  local  associations,  which 
he  regarded  as  interfering  with  the  pure 
and  simple  impression  of  great  deeds  or 
thoughts,  denied  a special  interest  to  the 
pass  of  Thermopylae  ; and,  instead  of 
subscribing  to  purchase  “ Shakespeare' s 
House."  would  scarcely  have  admitted 
the  peculiar  sanctity  of  the  spot  which 
enshrines  his  ashes.  T.  N.  2'a/fourd . 

2.  An  old  house  still  standing 
in  Aldersgate,  London,  to  which 
Shakespeare’s  name  has  been 
affixed  without  any  apparent 
warrant.  It  was  formerly,  under 
the  name  of  the  Half  Moon 
Tavern,  a great  resort  of  literary 
men. 

Shakespeare’s  Monument.  On 
the  north  wall  of  the  church  in 
Stratford-on-Avon,  just  above 
the  grave  of  the  poet,  a monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory, 
the  precise  date  of  which  is  un- 
known. From  references  to  it  in 
the  first  folio  edition  of  Shake- 
speare’s plays,  it  is  certain  that 
the  monument  was  erected  prior 
to  1623.  It  exhibits  a bust  of  the 
poet  in  the  act  of  writing.  Be- 
neath is  a tablet  with  the  follow- 
ing inscription : — 

Ivdicio  Pylivm,  genio  Socratem,  arte 

M ARON KM 

Terra  tegit,  popvlvs  m^ret,  Olympvs 

HABET. 

Stay  Passenger,  why  goest  thov  by  so 
fust  ? 

ltead  if  thov  canst,  whom  enviovs  Death 
hath  plast, 

With  in  this  monvment,  Shakspeare  with 
whome 

Qvick  natvre  dide,  whose  name  doth  deck 
ys  Tom  be 

Far  more  then  cost:  Sich  all  y*  He  hath 
writ  it, 

Leaves  living  art,  but  page,  to  serve  his 
witt. 

Obiit  ano  Do,  1616 
iEtatis,  53,  Die  23  A D. 

JgSP  “ The  last  line  of  this  inscrip- 
tion, and  a tradition  unheard  of  until 
Oldys  wrote  his  notes  in  Langbaine, 
have  raised  the  question  whether 
Shakespeare  died  on  the  same  day  of  the 
month  on  which  he  is  supposed  to  have 
been  born.  . . . Dugdale  tells  us  that 


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479 


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his  monument  was  the  work  of  Gerard 
Johnson,  an  eminent  sculptor  of  the 
period  ; others  have  attributed  it  to 
Thomas  Stanton,  and  experts  have  sup- 
posed that  the  face  was  modelled  from 
a cast  taken  after  death.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  the  bust  must  be  accepted  as  the 
most  authentic  likeness  that  we  have  of 
Shakespeare.  It  was  originally  colored 
after  life.  The  eyes  were  light  hazel, 
the  hair  and  beard  auburn,  the  com- 
plexion fair;  the  doublet  was  scarlet; 
the  tabard,  or  loose  gown  without 
sleeves  thrown  over  the  doublet,  black ; 
the  neck  and  wristbands  white;  the 
upper  side  of  the  cushion  green,  the 
under,  crimson ; its  cord  and  tassels, 
gilt.  The  colors  were  renewed  in 
1749;  but  in  1793  Malone,  tastelessly 
and  ignorantly  classic,  had  the  whole 
figure  painted  white  by  a house  paint- 
er.” Richard  Grant  White. 

Shakespeare’s  Tomb.  In  the 
church  at  Stratford  - on  - Avon. 
The  grave,  which  is  just  in  front 
of  the  chancel  rail,  is  covered  by 
a flat  stone,  bearing  the  inscrip- 
tion: — 

Good  frend  for  Jesvs  sake  forbeare, 
to  dig<?  the  dvst  encloased  hoare  : 
Bleste  be  ye  man  yt  spares  thes  atones, 
and  cvrstbe  he  y*  moves  my  bones. 

Shane’s  Castle.  A ruined  castle 
in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ireland, 
the  seat  of  the  O’Neils,  which 
“ for  centuries  has  been  the  cho- 
sen realm  of  the  Banshee.” 

The  Banshee  mournful  wails 
In  the  midst  of  the  silent,  lonely  ni^lit: 
Plaintive  she  sings  the  song  of  death. 

Shanklin  Chine.  A curious  and 
celebrated  ravine  on  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  not  far  from  Ventnor, 
much  visited  by  tourists. 

Shannon,  The.  A British  war- 
ship which  engaged  in  a duel 
with  the  American  ship  Chesa- 
peake, off  the  coast  of  Marble- 
head, Mass.,  in  June,  1813,  and 
captured  her.  See  Chesapeake. 

Shanter.  A farm  near  Maybole, 
Scotland,  where  formerly  lived 
Douglas  Graliame,  the  original  of 
Burns’s  Tam  O’ Shanter. 

Sheepshanks  Collection.  A col- 
lection of  234  oil-paintings,  etc., 
gathered  by  the  late  John  Sheep- 
shanks, and  by  him  presented  to 
the  British  nation.  The  collec- 


tion is  valued  at  £60,000,  and  is 
now  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  London. 

Shelton  Abbey.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Wicklow,  in  the  county 
of  Wicklow,  Ireland. 

Shelton  Oak.  A famous  oak  in 
the  parish  of  Shelton,  near 
Shrewsbury,  England,  measur- 
ing 44  feet  and  3 inches  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Shenandoah,  The.  A Confeder- 
ate privateer  in  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion.  During  her  cruise  she 
destroyed  a great  part  of  the 
United  States  whaling  fleet  in 
the  Pacific.  She  surrendered  to 
the  British  government  at  Liver- 
pool, Nov.  9,  1865. 

4®=*  “ The  Shenandoah  was  another 
active  English-Confederate  sea-rover 
that  sailed  from  England.  She  went 
around  Cape  Horn,  crossed  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  sailed  up  the  eastern  coast 
of  Asia  to  Behring  Strait,  to  spread 
havoc  among  the  New  England  whal- 
ing ships  engaged  in  fishing  in  those 
waters.  These  vessels  held  a sort  of 
convention  in  that  high  latitude  (June 
28,  1865),  when  the  Shenandoah , dis- 
guised as  a merchantman,  and  flying 
the  American  flag,  ran  in  among  the 
ships  unsuspected.  Then  she  revealed 
her  true  character,  captured  ten  of 
them,  placed  eight  of  them  in  a group 
before  midnight,  and  set  them  on  fire, 
lighting  up  the  ice-floes  of  the  Polar 
Sea  by  the  incendiary  flames.  This 
was  the  last  act  of  hostility  in  the 
American  Civil  War  in  1861-1865.” 

Lossing. 

Shene  Palace.  See  Richmond 
Palace. 

Shepherd  and  Shepherdess.  A 
famous  picture  by  Edward  Bende- 
mann  (b.  1811). 

Shepherd  Boy  in  a Shower.  A 
picture  bv  Thomas  Gainsborough 
(1727-1788). 

Shepherd  Martius.  A celebrated 
bronze  statue  in  the  Hall  of  the 
Conservators,  Rome,  representing 
a youth  extracting  a thorn  from 
his  foot. 

Shepherds,  Adoration  of  the. 
See  Adoration  of  the  Shep- 
herds. 


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480 


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Shepherd’s  Bible.  A picture  by 
Sir  Edwin  Landseer  (1803-1873), 
the  celebrated  English  painter  of 
animals. 

Shepherd’s  Chief  Mourner.  See 
Old  Shepherd’s  Chief  Mourn- 
er. 

Sherwood  Forest.  An  ancient  for- 
est adjoining  the  town  of  Mans- 
field, near  Nottingham,  in  Eng- 
land. It  is  famous  as  having 
been  the  scene  of  Robin  Hood’s 
chief  exploits.  At  the  present 
time  the  region  is  for  the  most 
part  bare  of  trees. 

“ A few  solitary  and  battered 
oaks  standing  here  and  there,  the  last 
melancholy  remnant  of  these  vast  and 
ancient  woods,  the  beautiful  springs, 
swift  and  crystalline  brooks,  and  broad 
sheets  of  water  lying  abroad  amid  the 
dark  heath,  and  haunted  by  numbers 
of  the  wild  ducks  and  the  heron,  still 
remain.  But  at  the  Clipstone  extremi- 
ty of  the  forest,  a remnant  of  its  an- 
cient woodlands  remains,  unrifled,  ex- 
cept of  its  deer,  a specimen  of  what 
the  whole  once  was,  . . . extending 
about  five  miles  in  length  and  one  or 
two  in  width,  — a forest  of  oaks,  clothed 
with  the  most  impressive  aspect  of  age 
that  can  perhaps  be  presented  to  the 
eye  in  these  kingdoms.” 

William  Ilowitt. 

4®=*  “ The  relics  of  the  old  forest 
are  few  and  scattered;  but  as  to  the 
bold  outlaw  who  once  held  a kind  of 
freebooting  sway  over  it,  there  is  scarce 
a hill  or  dale,  a cliff  or  cavern,  a well 
or  fountain,  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
that  is  not  connected  with  his  memo- 
ry.” Irving. 

A monarch  bade  thee  from  that  wild  arise, 
Where  Sherwood's  outlaws  once  were 
wont  to  prowl ; 

And  Superstition’s  crimes,  of  various  dyes, 
Sought  shelter  ill  the  priest’s  protecting 
cowl.  Byron. 

Or  Marmion’s  acts  of  darkness,  fitter  food 
For  Sherwood’s  outlaw  tales  of  Robin 
Hood  ? Byron. 

Ship  Tavern.  A former  noted 
place  of  entertainment  near  Tem- 
ple Bar,  London. 

Shipbuilder  and  his  Wife.  A 

picture  by  Rembrandt  van  Ryn 
(1606-1669),  the  Dutch  painter. 
In  Buckingham  Palace,  London. 

Shipwreck  of  iEneas.  A picture 
by  Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
Now  in  the  collection  of  H.  T. 
Plope,  Esq.,  London. 


Shipwreck  of  the  Medusa.  A 

noted  picture  by  Jean  Louis  The- 
odore Andre  Gericault  (1790-1824), 
and  regarded  as  his  masterpiece. 
In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

4®"  “ Gericault  died,  they  say,  for 
want  of  fame.  He  was  a man  who  pos- 
sessed a considerable  fortune  of  his 
own,  but  pined  because  no  one  in  his 
day  would  purchase  his  pictures,  and 
so  acknowledge  his  talent.  At  present 
a scrawl  from  his  pencil  brings  an  enor- 
mous price.  All  his  works  have  a grand 
cachet:  he  never  did  any  thing  mean. 
When  he  painted  the  ‘ Raft  of  the  Me- 
dusa,’ it  is  said  he  lived  for  a long 
time  among  the  corpses  which  he 
painted,  and  that  his  studio  was  a sec- 
ond morgue.  If  you  have  not  seen  the 
picture  you  are  familiar  probably  with 
Reynolds’s  admirable  engraving  of  it. 
A huge  black  sea ; a raft  beating  upon 
it ; a horrid  company  of  men  dead,  half- 
dead, writhing,  and  frantic  with  hide- 
ous hunger  or  hideous  hope;  and  far 
away,  black  against  a stormy  sunset,  a 
sail.  The  story  is  powerfully  told,  and 
has  a legitimate  tragic  interest.” 

Thackeray . 

4Sgr*  “ His  [Gericault’s]  picture  has 
come  to  be  regarded  as  ‘ one  of  the 
principal  attractions’  of  the  French 
portion  of  the  gallery.  The  results  of 
the  terrible  shipwreck,  with  its  living 
and  dead  victims,  are  only  too  signally 
effective,  and  seem  made  to  shake,  if 
not  to  overthrow,  traditional  art.  They 
are  like  the  rough  expression  of  the 
living  present,  beside  the  most  scholar- 
ly fruit  of  the  dead  past.  Gericault 
was  not  thirty  when  he  painted  the  Raft 
of  the  Medusa.”  Sarah  Tytler. 

Shobeck.  An  ancient  stronghold 
in  Arabia  Petrtea,  near  the  city 
of  Petra.  It  is  in  a very  fair  state 
of  preservation,  and  affords  a ref- 
uge for  several  hundred  Arabs. 
It  was  an  important  castle  in  the 
time  of  the  Crusades. 

Shockhoe  Hill.  An  eminence  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  surmounted  by 
the  State  Capitol  and  other  build- 
ings. Also  a cemetery. 

Shoreditch.  A district  of  immoral 
reputation  in  London.  The  name 
is  traditionally  derived  from  Jane 
Shore,  as  shown  by  the  ancient 
ballad  entitled  “ Jane  Shore’s  La- 
ment; ” but  Pennant  says  that  it 
was  originally  Soersditch,  from 
its  lord,  Sir  John  Soerditch,  a 
learned  lawyer  trusted  by  Ed- 


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ward  III.  Here  were  situated 
two  theatres  of  Shakespeare’s 
time,  — “ the  Theatre,”  anti  “ the 
Curtain.” 

Cromwell,  Blake,  Marlborough,  Chat- 
ham, Nelson,  and  Wellington  are  not  to 
be  trifled  with,  and  the  brutal  strength 
which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  society,  the 
animal  ferocity  of  the  quays  and  cock- 
pits, the  bullies  of  the  costermongers  of 
Shoreditch , Seven  Dials,  and  Spitalfields. 
they  know  how  to  wrake  up.  Emerson. 

When  I grow  rich, 

Say  the  bells  at  Shoreditch. 

Mother  Goose. 

Shrine  of  Our  Lady  of  Walsing- 
ham.  The  chapel  and  image  of 
the  Virgin  in  the  priory  of  Wal- 
singham,  England,  of  great  re- 
nown throughout  Europe  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  a favorite  resort 
of  pilgrims.  It  was  even  more 
frequented  than  the  shrine  of  St. 
Thomas  a Becket  at  Canterbury. 
See  Walsingham  Priory. 

Shrine  of  St.  Cuthbert.  This 
shrine  at  the  Cathedral  of  Dur- 
ham, in  England,  was  visited  by 
multitudes  for  more  than  500 
years,  in  consequence  of  the  be- 
lief that  the  incorruptible  body 
of  the  patron  saint  was  miracu- 
lously preserved  during  all  this 
time.  The  shrine  was  splendidly 
adorned  with  gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones.  The  body  being 
disinterred  in  1827,  it  was  discov- 
ered that  a fraud  had  been  prac- 
tised, as  it  was  plain  that  the  wrap- 
pings had  been  wound  around  a 
skeleton. 

He  kneel’d  before  Saint  Cuthbert' s shrine , 
With  patience  unwonted  at  rites  divine; 
He  abjured  the  gods  of  heathen  race, 

And  he  bent  his  head  at  the  font  of  grace. 

Scott. 

Shrine  of  St.  James  [at  Compos- 
tella].  This  shrine  at  Santiago 
de  Compostella,  Spain,  was  a 
favorite  resort  of  pilgrims  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  on  account  of  the 
legend  that  the  body  of  St.  James 
was  discovered  there  in  the  ninth 
century,  and  placed  in  a chapel 
under  the  altar  of  the  cathedral. 
St.  James  is  held  in  the  highest 
veneration  by  the  Spaniards,  since 
they  believe  that  in  the  battle  of 
Clavijo,  in  the  year  841,  he  ap- 
peared in  the  field  armed  with  a 
sword,  and  mounted  on  a white 


horse,  whose  housings  were 
adorned  with  scallop  shells,  and 
that  he  slew  60,000  of  the  Moor- 
ish infidels,  thus  gaining  the  day 
for  Christianity.  It  is  said  that 
over  2,000  persons  left  England 
for  Santiago  in  one  year  in  the 
fifteenth  century. 

A stupendous  metamorphosis  was  per- 
formed in  the  ninth  century,  when  from  a 
peaceful  fisherman  of  the  Lake  of  Genne- 
saretli,  the  apostle  James  was  transformed 
into  a valorous  knight,  who  charged  at  the 
head  of  Spanish  chivalry  in  battles  against 
the  Moors.  'Ihe  gravest  historians  have 
celebrated  his  exploits,  the  miraculous 
shrine  of  Compostella  displayed  his  power; 
and  the  sword  of  a military  order,  assisted 
by  the  terrors  of  the  inquisition,  was  suffi- 
cient to  remove  every  objection  of  pro- 
fane criticism  Gibbon. 

Shrine  of  St.  John  Nepomuck. 

A gorgeous  silver  shrine  enclos- 
ing the  body  of  the  saint,  in  the 
cathedral  of  Prague,  Austria. 

“ On  each  side  hang  four  mass- 
ive lamps  of  silver  constantly  burning. 
The  pyramid  of  statues,  of  the  same 
precious  metal,  has  at  each  corner  a 
richly  carved  urn,  three  feet  high,  with 
a crimson  lamp  burning  at  the  top. 
Above,  four  silver  angels,  the  size  of 
life,  are  suspended  in  the  air,  holding 
up  a splendid  drapery  of  crimson  and 
gold.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Shrine  of  St.  Sebaldus.  A fa- 
mous work  of  monumental  sculp- 
ture in  the  church  of  St.  Sebald 
at  Nuremberg,  Germany,  exe- 
cuted by  Peter  Vischer  (1460?- 
1540),  the  old  German  sculptor. 
Eegarded  as  his  chef  d’cenvre,  and 
as  one  of  the  finest  works  of  the 
plastic  art  of  that  period. 

“ Never  has  a work  of  German 
sculpture  combined  the  beauty  of  the 
South  with  the  deep  feeling  of  the  North 
more  richly,  more  thoughtfully,  and 
more  harmoniously.”  Lubke , Trans. 

Shrine  of  St.  Thomas  a Becket. 
Formerly  a famous  shrine  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  the 
cathedral  of  Canterbury,  Eng- 
land. The  pavement  of  the  chapel 
is  deeply  worn  by  the  knees  of 
the  countless  pilgrims  who  have 
resorted  to  this  shrine. 

4®^  “ It  was  a national  as  well  as  a 
religious  feeling  that  drew  great  multi- 
tudes to  the  shrine  of  Becket,  the  first 
Englishman,  who,  since  the  Conquest, 
had  been  terrible  to  foreign  tyrants.” 
Macaulay. 


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482 


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When  that  Aprille,  with  his  schowres 
swoote, 

The  drought  of  Marche  hath  perced  to  the 
roote. 

Thanne  longen  folk  to  go  on  pilgrimages, 

. And  palmers  for  to  seeken  straunge 
strondes ; 

And  specially,  from  every  schires  ende 
Of  Engelond,  to  Canterbury  they  wende, 
The  holy  blisful  martir  for  to  seeke, 

That  hem  hath  holpen  whan  that  they 
were  seeke.  Chaucer. 

Shrine  of  the  Black  Virgin  of 
Altotting.  A famous  resort  of 
pilgrims,  at  Altotting,  in  Bavaria, 
one  of  the  most  ancient  and  cele- 
brated shrines  in  Europe.  The 
image  of  the  Madonna,  which  is 
thought  to  have  come  from  the 
East,  has  stood  almost  uninter- 
ruptedly for  1,200  years  in  its 
present  situation. 

Shrine  of  the  Black  Virgin.  A 
famous  resort  of  pilgrimage  in 
the  monastery  of  Czenstochau, 
Poland.  The  convent  contains  a 
dark-colored  picture  of  the  Vir- 
gin, probably  of  Byzantine  ori- 
gin, alleged  to  have  been  painted 
by  St.  Luke,  and  which  is  held 
in  great  veneration. 

Shrine  of  the  Three  Kings  of 
Cologne.  A famous  reliquary  in 
the  cathedral  of  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, which  formerly  contained 
treasures  of  extraordinary  mag- 
nificence. During  the  French 
revolution  some  of  these  were 
disposed  of,  and  their  place  sup- 
plied by  cheap  imitations.  The 
bones  of  the  three  kings,  or  Magi, 
are  publicly  exhibited  on  Sundays 
and  holidays. 

Si  Quis  Door.  The  name  popular- 
ly given  to  a door  in  the  north 
aisle  of  St.  Paul’s  Church,  Lon- 
don, from  the  circumstance  that 
posters  beginning  “ Si  quis  inve- 
nerit”  (i.e.,  “If  any  one  has 
found  ”)  were  affixed  to  it. 

Saw’st  thou  ever  Si  quis  patched  on 
Paul’s  church  door?  Bishop  Hall. 

Sibyl,  The.  [Lat.  Sibylla , a proph- 
etess.] The  ancient  sibyls,  or 
women  endowed  with  the  gift  of 
prophecy,  of  whom  there  are 
commonly  reckoned  ten,  residing 
m different  parts  of  Persia, 
Greece,  and  Italy,  were  made  a 


very  common  subject  of  represen- 
tation by  the  painters  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages.  For  Sibylla  Eryth- 
bma,  Sibylla  Cum  a:  a,  Sibylla 
Delphica,  etc.,  see  Erythraean 
Sibyl,  CumaEAn  Sibyl,  Delphic 
Sibyl,  etc. 

48T  “ The  Sibyls  were  much  the 
fashion  in  the  classic  times  of  the  six- 
teenth century : Michael  Angelo  and 
Raphael  have  left  us  consummate  exam- 
ples. ...  In  general,  if  there  be  only 
two,  they  are  the  Tiburtina,  who 
showed  the  vision  to  Augustus,  and  the 
Cumsean  Sibyl,  who  foretold  the  birth 
of  our  Saviour.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Sibyl,  Temple  of  the.  See  Tem- 
ple of  the  Sibyl. 

Sibyls.  See  Four  Sibyls. 

Sibyl’s  Cave.  [Ital.  Grotta  della 
Sib  ilia.]  A celebrated  tunnel 
leading  from  the  Lake  Avernus, 
near  the  Bay  of  Baise,  Italy.  It 
is  cut  through  a hill  of  volcanic 
tufa,  and  is  interesting  from  its 
connection  with  the  poetical  le- 
gends of  Virgil’s  iEneid.  [Also 
called  Grotta  Giulia There  is 
also  another  cave  of  the  Sibyl  at 
Curme. 

Siddons,  Mrs.,  as  the  Tragic 
Muse.  A noted  allegorical  pic- 
ture by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 
(1723-1792),  the  most  celebrated 
English  portrait-painter. 

Sidney  Sussex  College.  A foun- 
dation of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, England.  Established  in 
1598. 

Sidney’s  Oak.  See  Penshurst. 

Siege  of  Namur.  A picture  by 
Joon  van  Huchtenberg  (1646- 
1733),  and  his  masterpiece.  In 
the  Gallery  of  Vienna,  Austria. 

Siege  of  Rome  under  Porsenna. 
A picture  by  Martin  Fesele,  a 
German  painter.  In  the  Gallery 
of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Siena  Cathedral.  A famous 
church  in  the  city  of  Siena,  Italy, 
and  one  of  the  most  glorious 
structures  in  the  world. 

J8®“  “ This  church  is  the  most  purely 
Gothic  of  all  Italian  cathedrals  designed 
by  national  architects.  Together 


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with  that  of  Orvieto,  it  stands  alone  to 
show  what  the  unassisted  genius  of  the 
Italians  could  produce  when  influenced 
by  mediaeval  ideas.  It  is  built  wholly 
of  marble,  and  overlaid  inside  and  out 
with  florid  ornaments  of  exquisite 
beauty.”  Symonds. 

j 8®=*  “ The  architecture  has  a variety 
which  does  not  produce  the  effect  of 
eccentricity,  an  exuberant  imagination 
flowering  out  in  stone.  . . . How 
much  pride,  love,  and  reverence  in  the 
lapse  of  ages  must  have  clung  to  the 
sharp  points  of  all  this  sculpture.  The 
cathedral  is  a religion  in  itself — some- 
thing worth  dying  for  to  those  who 
have  an  hereditary  interest  in  it.” 

Hawthorne. 

J0@=*“The  impression  is  incompar- 
able. That  of  St.  Peter’s  does  not  ap- 
proach it : a surprising  richness  and 
sincerity  of  invention,  the  most  admi- 
rable of  Gothic  flowers.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Sighs,  Bridge  of.  See  Bridge  of 
Sighs. 

Signoria,  Palazzo  della.  See  Pa- 
lazzo Vecchio. 

Signoria,  Piazza  della.  See  Pi- 
azza DELLA  SiGNORIA. 

Sik,  The.  The  principal  street  of 
Petra  in  Arabia.  It  is  two  miles 
long,  and  is  the  chief  entrance  to 
the  city.  On  each  side  are  preci- 
pices from  100  to  700  feet  in  height. 
Its  width  is  from  10  to  30  feet. 
It  is  dimly  lighted,  as  the  sky  is 
in  places  almost  entirely  hidden 
by  the  rocks,  which  nearly  meet. 
The  pavement  and  rocks  are  now 
covered  by  various  vegetable 
growth,  vines,  flowers,  ferns,  and 
bushes. 

“ How  strange  must  have  been 
the  strong  echoes  of  city  noises  in  this 
gorge  ! — the  cry  of  the  camel-drivers, 
the  rattle  of  chariots,  the  common  talk 
and  laugh  of  citizens,  and  the  play  of 
children ! And  what  different  people 
must  have  been  met  there  from  the 
few  we  saw  to-day ! Instead  of  Eastern 
merchants  and  Roman  soldiers,  and  a 
Greek  traveller  or  two,  I saw  to-day  a 
group  of  goats  and  their  herdsmen,  en- 
tering into  the  deepest  shadow  from  a 
reach  of  sunshine ; and  a child  stand- 
ing with  two  kids  on  a point  of  rock 
above  my  head ; and  a wild  troop  of 
shaggy  Arabs,  clattering  their  arms  as 
I passed;  and  here  and  there  a solitary 
figure,  with  his  matchlock,  brown 


tunic,  and  white  teeth,  perched  on  a 
pinnacle,  or  striding  over  a distant 
slope.”  Harriet  Martineau , 

“ Nothing  could  surpass  the 
awful  grandeur  of  this  ravine;  and 
one  cannot  repress  a shudder  on  look- 
ing up  from  its  gloomy  depths,  through 
the  gradually  narrowing  fissure,  to  the 
irregular  streak  of  blue  sky  far  over- 
head. Constantly  winding,  too,  one 
seems  at  every  new  turn  to  be  shut  in 
on  all  sides,  and  hopelessly  imprisoned 
in  the  very  bowels  of  the  earth.  Yet 
here,  in  this  cleft,  from  whence  the 
light  of  day  is  well-nigh  excluded,  into 
the  depths  of  which  no  solitary  ray  of 
sunlight  can  penetrate,  traces  of  art 
and  industry  are  everywhere  visible. 
Remains  of  ancient  pavement  cover  the 
bottom,  once  the  highway  to  a proud 
city ; along  the  sides  are  niches  hewn 
in  the  smooth  cliff  to  receive  statues ; 
and  tablets,  too,  are  there,  once  in- 
scribed with  some  records ; on  the  left 
is  an  aqueduct  tunnelled  in  the  rock, 
and  high  up  on  the  right  is  a conduit 
of  earthen  pipes  let  into  the  precipice. 
These,  the  works  of  man,  are  now  all 
ruinous  and  time-worn;  statue  and  in- 
scription, form,  name,  and  story,  are 
alike  gone.”  Murray's  Handbook. 

Silence  de  la  Vierge.  See  Silen- 
tium  and  Vierge  au  Voile. 

Silentium.  [Silence.]  The  name 
given  to  representations  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child,  in  which  the 
latter  is  represented  as  sleeping. 
For  an  example,  among  others, 
see  Vierge  A la  Diademe. 

Silenus.  A mythological  picture 
by  Giuseppe  Ribera,  called  Lo 
Spagnoletto  (1588-1653).  In  the 
Public  Gallery  at  Naples,  Italy. 

Silenzio,  II.  [Silence.]  See  Silen- 
tium. 

Siloam,  Pool  of.  See  Pool  of  Si- 
loam. 

Simeon  and  Lazarus.  A picture 
by  Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the 
German  painter  and  engraver. 
In  the  Gallery  of  Munich,  Bava- 
ria. 

Simeon,  St.  See  St.  Simeon. 

Sion  College.  A hall,  library,  and 
almshouse  in  London,  founded  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  for  the  use 
of  the  clergy.  Fuller  here  wrote 
his  “ Church  History.” 


SIO 


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Sion  House.  The  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Northumberland,  near  Twick- 
enham, England.  It  is  a very 
large  and  imposing  structure, 
said  to  contain  365  windows  to 
equal  the  number  of  days  in 
the  year.  The  grounds  are  laid 
out  with  great  taste.  The  inte- 
rior is  very  splendid,  with  many 
fine  treasures  of  art. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  going  to 
Church.  A picture  by  Charles 
Robert  Leslie  (1794-1859),  and  one 
of  his  principal  works.  There  is 
a repetition  in  the  collection  of 
the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  Eng- 
land. 

Sistine  Chapel,  or  Sixtine  Chap- 
elT  [Ital.  Capella  Sistina.]  A cele- 
brated room  in  the  Vatican  Pal- 
ace, Rome,  built  from  designs  of 
Bacio  Pintelli  in  1473,  for  Pope 
Sixtus  IV.,  whence  its  name. 
The  lower  part  of  the  walls  was 
formerly  intended  to  be  hung  on 
festival  days  with  the  tapestries 
executed  from  the  cartoons  of 
Raphael.  The  ceiling  is  covered 
with  frescos  by  Michael  Angelo, 
and  the  upper  part  of  the  walls 
by  the  works  of  eminent  masters 
of  the  fifteenth  century.  The 
end  of  the  chapel  is  occupied  by 
Michael  Angelo’s  vast  fresco  en- 
titled “ The  Last  Judgment."’ 
The  chapel  was  designed  for  the 
religious  services  performed  dur- 
ing Passion  Week,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  is  still  used.  The  Miserere 
is  chanted  in  this  chapel  with 
great  solemnity  in  the  presence 
of  the  pope,  on  the  afternoon  of 
Wednesday  preceding  Easter 
Sunday. 

j 8ST  “ At  the  present  day  the  ceiling 
of  the  Sistine  Chapel  is  partly  injured 
as  regards  the  brightness  of  its  color- 
ing,  by  the  rising  smoke  and  dust,  and 
has  partly  faded  from  length  of  time. 
Cracks  have  appeared  in  the  dome, 
and  water  has  trickled  down  through 
them.  Three  centuries  and  a half  the 
paintings  have  stood  there,  and  it  is 
not  possible  by  any  means  to  oppose 
the  slow  decay  to  which  they  must  be 
subject.  Still  a happy  fate  has  been 
theirs  in  that  they  are  thoroughly  in- 
accessible to  human  hands;  they  would 
have  to  be  shot  at,  or  the  roof  broken 


through  from  above,  to  be  injured  in- 
tentionally.” Grimm,  Trans . 

fgSt*  “ The  ceiling  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel  contains  the  most  perfect  works 
done  by  Michael  Angelo  in  his  long 
and  active  life.”  Kugler . 

jfczT  “ The  religious  character  of  this 
chapel,  in  the  view  of  Protestants  at 
least,  is  quite  lost  in  the  admiration  for 
that  immortal  artist  who  has  left  here 
such  wonderful  monuments  of  his 
genius.  It  seems  really  dedicated  to 
Michael  Angelo,  and  he  is  the  presid- 
ing divinity  of  the  place.”  Hillard . 

Whether  he  [Michael  Angelo]  drew,  or 
sung, 

Or  wrought  in  stone,  or  hung 
The  Pantheon  in  the  air; 

Whether  he  gave  to  Rome 
Her  Sistine  walls  or  dome, 

Or  laid  the  ponderous  beams,  or  lightly 
wound  the  stuir.  C . P . Crunch. 

Sistine  Madonna.  See  Madonna 
di  San  Sisto. 

Sitt  Miriam.  [El  Moallaka.]  An 
interesting  church  situated  at  a 
considerable  height  from  the 
ground  in  one  of  the  towers  of 
the  Roman  Gateway  of  Babylon, 
in  Egypt.  The  title  PE  Moallaka 
(the  suspended)  is  given  to  it  on 
account  of  its  elevation.  This 
church  contains  many  remark- 
able and  interesting  objects,  — 
sculptures,  paintings,  carvings, 
mosaics,  etc. 

Six  Hundred,  The.  A name  often 
popularly  applied  to  the  British 
light  cavalry  brigade  (670  in  num- 
ber), which  at  the  battle  of  Bal- 
aclava, in  the  Crimea,  Oct.  25, 
1854,  charged  the  Russian  in- 
fantry and  cavalry  in  position, 
owing  to  a misunderstanding  of 
orders.  It  was  a feat  almost 
unparalleled  in  military  history. 
The  charge  occupied  less  than 
half  an  hour,  during  which  two- 
thirds  of  the  assailing  party  were 
killed  or  wounded. 

Half  a league,  half  a league, 

Haifa  league  onward, 

All  in  the  valley  of  Death 
Rode  the  six  hundred. 

“ Forward,  the  Light  Brigade  ! 
Charge  for  the  guns  ! ” he  said: 

Into  the  valley  of  Death 
Rode  the  six  hundred. 

Tennyson. 

Sixtine  Chapel.  See  Sistine 
Chapel. 


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485 


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Skerryvore  Lighthouse.  An  im- 
portant lighthouse  on  the  west 
coast  of  Scotland,  begun  in  1838, 
and  finished  in  1843.  This  struc- 
ture, containg  four  and  one-lialf 
times  as  much  masonry  as  the 
Eddystone  lighthouse  and  twice 
as  much  as  the  Bell  Bock  tower, 
was  built  under  the  charge  of 
Mr.  Alan  Stevenson,  and  is  an 
example  of  great  engineering 
skill. 

Slaughter’s.  1.  A celebrated 
coffee-house  in  St.  Martin’s  Lane, 
London,  so  called  after  its  first 
landlord,  Thomas  Slaughter,  1692. 
During  the  last  century  it  was 
noted  as  a rendezvous  of  painters 
and  sculptors.  It  was  frequented 
by  Hogarth,  Benjamin  West, 
Eoubiliac,  Wilkie,  and  others. 
After  the  opening  of  another 
“ Slaughter’s  ” in  the  same  street, 
the  original  coffee-house  was 
known  as  “Old  Slaughter’s  ” till 
its  destruction  in  the  first  half  of 
the  present  century. 

2.  A coffee-house  opposite 
Northumberland  House  in  the 
Strand. 

I remember  to  have  read  in  some  philos- 
opher, — 1 believe  in  Tom  Brown’s  works, 
— that,  let  a man’s  character,  sentiments, 
or  complexion  be  what  they  will,  he  can 
find  company  in  London  to  match  them. 
...  If  he  be  passionate,  he  may  vent  his 
rage  among  the  old  orators  at  Slaughter' s 
coffee-house,  and  damn  the  nation  because 
it  keeps  him  from  starving.  Goldsmith . 

Slave.  A statue  by  Michael  An- 
gelo (1474-1564).  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  [Called  also  The  Captive .] 
See  Greek  Slave. 

Slave  Ship.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Joseph  Mallord  William 
Turner  (1775-1851).  It  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Miss  Alice  Hoop- 
er, Boston. 

4^  “ I believe,  if  I were  reduced  to 
rest  Turner’s  immortality  upon  any 
single  work,  I should  choose  the  Slave 
Ship.  Its  daring  conception,  ideal  in 
the  highest  sense  of  the  word,  is  based 
on  the  purest  truth,  and  wrought  out 
with  the  concentrated  knowledge  of  a 
life.”  Ruskin. 

4®"  “ Thackeray,  when  speaking  of 
‘The  Slave  Ship  ’ by  the  same  amazing 
artist,  says  with  delightful  naivetd , ‘I 


don’t  know  whether  it  is  sublime  or 
ridiculous.’  ” 

Dr.  Brown's  Spare  Hours . 
4®"  “The  following  opinion,  ex- 
pressed by  an  intelligent  and  accom- 
plished American  artist, Mr.  George  In- 
ness,  is  interesting  for  its  frankness: 
‘ Turner’s  ‘ Slave  Ship  ’ is  the  most  in- 
fernal piece  of  clap  trap  ever  painted. 
There  is  nothing  in  it.  ft  has  as  much 
to  do  with  human  affections  and 
thought  as  a ghost.  It  is  not  even  a 
fine  bouquet  of  color.  The  color  is 
harsh,  disagreeable,  and  discordant.’ 
This  is  severe,  and  I think  its  severity 
is  partly  due  to  re-action  against  Mr. 
Ruskin’s  eloquent  praises.” 

P.  G.  Ilamerton . 

Slavino  di  San  Marco.  A singu- 
lar mass  of  rocks  and  de'bris  in 
the  valley  of  the  Adige,  near 
Trent,  Italy,  supposed  to  have 
been  occasioned  by  an  avalanche. 

4®"  “ The  traveller  cannot  fail  to 
notice  a vast  tract  called  the  Slavivi  di 
Marco , covered  with  fragments  of  rock 
torn  from  the  sides  of  the  neighboring 
mountains  by  an  earthquake,  or  per- 
haps by  their  own  unsupported  weight, 
and  hurled  down  into  the  plains  below. 
They  spread  over  the  whole  valley, 
and  in  some  places  contract  the  road  to 
a very  narrow  space.”  Eustace . 

Such  as  that  ruin  is  which  in  the  flank 
Smote,  on  this  side  of  Trent,  the  Adige, 
Either  by  earthquake  or  by  failing  stay. 

Dante , Inferno , Longfellow's  Trans. 

Sleeping  Ariadne.  See  Ariadne. 

Sleeping  Faun.  1.  An  admired 
statue  found  in  1756  at  Hercula- 
neum, and  now  in  the  Museum 
at  Naples.  See  Faun,  Barbe- 
rini  Faun,  Dancing  Faun. 

2.  A work  of  sculpture  by 
Harriet  G.  Hosmer  (b.  1830). 

Sleepy  Hollow.  A quiet  valley 
near  Tarry  town,  on  the  Hudson, 
New  York,  immortalized  by 
Washington  Irving  in  his  “ Le- 
gend of  Sleepy  Hollow  ” (in  “ The 
Sketch  Book’  ’).  There  is  a hamlet 
of  the  same  name. 

4Gg=-  “If  ever  I should  wish  for  a 
retreat,  whither  I might  steal  from  the 
world  and  its  distractions,  and  dream 
quietly  away  the  remnant  of  a troubled 
life,  I know  of  none  more  promising 
than  this  little  valley.  From  the  list- 
less repose  of  the  place,  and  the  pecu- 
liar character  of  its  inhabitants,  who 
are  descendants  from  the  original  Dutch 


SLO 


486 


SMI 


settlers,  this  sequestered  glen  has  long 
been  known  by  the  name  of  Sleepy 
Hollow,  and  its  rustic  lads  are  called 
the  Sleepy  Hollow  Boys  throughout  all 
the  neighboring  country.  A drowsy, 
dreamy  influence  seems  to  hang  over 
the  land,  and  to  pervade  the  very  at- 
mosphere. Some  say  that  the  place 
was  bewitched  by  a High  German  doc- 
tor during  the  early  days  of  the  settle- 
ment; others,  that  an  old  Indian  chief, 
the  prophet  or  wizard  of  his  tribe,  held 
his  powwows  there  before  the  country 
was  discovered  by  Master  Hendrick 
Hudson.  Certain  it  is,  the  place  still 
continues  under  the  sway  of  some 
witching  power,  that  holds  a spell  over 
the  minds  of  the  good  people,  causing 
them  to  walk  in  a continual  revery. 
They  are  given  to  all  kinds  of  marvel- 
lous beliefs,  are  subject  to  trances  and 
visions,  and  frequently  see  strange 
sights,  and  hear  mugic  and  voices  in 
the  air.  The  whole  neighborhood 
abounds  with  local  tales,  haunted  spots, 
and  twilight  superstitions.”  Irving. 

Sloane  Museum.  A collection  of 
curiosities  belonging  to  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  and  offered  by  him  to  the 
English  Parliament  for  £20,000. 
The  offer  was  accepted,  and  the 
collection  was  used  as  the  nucleus 
of  the  present  British  Museum. 

Smailholm  Tower.  A lofty  tower 
now  in  ruins,  and  commanding 
an  extensive  view  of  a part  of 
Scotland  with  which  many  very 
interesting  associations  are  con- 
nected. It  is  not  far  from  Mel- 
rose and  Dryburgh  Abbeys,  and  is 
the  scene  of  Scott’s  ballad  of 
“ The  Eve  of  St.  John.” 

Then  rose  those  crags,  that  mountain 
tower, 

Which  charmed  my  fancy ’s  wakening 
hour. 

And  still  I thought  that  shattered  tower 
The  mightiest  work  of  human  power. 

Marmion. 

Smith  College.  A well-endowed 
institution  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  designed  for  the  higher 
education  of  women. 

Smithfield.  The  ancient  market 
of  London.  The  name  signifies 
smooth  plain,  from  the  Saxon 
smeth,  smooth.  It  was  the  largest 
live-market  in  the  world,  and  its 
characteristic  features  are  well 
described  by  Dickens  in  “ Oliver 
Twist.”  In  1852  it  was  con- 


demned by  law  to  be  removed  to 
Islington.  Smithfield  is  famous 
for  its  tournaments,  executions, 
and  burnings.  Here  too,  from 
Sept.  3 to  6,  was  held  the  cele- 
brated Bartholomew  Fair,  noted 
not  only  for  its  sales  of  cloth,  but 
as  a scene  of  license  and  revelry. 
See  Bartholomew  Fair. 

J&gT  “It  was  market  morning.  The 
ground  was  covered  nearly  ankle-deep 
with  filth  and  mire;  and  a thick  steam 
perpetually  rising  from  the  reeking 
bodies  of  the  cattle,  and  mingling  with 
the  fog,  which  seemed  to  rest  upon  the 
chimney-tops,  hung  heavily  above.  All 
the  pens  in  the  centre  of  the  large  area, 
and  as  many  temporary  ones  as  could 
be  crowded  into  the  vacant  space,  were 
filled  with  sheep;  and  tied  up  to  posts 
by  the  gutter-side  were  long  lines  of 
beasts  and  oxen  three  or  four  deep. 
Countrymen,  butchers,  drovers,  hawk- 
ers, boys,  thieves,  idlers,  and  vaga- 
bonds of  every  low  grade,  were  mingled 
together  in  a dense  mass  : the  whistling 
of  drovers,  the  barking  of  dogs,  the 
bellowing  and  plunging  of  beasts,  the 
bleating  of  sheep,  and  grunting  and 
squeaking  of  pigs ; the  cries  of  hawk- 
ers, the  shouts,  oaths,  and  quarrelling 
on  all  sides,  the  ringing  of  bells,  and 
the  roar  of  voices  that  issued  from  ev- 
ery public  house ; the  crowding,  push- 
ing, driving,  beating,  whooping,  and 
yelling : the  hideous  and  discordant  din 
that  resounded  from  every  corner  of 
the  market;  and  the  unwashed,  un- 
shaven, squalid,  and  dirty  figures  con- 
stantly running  to  and  fro,  and  bursting 
in  and  out  of  the  throng,  rendered  it  a 
stunning  and  bewildering  scene  which 
quite  confused  the  senses.”  Dickens. 

So  I came  into  Smithfield ; and  the 
shameful  place,  being  all  asmear  with 
filth,  and  fat,  and  blood,  and  foam,  seemed 
to  stick  to  me. 

Pip  (Dickens,  Great  Expectations). 

Falstaff.  Where's  Bardolph  ? 

Page.  He’s  gone  into  Smithfield  to  buy 
your  worship  a horse.  Shakespeare. 

For,  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  a speculator  who  had 
dared  to  affirm  that  the  human  soul  is  by 
its  nature  mortal,  and  does,  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases,  actually  die  with  the 
body,  would  have  been  burned  alive  in 
Smithfield.  Macaulay. 

The  midnight  of  Bartholomew,— the  stake 
Of  Smithfield.  Whittier. 

Smith’s  Cave.  See  Wayland 
Smith’s  Cave. 

Smithsonian  Institution.  A no- 
ble building  of  red  sandstone  and 
of  Gothic  architecture,  in  Wash- 


SMO 


487 


SOH 


ington.  The  main  hall,  which  is 
200  feet  in  length  by  50  feet  in 
width,  and  25  feet  high,  contains 
the  National  Museum  of  curiosi- 
ties, with  natural  history  and 
ethnological  collections.  The  in- 
stitution was  founded  by  James 
Smithson,  a native  of  England, 
born  in  the  last  century,  who,  al- 
though he  had  never  visited  this 
country,  and  was  totally  unac- 
quainted with  any  one  in  Ameri- 
ca, for  reasons  unknown  left  the 
whole  of  his  property,  amounting 
to  over  half  a million  of  dollars, 
“ to  the  United  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, to  found  at  Washington,  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  an  establishment  for 
the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge  among  men.” 

Smolnoi  Church.  A noted  white- 
marble  church  in  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia.  It  is  surmounted  with 
five  blue  domes. 

And  Smolnoi' s wealth  of  spangled  blue 
Beams  all  the  dusky  distance  through  1 

E.  D.  Proctor. 

Smoo,  Cave  of.  A cavern  in  the 
North  of  Scotland,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Durness.  It  is  de- 
scribed by  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Smyrna,  The.  A former  coffee- 
house in  Pall-Mall,  London,  fa- 
mous in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 
The  “Tatler”  suggested  “to  all 
ingenious  gentlemen  in  and  about 
the  cities  of  London  and  West- 
minster who  have  a mind  to  be 
instructed  in  the  noble  sciences 
of  music,  poetry,  and  politics, 
that  they  repair  to  the  Smyrna 
Coffee-house,  in  Pall-Mall,  be- 
twixt the  hours  of  eight  and  ten 
at  night,  where  they  may  be  in- 
structed gratis.” 

If  it  be  fine  weather,  we  take  a turn 
into  the  Park  till  two,  when  we  go  to  din- 
ner; and  if  it  be  dirty,  you  are  enter- 
tained at  piquet  or  basset  at  White’s,  or 
you  may  talk  politics  at  the  Smyrna  or 
St.  James. 

Journey  through  England,  1714. 

You  then,  O ye  beggars  of  my  acquaint- 
ance, whether  in  rags  or  lace  ; whether  in 
Kent-street  or  in  the  Mall;  whether  at 
Smyrna  or  St.  Giles’s;  might  I advise 
you  as  a friend,  never  seem  in  want  of  the 
favor  you  solicit.  Goldsmith. 


Snow  Hill.  A well-known  locality 
in  London.  Snow  Hill  was  for- 
merly remarkable  for  its  steep- 
ness of  ascent,  a difficulty  now 
obviated  by  the  Holborn  Viaduct. 

Who  has  not  heard  the  Scourer’s  mid- 
night fame  ? 

Who  has  not  trembled  at  the  Mohocks’ 
name  V 

I pass  their  desperate  deeds  and  mischief, 
done 

Where  from  Snow  Hill  black  steepy  tor- 
rents run, 

How  matrons,  hooped  within  the  hogs- 
head’s womb, 

Were  tumbled  furious  thence.  Gay. 

Soane  Museum.  An  interesting 
and  valuable  art-collection  in 
London,  founded  by  Sir  John 
Soane. 

Yes,  to  see  England  well  needs  a hun- 
dred years;  for,  what  they  told  me  was 
the  merit  of  Sir  John  Soane's  Museum , in 
London,  — that  it  was  well  packed  and 
well  saved,  — is  the  merit  of  England. 

Emerson. 

Society  of  the  Pin.  An  associa- 
tion consisting  chiefly  of  foreign- 
ers, formed  in  London  in  the  four- 
teenth century.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  derived  its  name  from 
the  city  of  Le  Puy,  in  Auvergne, 
where  was  a famous  statue  of  the 
Virgin,  much  visited  by  pilgrims. 
The  object  of  the  association 
seems  to  have  been  to  promote 
good-will  and  good-fellowship. 
They  held  a great  festival  on  the 
first  Sunday  after  Trinity. 

Socrates,  Prison  of.  See  Prison 
of  Socrates. 

Soho.  A district  in  London,  in 
which  many  French  have  settled 
at  various  times.  See  Soho 
Square. 

It  is  natural  to  me  to  go  where  I please, 
to  do  what  I please.  ...  1 diuress  into 
Soho , to  explore  a bookstall.  Metliinks  I 
have  been  thirty  years  a collector,  ’there 
is  nothing  strange  nor  new  in  it. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Fancy  the  three  [Fielding  and  his  com- 
panions] in  a great  wainscoted  room,  in 
Covent  Garden  or  Soho , lighted  by  two 
or  three  candles  in  silver  sconces,  and  a 
bottle  of  Florence  wine  on  the  table. 

Thackeray. 

Soho  Square.  A square  in  Lon- 
don, built  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  It  was  formerly  sometimes 
called  King’s  Square  from  its 
surveyor  and  architect,  Gregory 


SOH 


488 


SOM 


King.  It  was  a very  fashionable 
quarter  of  London  until  within 
the  last  century.  Here  Sir  Roger 
de  Coverley  is  made  to  reside; 
and  here  Evelyn  went  in  1690  to 
pass  the  winter  “ in  Soho,  in  the 
great  square.” 

4®"  “ Soho  Square  . . . was  to  our 
ancestors  a subject  of  pride  with  which 
their  posterity  will  hardly  sympa- 
thize.” Macaulay. 

But  it  [the  answer  to  Bentley’s  ’‘Dis- 
sertation on  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris  ”-] 
had  its  day  of  noisy  popularity,  it  was  to 
he  found  not  only  in  the  studies  of  men  of 
letters,  but  on  toe  tables  of  the  most  bril- 
liant drawing-rooms  of  Soho  Square  and 
Covent  Garuen.  Macaulay. 

Soho  Theatre.  A theatre  in  Lon- 
don, opened  in  1840,  now  called 
the  New  Royalty. 

Sol,  Puerta  del.  See  Puerta  del 
Sol. 

Soldiers’  Home.  An  asylum  for 
disabled  soldiers  of  the  regular 
army,  situated  in  the  environs  of 
Washington.  It  was  established 
in  1851.  The  buildings  are  of 
marble,  enclosed  in  a large  and 
beautiful  park.  The  cost  of  the 
establishment  was  defrayed  by  a 
forced  levy  on  the  inhabitants  of 
the  city  of  Mexico,  during  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  place  by  Gen. 
Scott.  Some  of  the  Presidents 
have  made  the  Soldiers’  Home 
their  summer  residence. 

Soldiers  Bathing  in  the  Arno.  A 

celebrated  cartoon  by  Michael 
Angelo  (1475-1564).  It  represents 
a body  of  soldiers  suddenly  called 
to  arms  while  bathing.  The  work 
never  went  beyond  this  cartoon, 
which  was  begun  in  1504  and  ex- 
hibited in  1506. 

Solferino,  Tour  de.  See  Tour  de 
Solferino. 

Solomon.  See  Judgment  of  Sol- 
omon and  Pools  of  Solomon. 

Solomon’s  Temple.  The  famous 
temple  at  Jerusalem  built  by 
King  Solomon  (B.C.  1015),  after 
the  model  of  the  Tabernacle,  the 
plan  of  which  the  Jews  consid- 
ered to  have  been  divinely  re- 
vealed to  them  through  Moses, 


in  the  desert  of  Sinai,  and  from 
which  they  never  departed  in  any 
of  their  subsequent  erections.  Of 
this  celebrated  temple  not  one 
stone  now  remains  upon  another. 
It  is  now  agreed  by  all  topogra- 
phers that  the  site  of  the  Tem- 
ple at  Jerusalem  is  within  the 
limits  of  the  area  which  is  now 
called  the  Haram,  but  its  precise 
extent  is  a matter  of  uncertainty. 
It  was  of  rectangular  shape, 
measuring,  according  to  Jose- 
phus, a stadium,  or  600  Greek 
feet,  on  each  side. 

4®=“  “ There  is  perhaps  no  building 
of  the  ancient  world  which  has  ex- 
cited so  much  attention  since  the  time 
of  its  destruction  as  the  Temple  which 
Solomon  built  at  Jerusalem,  and  its 
successor  as  rebuilt  by  Herod.  Its 
spoils  were  considered  worthy  of  form- 
ing the  principal  illustration  of  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  Roman  triumphal 
arches,  and  Justinian’s  highest  archi- 
tectural ambition  was  that  he  might 
surpass  it.  Throughout  the  Middle 
Ages  it  influenced  to  a considerable 
degree  the  forms  of  Christian  churches, 
and  its  peculiarities  were  the  watch- 
words and  rallying  points  of  all  associ- 
ations of  builders.  Since  the  revival  of 
learning  in  the  sixteenth  century  its 
arrangements  have  employed  the  pens 
of  numberless  learned  antiquarians, 
and  architects  of  every  country  have 
wasted  their  science  in  trying  to  repro- 
duce its  forms.  But  it  is  not  only  to 
Christians  that  the  Temple  of  Solomon 
is  so  interesting : the  whole  Moham- 
medan world  look  to  it  as  the  founda- 
tion of  all  architectural  knowledge; 
and  the  Jews  still  recall  its  glories 
and  sigh  over  their  loss  with  a constant 
tenacity,  unmatched  by  that  of  any 
other  people  to  any  other  building  of 
the  ancient  world.  The  Temple  was  a 
very  insignificant  building  in  size;  the 
truth  being,  that,  like  the  temples  of 
the  Semitic  nations,  it  was  more  in  the 
character  of  a shrine  or  treasury  in- 
tended to  contain  certain  precious 
works  in  metal.  The  principal  orna- 
ments of  its  facade  were  two  brazen 
pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz,  which  seem 
to  have  been  wonders  of  metal-work, 
and  regarding  which  more  has  been 
written,  and,  it  may  be  added,  more 
nonsense,  than  regarding  almost  any 
other  known  architectural  objects.” 

Fergusson. 

Somerset,  The.  A British  line-of- 
battle  ship  stationed  in  Boston 
harbor  in  1775. 


SOM 


489 


SOXJ 


Where  swinging  Avide  at  her  moorings  lay 
The  Somerset , British  man-of-war; 

A phantom  ship,  with  each  mast  and  spar 
Across  the  moon  like  a prison  bar, 

And  a huge  black  hulk  that  was  magni- 
fied 

By  its  own  reflection  in  the  tide. 

Longfellow. 

Somerset,  The.  A club  occupy- 
ing a fine  mansion  on  Beacon 
Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Somerset  House.  A public  build- 
ing in  London  occupying  the  site 
of  the  old  palace  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  used  for  government 
offices,  and  contained  the  rooms 
of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  other  literary 
and  scientific  institutions.  The 
old  Somerset  House,  interesting 
from  its  historic  connection  with 
royal  personages,  was  built  in 
1549. 

4£g=’  “ If  you  would  see  something 
quite  dreadful,  go  to  the  enormous  pal- 
ace in  the  Strand,  called  Somerset 
House.  Massive,  heavy  architecture, 
of  which  the  recesses  seem  dipped  in 
ink,  the  porticos  smeared  with  soot. 

. . . What  can  men  do  in  such  a cata- 
comb?” Taine,  Trans. 

Dan  Stuart  once  told  us  that  he  did  not 
remember  that  he  ever  deliberately 
walked  into  the  exhibition  at  Somer- 
set House  in  his  life.  Charles  Lamb. 

For  the  science,  he  [Carlyle]  had,  if 
possible,  even  less  tolerance,  and  com- 
pared the  savans  of  Somerset  House  to  the 
boy  wlm  asked  Confucius  ” how  many 
stars  in  the  sky?”  Confucius  replied, 
“ he  minded  things  near  him.”  Then  said 
the  boy,  ” how  many  hairs  are  there  in 
your  eyebrows?”  Confucius  said,  “lie 
didn’t  know'  and  didn’t  care.”  Emerson. 

Sommeil  de  Jesus.  See  Silen- 

TIUM  and  VlERGE  A LA  DlADEME. 

Sonneck.  A ruined  mediaeval 
stronghold  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, on  the  Rhine,  near  Lorch. 

Sophia,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing-ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Stewart,  April  13,  1850. 

Sophia,  St.  See  St.  Sophia. 

Sorbonne,  The.  A university  in 
Paris,  named  for  its  founder, 
Robert  de  Sorbonne,  confessor  to 
St.  Louis.  It  was  established  in 
the  thirteenth  century.  The  old 
building  having  fallen  into  de- 


cay, it  was  restored  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  in  1029.  The  chapel 
of  the  institution  contains  the 
tomb  of  the  cardinal,  a superior 
work  of  art.  The  disputations 
and  decisions  of  the  Sorbonne  in 
theological  matters  acquired  great 
fame  and  power.  It  is  now  the 
seat  of  three  of  the  five  Faculties 
of  the  Academy  of  Paris,  — theol- 
ogy, sciences,  and  letters.  The 
building  contains  large  lecture, 
rooms,  collections,  etc. 

Thence  to  the  Sorbonne , an  ancient 
fabric  built  by  one  Robert  de  Sorbonne, 
whose  name  it  retains,  but  the  restau- 
ration  which  the  late  Cardinal  de  Rich- 
lieu  has  made  to  it  renders  it  one  of  the 
most  excellent  moderne  buildings. 

John  Evelyn , Diary  1(544,  4 Jan. 

So,  too,  in  matters  spiritual,  wrhat 
avails  it  that  a man  be  Doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne, Doctor  of  Laws,  of  Both  Laws,  and 
can  cover  half  a square  loot  in  pica-type 
w'ith  the  list  of  his  fellowsh.ps,  arranged 
as  equilateral  triangle,  at  the  vertex  an 
“ &c.”  over  and  above,  and  with  the 
parchment  of  his  diplomas  could  thatch 
the  whole  street  he  lives  in:  what  avails 
it  ? Carlyle. 

I compared  them  [the  professors’  houses 
at  Oxford]  to  those  of  our  scholars,  re- 
sembling cages,  to  the  third  floor  m a 
great  city,  to  the  dismal  lodging  s of  the 
Sorbonne.  Taine , Trans. 

Voltaire,  in  the  days  of  Lewis  the  Four- 
teenth, would  probably  have  been,  like 
most  of  the  literary  men  of  the  time,  a 
zealous  Jansenist,  eminent  among  the 
defenders  of  efficacious  grace,  a bitti  r as- 
sailant of  the  lax  morality  of  the  Jesuits 
and  the  unreasonable  decisions  of  the 
Sorbonne.  James  Parton. 

Sortie  from  Gibraltar.  A paint- 
ing by  John  Trumbull  (1756-1853), 
and  considered  his  masterpiece. 
Now  in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Sospiri,  Ponte  dei.  See  Bridge 
of  Sighs. 

South  Kensington  Museum.  A 
national  collection  of  art  and 
manufactures  in  London . It  con- 
tains many  valuable  paintings 
and  other  works  of  art,  including 
the  Vernon  and  Sheepshanks  Col- 
lection, belongingto  the  National 
Gallery. 

“ However  much  opinions  may 
differ  as  to  the  system  of  instruction  in 
design  adopted  in  that  Department, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  truly 
magnificent  collection  of  objects  assem- 
bled there,  and  the  facility  afforded  stu- 
dents who  may  desire  to  inspect  and 


sou 


490 


SPA 


study  them,  reflect  the  highest  credit 
upon  the  authorities  intrusted  with  its 
care.  By  such  means,  the  art-workman, 
his  employer,  and  the  public,  whose 
encouragement  and  patronage  are  ne- 
cessary to  both,  may  learn  that  which 
alone  can  rescue  English  manufacture 
from  its  recent  degradation,  viz.,  the 
formation  of  a sound  taste.” 

C.  L.  Eastlake. 

South  Sea  House.  The  office  of 
the  famous  South  Sea  Company, 
which  was  organized  in  1711. 
The  original  building  stood  in 
Old  Broad  Street,  London;  and 
the  new  building,  which  is  now 
let  for  chambers,  stands  in 
Threadneedle  Street. 

jgGgr3  “Reader,  in  thy  passage  from 
the  Bank  — where  thou  hast  been  re- 
ceiving thy  half-yearly  dividends  (sup- 
posing thou  art  a lean  annuitant  like 
myself)  — to  the  Flower  Pot,  to  secure 
a place  for  Dalston,  or  Shackle  well,  or 
some  other  thy  suburban  retreat  north- 
erly,— didst  thou  never  observe  a mel- 
ancholy-looking, handsome,  brick  and 
stone  edifice,  to  the  left  — where 
Threadneedle  Street  abuts  upon  Bish- 
opsgate?  I dare  say  thou  hast  often 
admired  its  magnificent  portals  ever 
gaping  wide,  and  disclosing  to  view  a 
grave  court,  with  cloisters,  and  pillars, 
with  few  or  no  traces  of  goers-in  or 
comers-out,  — a desolation  something 
like  Balclutha’s.  This  was  once  a house 
of  trade,  — a centre  of  busy  interests. 
The  throng  of  merchants  was  here  — 
the  quick  pulse  of  gain  — and  here 
some  forms  of  business  are  still  kept 
up,  though  the  soul  be  long  since  fled. 
Here  are  still  to  be  seen  stately  porti- 
cos, imposing  staircases,  offices  roomy 
as  the  state  apartments  in  palaces,  — 
deserted,  or  thinly  peopled  with  a 
few  straggling  clerks ; the  still  more  sa- 
cred interiors  of  court  and  committee- 
rooms,  with  venerable  faces  of  beadles, 
door-keepers  — directors  seated  in  form 
on  solemn  days  (to  proclaim  a dead 
dividend),  at  long  worm-eaten  tables, 
that  have  been  mahogany,  with  tar- 
nished gilt-leather  coverings,  support- 
ing massy  silver  inkstands  long  since 
dry;  huge  charts,  which  subsequent 
discoveries  have  antiquated;  dusty 
maps  of  Mexico,  dim  as  dreams  — and 
soundings  of  the  Bay  of  Panama ! The 
long  passages  hung  with  buckets,  ap- 
pended, in  idle  row,  to  walls  whose 
substance  might  defy  any,  short  of  the 
last,  conflagration  : — with  vast  ranges 
of  cellarage  under  all,  where  dollars 
and  pieces-of-eight  once  lay,  an  * un- 
sunned heap,’  for  Mammon  to  have  sol- 
aced his  solitary  heart  withal,  — long 


since  dissipated,  or  scattered  into  air 
at  the  blast  of  the  breaking  of  that  fa- 
mous Bubble.”  Charles  Lamb . 

Southampton  House.  A former 
mansion  of  London.  The  last  ves- 
tiges of  it  were  destroyed  in  1876. 
The  site  is  marked  by  Southamp- 
ton Buildings.  The  Earl  of  South- 
ampton, father  of  Lady  Rachel 
Bussell,  died  here. 

Southwark.  The  district,  “called 
by  the  Saxons  Southverke,  or  the 
South  Work,”  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Thames,  London.  It  is 
interesting  for  its  old  inns,  as  the 
“White  Hart”  and  “Tabard.” 
Here  was  the  Marslialsea  Prison. 

Southwark  Bridge.  One  of  the 
great  bridges  across  the  Thames, 
at  London,  connecting  the  City 
with  the  borough  of  Southwark, 
first  opened  to  the  public,  April 
1819.  It  was  built  by  John  Ben- 
nie. 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas.  The  first 
three-decker  in  the  English  navy, 
launched  in  1637. 

Spa  Fields.  A locality  in  London, 
England,  formerly  a place  of  pop- 
ular gatherings.  It  was  not  oc- 
cupied by  houses  until  the  pres- 
ent century. 

Spada  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo  Spa- 
da.']  A Roman  palace,  near  the 
Palazzo  Farnese,  built  in  1564, 
and  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
celebrated  statue  which  goes  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Spada  Pom- 
pey.  See  Pompey’s  Statue. 

T saw  in  the  Palazzo  Spada  the  statue 
of  Pompey ; the  statue  at  whose  base  Cae- 
sar fell.  Dickens. 

Returning  home  I saw  the  palace  of 
Cardinal  Spada , where  is  a most  magnifi- 
cent hall  painted  by  Paniele  da  Volterra 
and  Giulio  Piocentino,  who  made  the  fret 
in  the  little  court,  but  the  rare  perspec- 
tives are  of  Bolognesi.  John  Evelyn,  1644. 

Spada  Pompey.  See  Pompey’s 
Statue. 

Spagna,  Piazza  di.  See  Piazza 

di  Spagna. 

Spalatro.  A picture  by  Washing- 
ton Allston  (1779-1843).  In  the 
possession  of  John  Taylor  John- 
ston, New  York.  This  picture  is 


SPA 


491 


SPE 


said  to  have  been  pronounced  by 
the  painter  his  best  work. 

Spanish  Armada.  See  Armada, 
The  Spanish. 

Spanish  Dwarf.  A great  pearl  in 
the  Green  Gallery  (Das  griine 
Gewolbe)  in  Dresden.  It  is  near- 
ly as  large  as  a pullet’s  egg. 

Spanish  Square.  See  Piazza  di 
Spagna. 

Spanish  Steps.  A magnificent 
flight  of  steps  leading  from  the 
Piazza  di  Spagna,  or  Spanish 
Square,  in  Rome,  to  the  church 
of  Trinita  de’  Monti  on  the  Pin- 
cian  Hill. 

4®  ‘ “Behind  the  fountain  [in  the 
Piazza  di  Spagna]  rises  a flight  of  stone 
stairs.  They  are  as  broad  as  a street, 
and  as  high  as  the  neighboring  houses. 
It  is  the  so-called  Spanish  Stairs,  which 
lead  to  the  French  cloister  for  nuns,  to 
the  French  Academy,  as  well  as  to  the 
finest  and  most  frequented  promenades. 
These  stairs  once  bore  a disreputable 
name  on  account  of  the  midnight  as- 
saults that  took  place  there.  During 
the  day,  this  place  swarms  with  beg- 
gars with  withered  limbs;  some  hop 
like  frogs,  using  their  hands  to  spring 
on;  others  lie  down  at  full  length  and 
show  their  decrepit  limbs.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen . 

Spasimo,  Lo.  [The  spasm,  or  con- 
vulsion.] A not  unfrequent  sub- 
ject of  representation  by  the 
mediaeval  painters,  in  which  is 
exhibited  the  affliction  of  Mary 
as  she  witnessed  the  sorrowful 
procession  to  Calvary,  and  her 
divine  Son  sinking  under  the 
weight  of  the  cross.  The  most 
celebrated  of  these  compositions 
is  the  well-known  picture  entitled 
Lo  Spasimo  di  Sicilia.  [See  in- 

fra.] 

Spasimo  di  Sicilia.  A celebrated 
altar-picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  the  afflic- 
tion [ spasimo , spasm,  or  convul- 
sion] of  Mary  at  the  moment  when 
Christ  is  sinking  under  the  weight 
of  the  cross.  This  picture  derives 
its  name  from  the  circumstance 
that  it  was  originally  painted  for 
the  altar  of  the  convent-church 
of  Santa  Maria  dello  Spasimo,  at 
Palermo,  Sicity.  The  composi- 


tion of  this  picture  is  believed  to 
have  been  imitated  from  Albert 
Diirer.  It  is  now  in  the  gallery 
of  Madrid,  Spain. 

4®"  “ The  veneration  at  all  times 
entertained  for  this  picture  was  proba- 
bly enhanced  by  a remarkable  fact  in 
its  history.  Raphael  painted  it  towards 
the  close  of  the  year  1517 ; and  when 
finished,  it  was  embarked  at  the  port 
of  Ostia,  to  be  consigned  to  Palermo. 
A storm  came  on,  the  vessel  foundered 
at  sea,  and  all  was  lost  except  the  case 
containing  this  picture,  which  was 
floated  by  the  currents  into  the  Bay  of 
Genoa,  and  on  being  landed  the  won- 
drous masterpiece  of  art  was  taken  out 
unhurt.  The  Genoese  at  first  refused 
to  give  it  up,  insisting  that  it  had  been 
preserved  and  floated  to  their  shores  by 
the  miraculous  interposition  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  herself;  and  it  required 
a positive  mandate  from  the  Pope  be- 
fore they  would  restore  it  to  the  Olive- 
tan  fathers.” 

Passavant’s  Rafael , referred  to  by 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Spectre  of  the  Brocken.  A sin- 
gular optical  phenomenon  which 
is  occasionally  seen  at  sunrise  or 
sunset  from  the  summit  of  the 
Brocken  (or  Blocksberg,  Mons 
Bructerus ),  the  highest  of  the 
Harz  Mountains,  in  Prussian  Sax- 
ony. It  consists  of  a gigantic 
projection  of  the  observer,  or  ob- 
servers, upon  misty  clouds  which 
rise  out  of  the  valley  on  the  side 
of  the  mountain  opposite  to  the 
sun.  The  apparition,  which  is 
commonly  seen  eight  or  nine 
times  during  the  year,  was  for- 
merly looked  upon  with  supersti- 
tious awe. 

4®=  “ Among  the  various  legends 
current  in  that  wild  country,  there  is  a 
favorite  one,  which  supposes  the  Ilartz 
to  be  haunted  with  a kind  of  tutelar 
demon,  in  the  shape  of  a wild  man,  of 
huge  stature,  his  head  wreathed  with 
oak-leaves,  and  his  middle  cinctured 
with  the  same,  bearing  in  his  hand  a 
pine  torn  up  by  the  roots.  It  is  certain 
that  many  profess  to  have  seen  such  a 
form,  traversing  with  huge  strides,  in 
a line  parallel  to  their  own  course,  the 
opposite  ridge  of  a mountain,  -when  di- 
vided from  it  by  a narrow  glen;  and, 
indeed,  the  fact  of  the  apparition  is  so 
generally  admitted,  that  modern  scep- 
ticism has  only  found  refuge  by  ascrib- 
ing it  to  optical  deception.” 

Sir  Walter  Scott 


SPE 


492 


SPH 


/gif*  “ The  cause  is  very  simple.  It 
is  always  seen  at  sunrise,  when  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Brocken  is  free  from 
clouds,  and  at  the  same  time  the  mist 
rises  from  the  valley  on  the  opposite 
side.  The  shadow  of  every  thing  on 
the  Brocken  is  then  thrown  in  grand 
proportions  upon  the  mist,  and  is  seen 
surrounded  with  a luminous  halo.  It  is 
somewhat  singular  that  such  a spectacle 
can  be  seen  upon  the  Brocken  alone, 
but  this  is  probably  accounted  for  by 
the  formation  of  the  mountain,  which 
collects  the  mist  at  just  such  a distance 
from  the  summit  as  to  render  the  shad- 
ow visible.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

tikST  “ If  the  fog  is  very  dry,  you  see 
not  only  yourself  but  your  neighbor; 
if  very  damp,  only  yourself,  surrounded 
by  a rainbow-colored  glory,  which  be- 
comes more  lustrous  and  beautiful  the 
damper  and  thicker  the  fog  is,  and  the 
nearer  it  approaches.”  Howitt. 

Spectre  of  the  Rigi.  An  atmos- 
pheric phenomenon  observed  on 
the  summit  of  the  Rigi  in  Switz- 
erland, and  similar  to  the  spectre 
of  the  Brocken  in  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains. It  is  simply  a magnified 
shadow  of  objects  projected  upon 
a wall  of  mist. 

Speedwell,  The.  One  of  the  two 
vessels  in  which  the  Pilgrims  em- 
barked at  Southampton  for  Amer- 
ica in  1620.  Soon  after  leaving 
port,  the  Speedwell  was  declared 
unseaworthy,  and  the  two  vessels 
put  back  into  the  port  of  Plym- 
outh. Here  the  company  was 
divided;  and  those  regarded  as 
most  desirable  for  colonists  went 
on  board  the  Mayflower , which 
proceeded  on  the  voyage  alone. 
Before  the  Speedwell' s anchor  swung, 

Ere  yet  the  Mayflower’s  sail  was  spread, 
While  round  his  feet  the  Pilgrims  clung, 
The  pastor  spake,  and  thus  he  said  : — 
Holmes. 

Speyer  Cathedral.  A noble  church 
structure  in  Speyer,  or  Spires, 
Germany.  It  contains  the  tombs 
of  many  German  emperors. 

“ Although  the  cathedral  of 
Spires  cannot  boast  of  the  elegance  and 
finish  of  that  of  Worms,  it  is  perhaps, 
taken  as  a whole,  the  finest  specimen 
in  Europe  of  a bold  and  simple  build- 
ing conceived,  if  the  expression  may  be 
used,  in  a truly  Doric  spirit.  . . . There 
is  a simple  grandeur  about  this  build- 
ing which  gives  a value  to  the  dimen- 
sions unknown  in  later  times,  and  it 
may  be  questioned  if  ‘here  is  any  other 


mediaeval  church  which  impresses  the 
spectator  more  by  its  appearance  of 
size  than  this.”  Fergusson. 

Sphinx,  The.  This  ancient  and 
unique  monument  near  Cairo,  in 
Egypt,  was  supposed  to  have  been 
cut  out  from  the  solid  rock  in  the 
reign  of  Thothmes  III.  or  IV. ; but 
the  researches  of  M.  Mariette 
have  shown  that  the  Sphinx  is 
anterior  to  Cheops — of  even 
greater  antiquity  than  the  Pyra- 
mids. According  to  Pliny  it  was 
143  feet  in  length,  and  the  circum- 
ference of  its  head  round  the 
forehead  was  102  feet,  and  the 
paws  extended  50  feet.  Tablets 
and  an  altar  were  found  between 
the  paws;  and  other  evidences 
show  that  processions  passed  up 
to  this  altar  and  offered  sacrifices, 
from  which  it  is  evident  that  the 
Sphinx  (which  was  an  imaginary 
animal  often  found  as  the  emblem 
of  royalty  in  the  Pharaonic  re- 
mains) was  deified  by  the  Egyp- 
tians, and  worshipped  as  the  Sun. 
Only  the  head,  shoulders,  and 
back  can  now  be  seen,  the  rest 
being  buried  in  the  sand.  It  has 
been  called,  with  its  half-human, 
half-animal  form,  “the  best  wel- 
come, and  the  best  farewell,  to 
the  history  and  religion  of 
Egypt.”  We  can  only  wonder 
what  it  must  have  been  “ when,” 
says  Dean  Stanley,  “on  its  head 
there  was  the  royal  helmet  of 
Egypt;  on  its  chin  the  royal 
beard;  when  the  stone  pavement 
by  which  men  approached  the 
Pyramids  ran  up  between  its 
paws;  when  immediately  under 
its  heart  an  altar  stood,  from 
which  the  smoke  went  up  into 
the  gigantic  nostrils  of  that  nose, 
now  vanished  from  the  face,  never 
to  be  conceived  again!  ” The 
Sphinx  y£)  of  Greek  and  Ro- 
man mythology  was  a famous 
monster  described  as  having  the 
head  of  a woman,  the  body  of  a 
lion  or  of  a dog,  the  paws  of  a 
lion,  and  sometimes  as  having 
also  the  wings  of  a bird.  The 
Sphinx  proposed  this  riddle  to 
travellers:  “ What  animal  walks 
on  four  legs  in  the  morning,  on 
two  at  noon,  and  on  three  at 


SPH 


493 


SPI 


night?  ” As  those  who  could  not 
solve  this  question  were  torn  in 
pieces,  the  Sphinx  became  a very 
uncomfortable  monster;  and  King 
Creon  offered  his  crown  and  his 
daughter  Jocasta  to  any  one  who 
should  solve  the  riddle.  CEdipus 
accomplished  the  feat  by  explain- 
ing that  it  was  man,  who  creeps 
on  all  fours  when  an  infant,  walks 
on  two  feet  when  a man,  and  uses 
a stick  (for  a third  foot)  when  old. 
The  Sphinx  then  destroyed  her- 
self. 

4SP*  “ One  of  our  party  said,  on  our 
arrival  [at  the  Pyramids],  ‘When  we 
were  passing  the  Sphinx’-—  ‘ Oh,  the 
Sphinx  ! ’ cried  1,  ‘ you  don’t  mean  that 
you  have  seen  the  Sphinx ! ’ To  be 
sure  they  had;  and  they  insisted  on  it 
that  I had  too,  — that  I must  have  seen 
it,  — could  not  have  missed  it.  I was 
utterly  bewildered.  It  was  strange 
enough  to  have  forgotten  it ; but  not  to 
have  seen  it  was  inexplicable.  How- 
ever, on  visiting  it  later  in  the  day  I 
found  I had  seen  it.  Being  intent  on 
the  Pyramid  before  me,  I had  taken  the 
Sphinx  for  a capriciously-formed  rock, 
like  so  many  that  we  had  passed  — for- 
getting that  I should  not  meet  with 
limestone  at  Geezeh.  I rather  doubt 
whether  any  traveller  would  take  the 
Sphinx  for  any  thing  but  a rock  unless 
he  was  looking  for  it,  or  had  his  eye 
caught  by  some  casual  light.  . . . How 
I was  half  afraid  of  it.  The  full,  se- 
rene gaze  of  its  round  face,  rendered 
ugly  by  the  loss  of  the  nose,  which  was 
a,  very  handsome  feature  of  the  old 
Egyptian  face,  — this  full  gaze,  and  the 
stony  calm  of  its  attitude,  almost  turn 
one  to  stone.  So  life-like,  — so  huge, 
so  monstrous,  — it  is  really  a fearful 
spectacle.  I saw  a man  sitting  in  a fold 
of  the  neck,  — as  a fly  might  settle  on 
a horse’s  mane.  In  that  crease  he  re- 
posed, while  far  over  his  head  extended 
the  vast  pent-house  of  the  jaw ; and 
above  that  the  dressed  hair  on  either 
side  the  face,  — each  bunch  a mass  of 
stone  which  might  crush  a dwelling- 
house.  . . . Fancy  the  long,  well- 
opened  eyes,  in  such  proportion  as  this, 
— eyes  which  have  gazed  unwinking 
into  vacancy,  while  mighty  Pharaohs, 
and  Hebrew  law-givers,  and  Persian 
princes,  and  Greek  philosophers,  and 
Antony  with  Cleopatra  by  his  side, 
and  Christian  anchorites,  and  Arab 
warriors,  and  European  men  of  sci- 
ence, have  been  brought  hither  in  suc- 
cession by  the  unpausing  ages  to  look 
up  into  those  eyes,  — so  full  of  mean- 
ing, though  so  fixed ! ” 

Miss  Mar  tine  au. 


43T  “ The  face  is  (supposing  the 
nose  restored)  much  like  the  Berber 
countenance.  The  long  mild  eye,  the 
thick  but  not  protuberant  lips,  and  the 
projecting  jaw;  with  the  intelligent, 
gentle  expression  of  the  whole  face, 
are  very  like  what  one  sees  in  Nubia  at 
every  village.”  Miss  Martineau. 

4®=“  Comely  the  creature  is,  but 
the  comeliness  is  not  of  this  world: 
the  once  worshipped  beast  is  a deform- 
ity and  a monster  to  this  generation, 
and  yet  you  can  see  that  those  lips  so 
thick  and  heavy  were  fashioned  ac- 
cording to  some  ancient  mould  of 
beauty.”  A.  W.  Kinglake. 

Everywhere  greatness  and  littleness 
seemed  so  inexplicably  blended:  Na- 

ture, like  the  Sphinx,  her  emblem,  with 
her  fair  woman’s  face  and  neck,  showed 
also  the  claws  of  a Lioness,  Carlyle. 

This  human  mind  wrote  history,  and 
this  must  read  it.  The  Sphinx  must  solve 
her  own  riddle.  Emerson. 

The  Sphinx  is  drowsy, 

Her  wings  are  furled; 

Her  ear  is  heavy, 

She  broods  on  the  world. 

“ Who’ll  tell  me  my  secret, 

The  ages  have  kept?  — 

I awaited  the  seer, 

While  they  slumbered  and  slept.” 
Emerson. 

And  she  — 

Colossal  Woman,  couchant  in  the  sands, 
Who  has  a lion’s  body,  paws  for  hands, 
(If  she  was  wingdd,  like  the  Theban  one, 

The  wide-spread  wings  are  gone :) 
Nations  have  fallen  round  her,  but  she 
stands; 

Dynasties  came  and  went,  but  she  went 
not ; 

She  saw  the  Pharaohs  and  the  Shepherd 
Kings, 

Chariots  and  horsemen  in  their  dread  ar- 
ray, — 

Cambyses,  Alexander,  Antony, 

The  hosts  of  standards,  and  the  eagle 
wings, 

Whom,  to  her  ruinous  sorrow,  Egypt 
drew: 

She  saw,  and  she  forgot. 

R.  II.  Stoddard. 

Behold ! 

The  Sphinx  is  Africa.  The  bond 
Of  silence  is  upon  her. 

Joaquin  Miller. 

Spielberg.  A famous  castle,  for- 
merly the  citadel  of  Briinu,  the 
capital  of  Moravia,  hut  now  a 
prison.  It  is  noted  as  the  prison 
of  Silvio  Pellico  (1789-1854),  who 
was  arrested  in  October,  1820,  as 
a member  of  the  Carbonari,  and 
in  1822  was  sentenced  to  15  years 
of  imprisonment  ( carcere  dura), 
and  was  confined  here  until  Au- 
gust, 1830.  His  well-known  nar- 


SPI 


494 


STA 


rative  “ Mie  Prigioni  ” (My  Pris- 
ons) tells  the  story  of  his  impris- 
onments. 

And,  such  proved  possible,  thy  throne  to 
me 

Shall  seem  as  holy  a place  as  Pellico’s 
'Venetian  dungeon  ; or  as  Spielberg's 
grate, 

Where  the  fair  Lombard  woman  hung 
the  rose 

Of  her  sweet  soul,  by  its  own  dewy 
weight, 

(Because  her  sun  shone  inside  to  the 
close !) 

And  pining  so,  died  early,  yet  too  late 
For  what  she  suffered  ! 

Mrs.  Browning. 

Safe  now  is  Spielbetffs  dungeon  cell, 

Safe  drear  Siberia’s  frozen  liell: 

With  Slavery’s  flag  o’er  both  unrolled, 
What  of  the  New  World  fears  the  Old  ? 

Whither. 

No  prisoner  in  Spielberg  was  ever  more 
cautiously  deprived  of  writing  materials. 

Lowell. 

Spitalfields.  A district  in  Lon- 
don, formerly  belonging  to  the 
Priory  of  St.  Mary  Spital,  now 
thickly  settled  by  weavers. 

“ Spittlefields  and  the  parts  ad- 
joining became  a great  harbor  for  poor 
Protestant  strangers,  Walloons  and 
French,  who,  as  in  former  days,  so  of 
late,  have  been  found  to  become  exiles 
from  their  own  country  for  their  reli- 
gion, and  for  the  avoiding  cruel  perse- 
cution. Here  they  found  quiet  and 
security,  and  settled  themselves  in 
their  several  trades  and  occupations, 
weavers  especially.”  Stow. 

Cromwell,  Blake,  Marlborough,  Chat- 
ham, Nelson,  and  Wellington  are  not  to 
be  trifled  with ; and  the  brutal  strength 
which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  society,  the 
animal  ferocity  of  the  quays  and  cockpits, 
the  bullies  of  the  costermongers  of  Shore- 
ditch , Seven  Dials,  and  Spitalfields,  they 
know  how  to  wake  up.  Emerson. 

’Twas  August;  and  the  fierce  sun  over- 
head 

Smote  on  the  squalid  streets  of  Bethnal 
Green, 

And  the  pale  weaver,  through  his  win- 
dows seen 

In  Spitalfields , looked  thrice  dispirited. 

Matthew  Arnold. 

Sposalizio,  Lo.  [The  Marriage.] 
A familiar  subject  of  representa- 
tion by  the  great  painters  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  in  connection  with 
both  the  Virgin  and  Joseph,  and 
with  St.  Catherine  and  the  Sav- 
iour. See  Marriage  of  the  Vir- 
gin and  Marriage  of  St.  Cath- 
erine, also  Marriage  at  Cana. 

Spring  Garden.  A region  in  St. 
James’s  Park,  London,  formerly 


noted  for  its  sights  and  amuse- 
ments. The  name  was  also  ap- 
plied to  other  public  gardens. 
Vavxhall  was  once  called  by  this 
name. 

In  the  company  of  that  charming  guide 
[the  ‘'Spectator”  and  lk  Tatler  ”]  . . . 
we  can  take  boat  at  Temple  Stairs,  and 
accompany  Sir  Roger  de  Coverity  and 
Mr.  Spectator  to  Spring  Garden. 

Thacleray. 

Spring  Grove.  A well-known  and 
beautiful  cemetery  three  miles 
from  Cincinnati,  O.,  approached 
by  a fine  avenue.  The  cemetery 
comprises  about  450  acres.  It 
was  established  in  1845. 

Springfield  Arsenal.  A large 
building  in  Springfield,  Mass., 
belonging  to  the  United  States, 
in  which  some  175,000  stand  of 
arms  are  stored. 

This  is  the  Arsenal.  From  floor  to  ceil- 
ing, 

Like  a huge  organ  rise  the  burnished 
arms ; 

But  from  their  silent  pipes  no  anthem 
pealing 

Startles  the  villages  with  strange  alarms. 

Longfellow. 

Squire’s.  A coffee-house  in  Lon- 
don, near  Gray’s  Inn,  which  was 
so  named  from  one  Squire,  by 
whom  it  was  kept,  and  who  died, 
in  1717.  Sir  Roger  de  Cover- 
ley  and  the  “Spectator”  visited 
Squire’s. 

Staalhof.  See  Trustees  of  the 
Staalhof. 

Staffa  Madonna.  A Holy  Family 
by  Raphael  (1483-1520),  and  one 
of  his  earliest  paintings.  In  the 
Palazzo  Connestabile  in  Perugia, 
Italy. 

Stafford  Gallery.  See  Bridge- 
water  House. 

Stafford  House.  The  city  resi- 
dence of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
in  St.  James’s  Park,  London, 
called  the  finest  private  mansion 
in  the  city.  It  contains  a fine 
collection  of  pictures  known  as 
the  Sutherland  Gallery. 

Why  is  it  that  the  virtue  of  Exeter  Hall 
and  Stafford  House  can  tolerate  this  fact 
[the  contempt  of  the. native  population  by 
the  British  in  India],  without  a blush,  yet 
condemn  with  pliaiisaic  zeal  the  social 
inequality  of  the  negro  and  the  white 
races  in  America  ? Bayard  Taylor. 


STA 


495 


STA 


Stag  Hunt.  A picture  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640).  ' In  the 
Museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia.  See 
also  Hunted  Stag. 

Stahleek.  An  ancient  feudal  fort- 
ress now  in  ruins  near  Bacharach 
on  the  Rhine.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  Electors 
Palatine. 

Staircase,  Holy.  See  Santa  Scala. 

Stampede,  The.  A well-known 
picture  by  Rosa  Bonheur(b.  1822), 
the  French . painter  of  animals. 
It  has  been  reproduced. 

Standard,  Battle  of  the.  See 

Battle  of  the  Standard. 

Standing  Stones  of  Stennis.  An 
ancient  and  curious  monument 
in  the  Orkneys,  consisting  of  two 
circles  of  erect  stones,  with  a few 
lying  prostrate. 

4®"  “ They  are  thought  to  be  of  pre- 
Scandinavian  or  of  Celtic  origin.  They 
were  erected  over  900  years  ago,  and, 
as  Pagan  relics,  are  second,  in  Great 
Britain,  only  to  the  celebrated  Stone- 
henge, near  Salisbury.” 

J.  F.  Ilunnewell. 

Stannaries.  The  name  given  to 
the  districts  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon,  in  which  the  tin-mines 
are  situated  (Lat.  stannum,  tin). 
The  miners  enjoy  certain  privi- 
leges of  suing  and  being  sued 
only  in  their  own  courts. 

Stanza  d’Eliodoro  [of  Heliodorus]. 
See  Stanze  of  Raphael. 

Stanza  del  Incendio.  One  of  the 
four  rooms  in  the  Vatican  at 
Rome,  known  as  the  Stanze  of 
Raphael,  because  decorated  with 
paintings  by  that  artist. 

Stanza  delle  Maschere.  A small 
apartment  in  the  Vatican,  Rome, 
so  called  from  the  masks  ( Mas- 
chere) which  form  the  subject  of 
the  mosaic  on  the  floor. 

4®=  “ In  an  adjoining  room,  the  rich- 
ness, beauty,  and  delicacy  of  which 
almost  transport  us  into  the  fabled 
regions  of  enchantment,  supported  by 
columns  and  pilasters  of  transparent 
alabaster,  adorned  with  ancient  bassi- 
relievi  of  exquisite  sculpture,  and 
floored  with  the  bright  pictured  mo- 


saics of  imperial  palaces  — in  this  beau* 
tiful  chamber  are  arranged  in  marble 
niches  the  famous  Ganymede,  perhaps 
the  finest  extant,  the  crouching  Venus, 
the  Faun  of  Hadrian’s  villa,  a beautiful 
Bacchante,  etc.  . . . This  beautiful 
apartment  is  called  the  Stanza  delle 
Maschere,”  Eaton* 

Stanza  della  Segnatura.  See 

Stanze  of  Raphael. 

Stanze  of  Raphael.  [Stanza, 
room.]  The  name  given  to  four 
rooms  in  the  palace  of  the  Vati- 
can at  Rome,  decorated  with 
frescos  by  Raphael.  They  are 
called,  respectively,  the  Stanza 
della  Segnatura,  from  a judicial 
assembly  once  held  here;  the 
Stanza  of  the  Incendio  del  Bor  go, 
from  a picture  of  the  fire  in  the 
Leonine  City  in  847 ; the  Stanza 
d’ Eliodoro , from  a picture  of  He- 
liodorus driven  from  the  Temple  ; 
and  the  Sola  di  Constantino,  or 
Hall  of  Constantine. 

4®"  “You  return  and  make  your 
first  circuit  of  the  four  celebrated 
Stanze  of  Raphael.  These  were  the 
apartments  of  Julius  II.:  here  the 
Pope  transacted  business,  and  in  one  of 
them  signed  his  briefs.  The  painter 
here  is  secondary : the  apartment  was 
not  made  for  his  work,  but  it  for  the 
apartment.”  Taine,  Trans. 

Staple  Inn.  One  of  the  Inns  of 
Chancery,  London.  It  became 
such  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 

4®"  “ Behind  the  most  ancient  part 
of  Holborn  . . . is  a little  nook  com- 
posed of  two  irregular  quadrangles 
called  Staple  Inn.  It  is  one  of  those 
nooks,  the  turning  into  which  out  of 
the  clashing  street  imparts  to  the  re- 
lieved pedestrian  the  sensation  of  hav- 
ing put  cotton  in  his  ears,  and  velvet 
soles  on  his  boots.”  Dickens. 

4®"  “ I went  astray  in  Holborn 
through  an  arched  entrance  over  which 
was  ‘ Staple  Inn ,’  and  here  likewise 
seemed  to  be  offices;  but  in  a court 
opening  inwards  from  this,  there  was  a 
surrounding  seclusion  of  quiet  dwell- 
ing-houses with  beautiful  green  shrub- 
bery and  grass  plots.  . . . There  was 
not  a quieter  spot  in  England  than  this, 
and  it  was  very  strange  to  have  drifted 
into  it  so  suddenly  out  of  the  bustle 
and  rumble  of  Holborn.”  Hawthorne. 

Star  and  Garter.  An  old  tavern 
in  Pall  Mall,  London.  It  is  no 
longer  standing.  The  Literary 


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496 


STA 


Club  held  meetings  here.  In  a 
room  of  this  tavern  was  fought, 
in  1765,  the  duel  between  Lord 
Byron  (not  the  poet)  and  Mr. 
Chawortli,  which  resulted  in  the 
death  of  the  latter.  The  first 
cricket-club  was  formed  here  in 
1774. 

Confess  how  many  times  you  have  read 
B^ranger,  and  how  many  JMilton  f If  you 
go  to  the  Star  and  Garter , don’t  you  grow 
sick  of  that  vast,  luscious  landscape,  and 
long  for  the  sight  of  a couple  of  cows,  or  a 
donkey,  and  a few  yards  of  common  V 

Thackeray. 

Star  Chamber.  The  council- 
chamber  of  the  Old  Palace  at 
Westminster,  London,  “in  which 
the  king  sat  in  extraordinary 
cases,”  built  by  Henry  Vlli. 
The  last  buildings  used  for  this 
purpose  were  taken  down  in  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century. 
This  chamber  was  so  called  from 
the  stars  upon  the  ceiling.  Here 
was  the  court  where  could  be  in- 
flicted every  punishment  but 
death. 

These  poor  men  [the  Puritans],  driven 
out  of  their  own  country,  not  able  well  to 
live  in  Holland,  determine  on  settling  in 
the  New  World,  Black  untamed  forests 
are  there,  and  wild  savage  creatures ; but 
not  so  cruel  as  Star-chamber  hangmen. 

Carlyle . 

Shallow.  Sir  Hugh,  persuade  me  not; 
I will  make  a Star-chamber  matter  of  it : 
If  he  were  twenty  sir  John  Falstaffs,  he 
shall  not  abuse  Robert  Shallow,  esquire. 

Shakespeare. 

Here  in  England,  in  those  days,  earthly 
masters  were  still  apt  to  put  their  heels  on 
the  necks  of  men.  The  Star  Chamber 
was  gone,  but  Jeffreys  had  not  yet  reigned. 

Anthony  Trollope. 

Star  Chamber.  A famous  apart- 
ment in  the  -Mammoth  Cave, 
Kentucky.  It  is  a magnificent 
hall,  with  arched  sides  and  a flat 
roof.  The  latter  is  of  a dark  hue, 
and  is  relieved  by  brilliant  sub- 
stances resembling  stars,  which, 
when  illuminated  by  Bengal 
lights,  produce  a wonderful  effect. 

Star  of  Empire.  A picture  by 
Emmanuel  Leutze  (1816-1868).  In 
the  Botunda  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington. 

Star  of  the  South.  A celebrated 
diamond  found  by  a negro  in 
Brazil  in  1853.  It  originally 


weighed  254 \ carats,  but  by  cut- 
ting this  weight  has  been  re- 
duced to  125  carats. 

Star  of  the  West.  A vessel  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States.  At 
the  close  of  1860,  while  engaged 
in  taking  supplies  to  the  garrison 
in  Fort  Sumter  in  the  harbor  of 
Charleston,  S.C.,  she  was  fired 
upon  by  the  insurgents  who  were 
preparing  to  attack  the  fort. 

Starkenburg.  A ruined  castle  be- 
tween Darmstadt  and  Heidel- 
berg, Germany. 

State  Coach.  See  Coronation 

Coach. 

State  House  Row.  A line  of  an- 
cient buildings  in  Philadelphia, 
Penn.,  the  central  one  of  which 
is  Independence  Hall.  They  are 
now  used  for  municipal  purposes. 
See  Independence  Hall. 

State  Street.  1.  The  chief  busi- 
ness street  in  Boston,  Mass,  , in  or 
near  which  is  the  centre  of  the 
banking  and  moneyed  interests 
of  the  city  and  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

Thus  a king  or  a general  does  not 
need  a fine  coat,  and  a commanding 
person  may  save  himself  all  solicitude  on 
that  point.  There  are  always  slovens  in 
State  Street  or  Wall  Street,  who  are  not 
les- considered.  If  a man  have  manners 
and  talent  he  may  dress  roughly  and  care- 
lessly. Emerson. 

2.  A main  thoroughfare  in  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  called  the  “ Broadway” 
of  the  city. 

Stationers’  Hall.  A building  in 
London  belonging  to  the  Compa- 
ny of  Stationers,  one  of  the  an- 
cient city  guilds.  It  existed  as  a 
fraternity  long  before  the  intro- 
duction "of  printing.  The  privi- 
lege was  granted  them  by  James 
I.,  in  1603,  of  the  sole  printing  of 
“ Prymers,  Psalters  and  Psalms, 
as  well  as  Almanacks,  and  prog- 
nostications and  the  Latin  books 
used  in  the  grammar  schools.” 
The  proprietor  of  every  published 
work  is  required  to  register  bis 
claim  in  the  books  of  the  Sta- 
tioners’ Company,  before  any 


STA 


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STO 


legal  proceeding  can  take  place. 
From  early  times  the  Stationers’ 
Company  has  been  celebrated  for 
it  sumptuous  state,  and  its  at- 
tendance upon  the  Lord  Mayor’s 
shows.  In  the  Hall,  on  Alma- 
nack Day,  in  November,  are  pub- 
lished the  Almanacks  printed  for 
the  Company,  which  still  con- 
tain astrological  predictions. 

Wliat  does  it  signify  whether  a poor 
dear  dead  dunce  is  to  be  stuck  up  in  Sur- 
geons’or  in  Stationers ’ Hall ? Is  it  so 
bad  to  unearth  his  bones  as  his  blunders  ? 

Byron. 

Statue.  For  statues,  etc.,  see 
the  proper  name  following;  e.g., 
Statue  of  Marcus  Aurelius, 
see  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Staubbach.  [Stream  of  Dust.]  A 
famous  waterfall  at  Lauterbrun- 
nen,  Switzerland,  one  of  the  lof- 
tiest in  Europe. 

4@=-  “ It  [the  Staubbach ] is  neither 
mist  nor  water,  but  a something  be- 
tween both;  its  immense  height  gives 
it  a wave  or  curve,  — a spreading  here 
or  condension  there,  — wonderful  and 
indescribable.  The  torrent  is  in  shape 
like  the  tail  of  a white  horse  streaming 
in  the  wind,  — such  as  it  might  be  con- 
ceived would  be  that  of  the  * pale 
horse  ’ on  which  Death  is  mounted  in 
the  Apocalypse.”  Lord  Byron. 

Staunton  Harold.  The  seat  of 
Earl  Ferrers,  in  the  county  of 
Leicester,  England. 

Stein.  An  ancient  Austrian  castle 
and  stronghold,  now  in  ruins, 
near  Baden,  Switzerland. 

Stennis,  Standing  Stones  of.  See 

Standing  Stones  of  Stennis. 

Stephen.  See  St.  Stephen,  Mar- 
tyrdom of  St.  Stephen,  and 
Stoning  of  St.  Stephen. 

Stephen’s,  St.  See  St.  Stephen’s. 

Sternberg.  One  of  two  ruined 
castles  on  the  Rhine,  near  Bop- 
part,  both  crowning  the  top  of  a 
high  rock.  The  other  castle  is 
called  the  Liebenstein,  and  the 
two  together  are  known  as  the 
Brothers. 

Stirling  Castle.  This  castle  in 
Stirling,  Scotland,  on  the  summit 
of  a hill  overlooking  the  river 


Forth,  commands  a charming 
view.  The  fortress  has  been 
identified  with  the  fortunes  of 
Scotland,  having  repeatedly  fall- 
en into  the  hands  of  the  English 
and  been  rescued  by  Scottish  her- 
oism. It  has  also  been  a royal 
residence  Its  date  and  origin 
are  unknown. 

J “ This  fortress  is  one  of  the  four 
to  be  kept  always  in  repair,  and  garri- 
soned according  to  the  terms  of  the 
‘ union  ’ of  England  and  Scotland.  . . . 
So  that,  although  antiquated,  and  in- 
deed almost  useless  as  a stronghold 
now,  Stirling  Castle  will  continue  to 
present  a military  aspect.” 

J.  F.  HunnewelL 

4®=*  “ One  could  not  but  think  of  the 
old  days  Scott  has  described. 

* The  castle  gates  were  open  flung, 

The  quivering  drawbridge  recked  and 
rung, 

And  echoed  loud  the  flint}'  street, 
Beneath  the  coursers’  clattering  feet, 

As  slowly  down  the  steep  descent 
Fair  Scotland’s  king  and  nobles  went, 
While  all  along  the  crowded  way, 

Was  jubilee  and  loud  huzza.’ 

“ The  place  has  been  long  deserted  as 
a palace;  but  it  is  one  of  the  four  fort- 
resses which,  by  the  articles  of  union 
between  Scotland  and  England,  are  al- 
ways to  be  kept  in  repair.” 

Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe. 

I have  been  sinuous  as  the  L;nks  of 
Forth  seen  from  Stirling  Castle,  or  as 
that  other  river  which  threads  the  Berk- 
shire valley,  and  runs,  a perennial  stream, 
through  my  memory.  Holmes. 

From  Stirling  Castle  we  had  seen 
The  mazy  Forth  unravelled; 

Had  trod  the  banks  of  Clyde  and  Tay, 
And  with  the  Tweed  had  travelled. 

Wordsworth. 

Stoa.  A celebrated  porch , or  roofed 
colonnade,  in  ancient  Athens,  in 
which  the  philosopher  Zeno  and 
his  successors  taught.  From 
this  place  the  disciples  of  Zeno 
derived  their  name  of  Stoics. 
[Also  called  the  Forch.\ 

But.  above  all,  the  mysticism  of  Fichte 
might  astonish  us.  The  cold,  colossal,  ada- 
mantine spirit,  standing  erect  and  clear, 
like  a Cato  Major  among  degenerate  men  : 
fit  to  have'  been  the  teacher  of  the  Stoa , 
and  to  have  discoursed  of  Beauty  and 
Virtue  m the  groves  of  Academe  ! Carlyle. 

Stoke  Park.  The  seat  of  Lord 
Taunton,  about  17  miles  from 
London. 


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498 


STO 


40^  “ The  house  is  large,  but  not. 
very  good-looking  outside.  Inside, 
however,  it  is  fine  and  filled  with  fine 
works  of  art,  ancient  and  recent,  among 
them  the  last  four  bas-reliefs  by  Thor- 
waldsen.  ...  Of  course  I was  taken  to 
see  the  Old  Manor-house,  the  scene  of 
Gray’s  ‘ Long  Story,’  that  begins,  ‘ In 
Briton’s  Isle  and  Arthur’s  days.’  It  is 
well  cared  for,  and  is  an  excellent  speci- 
men of  the  Elizabethan  style.  The 
church,  too,  and  above  all  the  church- 
yard, which  gave  the  world  the  undying 
Elegy.  They  are  most  poetical  places ; 
the  architecture,  the  position,  and  the 
plantations  being  just  what  you  would 
like  to  have  them,  and  treated  with  the 
respect  they  deserve.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Stolzenfels.  This  is  a royal  cas- 
tle on  the  hanks  of  the  Rhine, 
three  miles  above  Coblenz,  the 
highest  point  of  which  is  410  feet 
above  the  river.  It  was  in  the 
Middle  Ages  a residence  of  the 
archbishops;  but  in  1688  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  French, 
and  was  nearly  destroyed.  Dur- 
ing this  century  it  has  been  en- 
tirely restored.  The  view  from 
the  castle  is  exquisitely  lovely, 
and  scarcely  surpassed  by  any 
on  the  Rhine. 

Stone  of  Destiny.  See  Stone  of 
Scone. 

Stone  of  San.  A famous  trilingual 
stone,  discovered  at  San  (Tanis), 
and  now  preserved  in  the  Muse- 
um of  Egyptian  Antiquities  at 
Cairo,  Egypt.  It  is  known  to 
English  students  of  Egyptian  an- 
tiquities as  the  Decree  of  Cano- 
pus. The  French  call  it  La  Pierre 
de  San.  It  bears  the  inscription 
in  three  characters,  Greek,  hiero- 
glyphic, and  demotic,  of  a de- 
cree issued  by  the  Egyptian 
priests  at  Canopus  in  the  ninth 
year  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes  (254 
B.C.).  There  is  a plaster  cast  of 
this  monument  in  the  British 
Museum,  London. 

Stone  of  Scone.  On  this  stone, 
of  legendary  fame,  which  is  now 
enclosed  within  the  older  of  the 
two  Coronation  Chairs  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  the  Scottish 
kings  had  for  ages  been  crowned. 
The  “ Fatal  ” or  “Prophetic” 


Stone  of  Scone,  so  called  from 
the  Scottish  belief  that  the  power 
of  the  nation  would  decline  if 
the  stone  were  lost,  was  brought 
from  the  Abbey  of  Scone  by  Ed- 
ward I.,  and  by  him  placed  in 
Westminster  Abbey  and  enclosed 
in  a wooden  chair.  At  an  earlier 
date  it  had  been  transferred  from 
Ireland  to  the  Abbey  of  Scone. 
It  was  also  called  Jacob’s  Pillow, 
from  the  legend  that  it  was  the 
pillow  upon  which  the  patriarch 
slept  when  he  beheld  the  vision 
of  the  ladder  reaching  to  heaven. 
See  Coronation  Chair. 

4®=*  “ The  legends  of  the  old  his- 
torians inform  us  that  this  is  the  very 
stone  on  which  the  patriarch  Jacob 
laid  his  head  in  the  plain  of  Luz ; that 
it  was  brought  from  Egypt  into  Spain 
by  Gathelus,  the  supposed  founder  of 
the  Scottish  nation  ; that  it  was  thence 
transported  into  Ireland.”  Taylor . 

Ni  fallit  fatum,  Scoti  quocunque  locatum 
Invenient  lapidem,  regnare  tenentur 
ibidem. 

In  the  Minster  of  Scone,  within  Scotlad 
grond, 

Sittyng  upon  the  regal  stone  full  found. 
As  all  the  Kynges  there  used  had  afore, 
On  Sainct  Andrewes  day,  with  al  joye 
therefore. 

Stonehenge.  A famous  monu- 
ment of  antiquity,  being  probably 
the  remains  of  a Druid  temple, 
though  antiquaries  are  not  fully 
agreed  as  to  its  origin  or  object. 
It  is  situated  in  a plain  near 
Amesbury,  and  about  eight  miles 
from  Salisbury,  England.  It 
consists  of  a number  of  immense 
stones  arranged  in  two  circles, 
with  flat  pieces  partly  connecting 
them  at  the  top. 

“ It  is  evident  that  Stonehenge 
was  at  one  time  a spot  of  great  sanctity. 
A glance  at  the  ordnance  map  will 
show  that  the  tumuli*  cluster  in  great 
numbers  round  and  within  sight  of  it; 
within  a radius  of  three  miles,  there  are 
about  three  hundred  burial-mounds, 
while  the  rest  of  the  country  is  com- 
paratively free  from  them.  If,  then,  we 
could  determine  the  date  of  these  tu- 
muli, we  should  be  justified,  I think,  in 
referring  the  Great  Temple  itself  to  the 
same  period.  . . . Stonehenge,  then, 
may,  1 think,  be  regarded  as  a monu- 
ment of  the  Bronze  age,  though  appar- 
ently it  was  not  all  erected  at  one  time, 
the  inner  circle  of  small  un\yroughti 


STO 


499 


STO 


blue  stones  being  probably  older  than 
the  rest.”  Sir  John  Lubbock. 

4^  “ On  the  broad  downs,  under 
the  gray  sky,  not  a house  was  visible, 
nothing  but  Stonehenge,  which  looked 
like  a group  of  brown  dwarfs  in  the 
wide  expanse,  — Stonehenge  and  the 
barrows  — which  rose  like  green  bosses 
about  the  plain,  and  a few  hayricks. 
On  the  top  of  a mountain  the  old  tem- 
ple would  not  be  more  impressive. 
Far  and  wide  a few  shepherds  with 
their  flocks  sprinkled  the  plain,  and  a 
bagman  drove  along  the  road.  It 
looked  as  if  the  wide  margin  given  in 
this  crowded  isle  to  this  primeval 
temple  were  accorded  by  the  venera- 
tion of  the  British  race  to  the  old  egg 
out  of  which  all  their  ecclesiastical 
structures  and  history  had  proceeded. 
Stonehenge  is  a circular  colonnade, 
with  a diameter  of  a hundred  feet,  and 
enclosing  a second  and  third  colonnade 
within.  We  walked  around  the  stones 
and  clambered  over  them,  to  wont  our- 
selves with  their  strange  aspect  and 
groupings,  and  found  a nook  sheltered 
from  the  wind  among  them  where  C. 
[Carlyle]  lighted  his  cigar.  It  was 
pleasant  to  see  that  just  this  simplest 
of  all  simple  structures  — two  upright 
stones  and  a lintel  laid  across  — had 
long  outstood  all  later  churches,  and 
were  like  what  is  most  permanent  on 
the  face  of  the  planet:  these,  and  the 
barrows  — mere  mounds  (of  which 
there  are  a hundred  and  sixty  within  a 
circle  of  three  miles  about  Stonehenge) 
like  the  same  mound  upon  the  plain 
of  Troy,  which  still  makes  good  to  the 
passing  mariner  on  Hellespont,  the 
vaunt  of  Homer  and  the  fame  of  Achil- 
les. . . . We  counted  and  measured  by 
aces  the  biggest  stones,  and  soon 
new  as  much  as  any  man  can  suddenly 
know  of  the  inscrutable  temple.  There 
are  ninety-four  stones,  and  there  were 
probably  once  one  hundred  and  sixty. 
The  temple  is  circular  and  uncovered, 
and  the  situation  fixed  astronomically 
— the  grand  entrances  here,  and  at 
Abury,  being  placed  exactly  north-east, 
as  all  the  gates  of  the  old  cavern  temples 
are.  . . . The  .chief  mystery  is  that  any 
mystery  should  have  been  allowed  to 
settle  on  so  remarkable  a monument  in 
a country  on  which  all  the  Muses  have 
kept  their  eyes  now  for  eighteen  hun- 
dred years.  We  are  not  yet  to  learn 
much  more  than  is  known  of  this  struc- 
ture.” R.  W.  Emerson. 

Stone  is  laid  on  the  top  of  stone,  just  as 
it  comes  to  hand:  a trowel  or  two  of  bio- 
graphic mortar,  if  perfectly  convenient, 
being  perhaps  spread  in  here  and  there, 
byway  of  cement;  and  so  the  strangest 
pile  suddenly  arises;  amorphous,  pointing 
every  way  but  to  the  zenith,  — here  a 


block  of  granite,  there  a mass  of  pipe-clay; 
till  the  whole  finishes,  when  the  materials 
are  finished.  — and  you  leave  it  standing 
to  posterity,  like  some  miniature  Stone- 
henge,, a perfect  architectural  enigma. 

Curlyle. 

I have,  in  the  abstract,  no  disrespect  for 
Jews.  They  are  a piece  of  stubborn  an- 
tiquity, compared  with  which  Stonehenge 
is  in  its  nonage.  They  date  beyond  the 
pyramids,  * Charles  Lamb. 

Rocks  scattered  about.  — Stonehenge- 
like  monoliths.  Holmes. 

Stones  of  Clava.  An  interesting 
sepulchral  monument  of  antiqui- 
ty, and  one  of  the  most  extensive 
remains  of  the  kind  in  Britain, 
near  Culloden,  Scotland.  It  con- 
sists of  a circle  of  stones  sur- 
rounding a line  of  cairns. 

Stones  of  Stennis.  See  Standing 
Stones  of  Stennis. 

Stoning  of  Stephen.  A cartoon 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
from  which  one  of  the  tapestries 
in  the  Vatican  at  Rome  was  exe- 
cuted. 

Stonyhurst.  An  ancient  and  cele- 
brated baronial  residence  in  Lan- 
cashire, England.  It  is  now  the 
chief  Jesuit  College  in  the  king- 
dom. 

Storm  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
A well-known  picture  by  Albert 
Bierstadt  (b.  1829). 

4®"  “ Ho  picture  that  we  have  ever 
seen  has  more  entirely  conveyed,  a sense 
of  natural  sublimity,  and  there  is  so 
much  to  study  that  the  spectator  is  de- 
tained before  it  for  a long  time.” 

Saturday  Review . 

Storm  King.  An  eminence  on  the 
Hudson  River  near  West  Point. 
It  was  formerly  called  the  Boter- 
berg,  by  the  Dutch  skippers,  but 
received  its  present  name  from 
N.  P.  Willis.  It  commands  a 
beautiful  view. 

Stowe.  The  magnificent  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  in  the 
parish  of  the  same  name  near 
Buckingham,  England.  It  is  one 
of  the  finest  residences  in  the 
kingdom. 

It  puzzles  much  the  sages*  brains, 
Where  Eden  stood  of  yore: 

Some  place  it  in  Arabia's  plains, 

Some  say  it  is  no  more. 


STR 


500 


STR 


But  Cobham  can  these  tales  confute, 

As  all  the  curious  know ; 

For  he  has  proved  beyond  dispute 

That  Paradise  is  Stowe. 

Nathaniel  Cotton. 

Strada  Balbi.  [Strada,  street.]  One 
of  the  two  finest  streets  in  Genoa, 
Italy.  It  is  adorned  with  pal- 
aces of  superb  architecture. 

When  shall  I forget  the  Streets  of  Pal- 
aces: the  Strada  Nuova  and  the  Strada 
Balbi ! Dickens. 

Strada  di  Costanza.  A name 
sometimes  given  to  the  territory 
between  Perugia  and  Foligno  in 
Italy,  after  St.  Constantius,  bish- 
op of  Perugia  in  the  third  or 
fourth  century. 

Strada  di  Roma.  See  Toledo. 

Strada  Nuova.  [New  Street.]  A 
famous  street  in  Genoa,  Italy, 
sometimes  called  the  street  of 
palaces  on  account  of  the  noble 
old  palaces  that  front  upon  it. 

When  shall  1 forget  the  Streets  of  Pal- 
aces: the  Strada  Nuova  and  the  Strada 
Balbi ! or  how  the  former  looked  one  sum- 
mer day,  when  I first  saw  it  underneath 
the  brightest  and  most  intensely  blue  of 
summer  skies:  with  its  narrow  perspec- 
tive of  immense  mansions,  reduced  to  a 
tapering  and  most  precious  strip  of  bright- 
ness, looking  down  upon  the  heavy  shade 
below ! Dickens. 

Straight  Street.  An  ancient 
street  in  Damascus,  Syria,  begin- 
ning at  one  of  the  gates  of  the 
city  and  extending  about  a mile, 
formerly  in  a straight  direction, 
but  at  present  with  many  wind- 
ings. It  was  originally  without 
question  a broad  promenade,  but 
is  now  in  places  hardly  more  than 
a narrow  lane.  Of  its  identity 
with  the  street  mentioned  in  the 
New  Testament  there  can  be  no 
doubt;  and  many  localities  con- 
nected with  the  history  of  Paul 
are  pointed"  out,  such  as  the  house 
in  which  he  lodged,  and  the  spot 
where  he  escaped  from  the  city 
in  a basket. 

Thev  led  him  [Paul]  by  the  hand,  and 
brought  him  to  Damascus.  . . And  the 
Lord  said  unto  him  [Ananias],  Arise  and 
go  into  the  street  which  is  called  Straight , 
and  inquire  in  the  bouse  of  Judas  for  one 
called  Saul,  of  Tarsus;  for,  behold,  he 
prayeth.  Acts  ix.  8,  11. 

Strand,  The.  1.  A great  thor- 
oughfare in  the  city  of  London, 


extending  from  Temple  Bar  to 
Charing  Cross,  and  skirting  the 
margin  of  the  river  Thames,  of 
which  it  was  formerly  the  strand, 
or  shore.  The  Strand  was  for 
three  centuries  a street  of  palaces, 
but  these  palaces  are  now  gone. 

J SSiP"  “You  would  think  London 
Strand  the  main  artery  of  the  world. 
I suppose  there  is  no  thoroughfare  on 
the  face  of  the  earth  where  the  stream 
of  human  life  runs  with  a tide  so  over- 
whelming. In  any  other  street  in  the 
world  you  catch  the  eye  of  the  passer- 
by. In  the  Strand  no  man  sees  another 
except  as  a solid  body  whose  contact  is 
to  be  avoided.  You  are  safe  nowhere 
on  the  pavement  without  the  vigilance 
of  your  senses.’*  N.  P.  Willis. 

The  Strand , that  goodly  thorow-fare  be- 
tweene 

The  Court  and  City;  and  where  I have 
seene 

Well-nigh  a million  passing  in  one  day, 

George  Wither. 

For  who  would  leave,  unbribed,  Hibernia's 
land, 

Or  change  the  rocks  of  Scotland  for  the 
Strand  ? Samuel  Johnson. 

I often  shed  tears  in  the  motley  Strand 
from  fulness  of  joy  at  so  much  life. 

Lamb  to  Wordsworth. 

After  an  hour’s  walk  in  the  Strand  . . . 
one  has  the  spleen,  one  meditates  cuicide. 

Taine , Trans. 

Cheapside,  the  Strand , Fleet  Street,  and 
Ludgate  Hill, 

Each  name  a very  story  in  itself. 

Robert  Leighton. 

2.  A favorite  promenade  in 
Calcutta,  India. 

Strasbourg,  Boulevart  de.  See 

Sebastopol,  Boulevart  de. 

Strasburg  Cathedral.  This  ca- 
thedral, which  is  one  of  the  grand- 
est Gothic  structures  in  the 
world,  was  founded  in  510,  and 
destroyed  by  lightning  in  1007. 
Its  restoration  was  commenced 
in  the  eleventh  century.  The 
sculptures  above  the  portal  are 
said  to  belong  to  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries.  The 
upper  part  of  the  spire  was  erect- 
ed by  Johann  Hultz,  of  Cologne, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  fif- 
teenth century.  Its  height  is 
468  feet,  which  is  greater  than 
that  of  any  building  in  Europe. 
The  design  of  this  cathedral 
is  ascribed  to  Erwin  of  Stein- 
bacli,  whose  plans  are  still  pre- 


STR 


501 


STR 


served.  This  church  suffered 
some  damage  during  the  bom- 
hard  men t of  Strasburg  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  but  the  in- 
juries have  been  repaired. 

“ Next  in  rank  to  Cologne 
among  German  cathedrals  is  that  at 
Strasburg.  It  is,  however,  so  much 
smaller  as  hardly  to  admit  of  a fair 
comparison.  The  whole  of  the  eastern 
part  of  this  church  belongs  to  an  older 
basilica  built  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries,  and  is  by  no  means 
remarkable  for  its  beauty  or  its  size, 
besides  being  so  overpowered  by  the 
nave  which  has  been  added  to  it,  as  to 
render  its  appearance  somewhat  insig- 
nificant. The  nave  and  the  western 
front  are  the  glory  and  the  boast  of 
Alsace,  and  possess  in  a remarkable 
degree  all  the  beauties  and  the  defects 
of  the  German  style.  It  is  not  known 
when  the  nave  was  commenced,  but  it 
seems  to  have  been  finished  about  the 
year  1275,  a date  which,  if  authentic,  is 
quite  sufficient  to  settle  the  controversy 
as  to  whether  any  part  of  Cologne  is 
of  an  earlier  age,  every  thing  we  see  in 
Strasburg  being  of  an  older  style  than 
any  . thing  in  that  church.  . . . Alto- 
gether the  facade  of  the  cathedral  at 
Strasburg  is  imposing  from  its  mass, 
and  fascinating  from  its  richness;  but 
there  is  no  building  in  France  or  Eng- 
land where  such  great  advantages  have 
been  thrown  away  in  so  reckless  a man- 
ner and  by  such  an  unintelligent  hand.” 
Fergus  son . 

“ We  climbed  the  spire,  we 
gained  the  roof.  . . . Here  I saw  the 
names  of  Goethe  and  Herder.  . . . 
but  the  inside ! - a forest-like  firma- 
ment, glorious  in  holiness;  windows 
many-hued  as  the  Hebrew  psalms;  a 
gloom  solemn  and  pathetic  as  man’s 
mysterious  existence,  a richness  gor- 
geous and  manifold  as  his  wonderful 
nature.  In  this  Gothic  architecture 
we  see  earnest  Northern  races  whose 
nature  was  a composite  of  influences 
from  pine  forest,  mountain  and  storm, 
expressing  in  vast  proportions  and 
gigantic  masonry,  those  ideas  of  infinite 
duration  and  existence  which  Chris- 
tianity opened  before  them.  A bar- 
baric wildness  mingles  itself  with  fan- 
ciful, ornate  abundance;  it  is  the  blos- 
soming of  northern  forests.” 

Beecher. 

4®=*  “I  once  ascended  the  spire  of 
Strasburg  Cathedral,  which  is  the 
highest,  I think,  in  Europe.  It  is  a 
shaft  of  stone  filagree-work,  frightfully 
open,  so  that  the  guide  puts  his  arms 
behind  you  to  keep  you  from  falling. 
To  climb  it  is  a noonday  nightmare, 


and  to  think  of  having  climbed  it  crisps 
all  the  fifty-six  joints  of  one’s  twenty 
digits.  While  I was  on  it,  ‘pinnacled 
dim  in  the  intense  inane,’  a strong  wind 
was  blowing,  and  I felt  sure  that  the 
spire  was  rocking.  It  swayed  back  and 
forward  like  a stalk  of  rye  or  a cat-o’- 
nine-tails  (bulrush)  with  a bobolink  on 
it.”  Iloimes. 

Santa  Croce  and  the  Dome  of  St.  Pe- 
ter’s are  lame  conies  after  a divine  model. 
Strasburg  Cathedral  is  a material  coun- 
terpart of  the  soul  of  Erwin  of  Stein 
bach.  Emerson. 

A great  master  of  his  craft. 
Erwin  von  Steinbach  ; but  not  he  alone, 
For  many  generations  labored  with  him. 
Children  that  came  to  see  these  Saints  in 
stone, 

As  day  by  day  out  of  the  blocks  they  rose. 
Grew’  old  and  died,  and  still  the  work 
went  on, 

And  on,  and  on,  and  is  not  yet  completed. 

Longfellow . 

Up  the  stone  lace-work  chiselled  by  the 
wise 

Erwin  of  Steinbach,  dizzily  up  to  where 
In  the  noon-brightness  the  great  minster’s 
tower. 

Jewelled  with  sunbeams  on  its  mural 
crown, 

Rose  like  a visible  prayer.  Whittier. 

Strasburg  Clock.  A famous  clock, 
— a wonder  of  art,  — in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Strasburg,  Germany. 
The  original,  which  was  made 
centuries  ago,  having  fallen  into 
decay,  a German  artist  of  the 
present  century  has  reproduced 
the  complete  mechanism  of  the 
old  clock.  At  the  stroke  of  noon, 
the  Twelve  Apostles  issue  from 
the  side  door  of  a chapel,  and 
move  in  procession  before  the 
Saviour,  who  bows  his  head  in 
blessing  as  they  pass,  the  cock 
crows  and  flaps  his  wings,  Satan 
watches  Judas,  while  the  bells 
chime  and  the  organ  is  played. 
Upon  the  dial  of  this  clock  are 
marked  the  minutes,  hours,  days, 
weeks,  months,  the  phases  of  the 
moon,  and  the  constellations. 

Three  of  us  stood  in  the  Strasburg  streets, 
In  the  wide  and  open  square, 

Where,  quaint  and  old,  and  touched  with 
the  gold 

Of  a summer  morn,  at  stroke  of  noon 
The  tongue  of  the  great  cathedral  tolled. 
And  into  the  church  with  the  crowd  we 
strolled 

To  see  their  wonder,  the  famous  Clock 

Anonymous. 

Strathfieldsaye.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  near  Silches- 
ter,  England. 


STR 


502 


STY 


Straw  Hat.  See  Chapeau  he 
Paille. 

Straw  Street.  [Fr.  Rue  du  Fou- 
arre.]  A famous  old  street  in 
Paris,  originally  called  Rue  de 
l’Ecole,  tlie  University  having 
been  founded  there.  Fouarre  is 
the  old  French  for  Join,  and  it 
was  formerly  a ha}r  and  straw 
market.  Rabelais  speaks  of  it  as 
the  place  where  Pantagruel  first 
disputed  with  the  learned  doc- 
tors, and  Petrarch  frequently  re- 
fers to  it  in  his  Latin  writings, 
and  always  with  a sneer. 

It  is  the  light  eternal  of  Sigier, 

Who,  reading  lectures  in  the  Street  of 
Straw , 

Did  syllogize  invidious  verities. 

Dante , Paradiso. 

jOQP'  “A  common  idealist  would 
have  been  rather  alarmed  at  the 
thought  of  introducing  the  name  of  a 
street  in  Paris  — Straw  Street  (Rue  du 
Fouarre)  — into  the  midst  of  a descrip- 
tion of  the  highest  heavens.  . . . What 
did  it  matter  to  Dante,  up  in  heaven 
there,  whether  the  mob  below  thought 
him  vulgar  or  not?  Sigier  had  read  in 
Straw  Street.  That  was  the  fact,  and 
he  had  to  say  so,  and  there  is  an  end.” 
Ruskin. 

Strawberry  Girl.  A picture  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1723-1792). 
It  is  familiar  through  reproduc- 
tions. 

Jg"“A  sweet  and  innocent  little 
maiden  creeping  timidly  along,  and 
looking  about  with  great  black  eyes. 
Sir  Joshua  always  held  that  this  was 
one  of  the  half-dozen  original  things 
which  he  had  done.” 

Strawberry  Hill.  The  name  of 
the  celebrated  residence  of  Hor- 
ace Walpole, situated  near  Twick- 
enham, Surrey,  England.  It  con- 
tained many  fine  specimens  of 
vert  a collected  by  him,  which 
were  sold  at  auction  in  1842.  A 
private  printing-press  was  also 
established  here,  from  which  sev- 
eral rare  and  valuable  works  is- 
sued under  his  immediate  direc- 
tion. It  is  now  the  residence  of 
Countess  Waldegrave. 

They  [the  English)  delight  in  a freak  as 
the  pivof  of  their  sovereign  freedom.  . . . 
Strawberry  Hill  of  Horace  Walpole,  Font- 
liill  Abbey  of  Mr.  Beckford,  were  freaks; 
and  Newstead  Abbey  became  one  in  the 
hands  of  Lord  Byron.  Emerson. 


Street  Scene  in  Cairo.  A picture 
by  Jean  Leon  Gerome  (b.  1824). 

Hfcjp  “ It  is  a precious  example  of 
delicate  and  elaborate  workmanship; 
its  careful  drawing  will  be  enjoyed  by 
all  lovers  of  form,  who  will  also  like 
its  profoundly-studied  modelling,  and 
the  faithfulness  which  is  everywhere 
observed  in  the  rendering  of  textures 
of  light  and  shade.”  Athenoeum. 

Strozzi  Chapel.  A chapel  in  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  Novella, 
in  Florence,  Italy. 

I met  with  this  legend  again  in  the 
famous  Strozzi  Chapel  in  the  S.  Maria 
Novella  at  Florence.  The  great  frescos 
of  the  Last  Judgment,  so  often  pointed 
out  as  worthy  of  especial  attention,  gen- 
erally engross  the  mind  of  the  spectator 
to  the  exclusion  of  minor  objects;  few, 
therefore,  have  examined  the  curious  and 
beautiful  old  altar-piece,  also  by  Orcagna 
(A.D.  1349).  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Strozzi  Maddalena.  A well- 
known  portrait  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520).  In  the  Uffizi  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  Italy. 

Strozzi  Palace.  [It  al.  Palazzo 
Strozzi  ] A splendid  palace  in 
Florence,  Italy,  erected  towards 
the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century 
after  designs  by  Cronaea  (1454- 
1509). 

“Taking  into  account  the  age 
when  it  was  built,  and  the  necessity  of 
security  combined  with  purposes  of 
state  to  which  it  was  to  be  applied,  it 
will  be  difficult  to  find  a more  faultless 
design  in  any  city  of  modern  Europe.” 
Fergusson. 

Stuarts,  Tombs  of  the.  See 
Tombs  of  the  Stuarts. 

Studley  Royal.  The  seat  of  Earl 
de  Grey,  near  Ripon,  England. 

Styx,  The.  A torrent  in  the  Aro- 
anian  mountains,  in  the  north- 
east part  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  and 
emptying  into  the  Crathis.  The 
waterfall  of  the  Styx,  well  de- 
scribed by  Hornet  and  Hesiod,  is 
by  far  the  highest  in  Greece. 
From  the  wildness  and  gloom  of 
the  spot  the  Styx  was  early  re- 
garded with  superstitious  rever- 
ence and  terror.  The  Greek  and 
Roman  poets  transferred  the 
Styx  to  the  nether  world,  of 
which  it  is  the  principal  river. 
According  to  Herodotus,  the  Styx 


STY 


503 


SUN 


has  its  source  near  to  the  Arcadi- 
an town  of  Nonacris. 

Styx,  The.  A well-known  sub- 
terranean river  in  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  Kentucky ; named  after 
the  river  of  hell  in  ancient  Greek 
and  Roman  mythology. 

Subeibeh.  See  Banias. 

Sublime  Porte.  [The  High  Gate.] 
The  gate  of  the  imperial  palace 
at  Constantinople,  at  which  jus- 
tice was  administered.  Hence 
applied  as  a designation  of  the 
Turkish  government,  or  the  court 
of  the  sultan. 

Suburra,  The.  A quarter  in  an- 
cient Rome,  upon  the  Esquiline 
Hill,  largely  occupied  by  the 
poorer  classes. 

Hence  we  walked  to  the  Suburra , where 
yet  remain  some  ruines  and  inscriptions. 

John  Evelyn , 1644. 

Sudarium.  [Ital.  II  Sadario ; Fr. 
Le  Saint  Snaire.]  The  napkin, 
or,  as  some  say,  the  veil,  which, 
according  to  the  ancient  legend, 
was  used  to  wipe  away  the  drops 
of  sweat  from  the  brow  of  the 
Saviour  while  bearing  his  cross 
on  his  way  to  Calvary,  and  upon 
which  his  features  were  miracu- 
lously impressed.  See  Veronica. 

During  the  interval  between  the  clos- 
ing of  the  ancient  and  the  opening  of  tho 
modern  aye,  the  faith  of  Christians  had 
attached  itself  to  symbols  and  material 
objects  little  better  than  fetishes.  . . To 
such  concrete  actualities  the  worshippers 
referred  their  sense  of  the  invisible  di- 
vinity. The  earth  of  Jerusalem,  the  Holy 
Sepulchre,  the  House  of  Loreto,  the  Su- 
darium  of  St.  Veronica,  aroused  their  deep- 
est sentiments  of  aweful  adoration. 

J . A.  Symonds. 

Suffolk  House.  See  Northumber- 
land House. 

Sukhrah.  See  Mosque  of  Omar. 

Suleimaine  Mosque.  A superb 
Mohammedan  temple  in  Con- 
stantinople, Turkey.  It  was 
erected  by  Solyman  the  Magnifi- 
cent, between  1550  and  1555. 

UST  “ Externally  the  mosque  suffers, 
like  all  the  buildings  of  the  capital, 
from  the  badness  of  the  materials  with 
which  it  was  constructed.  Its  walls 
are  covered  with  stucco,  its  dome  with 
lead;  and  all  the  sloping  abutments  of 


the  dome  have  to  be  protected  by  a 
metal  covering.  This,  no  doubt,  de- 
tracts from  the  effect;  but  still  the 
whole  is  so  massive  — every  window, 
every  dome,  every  projection,  is  so 
truthful,  and  tells  so  exactly  the  pur- 
pose for  which  it  was  placed  where  we 
find  it,  that  the  general  result  is  most 
satisfactory.”  Fergusson. 

Suli  Castle.  A castle  standing  on 
an  isolated  rock  1,000  feet  below 
the  summit  of  the  Suliot  ridge, 
in  Greece. 

Sulpice,  St.  See  St.  Sulpice  and 
Place  St.  Sulpice. 

Sumter,  The.  A noted  Confeder- 
ate privateer,  in  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion,  under  a commission 
from  Jefferson  Davis,  in  the 
spring  of  1861.  Her  career  was 
brief  but  very  destructive.  She 
ran  the  blockade  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi,  cruised  among  the 
West  Indies,  captured  many  mer- 
chant vessels,  and  was  the  ter- 
ror of  the  American  mercantile 
marine,  being  everywhere  wel- 
comed in  British  ports,  but  was 
finally  driven  into  the  port  of 
Gibraltar,  where,  in  1862,  she  was 
sold. 

Sumter,  Fort.  See  Fort  Sumter. 

Sundwich  Hohle.  [Sundwich 
Cave.]  A cavern  in  Westphalia, 
near  Hemar,  interesting  in  a geo- 
logical regard  on  account  of  the 
fossil  remains  discovered  in  it. 

Sunium.  See  Temple  of  Sunium. 

Sunrise  in  a Mist.  A well-known 
picture  by  Joseph  Mallord  Wil- 
liam Turner  (1775-1851),  the  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  and  re- 
garded one  of  his  best  works. 
Now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London. 

Sunny  Side.  An  ancient  mansion 
on  the  Hudson  River,  near  Ir- 
vington, N.Y.,  the  former  home 
of  Washington  Irving.  The  front 
of  the  building  is  covered  with 
ivy  from  a slip  brought  from 
Abbotsford  by  Irving,  who  re- 
ceived it  from  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
This  old  mansion,  which  was 
erected  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, was  formerly  known  as 


suo 


504 


SWA 


Wolfert’s  Roost.  Irving  says  that 
Wolfert  inscribed  over  the  door 
his  favorite  Dutch  motto,  “ Lust 
in  Rust  ” (pleasure  in  quiet),  and 
that  the  mansion  was  “ thence 
called  Wolfert’s  Rust  (Wolfert’s 
Rest),  but  by  the  uneducated, 
who  did  not  understand  Dutch, 
Wolfert’s  Roost.” 

Reader!  the  Roost  still  exists.  Time, 
which  changes  all  things,  is  slow  in  its 
operations  on  a Dutchman’s  dwelling. 
The  stout  Jacob  Van  Tassel,  it  is  true, 
sleeps  with  his  fathers;  and  his  great 
goose-gun  with  him;  yet  his  stronghold 
still  bears  the  impress  of  its  Dutch  origin. 

Irving. 

Suonatore,  II.  See  Violin  Play- 
er. 

Superga,  La.  A well-known  and 
celebrated  church,  situated  on  an 
eminence  near  Turin,  Italy.  It 
has  been  the  place  of  interment 
for  the  royal  family  of  Sardinia. 

Supper  at  Emmaus.  A famous 
picture  by  Titian  (1177-1576),  ori- 
ginally painted  for  the  Sala  de’ 
Pregadi,  in  the  Ducal  Palace, 
Venice.  Now  in  the  Gallery  of 
the  Louvre,  Pams. 

4®=  “The  disciple  on  the  right  of 
the  Saviour,  raising  his  hand  with  no 
more  vehemence  of  surprise  than  might 
become  the  greatest  monarch  of  his 
time,  is  supposed  to  he  the  portrait  of 
the  Emperor  Charles  V. ; the  disciple 
on  the  left  . . . with  round  shaven  face 
and  a pilgrim’s  hat,  that  of  Cardinal 
Ximenes;  while  the  page,  with  plumed 
cap,  is  meant  for  the  Infant,  afterwards 
Philip  II.”  Lady  Eastlake. 

Supper  at  Emmaus.  A well- 
known  and  interesting  picture  by 
Paul  Veronese  (1530  ?-1588),  in 
which  “the  painter  has  intro- 
duced a large  family,  supposed 
to  be  his  own,  with  an  exquisite 
group  of  two  girls  in  the  centre, 
caressing  a large  dog.”  This  pic- 
ture is  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Supper,  The  Last.  See  Last  Sup- 
per. 

Surgeons,  College  of.  See  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 

Surrender  of  Breda.  A painting 
by  Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silva  y 
Velasquez  (1599-1660),  and  re- 
garded one  of  the  first  historical 
pictures  in  the  world.  In  the 
Gallery  at  Madrid,  Spain. 


Surrender  of  Burgoyne.  A large 
picture  by  John  Trumbull  (1756- 
1843),  executed  under  commission 
from  Congress  for  the  Rotunda 
of  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  It 
is  well  known  by  engravings. 

Surrender  of  Cornwallis.  A large 
picture  by  John  Trumbull  (1756- 
1843),  executed  under  commission 
from  Congress  for  the  Rotunda 
of  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  It 
is  well  known  by  engravings. 

Surrey  Chapel.  A noted  place  of 
worship  in  London,  opened  as  a 
free  and  independent  church  by 
the  Rev.  Rowland  Hill  in  1783. 

Since  you  departed,  we  have  been  pass- 
ing with  a kind  of  comprehensive  skip 
and  jump  over  remaining  engagements. 
And  first,  the  evening  after  you  left,  came 
off  the  presentation  of  the  inkstand  by 
the  ladies  of  Surrey  Chapel. 

Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Surrey  Theatre.  A theatre  in 
Blackfriars  Road,  London,  built 
in  1806  on  the  site  of  a former 
edifice  burnt,  and  again  built  in 
1866. 

Susannah,  History  of.  A picture 
by  Albert  Altdorfer  (d.  1538),  a 
German  painter.  It  bears  date 
1526,  and  is  now  in  the  gallery  of 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Suspense.  A picture  by  Sir  Ed- 
win Landseer  (1803-1873),  the 
celebrated  English  painter  of  ani- 
mals. It  is  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

Sutherland  Gallery.  See  Staf- 
ford House. 

Sutro  Tunnel.  A famous  tunnel 
driven  through  Mount  Davidson 
in  Nevada,  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
tercepting the  Great  Comstock 
Lode,  at  a depth  of  2,000  feet. 
The  tunnel  is  almost  four  miles 
long,  and  is  said  to  have  cost 
$5,000,000.  It  was  named  after 
its  projector,  Mr.  Sutro.  See 
Comstock  Lode. 

Swamp  Angel.  A huge  piece  of 
ordnance  used  in  the  attack  by 
the  Union  forces  upon  Fort  Wag- 
ner, one  of  the  defences  of 
Charleston,  S.C.,  in  the  War  of 
.the  Rebellion.  It  was  so  named 


SWA 


505 


SYN 


from  the  fact  that  it  was  mounted 
upon  a rampart  which  had  been 
erected  upon  piles  driven  into 
the  deep  mud  of  the  swampy 
land  surrounding  the  fortifica- 
tion. 

Swan  Theatre.  One  of  the  chief 
London  theatres  in  the  age  of 
Shakespeare. 

Swede  s’  Church.  See  Old 
Swedes’  Church. 

Sweetheart  Abbey.  See  New 
Abbey. 

Sweno’s  Stone.  A curious  monu- 
ment of  antiquity  near  Forres,  in 


Scotland,  supposed  to  have  been 
erected  by  Malcolm  II.  or  Mac- 
beth, in  memory  of  the  expulsion 
of  the  Danes.  It  is  a pillar  of 
sandstone,  23  feet  high,  covered 
with  figures. 

“These  figures  are  arranged 
closely  in  five  divisions,  forming,  as  it 
were,  so  many  passages  of  the  story.” 
Muir. 

Symonds  Inn.  Formerly  one  of 
the  inns  of  Chancery  in  London. 

jg£g=*  “ A little,  pale,  wall-eyed,  woe- 
begone inn  like  a large  dust-bin  of  two 
compartments  and  a sifter.”  Dickens. 

Synodalni  Dom.  Sse  Holy  Sy= 
nod,  House  of  the. 


TAB 


506 


TAB 


T* 


Tabard,  The.  An  ancient  inn 
formerly  situated  in  Southwark, 
London,  the  traditional  “hostelry 
where  Chaucer  and  the  other  pil- 
grims met,  and,  with  their  host, 
accorded  about  the  manner  of 
their  journey  to  Canterbury.” 
The  buildings  of  Chaucer’s  time 
have  disappeared,  but  were  stand- 
ing in  1602;  the  oldest  now  remain- 
ing is  of  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  and 
the  most  interesting  portion  is  a 
stone-colored  wooden  gallery,  in 
front  of  which  is  a picture  of  the 
Canterbury  pilgrimage,  said  to 
have  been  painted  by  Blake.  In- 
stead of  the  ancient  sign  of  the 
Tabard,  the  ignorant  landlord 
(says  Aubrey)  put  up  about  the 
year  1676,  the  sign  of  Talbot, 
which  it  now  bears. 

Befell  that  in  that  season,  on  a day 
At  Southwark  at  the  Tabard  as  I lay, 
Readie  to  wander  on  my  pilgrimage 
To  Canterbury  with  devout  courage, 

At  night  was  come  into  that  hostelrie 
Well  nine  and  twenty  in  a companie 
Of  sundrie  folke,  by  adventure  yfall 
In  fellowship,  and  pilgrims  were  thej’  all, 
That  toward  Canterbury  woulden  ride. 

Chaucer. 

The  name  of  Chaucer  is  not  more  iden- 
tified. with  the  Tabard  Inn  at  Southwark, 
nor  Scott’s  with  the  Trosachs  and  Loch 
Katrine,  . . . than  that  of  Byron  with  the 
Ducal  Palace.  Hillard. 

Tabernacle,  The.  A frequent 
designation  for  the  chapels  or 
places  of  worship  of  some  of  the 
religious  sects.  The  original 
building  which  has  given  its 
name  to  succeeding  structures  of 
the  kind  was  built  in  Moorfields, 
London,  in  1752,  and  was  so 
called  in  allusion  to  the  taber- 
nacle of  the  Israelites  in  the  Wil- 
derness. Whitefield  and  Wesley 
both  preached  in  this  building. 
The  building  known  as  the  Met- 
ropolitan Tabernacle,  in  London, 
was  built  for  Mr.  Spurgeon  in 
1861,  and  is  capable  of  seating 
6,500  persons. 

Tabernacle,  The.  An  immense 


wooden  building  in  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah  Territory,  the  chief 
religions  edifice  or  temple  of  Mor- 
mon worship.  Though  built  of 
wood  it  has  46  sandstone  pillars 
upon  which  rests  its  huge  dome- 
shaped roof.  The  building  is 
oval  in  form,  and  will  accommo- 
date nearly  or  quite  10,000  per- 
sons. It  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
building  in  America  with  a “ self- 
supporting  roof.” 

Table  Bock.  A mass  of  rock  at 
Niagara  Falls,  from  which  the 
finest  front  view  of  the  entire 
falls  is  obtained.  Formerly  this 
rock  overhung  the  water  to  a 
large  extent,  but  in  1850  a huge 
piece  of  the  ledge,  some  200  feet 
in  length  and  100  feet  in  thick- 
ness broke  off  and  fell  into  the 
chasm,  carrying  with  it  an  omni- 
bus which  happened  to  be  stand- 
ing upon  it.  At  present  but 
little  of  the  rock  projects  over 
the  water. 

“You  may  stand  by  the  water 
just  where  it  falls  off,  and  if  your  head 
does  not  swim  you  may  proceed  to  the 
brink  of  Table  Rock,  and  look  down 
into  the  gulf  beneath.  This  is  all  froth 
and  foam  and  spray ; as  you  stand  here 
it  looks  as  if  all  the  water  of  the  globe 
was  collected  around  this  circle,  and 
pouring  down  here  into  the  centre  of 
the  earth.  . . . There  the  grand  spec- 
tacle has  stood  for  centuries,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  creation,  as  far  as  we 
know,  without  change.  From  the  be- 
ginning it  has  shaken  as  it  now  does 
the  earth  and  the  air,  and  its  unvarying 
thunder  existed  before  there  were  hu- 
man ears  to  hear  it.”  Daniel  Webster. 

4®=  “It  was  not  until  I came  on 
Table  Rock  and  looked  — Great  Heaven 
— on  what  a fall  of  bright  green  water, 
that  it  came  upon  me  in  its  might  and 
majesty.  Then  when  I felt  how  near 
to  my  Creator  I was  standing,  the  first 
effect  and  the  enduring  one  — instant 
and  lasting  — of  the  tremendous  spec- 
tacle was  Peace.  Niagara  was  at  once 
stamped  upon  my  heart,  an  Image  of 
Beauty  to  remain  there  changeless  and 


TAB 


507 


TAN 


indelible  until  its  pulses  cease  to  beat 
forever.”  Dickens . 

Close  to  the  cataract,  exactly  at  the  spot 
from  whence  in  former  days  the  Table 
Rock  used  to  project  from  the  land  over 
the  boiling  caldron  below,  there  is  now  a 
shaft  down  which  you  will  descend  to  the 
level  of  the  river.  Anthony  Trollope. 

Tablet  of  Abydos.  1.  An  histor- 
ical monument  giving  a gene- 
alogy of  the  early  Egyptian  kings. 
It  was  discovered  at  Abydos,  in 
Upper  Egypt,  in  1818.  Now  in  the 
British  Museum,  London. 

2.  A monument  of  historical 
importance  discovered  in  1865  in 
the  Temple  of  Sethi  I.,  at  Abydus, 
Egypt,  is  conjectured  by  M.  Mai- 
rette  to  be  the  original  of  the  one 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  It 
contains  a list  of  76  kings  from 
Menes  to  Sethi  I. 

Tablet  of  Sakkarah..  A famous 
monument  found  at  Sakkarah, 
now  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
Egyptian  Antiquities  at  Cairo, 
Egypt.  This  tablet,  which  has 
been  of  much  use  in  the  solution 
of  the  problem  of  the  dynasties 
of  Egypt,  has  inscribed  upon  it 
the  names  of  58  kings  which  cor- 
respond with  those  in  the  list  of 
Manetho. 

Tabularium.  An  ancient  ruin  in 
Rome,  of  which  only  a few  re- 
mains are  now  standing,  once 
the  public  Record  Office,  where 
the  tab  idee,  or  engraved  decrees, 
of  the  Roman  Senate  were  pre- 
served. 

“ After  his  lecture  was  over  this 
morning,  Mr.  Bunsen  took  us  into  the 
Tdbularium,  and  explained  it  to  us  in 
a very  interesting  manner.  It  has  been 
fully  explored,  only  within  a few  years, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  grandest  monu- 
ments of  ancient  Rome.” 

George  Ticknor. 

Taj  Mahal.  A renowned  monu- 
ment — justly  considered  one  of 
the  wonders  of  the  world  — at 
Agra  in  Hindostan.  Its  cost  is 
estimated  at  $16,000,000. 

“ The  distant  view  of  this 
matchless  edifice  satisfied  me  that  its 
fame  is  well  deserved.  So  pure,  so 
gloriously  perfect,  did  it  appear,  that  I 
almost  feared  to  approach  it  lest  the 
charm  should  be  broken.  It  is  a work 
inspired  by  love  and  consecrated  to 


Beauty.  Shah  Jehan  — the  ‘Selim’  of 
Moore’s  poem  — erected  it  as  a mauso- 
leum over  his  queen  Noor  Jehan.  . . . 
Few  persons  of  the  thousands  who 
sigh  over  the  pages  of  Lalla  Rookh  are 
aware  that  the  ‘Light  of  the  Harem’ 
was  a real  personage,  and  that  her 
tomb  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world.  ...  A building  which  has  no 
counterpart  in  Europe,  or  even  in  the 
East.  . . . The  remains  of  Moorish  art 
in  Spain  approach  nearest  to  its  spirit, 
but  are  only  the  scattered  limbs,  the 
torso,  of  which  the  Taj  is  the  perfect 
type.  If  there  were  nothing  else  in 
India,  this  alone  would  repay  the  jour- 
ney. ...  It  is  an  octagonal  building 
of  the  purest  white  marble,  little  in- 
ferior to  that  of  Carrara.  Every  part 

— even  the  basement,  the  dome,  and 
the  upper  galleries  of  the  minarets 

— is  inlaid  with  ornamental  designs  in 
marble  of  different  colors,  principally 
a pale  brown  and  a bluish-violet  vari- 
ety. The  building  is  perfect  in  every 
part.  . . . The  dome  of  the  Taj  con- 
tains an  echo  more  sweet,  pure,  and 
prolonged  than  that  in  the  Baptistery  of 
Pisa,  which  is  the  finest  in  Europe. 
The  Taj  is,  as  I have  said,  a poem. 
Did  you  ever  build  a castle  in  the  air? 
Here  is  one  brought  down  to  earth  and 
fixed  for  the  wonder  of  ages ; yet  so 
light  it  seems,  so  airy,  and  when  seen 
from  a distance,  so  like  a fabric  of  mist 
and  sunbeams,  with  its  great  dome 
soaring  up,  a silvery  bubble  about  to 
burst  in  the  sun,  that  even  after  you 
have  touched  it,  and  climbed  to  its 
summit,  you  almost  doubt  its  reality.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Tak  Kesra.  A well-known  and 
important  ruin  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Ctesiphon  in  Mesopota- 
mia. 

Jggp  “ It  was  apparently  originally 
erected  as  a hunting-box  on  the  edge 
of  the  desert  for  the  use  of  the  Persian 
king,  and  preserves  all  the  features 
we  are  familiar  with  in  Sassanian  pal- 
aces. It  is  wholly  of  brick,  and  con- 
tains in  the  centre  a tri-apsal  hall, 
once  surmounted  by  a dome.” 

Fergusson. 

Tancarville.  A mediaeval  strong- 
hold on  the  banks  of  the  Seine 
below  Rouen.  It  was  pillaged  at 
the  time  of  the  Revolution,  but 
has  now  reverted  to  the  descend- 
ants of  its  original  owners,  the 
Montmorencys 

Tantallon  Castle.  An  ancient  and 
ruined  baronial  fortress,  of  un- 
known age,  occupying  a high 


TAP 


508 


TAP 


rock  which  projects  into  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  near  Berwick  in 
Scotland. 

But  scant  three  miles  the  band  had  rode, 
When  o'er  a height  they  passed; 

And,  sudden,  close  before  them  showed 
iiis  towers,  Tantallon  vast. 

The  train  from  out  the  castle  drew ; 

But  Marmion  stopped  to  bid  adieu:  — 

“ Though  something  1 might  plain,’’  he 
said, 

“ Of  cold  respect  to  stranger  guest, 

Sent  hither  by  your  king’s  behest. 

While  in  Tantallon’s  towers  I staid,— 
Tart  we  in  friendship  from  your  land.'" 

Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Tapestries  [of  the  Vatican].  A 
series  of  ornamental  hangings, 
after  designs  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  wrought  at  Arras  in 
Flanders,  first  lmng  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel  on  St.  Stephen’s  day,  26th 
of  December,  1519.  They  were 
afterwards  carried  off  to  France, 
but  subsequently  restored,  and 
are  now,  it  is  supposed,  hanging 
in  a dilapidated  condition,  in  the 
upper  rooms  of  the  Vatican.  One 
of  them,  at  least,  has  long  been 
lost.  Besides  the  series  of  tap- 
estries in  the  Sistine,  another  se- 
ries, twelve  in  number,  of  which 
the  cartoons  are  lost,  are  still 
preserved  in  the  Vatican.  They 
are  known  as  “ Arazzi  della 
Scuola  Nuova,”  the  others  being 
called  “ xlrazzi  della  Scuola  Vec- 
chia.” 

“ The  tapestries  are  the  only 
work  of  Raphael  which  does  not  seem 
insignificant  after  seeing  Michael  An- 
gelo’s ceiling  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.” 

Goethe , Trans. 

Tapestry  Weavers,  The.  [Hilan- 
deras.]  A noted  picture  by  Diego 
Rodriguez  de  Silva  y Velasquez 
(1599-1660),  of  which  Mengs  said 
that  it  seemed  to  be  painted 
rather  by  the  mind  than  the 
hand.  In  the  Gallery  at  Madrid, 
Spain. 

Tappan  Zee.  An  expansion  of 
the  Hudson  River  beginning  at 
Dobbs’s  Ferry.  It  is  about  ten 
miles  long  and  from  two  to  five 
miles  in  breadth. 

He  was  never  seen  afterwards,  but  may 
be  heard  plying  his  oars,  as  above  men- 
tion d.  being  the  Flying  Dutchman  of  the 
Tappan  Sea.  doomed  to  ply  betwem  Ka- 
kiat  and  Spiting  Devil  until  the  day  of 
judgment.  Washington  Irving. 


Tara  Hill.  An  eminence  in  the 
parish  of  Tara,  in  Leinster,  Ire- 
land, formerly  the  seat  of  the 
Irish  kings,  and  from  which  the 
famous  coronation  stone  was 
brought  to  Scotland.  See  Stone 
of  Scone. 

43T1  According  to  Cambrensis,  there 
is  “in  Mietb,  an  hill,  called  the  Hill  of 
Taragh,  wherein  is  a plaine  twelve 
score  long,  which  was  named  the 
Kempe  his  hall;  where  the  countrie 
had  their  meetings  and  folkmotes,  as  a 
place  that  was  accounted  the  high  pal- 
ace of  the  monarch.  The  Irish  histo- 
rians hammer  manie  tales  in  this  forge, 
of  Fin  Mac  Coile  and  his  champions. 
But  doubtlesse  seemeth  to  beare  the 
shew  of  an  ancient  and  famous  monu- 
ment.” 

The  harp  that  once  through  Tara's  halls. 

Moore. 

Tarpeian  Rock.  [Lat.  Tarpeivs 
mons,  Ital.  Monte  Tcirpeia.]  A 
rocky  eminence  or  cliff  on  the 
southern  summit  of  the  Capitoline 
Hill  in  Rome,  from  which  crimi- 
nals sentenced  to  death  were  fre- 
quently thrown.  It  was  so  named 
to  commemorate  the  treachery  of 
Tarpeia,  who,  during  the  war  with 
the  Sabines,  in  the  early  period 
of  Roman  history,  longing  for  the 
golden  bracelets  of  the  enemy  and 
allured  by  the  promise  of  receiv- 
ing that  which  they  wore  upon 
their  arms,  opened  the  fortress  to 
the  Sabines,  and  was  rewarded 
by  being  crushed  by  their  shields 
which  they  threw  upon  her  in 
passing. 

J&tT  “ The  Tarpeian  rock  is  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  Capitoline  Hill. 
The  soil  has  gathered  round  the  base 
in  considerable  quantities,  so  that  the 
formidable  impressions  conveyed  by 
Roman  writers  are  not  confirmed  by 
the  sight.  But  a very  respectable  pre- 
cipice may  still  be  seen,  and  a traitor 
who  should  now  leap  from  the  top 
would  probably  be  as  harmless  ever 
after  as  Clodius  or  Catiline.”  Hillard. 
The  tribune  with  unwilling  steps  with- 
drew. 

While  impious  hands  the  rude  assault  re- 
new ; 

The  brazen  gates  with  thundering  strokes 
resound, 

And  the  Tarpeian  mountain  rings  around. 

Lucan , Trans. 

Then  on  to  the  Tarpeian  rock  he  leads 
The  way.  and  to  the  Capitol,  now  decked 
With  gold,  then  rough  with  bushes  wild. 

Virgil , Trans,  of  Cranch. 


TAS 


509 


TEL 


And  when  upon  their  hinges  were  turned 
round 

The  swivels  of  that  consecrated  gate, 
Which  arc  of  metal,  massive  and  sonorous, 
Roared  not  so  loud,  nor  so  discordant 
seemed 

Tarpeia , when  was  ta’en  from  it  the  good 
Metellus,  wherefore  meagre  it  remained. 

Dante,  Purgatorio , Longfellow's  Trans. 
On  the  Tarpeian  rock , the  citaih  1 
Of  great  and  glorious  Rome,  queen  of  the 
earth. 

So  far  renown’d,  and  writh  the  spoils  en- 
riched 

Of  nations.  Milton. 

Thou  hast  the  whole  Universe  against 
thee.  No  more  success:  mere  sham-suc- 
cess, for  a day  and  days;  rising  ever  high- 
er, — towards  its  Tarpeian  Pock.  Carlyle. 

On  the  23d  May,  1618,  the  delegates  of 
the  Protestants  of  Bohemia  cast  from  the 
windows  of  t lie  royal  castle  of  Prague  two 
Caiholic  members  of  the  Council  of  Re- 
gency. They  pretended  it  was  an  old 
custom  of  the  country,  and  that  like  the 
Romans  they  precipitated  traitors  from 
the  top  of  this  Tarpeian  Rock. 

Henri  Martin. 
— where  the  steep 

Tarpeian  ? fittest  goal  of  Treason’s  race. 
The  promontory  whence  the  Traitor’s 
Leap 

Cured  all  ambition.  Byron. 

Tassoni’s  Bucket.  See  Secchia 
Rapita. 

I liked  the  town  [Modena]  as  I drove  in ; 
and,  after  sleeping  an  hour  or  two,  I went 
out  in  search  of  “ Tassoni's  Bucket .” 

N.  P Willis. 

Tasso’s  Prison.  A cell  in  the 
Hospital  of  S.  Anna  in  Ferrara, 
Italy,  pointed  out  as  the  prison 
in  which  the  poet  Tasso  was  con- 
fined by  the  Duke  of  Ferrara. 

And  Tasso  is  their  glory  and  their  shame. 
Hark  to  his  strain ! and  then  survey  his 
cell ! 

And  see  how  dearly  earned  Torquato’s 
fame. 

And  where  Alfonso  bade  his  poet  dwell. 

Byron. 

Tattersall’s.  A celebrated  sport- 
ing rendezvous  and  auction-mart 
for  horses  in  London,  established 
by  Richard  Tattersall  in  1766. 
The  betting  throughout  the  coun- 
try is  governed  by  the  betting  at 
Tattersall’s. 

On  the  Proposal  for  a Cast-metal  King : 
gradually  a light  kindled  in  our  Profess- 
or’s eyes  and  face,  a beaming,  mantling, 
loveliest  Pght;  through  those  murky  fea- 
tures. a radiant,  ever-young  Apollo  looked ; 
and  he  burst  forth  like  the  neighing  of  all 
TattersalVs , — tears  streaming  down  his 
cheeks,  pipe  held  aloft,  foot  clutched  into 
the  air,  — loud,  long-continuing,  uncon- 
trollable. Carlyle. 


And  they  look  atone  another  with  the 
seriousness  of  men  prepared  to  die  in  their 
opinion. — the  authentic  seriousness  of 
men  betting  at  TattersalVs , or  about  to  re- 
ceive judgment  in  Chancery.  Carlyle. 

Taymouth  Castle.  The  seat  of 
the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane  near 
Kenmore,  Scotland. 

TazzaFarnese.  [TheFarneseCup.] 
A celebrated  onyx  cup,  a relic  of 
ancient  art,  highly  ornamented 
with  figures  in  relief.  Now  in 
the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 

Te,  Palazzo  del.  A noble  palace 
in  Mantua,  Italy. 

4®"  “ Giulio  Romano’s  masterpiece.” 
J.  A.  Symonds. 

Tebaldeo.  A portrait  by  Sebas- 
tian del  Piombo  (1485-1547).  In 
the  Scarpa  collection  at  La  Motta, 
Italy. 

Tecumseh,  The.  A noted  iron- 
clad vessel  of  the  United  States 
navy  in  the  Civil  War  in  1861-65. 
She"  was  one  of  Admiral  Farra- 
gut’s  fleet  in  the  attack  upon 
the  defences  of  Mobile,  Ala., 
Aug.  5,  1864.  She  was  suddenly 
destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a 
torpedo. 

4£g=-  “ The  Tecumseh  was  about  300 
yards  ahead  of  the  Brooklyn  when  she 
wras  suddenly  uplifted,  and  almost  as 
suddenly  disappeared  beneath  the  wa- 
ters, carrying  down  with  her  Capt. 
Craven  and  nearly  all  his  officers  and 
crew.  Only  17  of  130  were  saved.  The 
Tecumseh  had  struck  a percussion- 
torpedo,  which  exploded  directly  under 
her  turret,  making  a fearful  chasm,  into 
which  the  water  rushed  in  such  volume 
that  she  sunk  in  a few  seconds.” 

Lossing. 

Telegraph  Hill.  An  eminence  at 
the  northern  extremity  of  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  commanding  a 
fine  view. 

Tell’s  Chapel.  1.  A building  sit- 
uated on  a ledge  of  rock  on  the 
slope  of  the  Axenfluh,  washed 
by  the  waters  of  the  Lake  of  Uri, 
Switzerland.  It  is  a small  chapel 
built  in  memory  of  William  Tell 
(b.  thirteenth  century),  and  on 
the  very  spot  where  he  sprang 
out  of  Gessler’s  boat,  as  he  was 
being  carried  away  a prisoner. 
The  chapel  was  rebuilt  in  1879,  in 


TEM 


510 


TEM 


strict  adherence  to  the  original 
design. 

2.  A chapel  in  a village  near 
Altorf,  Switzerland,  built  in  15T2 
on  the  spot  where  the  house  stood 
which  was  occupied  by  William 
Tell 

Temeraire.  See  Fighting  Teme- 

II A IRE. 

Tempe.  A narrow  rocky  gorge  in 
Greece,  about  five  miles  in  length, 
between  Mount  Olympus  on  the 
north  and  Mount  Ossa  on  the 
south,  through  which  flows  the 
river  Peneus.  On  the  right  side 
of  the  vale  is  the  inscription  cut 
in  the  rock  : “ Lucius  Cassius 
Longinus,  the  Proconsul,  made 
the  road  through  Tempe.”  Ac- 
cording to  the  legends  of  the 
Greek  mythology,  this  fissure 
was  cut  through  by  Neptune  with 
a stroke  of  his  trident,  thus  open- 
ing a passage  for  the  waters  im- 
prisoned in  Thessaly,  the  defile 
receiving  from  this  circumstance 
the  name  of  Tempe  (from  Gr. 
Tc>^),  or  The  Cuts. 

F om  Trmpe's  vale  next  ancient  Peneus 
came, 

That  fertile  vale  immortalized  in  fame  ! 

Catullus , Trans. 
Lapped  in  Thessalia’s  forest-mantled  liills 
Lies  the  fair  vale  of  Tempe.  Ovid,  Trans. 
Passing  from  Italy  to  Greece,  the  tales 
Which  poets  of  an  elder  time  have  feigned 
To  glorify  their  Tempe , bred  in  me 
Desire  of  visiting  that  Paradise. 

To  Thessaly  I came,  and,  living  private, 

I,  day  by  day,  frequented  silent  groves 
And 'solitary  walks. 

Ford.  ( Lover's  Melancholy.) 
The  smooth  Peneus  from  his  glassy  flood 
Reflects  purpureal  Tempe' s pleasant  scene. 
Fair  Tempe ! haunt  beloved  of  sylvan 
powers, 

Of  nymphs  and  fauns;  where  in  the  gold- 
* en  age 

They  played  in  secret  on  the  shady  brink 
With  ancient  Pan.  Akenside. 

Yet  in  famed  Attica  such  lovely  dales 
Are  rarely  seen ; nor  can  fair  Tempe  boast 
A charm  they  know  not.  Byron. 

Temperaments.  See  Four  Tem- 
peraments. 

Temple,  The.  A liberty  or  dis- 
trict of  London,  lying  between 
Fleet  Street  and  the  Thames,  so 
called  from  the  Knights  Tem- 
plars. See  Inner  Temple  and 
Inns  of  Court. 

“ There  are  still  worse  places 


than  the  Temple  on  a sultry  day,  for 
basking  in  the  sun  or  resting  idly  in 
the  shade.”  Dickens. 

This  privileged  spot  [Whitefriars  or 
“ Alsatia  ”]  stood  in  the  same  relation  to 
the  Temple  as  Alsace  did  to  France  and 
the  central  powers  of  Europe.  In  the 
Temple , students  were  studying  to  observe 
the  law;  and  in  Alsatia,  adjoining,  debt- 
ors to  avoid  and  violate  it.  Cunningham. 

Temple,  The.  Nothing  is  now  left 
of  this  old  fortress  and  prison  in 
Paris,  though  much  of  it  was 
standing  a century  ago.  There 
were  two  Commanderies  of  the 
Knights  Templars  at  Paris  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  of  which  this 
strong  and  inrportant  feudal  fort- 
ress was  one.  It  was  granted  to 
the  Knights  of  St.  John  (subse- 
quently the  Knights  of  Malta) 
after  the  suppression  of  the  order 
of  Templars  in  1312.  Louis  XVI., 
with  Marie  Antoinette  his  queen, 
his  son  the  Dauphin,  his  daugh- 
ter and  his  sister,  were  confined 
in  the  prison  in  the  tower  of  the 
Temple  in  1792.  The  tower  was 
subsequently  used  as  a prison, 
but  was  pulled  down  in  the  early 
part  of  the  present  century.  Sir 
Sidney  Smith,  Toussaint  l'Ou- 
verture,  and  Pichegru  were  im- 
prisoned in  the  tower. 

Temple.  See  Presentation  in 
the  Temple. 

Temple  Bar.  A noted  historic 
boundary  in  London,  between 
the  east  end  of  the  Strand  and 
the  west  end  of  Fleet  Street,  di- 
viding the  City  of  London  from 
the  liberty  of  Westminster.  The 
original  division  was  by  posts 
and  rails,  a chain  and  a bar 
placed  across  the  street  and 
named  from  its  immediate  vicin- 
ity to  the  Temple.  The  Bar , or 
house  of  stone,  which  until  lately 
stood  on  this  site,  was  erected  by 
Sir  Christopher  Wren.  It  had  a 
large  flattened  arch  in  the  centre 
for  the  carriage-way,  and  a small- 
er arch  on  each  side  for  foot  pas- 
sengers. Above  the  centre,  on 
iron  spikes,  were  formerly  placed 
the  heads  and  limbs  of  persons 
executed  for  treason.  The  last 
of  these  spikes  was  not  removed 
till  the  present  century.  Mr. 
Rogers,  the  poet,  who  died  in 


TEM 


511 


TEM 


1855,  remembered  “one  of  the 
heads  of  the  rebels  upon  a pole 
at  Temple  Bar.”  The  gates  were 
originally  shut  at  night  and 
guarded  by  watchmen,  and  have 
occasionally  been  in  recent  times 
closed  in  cases  of  apprehended 
tumult.  It  was  formerly  the  case 
upon  the  visit  of  the  sovereign  to 
the  city,  to  keep  the  gates  closed 
until  admission  was  formally  de- 
manded, when  the  gates  were 
opened,  and  the  lord-mayor  sur- 
rendered the  city  sword  to  the 
sovereign,  who  re-delivered  it  to 
his  lordship.  This  noted  struc- 
ture is  now  taken  down  and  re- 
moved. 

jgQr^With  the  removal  of  Temple 
Bar  an  immensity  of  the  associations 
of  the  past  will  be  swept  away.  Almost 
all  the  well-known  authors  of  the  last 
two  centuries  have  somehow  had  occa- 
sion to  mention  it.  Fleet  Street,  just 
within  its  bounds,  is  still  the  centre 
for  the  offices  of  nearly  all  the  leading 
newspapers  and  magazines.”  Hare. 

“ It  is  my  practice,  when  I am  in 
want  of  amusement,  to  place  myself  for 
an  hour  at  Temple  Bar,  and  examine 
one  by  one  the  looks  of  the  passengers; 
and  I have  commonly  found  that  be- 
tween the  hours  of  eleven  and  four 
every  sixth  man  is  an  author.” 

Dr.  Johnson. 
While  we  surveyed  the  Poets’ Corner, 
I said  to  him  [Goldsmith],  *b  Fursitan  et 
nostrum  nomen  miscebitur  istis.”  When 
we  got  to  Temple  Bar  he  stopped  me, 
pointed  to  the  heads  upon  it,  and  slyly 
whispered,  “ Forsitan  et  nostrum  nomcn 
miscebitur  istis.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

How  they  exult  in  the  idea  that  the 
King  himself  dare  not  enter  the  city,  with- 
out first  knocking  at  the  gate  of  Temple 
Bar , and  asking  permission  of  the  Lord 
Mayor;  for  if  he  did,  heaven  and  earth! 
there  is  no  knowing  what  might  be  the 
consequence.  Irving. 

The  raw  afternoon  is  rawest,  and  the 
dense  fog  is  densest,  and  the  muddy 
streets  are  muddiest,  near  that  leaden- 
headed old  obstruction,  appropriate  orna- 
ment for  the  threshold  of  a leaden-headed 
old  corporation : Temple  Bar.  Dickens. 
Each  man  an  Ascapart.  of  strength  to  toss 
For  quoits  both  Temple-bar  and  Charing- 
cross.  Pope. 

The  earth  is  rich  in  man  and  maid  ; 

With  fair  horizoi  s bound  ; 

This  whole  wide  earth  of  light  and  shade 
Comes  out,  a perfect  round. 

High  over  roaring  Temple  Bar , 

And,  set  in  Heaven's  third  story, 

I look  at  all  things  as  they  are, 

But  through  a kind  of  glory. 

Tennyson. 


Once  more  I greet  thee,  Temple  Bar, 
That  hast  so  often  from  afar 
Risen  amid  my  dreams; 

When  avalanches  round  me  roared, 

Or  w here  the  Tagus,  sunlit,  poured 
Its  stately  golden  streams. 

Walter  Thornbury. 

Temple  Church.  A church  situ- 
ated in  the  rear  of  Fleet  Street, 
London,  one  of  the  four  circular 
churches  built  in  England  after 
the  Templars’  return  from  the 
Crusades,  containing  many  effi- 
gies of  feudal  warriors.  John 
Selden  was  buried  in  this  church. 
In  the  Temple  “ Round,”  as  the 
church  was  called,  lawyers  con- 
ferred with  their  clients. 

Retain  all  sorts  of  witnesses, 

That  ply  i’  the  Temple  under  trees; 

Or  walk  the  Round  with  Knights  o’  the 
Posts, 

About  the  cross-legg’d  knights,  their  hosts. 

Butler. 

Temple  Emanuel.  The  principal 

Jewish  synagogue  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  an  imposing  building, 
in  the  Saracenic  style,  with  a 
magnificent  interior.  It  is  con- 
sidered the  finest  specimen  of  ar- 
chitecture of  its  kind  in  America. 

Temple  Gardens.  An  open  space 
belonging  to  the  Inns  of  Court, 
London,  fronting  the  Thames. 
Here  Shakespeare  represents  the 
choice  of  the  York  and  Lancas- 
trian roses  as  emblems  by  the 
partisans  of  the  two  houses. 

Suffolk.  Within  the  Temple  Hall  we 
were  too  loud : 

The  garden  here  is  more  convenient.  . . . 
Plantagenet.  Let  him  that  is  a true- 
born  gentleman, 

And  stands  upon  the  honour  of  his  birth, 
If  he  suppose  that  I have  pleaded  truth, 
From  off  this  briar  pluck  a white  rose 
with  me. 

Somerset.  Let  him  that  is  no  coward, 
nor  no  flatterer. 

But  dare  maintain  the  partv  of  the  truth, 
Pluck  a red  rose  from  off  this  thorn  with 
me.  . . . 

Plantagenet.  Hath  not  thy  rose  a can- 
ker, Somerset  ? 

Somerset.  Hath  not  thy  rose  a thorn, 
Plantagenet?  . . . 

Warwick.  This  brawl  to-day, 

Grown  to  this  faction  in  the  Temple  Gar- 
dens, 

Shall  send,  between  the  red  rose  and  the 
white, 

A thousand  souls  to  death  and  deadly 
night. 

Shakespeare.  First  Part  of  Henry  VI. 
Stand  in  Temple  Gardens , and  behold 
London  herself  on  her  proud  stream 
afloat.  Shakespeare. 


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512 


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Temple  of  Aboo-Simbel  This 
and  a smaller  temple  near  it  are 
among  the  most  interesting  ob- 
jects in  Egypt  They  were  hewn 
out  of  the  solid  rock.  The  great 
temple  is  remarkable  for  its  mag- 
nificent colossi,  the  most  beauti- 
ful in  Egypt.  They  are  66  feet  in 
height,  and  represent  Rameses 
the  Great.  The  facade  of  the 
temple  is  about  100  feet  high. 
Within  are  eight  Osirides  pre- 
cisely alike,  all  carrying  the  cro- 
zier  and  flagellum.  There  are 
eight  rooms  opening  into  the 
large  hall,  the  walls  of  which 
are  covered  with  sculptures  rep- 
resenting the  offerings  to  the 
gods.  In  the  adytum  are  figures 
of  four  gods.  The  warlike  deeds 
of  Rameses  are  represented  on 
the  walls  as  offerings  to  the  gods. 
See  Lady  of  Aboshek. 

4®=*  “ Nothing  more  interesting  than 
these  temples  is  to  be  found  beyond 
the  limits  of  Thebes.  . . . The  faces  of 
Rameses  outside  (precisely  alike)  are 
placid  and  cheerful,  — full  of  moral 
grace ; but  the  eight  Osirides  within 
(precisely  alike,  too)  are  more.  They 
are  full  of  soul.”  Miss  Martineau. 

This  is  the  shrine  of  Silence,  sunk  and 
hewn 

Deep  in  the  solid  rock  : its  pillars  rise 
From  floor  to  roof,  like  giants,  with  fixed 
eyes. 

And  palms  crossed  on  their  breasts;  e’en 
at  mid-noon 

A dim  light  falls  around,  as  though  the 
moon 

Were  peering  at  the  temple  from  the 
skies.  J.  B Norton. 

The  mighty  shapes  that  guard  the  solemn 
pile, 

Unburied,  after  ages,  from  the  tomb 
Heaped  on  them  by  the  blast  of  the  si- 
moom, 

Sit  at  the  portal,  gazing,  night  and  day, 
O’er  the  lone  desert,  stretching  far  awajr, 
And  on  the  eternal  flood  of  Father  Nile. 

J.  B.  Norton. 

Temple  of  Antoninus  and  Faus- 
tina. A temple  erected  by  the 
Senate  to  the  memory  of  Anto- 
ninus Pius  and  his  wife  Faustina, 
in  the  Forum  at  Rome.  It  is 
now  in  ruins. 

Temple  of  Apollo  [at  Delphi].  The 
site  of  this  structure  is  now  re- 
garded as  definitely  determined, 
from  the  discovery  of  what  are 
thought  to  be,  in  all  probability, 
the  foundations  of  the  temple. 


The  temple  of  Apollo  was  reck-' 
oned  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  in  Greece;  having  been 
burnt  in  548  B.C,  it  was  rebuilt 
by  the  Alcmaionkhe.  The  “ Ion  ” 
of  Euripides  contains  an  interest- 
ing record  of  the  ornaments  with 
which  it  was  decorated.  Here 
was  the  oracular  chasm  with  the 
issuing  vapor,  which  moved  the 
destiny  of  empires;  here,  too,  was 
the  elliptical  stone  looked  upon 
as  the  centre  of  the  earth. 

Temple  of  Apollo.  A striking  and 
picturesque  ruin  at  Tivoli,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Rome. 

Temple  of  Apollo  Epicurius.  One 
of  the  finest  and  best-preserved 
temples  in  Greece,  built,  in  a 
place  which  was  called  Bassae,  in 
the  time  of  the  Peloponnesian 
War,  by  Ictinus,  who  was  also 
one  of  the  architects  of  the  Par- 
thenon. It  was  dedicated  to 
Apollo  Epicurius  (the  Helper)  in 
gratitude  for  the  relief  afforded 
by  Apollo  during  a plague.  Pau- 
sanias  speaks  of  the  harmony  of 
construction,  and  beauty  of  the 
stone,  of  this  temple  as  surpassing 
all  works  of  the  same  kind  in  the 
Peloponnesus. 

“ Such  is  the  seclusion  in  which 
the  Temple  of  Bassae  stands,  that  for 
many  ages  its  very  existence  was  either 
unknown  or  forgotten.  Like  the  tem- 
ples at  Paestum  in  this  respect,  it  was 
not  till  after  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  that  this,  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  most  perfect  of  all  the  remains 
of  Greek  architecture  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, was  discovered  in  nearly  the 
same  state  as  when  visited  more  than  a 
thousand  years  before  by  Pausanias.” 
C.  Wordsworth. 

Temple  of  Belus.  See  Bins  Nim- 
rood. 

Temple  of  Bubastis.  This  mag- 
nificent temple  at  the  town  of  the 
same  name  in  Egypt  is  not  now 
standing.  It  was  built  of  the 
finest  red  granite.  The  name  Bu- 
bastis is  derived  from  the  goddess 
Paslit,  to  whom  this  temple  was 
dedicated.  Herodotus  describes 
the  temple  as  forming  a peninsula, 
surrounded  by  water  (two  canals 
from  the  Nile)  on  all  sides  except 


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the  one  by  which  you  enter,  and 
as  being  situated  in  a low  space 
in  the  centre  of  the  town,  from 
which  you  could  look  down  upon 
it;  the  town  having  been  raised, 
while  the  temple  retained  its  ori- 
ginal level. 

4®=-  “ Other  temples  may  be  grander, 
and  may  have  cost  more  in  the  building, 
but  there  is  none  so  pleasant  to  the  eye 
as  this  of  Bubastis.”  Herodotus. 

Temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  An 
ancient  temple  in  Rome,  of  which 
three  columns  only  are  now 
standing.  This  ruin  has  also 
been  designated  by  various  other 
names. 

Temple  of  Denderah.  This  tem- 
ple of  the  Nile,  though  not  of  the 
remotest  antiquity,  is  interesting 
and  imposing.  It  was  built  by 
the  Coesars,  and  bears  the  names 
of  Tiberius  (in  whose  reign  the 
inscription  was  made),  Caligula, 
Claudius,  and  Nero.  It  also  bears 
upon  its  walls  portraits  of  Cleo- 
patra and  her  son  Neo-Caesar.  It 
is  in  better  preservation  than  most 
of  the  Egyptian  ruins. 

4®=*  “ The  building  of  the  temple 
of  Denderah  was  begun  in  the  reign  of 
the  eleventh  Ptolemy,  and  completed 
in  that  of  the  Emperor  Tiberius;  but 
the  sculptures  and  decorations  were 
not  finished  till  the  time  of  Nero.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

4®=*  “ Of  the  temple  of  Dendara  I 
will  say  nothing.  The  oldest  names  it 
bears  are  those  of  Cleopatra  and  her 
son  Caesarion ; and  it  has  not  therefore 
the  interest  of  antiquity;  while  its 
beauty  is  of  the  same  kind  as  that  of 
the  Isna  temple.  At  Dendara,  as  at 
Isna,  the  Pasha  has  caused  the  building 
to  be  cleaned  out ; for  which  the  world 
is  obliged  to  him  : and  it  would  have 
been  more  so,  if  he  had  not  run  a mud- 
brick  wall  directly  up  against  the  mid- 
dle of  the  front;  so  that  no  complete 
view  of  the  portico  can  be  had  from 
any  point.”  Miss  Martineau. 

What  yonder  rises  ? ’Tis  Tentyra’s  fane. 
That  stands  like  some  dark  giant,  on  the 
plain ; 

Rival  of  Karnak,  Edfou,  stern  and  lone, 

It  looks  to  Heaven,  its  founder,  date,  un- 
known. Nicholas  Michell. 

Or,  lodged  by  an  Arab  guide,  ventured  to 
render  a 

General  view  of  the  ruins  at  Denderah. 

Lowell. 


Temple  of  Diana.  An  interest- 
ing Roman  temple  at  Nimes, 
France. 

4^=*  “ Throughout  this  building  the 
details  of  the  architecture  are  unsur- 
passed for  variety  and  elegance  by  any 
thing  found  in  the  metropolis,  and  are 
here  applied  with  a freedom  and  ele- 
gance bespeaking  the  presence  of  a 
Grecian  mind,  even  in  this  remote  cor- 
ner of  the  empire.”  Fergus  son. 

Temple  of  Ephesus.  A famous 
temple  of  Artemis,  or  Diana,  in 
ancient  Ephesus,  Asia  Minor. 
The  original  temple,  erected  in 
the  sixth  century  B.C.,  was  in- 
tentionally burned  by  Herostra- 
tus,  with  a view  to  gaining  noto- 
riety, on  the  same  day  on  which 
Alexander  the  Great  was  born, 
B.C.  35(>.  The  new  temple,  which 
occupied  more  than  two  centu- 
ries in  building,  was  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  gorgeous  of  all 
those  erected  by  the  Greeks,  and 
was  regarded  one  of  the  wonders 
of  the  world.  Scanty  remains  of 
it  still  exist. 

4SP*  “According  to  Pindarus,  the  first 
temple  of  Ephesus  was  built  by  the 
Amazons  at  the  time  when  they  made 
war  upon  Theseus.  Strabo  attributes  it 
to  the  architect  Ctesiphon.  After  Eros- 
tratus  burnt  it  in  35G  B.C.,  says  Strabo, 
the  gifts  brought  from  all  parts,  the 
donations  of  pious  women,  the  presents 
of  the  colonies,  and  the  valuable  arli- 
cles  deposited  by  the  kings  in  the  an- 
cient sanctuary,  enabled  the  people  to 
rebuild  the  temple  on  a still  more  mag- 
nificent scale.  All  Asia  joined  in  the 
undertaking,  and  the  structure  took  no 
less  than  220  years  to  raise.  It  was 
placed  on  a marshy  soil  to  insure  it 
against  earthquakes,  and  in  order  to 
obtain  sufficiently  strong  foundations 
for  such  a considerable  mass,  a bed  of 
ground  carbon  was  laid  down , and  a bed 
of  wool  above  that.  The  entire  temple 
was  425  feet  long  and  220  feet  wide. 
...  In  the  thirteenth  century  A.I)., 
the  Persians  first,  and  afterwards  the 
Scythians,  pillaged  and  burnt  the  tern- 
pie  of  Ephesus.  What  of  destruction 
was  left  unaccomplished  by  these  was 
completed  by  the  Goths  and  Mahomet 
the  Great.”  Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

4Sg^  “Strange  to  say,  till  very  re- 
cently even  its  situation  was  unknown  ; 
and  even  now  that  it  has  been  revealed 
by  the  energy  and  intelligence  of  Mr. 
Wood,  scarcely  enough  remains  to  ena- 
ble him  to  restore  the  plan  with  any 


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thing  like  certainty.  This  is  the  more 
remarkable,  as  it  was  found  buried 
under  seventeen  or  twenty  feet  of  mud, 
which  must  have  been  the  accumula- 
tion of  centuries,  and  might,  one  would 
have  thought,  have  preserved  consider- 
able portions  of  it  from  the  spoiler.” 

Fergus  son. 

Temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis.  A 
very  ancient  building  in  Rome, 
supposed  to  date  back  to  the 
times  of  the  Republic,  which  has 
undergone  many  restorations, 
and  is  now  a Christian  church. 

Temple  of  Glory.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Anton  Rafael  Mengs 
(1728-1779).  In  Madrid,  Spain. 

Temple  of  Greenan.  A singular 
pile  of  ruined  buildings  of  very 
great  antiquity,  near  Derry,  Ire- 
land. By  some  it  is  thought  to 
have  been  a temple  for  sun- 
worship,  by  others  a royal  resi- 
dence. 

4ST  “To  the  casual  observer,  the 
first  appearance  of  the  edifice  is  that  of 
a truncated  cairn  of  extraordinary  di- 
mensions; but  on  inspection  it  will  be 
found  to  be  a building  constructed  with 
every  attention  to  masonic  regularity. 
In  the  centre  are  the  remains  of  the 
altar,  or  place  of  sacrifice.  The  stones 
of  which  the  building  is  formed  are  of 
the  common  gray  schistus,  but  evident- 
ly selected  with  care,  and,  considering 
their  exposure  to  the  Atlantic  storms 
for  so  many  centuries,  the  decomposi- 
tion is  wonderfully  small.” 

Dublin  Penny  Journal. 

Temple  of  Herod.  See  Herod’s 
Temple. 

Temple  of  Isis  [at  Philse].  This 
is  the  principal  temple  at  Pliilte, 
and  of  great  interest.  It  was 
built  by  tlie#  Ptolemies,  though 
many  of  the  sculptures  are  of  the 
time  of  the  Roman  Emperors. 
It  contains  among  its  many  ob- 
jects of  interest  ten  colossal  col- 
umns, completely  covered  with 
sculptures  in  a variety  of  brilliant 
and  beautiful  colors,  all  of  which 
are  not  merely  ornamental,  but 
also  emblematic. 

4®=  “ No  Gothic  architect  in  his 
wildest  moments  ever  played  so  freely 
with  his  lines  and  dimensions,  and 
none,  it  must  be  added,  ever  produced 
any  thing  so  beautifully  picturesque  as 


this.  It  contains  all  the  play  of  light 
and  shade,  all  the  variety  of  Gothic 
art,  with  the  massiveness  and  grandeur 
of  the  Egyptian  style ; and  as  it  is  still 
tolerably  entire,  and  retains  much  of 
its  color,  there  is  no  building  out  of 
Thebes  that  gives  so  favorable  an  im- 
pression of  Egyptian  art  as  this.  It  is 
true,  it  is  far  less  sublime  than  many, 
but  hardly  one  can  be  quoted  as  more 
beautiful.”  Fergusson. 

Temple  of  Isna.  A vast  and  cele- 
brated temple  at  Isna,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Nile,  in  Upper  Egypt, 
not  far  from  Thebes. 

40^  “ I think  I had  better  say  little 
of  Isna,  whose  temple  is  so  universally 
praised  that  every  one  knows  all  about 
it.  Those  have  heard  of  it  who  are 
ignorant  of  almost  every  thing  else 
about  Egypt.  If  it  were  ancient,  I 
could  not  refrain  from  giving  my  im- 
pressions of  it;  but  the  only  relic  of 
the  old  edifice  supposed  to  exist  is  a 
small  red  door  jamb  bearing  date  in  the 
time  of  Thothmes  I.,  mentioned  by 
Champollion.  The  portico  bears  the 
names  of  the  Csssars;  and,  however 
greatly  the  world  is  obliged  to  them  for 
erecting  a very  majestic  and  elegant 
temple,  we  are  not  aided  by  it  in  our 
researches  into  the  afifairs  of  the  old 
Egyptians.  ...  If  I were  to  enlarge 
on  any  thing  in  regard  to  this  temple, 
it  would  be  the  amount  of  inscriptions. 
But  it  is  indescribable,  — unremember- 
able,  — incredible  anywhere  but  on 
the  spot.  I have  already  said  all  that 
language  can  say  on  this  point;  and  I 
will  leave  it.”  Miss  Martineau. 

Temple  of  Janus.  A temple  in 
ancient  Rome  dedicated  to  Janus, 
one  of  the  early  Roman  deities, 
which  was  opened  at  the  com- 
mencement of  every  war,  and 
continued  open  while  the  war 
lasted.  The  tradition  is  that  it 
was  only  closed  three  times  in 
a period  of  700  years,  one  of 
those  times  being  at  the  birth  of 
Christ  in  the  reign  of  Augustus 
Csesar. 

Temple  of  Jupiter  Latialis.  A 

temple  of  Jupiter,  the  remains  of 
which  are  still  in  existence,  on 
the  summit  of  Mount  Albano,  or 
Monte  Cavo,  near  Rome,  Italy. 

Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator.  Three 
well-known  beautiful  columns 
near  the  base  of  the  Palatine  Hill, 
Rome,  are  usually  supposed  to  be 


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515  * 


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the  remains  of  this  temple;  hut 
they  have  been  the  subject  of 
much  antiquarian  dispute. 

Temple  of  Kalabsheh.  This  tem- 
ple was  the  largest  in  Nubia,  and 
is  a magnificent  ruin.  It  was 
built  by  the  Caesars,  of  stones 
which  had  belonged  to  an  older 
edifice.  Its  interest  lies  mainly 
in  its  vastness,  and  the  remark- 
able preservation  of  its  coloring. 

Temple  of  Karnak.  One  of  the 
most  imposing  and  best-preserved 
temples  in  Egypt.  It  stands  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  amid 
the  ruins  of  Thebes.  It  occupies 
an  area  of  nine  acres,  which  is 
covered  with  gigantic  columns, 
courts,  and  avenues  of  sphinxes. 

4®=*  “ The  palace  temple  at  Karnak 
— perhaps  the  noblest  effort  of  archi- 
tectural magnificence  ever  produced 
by  the  hand  of  man.  Its  principal  di- 
mensions are  1,200  feet  in  length  by 
about  360  in  width  ; and  it  covers,  there- 
fore, about  430,000  square  feet,  or  near- 
ly twice  the  area  of  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome, 
and  more  than  four  times  that  of  any 
mediaeval  cathedral  existing.  This, 
however,  is  not  a fair  way  of  estimating 
its  dimensions;  for  our  churches  are 
buildings  entirely  under  one  roof,  but 
at  Karnak  a considerable  portion  of  the 
area  was  uncovered  bjr  any  buildings, 
so  that  no  such  comparison  is  just.  The 
great  hypostyle  hall,  however,  is  in- 
ternally 340  feet  by  170,  and  with  its 
two  piions,  it  covers  more  than  88,000 
square  feet,  a greater  area  than  the 
cathedral  of  Cologne,  the  largest  of  all 
our  Northern  cathedrals  ; and  when  we 
consider  that  this  is  only  a part  of  the 
great  whole,  we  may  fairly  assert  that 
the  entire  structure  is  among  the  lar- 
gest, as  it  undoubtedly  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful,  buildings  in  the  world.” 
Fergusson. 

45T*  “ The  earliest  name  found  on 
any  of  the  buildings  of  the  Great  Tern, 
pie  is  that  of  Osirtasen  I.,  and  the  latest 
that  of  Alexander  II.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

Who  would  not  feel  and  satisfy  this  want, 
Watching,  as  I,  in  Karnak's  roofless 
halls, 

Subnu volar  lights  of  evening  sharply 
slant 

Through  pillared  masses  and  on  wasted 
walls?  Lord  Houghton. 

Here  let  me  sit  in  Karnak's  gorgeous  hall, 
Firm  as  when  reared  each  massy  pictured 
wall.  Nicholas  Michell. 

Temple  of  Luxor.  A palace-tem- 


ple in  Egypt,  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Nile,  built  by  Amunoph  III. 
and  Raineses  II.,  forming  a part 
of  the  ruins  of  Thebes.  Though 
inferior  in  size  to  Karnak,  it  is 
reckoned  superior  in  point  of 
architecture.  Two  monolithic 
obelisks  of  granite  formerly 
stood  in  front  of  Luxor,  one  of 
which  is  now  in  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde,  in  Paris. 

Those  unexampled  temples  sempitern  — 
Luxor  and  Karnak,  twain,  yet  linked  in 
one 

By  avenue  of  sphinxes,  multiplied. 

To  endless  view.  J.  Ellis. 

Temple  of  Mars  Ultor.  [Mars  the 
Revenger.]  An  ancient  Roman 
temple,  of  which  only  a few  beau- 
tiful pillars  now  remain. 

Temple  of  Minerva  [at  iEgina.] 
One  of  the  oldest  temples  in 
Greece,  formerly  thought  to  have 
been  a temple  of  Zeus  Panhelle- 
nius,  probably  built  in  the  sixth 
century  B.C.  It  is  now  in  ruins. 
Some  of  the  sculptures  of  the 
pediment  are  now  preserved  at 
Munich,  Bavaria.  Of  these  there 
are  casts  in  the  British  Museum. 

Temple  of  Minerva  Mediea.  An 
interesting  ruin  in  Rome.  It  is 
now  thought  to  be  misnamed. 

jgST  “ It  [this  temple]  commonly 
goes  by  the  name  of  the  Temple  of 
Minerva  Mediea,  though  this  is  cer- 
tainly a misnomer.  Recently  it  has 
become  the  fashion  to  assume  that  this 
was  the  hall  of  some  bath ; no  building 
of  that  class,  however,  was  known  to 
exist  in  that  neighborhood.  ...  It  cer- 
tainly belongs  to  the  last  days  of  the 
Roman  empire,  if,  indeed,  it  be  not  a 
Christian  building,  which  I am  very 
much  inclined  to  believe  it  is.  . . . 
Taking  it  altogether,  the  building  is 
certainly,  both  as  concerns  construc- 
tion and  proportion,  by  far  the  most 
scientific  of  all  those  in  ancient  Rome, 
and  in  these  respects  as  far  superior  to 
the  Pantheon,  as  it  is  inferior  to  that 
temple  in  size.  Indeed,  there  are  few 
inventions  of  the  Middle  Ages  that  are 
not  attempted  here;  so  much  so,  in- 
deed, that  I cannot  help  believing  it  is 
much  more  modern  than  is  generally 
supposed.”  Fergusson. 

Temple  of  Neptune.  A famous 
ruined  temple  at  Psestum  in 
Southern  Italy,  regarded  as  the 


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finest  specimen  of  Greek  archi- 
tecture outside  of  Athens. 

4©“  “ Of  the  three  temples  of  Pses- 
tum,  the  best  preserved  ranks  among 
the  most  beautiful  works  of  antiquity, 
and  is  situated  between  the  two  others. 
Neptune  was  the  god  to  whom  it  was 
dedicated.  Its  fluted  columns,  of  which 
there  are  six  on  the  fa$ade  and  four- 
teen on  the  sides,  rest  upon  three 
broad  steps  of  most  harmonious  pro- 
portions. Between  the  columns  the 
space  is  little  more  than  the  diameter 
of  the  pillars.  This  makes  the  play  of 
light  and  shade  among  them  very  strik- 
ing.” Lefevre , Tr.  Donald. 

42T’  “ Study  of  these  buildings,  so 
sublime  in  their  massiveness,  so  noble 
in  the  parsimony  of  their  decoration, 
so  dignifled  in  their  employment  of  the 
simplest  means  for  the  attainment  of 
an  indestructible  effect  of  harmony, 
heightens  our  admiration  for  the  Attic 
genius  which  found  in  this  grand  man- 
ner of  the  elder  Doric  architects  re- 
sources as  yet  undeveloped.” 

J.  A.  Symonds. 
Yet  there,  a lovely  dream, 

There  Grecian  temples  gleam, 

Whose  form  and  mellowed  tone 
Rival  the  Parthenon. 

Temple  of  Phthah.  A famous 
temple  at  Garf  Hoseyn,  a large 
village  in  Nubia,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Nile. 

4®"  “ It  may  be  remembered  that 
this  was  the  deity  [Phthah]  to  whom, 
according  to  tradition,  the  first  temple 
was  raised  in  Egypt;  when  Menes, 
having  redeemed  the  site  of  Memphis 
from  the  waters,  began  the  city  there, 
and  built  the  great  temple  of  Phthah, 
renowned  for  so  many  years  after- 
wards. Memphis  and  this  G-arf  Ho- 
seyn formerly  bore  the  same  name, 
derived  from  their  deity,  viz.,  Phthahei 
or  Thyphthah.  His  temple  has  been 
found  by  some  travellers  as  impos- 
ing as  any  on  the  Nile.  It  has  been 
compared  even  with  Aboo-Simbil.  . . . 
We  saw  nothing  ruder  than  this  tem- 
ple, which  yet  is  grand  in  its  way.” 

Miss  Martineau. 

Temple  of  Saturn.  An  old  Ro- 
man temple,  of  which  a few  frag- 
ments, in  the  shape  of  eight  Ionic 
columns,  still  remain  in  the  Fo- 
rum at  Rome. 

Temple  of  Sunium.  A ruined 
temple,  dedicated  to  the  tutelary 
goddess  of  Attica,  at  Sunium, 
now  Cape  Colonna,  the  most 
southern  point  of  Attica,  is  mag- 


nificently situated  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  promontory,  2t>9  feet 
above  the  AEgean  Sea,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  view.  It 
was  built  of  white  marble.  Six- 
teen columns  are  now  standing. 

4®"  “ The  marble  columns  of  the 
ruins  of  Sunium’s  temple  on  Cape  Co- 
lonna stood  forth  with  a shining  white- 
ness in  the  warm  sunshine.  Sea-birds 
fluttered  around  on  the  gray  desert 
coast.”  H.  C.  Andersen. 

4®=*  “In  all  Attica,  if  we  except 
Athens  itself  and  Marathon,  there  is 
no  scene  more  interesting  than  Cape 
Colonna.  To  the  antiquary  and  artist, 
sixteen  columns  are  an  inexhaustible 
source  of  observation  and  design ; to 
the  philosopher,  the  supposed  scene  of 
some  of  Plato’s  conversations  will  not 
be  unwelcome;  and  the  traveller  will 
be  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the  pros- 
pect over  ‘ Isles  that  crown  the  AEgean 
deep:’  but,  for  an  Englishman,  Co- 
lonna has  yet  an  additional  interest,  as 
the  actual  spot  of  Falconer’s  Shipwreck. 
Pallas  and  Plato  are  forgotten,  in  the 
recollection  of  Falconer  and  Campbell : 

‘ Here  in  the  dead  of  night  by  Lonna’s  - 
steep. 

The  seaman’s  cry  was  heard  along  the 
deep.’ 

This  temple  of  Minerva  may  be  seen 
at  sea  from  a great  distance.” 

Byron. 

Save  where  Tritonia’s  air}r  shrine  adorns 
Colonna’s  cliff, and  gleams  along  the  wave. 

Byron. 

Temple  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints. 

See  Mormon  Temple. 

Temple  of  the  Sibyl.  A famous 
temple,  of  the  Corinthian  Order, 
at  Tivoli,  near  Rome,  “ which 
has  probably  sat  for  its  likeness 
more  often  than  any  building  on 
earth.”  It  is  now  a ruin  crown- 
ing a cliff,  with  ten  of  its  original 
eighteen  columns  still  standing. 

4®"  “The  building,  when  perfect, 
placed  anywhere  would  have  been  an 
elegant  structure,  and  its  remains  have 
formed  a most  satisfactory  ruin;  but 
no  fabric  of  man  ever  owed  more  to  its 
situation.  . . . The  relation  between 
the  temple  and  the  rock  is  like  that  be- 
tween the  capital  and  the  shaft : each 
seems  to  require  the  other  as  its  com- 
plement. Nature  and  art  never  worked 
together  more  harmoniously,  and  to 
call  the  combination  merely  pictur- 
esque is  to  do  it  injustice.  It  is  a pic- 
ture which  requires  nothing  to  be  added 
to  or  taken  from  it  to  make  it  perfect.” 
Hillard . 


TEM 


517 


TEN 


Temple  of  the  Sun.  A ruined 
temple  atBa’albek,  in  Syria,  and 
the  most  perfect  of  the  existing 
remains  in  that  country.  It  was 
considerably  larger  than  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens.  The  most  in- 
teresting portion  of  the  building 
at  present  remaining  is  the  Great 
Gateway,  42  feet  in  height  by  20 
feet  in  width.  What  was  left  of 
this  temple  was  much  injured  by 
the  earthquake  of  1759,  which 
threw  down  many  of  the  col- 
umns. [Also  called  the  Temple  of 
Jupiter  and  Temple  of  Apollo.'] 

Temple  of  the  Sun.  A ruined 
temple  in  Palmyra,  Northern  Pal- 
estine, and  one  of  the  finest  ruins 
in  Syria.  About  100  columns  are 
still  standing. 

Temple  of  the  Wingless  Victory. 
A small  but  very  beautiful  tem- 
ple at  Athens,  Greece,  “ only  27 
feet  long,  18  feet  broad,  and,  from 
the  lowest  step  to  the  top  of  the 
pediment,  not  more  than  23  feet 
high.”  This  temple  Of  Nucr?  a; rrepo? 
had  entirely  disappeared  a cen- 
tury ago,  but  in  1835  its  frag- 
ments were  discovered  and  skil- 
fully restored  to  their  original 
places.  It  is  not  mentioned 
among  the  works  of  Pericles,  and 
is  thought  to  have  been  built  by 
Cimon. 

J “ The  little  temple  [of  Nike 
Apteros , or  Wingless  Victory]  is  a 
jewel  of  a structure,  not  half  so  large 
as  that  of  Vesta  at  Rome,  and  consists 
only  of  a cella  with  four  Ionic  col- 
umns at  each  end.  Nevertheless  it 
lightens  wonderfully  the  heavy  masses 
of  masonry  against  which  it  stands.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

Temple  of  Vespasian.  An  old 
Roman  temple,  of  which  a few 
fragments,  in  the  shape  of  three 
beautiful  columns,  are  still  stand- 
ing in  the  Forum.  This  ruin  was 
formerly  called  the  Temple  of 
Jupiter  Tonans. 

Temple  of  Vesta.  A celebrated 
Roman  temple,  of  acircular  form, 
standing  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tiber,  near  where  the  Cloaca 
Maxima  empties  into  the  river. 
By  some  antiquaries  this  temple 
is  thought  to  be  misnamed.  It  is 


surrounded  by  a row  of  marble 
columns  nineteen  in  number.  In 
place  of  the  entablature,  which 
lias  fallen,  a roof  of  red  tiles  is 
laid  directly  upon  the  capitals  of 
the  columns. 

“It  is  a pretty  toy  of  a build- 
ing; too  small  — to  borrow  an  expres- 
sion of  Horace  Walpole’s  — to  live  in, 
and  too  large  to  hang  at  one’s  watch- 
chain.  Its  form  and  features  are  mul- 
tiplied in  an  immense  progeny  of  bronze 
models  and  inkstands  to  which  it  has 
given  birth.”  Hillard. 

“ The  picture  of  this  perfect 
temple  and  the  beautiful  purpose  of  its 
consecration  have  always  been  promi- 
nent in  my  imaginary  Rome.  It  is 
worthy  of  its  association  — an  exqui- 
site round  temple,  with  its  simple  circle 
of  columns  from  the  base  to  the  roof,  a 
faultless  thing  in  proportion,  and  as 
light  and  floating  to  the  eye  as  if  the 
wind  might  lift  it.  It  needed  not  the 
heavenly  moonlight  that  broke  across 
its  columns  to  make  it  a very  shrine  of 
fancy.”  V.  P.  Willis. 

Temptation  of  Christ.  A picture 
by  Ary  Scheffer  (1795-1858). 

Temptation  of  St.  Anthony.  1. 
A picture  by  Joachim  Patenier 
(d.  154cS?),  the  Flemish  painter, 
and  one  of  his  masterpieces.  It 
is  now  at  Madrid,  and  there  is 
also  a copy  of  it  in  the  Museum  of 
Berlin,  Prussia. 

2.  A picture  by  David  Teniers 
the  Younger  (1610-1694).  In  the 
Museum  at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Ten  Thousand  Saints.  See  Mar- 
tyrdom of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Saints. 

Tenebrario.  A.  famous  and  beau- 
tiful candlestick  of  bronze,  mod- 
elled after  Solomon’s  Temple,  in 
the  cathedral  of  Seville,  Spain. 
It  was  executed  by  Bartolome 
Morel,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Philip  II. 

Tennessee,  The.  A noted  Con- 
federate iron-clad  ram,  taken  in 
the  harbor  of  Mobile,  Ala.,  Aug. 
5,  1864,  by  Admiral  Farragut’s 
fleet. 

“ Admiral  Farragut  believed 
the  fierce  combat  was  ended;  for,  as 
darkness  closed  in,  the  forts  were  si- 
lent. He  was  mistaken.  Just  before 
nine  o’clock  the  Tennessee  came  down 
under  a full  head  of  steam,  and  made 


TEN 


518 


THA 


directly  for  the  Hartford.  All  the  na- 
tional vessels  were  immediately  sig- 
nalled to  close  in  upon  and  destroy  the 
monster.  It  was  not  an  easy  task,  for 
it  appeared  absolutely  invulnerable  for 
several  hours.  The  Monongahela  first 
struck  it  a blow  square  in  the  side,  and 
fired  an  eleven-inch  shot  upon  it  with 
very  little  effect.  The  Lancaster , run- 
ning at  full  speed,  struck  the  ‘ ram,’  and 
crushed  in  her  own  stem.  Now  the 
Hartford  tried  her  powers  upon  the 
sea-giant.  She  gave  the  Tennessee  a 
glancing  blow  and  a broadside  of  ten- 
inch  shells  at  a few  feet  distance.  . . . 
Thus  beset  and  badly  crippled,  the 
Tennessee  struck  her  colors,  and  be- 
came Farragut’s  prisoner  after  fighting 
all  night  and  until  ten  o’clock  in  the 
morning.  Her  commander  was  badly 
wounded,  and  six  of  her  crew  were 
killed.”  Lossing. 

Tenterden  Steeple.  A church  in 
Tenterden,  Kent,  England,  which 
has  acquired  notoriety  from  a 
supposed  connection  between  it 
and  the  formation  of  the  danger- 
ous shoal  known  as  the  Goodwin 
Sands;  the  tradition  being  that 
the  money  which  should  have 
been  used  to  maintain  the  sea- 
wall was  diverted  to  the  building 
of  the  church. 

“Mr.  Moore  was  once  sent  in 
commission  into  Kent,  to  help  to  try 
out  (if  it  might  be)  what  was  the  cause 
of  Goodwin  Sands,  and  the  shelf  that 
stopped  up  Sandwich  haven.  Thither 
cometh  Mr.  Moore,  and  calleth  the 
country  afore  him;  such  as  were 
thought  to  be  men  of  experience,  and 
men  that  could,  of  likelihood,  best  cer- 
tify him  of  that  matter,  concerning  the 
stopping  of  Sandwich  haven.  Among 
others,  came  in  before  him  an  old  man, 
with  a white  head;  and  one  that  was 
thought  to  be  little  less  than  an  hundred 
years  old.  When  Mr.  Moore  saw  this 
aged  man,  he  thought  it  expedient  to 
hear  him  say  his  mind  in  this  matter; 
for,  being  so  old  a man,  it  was  likely 
that  he  knew  most  of  any  man  in  that 
presence  and  company.  So  Mr.  Moore 
called  this  old  man  unto  him,  and  said, 
‘ Father,’  said  he,  ‘tell  me,  if  you  can, 
what  is  the  cause  of  this  arising  of  the 
sands  and  shelves  here  about  this  ha- 
ven ; the  which  stop  it  up  that  no  ships 
can  arrive  here ; ye  are  the  eldest  man 
that  I can  espy  in  all  this  company; 
so  that  if  any  man  can  tell  any  cause  of 
it,  ye  of  likelihood  can  say  most  in  it; 
or,  at  leastwise,  more  than  any  other 
man  assembled.’  — ‘ Yea,  forsooth,  good 
master,’  quoth  this  old  man,  ‘for  I am 


well  nigh  an  hundred  years  old;  and 
no  man  here  in  this  company  any  thing 
near  unto  mine  age.’  — ‘ Well,  then,’ 
quoth  Mr.  Moore,  ‘ how  say  you  in  this 
matter?  what  think  ye  to  be  the  cause 
of  these  shelves  and  flats  that  stop  up 
Sandwich  haven  ?’ — ‘Forsooth,  say  ye,’ 
quoth  he,  ‘I  am  an  old  man;  I think 
that  Tenterden  Steeple  is  the  cause  of 
Goodwin  Sands;  fori  am  an  old  man,* 
quoth  he;  ‘and  I may  remember  the 
buiiding  of  Tenterden  Steeple,  and  I 
may  remember  when  there  was  no  stee- 
ple at  all  there;  and  before  that  Tenter- 
den Steeple  was  in  building,  there  was 
no  manner  of  speaking  of  any  flats  or 
sands  that  stopped  the  haven;  and, 
therefore,  I think  that  Tenterden  Stee- 
ple is  the  cause  of  the  destroying  and 
decay  of  Sandwich  haven.’  And  even 
so  to  my  purpose  is  preaching  of  God’s 
word  the  cause  of  rebellion,  as  Tenter- 
den Steeple  was  the  cause  that  Sand- 
wich haven  is  decayed.” 

Bishop  Latimer , Sermons. 

Thus,  however,  it  was  that  Tenterden 
Steeple  brought  an  influx  of  the  Atlantic 
on  us,  and  so  Godwin  Sands.  Carlyle. 

Terrace,  The.  An  imposing  pile 
of  architecture  in  Central  Park, 
New  York,  comprising  corridors 
and  stairways,  and  broad  avenues 
adorned  with  statuary. 

Terrapin  Tower.  An  observatory 
which  formerly  stood  on  a little 
isle  at  Niagara,  and  afforded  a 
fine  view  of  the  falls.  It  was  de- 
stroyed in  1873. 

“ I do  not  quite  approve  of  that 
tower,  seeing  that  it  has  about  it  a gin- 
gerbread air.  Nevertheless  the  tower 
is  worth  mounting.  Here  the  mystery 
is  lost,  but  the  whole  fall  is  seen.” 

Anthony  Trollope. 

Terror,  The.  An  Arctic  exploring 
vessel  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  company  with  the  Ere- 
bus, under  Sir  John  Franklin,  in 
May,  1845,  and  never  returned. 
See  Erebus. 

Testaccio,  Monte.  See  Monte 

Testaccio. 

Thames  Embankments.  A series 
of  great  improvements  effected  in 
London  since  1850,  consisting  of 
stone  embankments  on  both  the 
north  and  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames,  by  which  many  acres 
that  were  formerly  mud-banks 
have  been  reclaimed,  roads  a 
hundred  feet  wide  constructed, 


THA 


539 


THE 


with  landing-stages  from  the  riv- 
er-steamers, the  interior  beinglaid 
out  in  ornamental  gardens  form- 
ing a pleasant  promenade.  The 
Victoria  embankment,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river,  was 
opened  in  1870.  The  Albert,  on 
the  opposite  side,  was  opened  in 
1869. 

Thames  Street.  A well-known 
street  in  London,  extending  from 
Blackfriars  to  the  Tower. 

Thames  Tunnel.  A brick  arched 
double  roadway  under  the  river 
Thames  at  London,  executed  by 
Brunei  at  a cost  of  £614,000.  It 
was  opened  to  the  public  March 
25,  1843.  Since  1865  it  has  been 
used  for  a railway-tunnel  by  the 
East  London  Bailway  Company. 

Thatched  House.  This  celebrated 
tavern  in  St.  James’s  Street,  Lon- 
don, is  no  longer  standing.  For 
about  two  centuries  it  was  noted 
for  its  club  meetings  and  its  din- 
ners. As  late  as  1860  more  than 
25  societies  and  clubs  were  enter- 
tained at  the  Thatched  House. 
Part  of  its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  house  of  the  Civil  Service 
Club. 

Was  it  never  thy  hard  fortune,  good 
reader,  to  attend  any  meeting  convened 
for  public  purposes;  any  Bible  Society, 
Reform,  Conservative,  Thatched- Tavern, 
Hogg-Dinner,  or  other  such  meeting? 

Carlyle. 

Thavies  Inn.  Formerly  an  inn  of 
court  in  London,  and  one  of  the 
oldest.  It  was  destroyed  by  fire 
towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century. 

According  to  Mr.  Guppy  in  Dickens’s 
novel  of  “ Bleak  House,”  it  was  “round 
the  corner”  from  Lincoln’s  Inn.  “We 
just  twist  up  Chancery  Lane,  an’  cut 
along  Holborn,  and  there  we  are  in  four 
minutes’  time  as  near  as  a toucher.” 

Theatre  Francais.  A theatre  in 
Paris,  Bue  Bichelieu,  on  the 
south-west  side  of  the  Palais 
Boyal.  Here  are  acted  the  regu- 
lar French  dramas,  the  modern 
as  well  as  the  more  classic  pro- 
ductions of  Moliere,  Bacine,  Cor- 
neille, and  others.  Bichelieu 
built  the  Theatre  du  Palais  Boy- 
al, upon  the  site  of  which  the 
present  house  was  erected  in 


1787.  Moliere  was  manager  from 
1658  till  his  death  in  1673. 

Theatre  Lyrique.  A recent  thea- 
tre in  Paris,  on  the  Place  du  Clra- 
telet,  devoted  to  the  lyric  drama 
and  operas. 

Twice  a week  he  goes  to  the  theatre; 
he  prefers  the  Palais-Itoyal  : perhaps 
twice  more  he  takes  upon  his  arm  one  of 
the  tigurantes  of  the  Thedtre  Lyrique. 

Taine , Trans. 

Theatre  of  Marcellus.  An  inter- 
esting ruin  in  Borne,  of  which 
only  a few  arches  now  remain. 
The  building  is  supposed  to  have 
been  capable  of  holding  20,000 
spectators.  It  was  a fortress  in 
the  Middle  Ages,  and  subsequent- 
ly passed  into  the  possession  of 
the  Orsini  family. 

Theobalds.  A palace  in  the  parish 
of  Chishurst,  near  London,  for- 
merly the  residence  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Cecil  (Lord  Burleigh).  It 
passed  into  possession  of  the  Stu- 
art kings,  who  often  resided  here. 
The  building  is  described  as  one 
of  great  magnificence,  but  has 
now  entirely  disappeared. 

Theodore’s,  St.,  Column.  See 

St.  Theodore’s  Column. 

Theodoric’s  Palace.  1.  A cele- 
brated ruin  in  Bavenna,  Italy, 
the  old  residence  of  the  Gothic 
king.  This  palace  was  despoiled 
of  many  of  its  treasures  by  Char- 
lemagne. 

2.  Well-known  and  picturesque 
ruins  at  Terracina,  on  the  route 
between  Borne  and  Naples,  Italy. 

Theodoric’s  Tomb.  An  interest- 
ing and  celebrated  sepulchral 
monument,  of  a circular  form, 
built  by  the  Gothic  king  Theodo- 
ric,  and  standing  in  the  midst  of 
a plain  near  Bavenna,  Italy. 

Theology.  See  Dispute  of  the 
Sacrament. 

Theresa,  St.  See  St.  Theresa. 

Thermae.  See  Baths. 

Thermes,  Palais  des.  See  Palais 
des  Thermes. 

Theseum.  A monumental  temple 
in  Athens,  Greece,  finished  about 
465  B.C.,  and  built  to  receive  the 


THE 


520 


THR 


bones  of  Theseus.  The  Theseum 
is  thought  to  have  furnished  the 
model  for  the  Parthenon. 

4ST”  “It  is  a memorial  at  the  same 
time  of  the  hero’s  friend  Heracles,  and 
of  the  alliance  between  the  cities  which 
the  two  represent,  Athens  and  Argos. 
. . . Very  appropriately  this  temple  is 
now  occupied  as  a museum  of  relics  of 
ancient  Greek  art.”  T.  Chase. 

4®"  “ The  oldest  temple  of  this  class 
[the  Doric  temples  built  in  the  forty  or 
fifty  years  which  succeeded  the  defeat 
of  the  Persians  at  Salamis]  is  that  best 
known  as  the  Theseium  or  Temple  of 
Theseus,  at  Athens,  though  it  is  nearly 
certain  that  it  ought  more  properly  to  he 
considered  the  temple  of  the  god  Mars. 
It  constitutes  a link  between  the 
archaic  and  the  perfect  age  of  Grecian 
art;  more  perfect  than  the  temple  at 
HDgina  or  any  that  preceded  it,  but  fall- 
ing short  of  the  perfection  of  the  Par- 
thenon, its  near  neighbor  both  in  lo- 
cality and  in  date.”  Fergusson. 

4®"  “ This  edifice,  the  best  preserved 
of  all  ancient  temples,  stands  on  a 
mound  at  the  foot  of  the  Areopagus, 
on  its  western  side,  overlooking  a part 
of  the  modern  city.  Its  outer  colon- 
nade of  Doric  pillars,  tinted  with  a 
rich  golden  stain,  is  entire;  the  cella  is 
for  the  most  part  so,  and  little  but  the 
roof  is  wanting.  It  is  small,  but  very 
beautiful,  and  with  such  a background  ! 
— the  olive-groves  of  the  Academy,  Co- 
lonos,  and  Parnes.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Theseus.  An  ancient  Greek  statue. 
Now  in  the  British  Museum,  Lon- 
don. 

4®"  “ The  Apollo  Belvedere  as  com- 
pared with  the  Theseus  in  the  British 
Museum  — perhaps  the  best  work  now 
left  to  us  of  the  best  period  of  Grecian 
art  — is  like  Dryden’s  Alexander’s 
Feast  as  compared  with  Milton’s  Ode 
on  the  Nativity.  The  latter  is  the 
production  of  the  greater  genius,  but 
nine  readers  out  of  ten  will  prefer  the 
former.”  Hillard. 

Thetis  bearing  the  Armor  of 
Achilles.  A noted  picture  by 
Francois  Gerard  (1770-1837),  the 
eminent  French  painter. 

Thiergarten.  An  extensive  public 
park  adjacent  to  the  Brandenburg 
Gate  in  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Thomas  a Becket.  See  Consecra- 
tion of  Thomas  a Becket  and 
Shrine  of  Thomas  a Becket. 

Thomas  d’Aquin,  St.  See  St. 

Thomas  d’Aquin. 


Thomas.  See  Incredulity  of  St. 
Thomas. 

Thomas’s  Hospital,  St.  See  St. 

Thomas’s  Hospital. 

Thornbury  Castle.  An  ancient 
castellated  mansion  of  historical 
interest,  begun  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  It  is  in  the  town  of  the 
same  name  in  Gloucestershire, 
England. 

Threadneedle  Street.  [Or  Three- 
needle  Street.]  A street  in  Lon- 
don said  to  derive  its  name  from 
three  needles , the  sign  on  the  shield 
of  the  Needle-makers’  Company’s 
arms.  The  Bank  of  England  is 
situated  in  this  street,  and  is 
sometimes  referred  to  as  the 
“ Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle 
Street.” 

Contrive  to  talk  well,  you  will  get  to 
heaven,  the  modern  heaven  rf  the  Eng- 
lish. I)o  not  talk  well,  onty  work  well, 
and  lieroicrlly  hold  yonr  peace,  you  have 
no  chance  whatever  to  pet  thither:  with 
your  utmost  industry  ycu  may  get  to 
Threadneedle  Street , and  accumulate  more 
gold  than  a dray-horse  can  draw. 

Carlyle . 

Nay,  if  MlCroudy  offered  his  own  life 
for  sale  in  Threadneedle  Street,  would  any- 
body buy  it  V Not  1,  for  one.  Carlyle. 

Even  so,  ye  indigent  millionnaires,  and 
miserable  bankrupt  populations  rolling  in 
gold,  — whose  note-of-hand  will  go  to 
any  length  in  Threadneedle  Street , and  to 
whom  in  heaven’s  bank  the  stern  answer 
is,  “No  effects!  ” Bankrupt.  I sa}r;  and 
Californias  and  Eldorados  will  not  save 
us.  Crabbe. 

Threave  Castle.  The  ancient  seat 
of  the  Douglas  family,  situated 
on  an  island  of  the  Dee,  in  Scot- 
land, and  inaccessible  by  land 
except  in  a very  dry  season.  It 
is  now  a ruin. 

Three  Ages.  A noted  picture  by 
Titian  (1477-157G).  “ A youth 

and  a maiden  — she  playing  the 
lute  — sit  in  the  foreground;  chil- 
dren, undisturbed  by  a cupid, 
sleep  in  the  middle  distance; 
and,  further  from  the  eye,  an  old 
man  contemplates  two  skulls  on 
the  ground.”  In  the  Bridgewater 
Gallery. 

4®=*  “ One  of  the  most  beautiful 
idyllic  groups  of  modern  creation.” 

Kuglcr,  Handbook  of  Painting* 


THE 


521 


TIG 


Three  Brothers  of  Antwerp.  The 

name  given  to  three  celebrated 
rubies.  They  are  alluded  to  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  “ Anne  of 
Geierstein.” 

Three  Cranes  in  the  Vintry.  A 
famous  old  tavern  in  London.  It 
figures  in  Scott’s  novel  of  “ Ken- 
ilworth,” and  was  one  of  the  tav- 
erns of  Ben  Jonson’s  time. 

There  hetli  been  great  sale  and  utterance 
of  Wine, 

Besides  Bcere,  and  Ale,  and  Ipocras  fine, 
In  every  country,  region,  and  nation, 

But  chiefly  in  Billingsgate,  at  the  Saluta- 
tion ; 

And  the  Bor’s  Head  . . Three  Cranes  in 
the  Vintry. 

Newesfrom  Bartholomew  Fayre. 

Three  Fates.  A remarkable  pic- 
ture usually  ascribed  to  Michael 
Angelo,  but  the  correctness  of 
this  ascription  is  doubted.  In 
the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,  Italy. 

“ In  the  Pitti  Palace,  a picture 
of  the  Three  Fates  is  ascribed  to  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  It  was  executed,  how- 
ever, by  Rosso  Fiorentino.”  Kugler. 

jgGgT'  “ Michael  Angelo’s  Fates  are 
three  very  grim  and  pitiless  old  women, 
who  respectively  spin,  hold,  and  cut 
the  thread  of  human  destiny,  all  in  a 
mood  of  sombre  gloom,  but  with  no 
more  sympathy  than  if  they  had  noth- 
ing to  do  with  us.  I remember  seeing 
an  etching  of  this  when  I was  a child, 
and  being  struck  even  then  with  the 
terrible,  stern,  passionless  severity, 
neither  loving  nor  hating  us,  that  char- 
acterizes these  ugly  old  women.  . . . 
They  are  a great  work,  containing  and 
representing  the  very  idea  that  makes 
a belief  in  fate  such  a cold  torture  to 
the  human  soul.”  Hawthorne. 

Three  Graces.  A mythological 
picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  and  one  of  his  earlier  com- 
positions. It  is  in  the  Dudley 
Gallery,  London. 

Three  Graces.  A group  in  one 
of  the  frescos  in  the  Farnesina, 
Pome,  executed  wholly  or  in  part 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520). 

Three  Graces.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Giacomo  Palma,  called 
II  Vecchio  (14802-1548?).  This  pic- 
ture is  said  to  represent  the  paint- 
er’s daughters.  It  is  in  the  Gal- 
lery at  Dresden,  Germany. 


Three  Kings  of  Cologne,  Shrine 

of.  See  Shrine. 

Three  Marys.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Annibale  Caracci  (1560- 
1009),  “ of  singular  grandeur  and 
pathos.”  It  is  now  at  Castle 
Howard,  England. 

Three  Moors.  See  Drei  Mohren. 

Three  Sisters.  Romantic  islets  at 
Niagara  Falls,  from  which  is  ob- 
tained the  best  view  of  the  rapids 
at  their  widest  and  most  disturbed 
part.  “The  Three  Sisters  are 
mere  fragments  of  wilderness, 
clumps  of  vine-tangled  woods, 
planted  upon  masses  of  rock;  but 
they  are  parts  of  the  fascination 
of  Niagara  which  no  one  resists.” 

Three  Trees.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Paul  Rembrandt  van  Ryn 
(1006-1669).  It  is  known  through 
reproductions. 

And  ye  Three  Trees  cf  Rembrandt,  black 
in  shadow  against  the  blaze  of  sunlight; 
and  thou  Rosy  Cottager  of  Sir  Joshua,— 
thy  roses  hinted  by  the  peppery  burin  of 
Bartolozzi;  ye,  too,  of  lower  grades  in  na- 
ture, yet  not  unlovely  nor  unrenowned, 
YoungBull  of  Paulus Rotter,  and  Sleeping 
Cat  of  Cornelius  Visscher : welcome  once 
more  to  my  eyes ! Holmes. 

Thule.  See  Ultima  Thule. 

Thunder,  Castle.  See  Castle 
Thunder. 

Thunderbolt.  A beautiful  pleas- 
ure-ground on  the  Warsaw  River, 
near  Savannah,  Ga. 

Thuron.  A picturesque  ivy-clad 
ruined  castle  on  the  Moselle,  in 
Rhenish  Prussia.  The  fortress 
was  built  in  1209.  * 

Ticonderoga,  Fort.  See  Fort  Ti- 

CONDEROGA. 

Tiffagnes.  A ruined  castle  in 
France,  between  Nantes  and  Poi- 
tiers. It  is  said  to  have  been  one 
of  the  haunts  of  the  famous 
Gilles  de  Retz,  the  “ Blue  Beard 
of  the  Loire.” 

Tigellum  Sororis.  [The  Sister’s 
Beam .]  A name  given  to  a struc- 
ture, in  the  form  of  a yoke,  in  an- 
cient Rome,  erected  to  commem- 
orate the  legend  of  the  last  of  the 
Horatii,  who,  being  senteffced  to 
death  for  the  murder  of  his  sister, 


TIH 


522 


TOD 


had  his  punishment  commuted, 
at  the  intercession  of  his  father, 
to  passing  under  a yoke.  It  is 
said  that  this  structure  was  still 
standing  in  Rome  as  late  as  the 
fifth  century  of  our  era. 

Tih,  Tomb  of.  See  Tomb  of  Tih. 

Tinker,  The.  A well-known  pic- 
ture by  Franz  van  Mieris  (1635- 
1681),  the  Dutch  genre- painter, 
and  considered  one  of  his  mas- 
terpieces. It  is  in  the  Gallery  of 
Dresden,  Saxony. 

Tintagel.  A famous  ruined  castle, 
near  the  town  of  Camelford  in 
England,  reputed  to  have  been 
the"  birthplace  of  King  Arthur, 
and  the  residence  of  Queen 
Isolde.  [Also  written  Tintadcjel.] 
Four  of  the  train  combined  to  rear 
The  terrors  of  Tintadgel's  spear. 

Scott. 

Tintern  Abbey.  1.  A famous  and 
picturesque  ruin,  four  miles  from 
Chepstow,  England.  The  monas- 
tery was  founded  in  1131.  The 
existing  remains  are  the  property 
of  the  "Duke  of  Beaufort.  They 
are  associated  with  one  of  Words- 
worth’s most  admired  poems. 

The  men  who  called  their  passion  piety, 
And  wrecked  this  noble  argo>y  of  faith, — 
They  little  thought  how  beauteous  could 
be  death, 

How  fair  the  face  of  time’s  aye-deepening 
sea ! Lord  Houghton. 

2.  A ruined  abbey  in  Wexford 
county,  Ireland. 

Tiryns,  Ruins  of.  Tiryns,  one  of 
the  oldest  cities  of  Greece,  was' 
situated  a short  distance  south- 
east of  Argos,  and  12  stadia  from 
Nauphlia.  According  to  the  fa- 
ble, Tiryns  was  built  for  Prcetus 
by  the  Cyclopes,  about  1379  B.C. 
The  walls  are  well  preserved. 

Titania,  The.  An  English  iron 
yacht  belonging  to  Mr.  R.  Ste- 
phenson, which  was  beaten  in  the 
ocean  race  of  Aug.  28,  1851,  by 
the  United  States  yacht  the 
America , 

Titian.  A ^portrait  of  himself  by 
the  painter.  In  the  collection  of 
autograph  portraits  in  the  Uffizi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Titian  and  his  Mistress.  A pic- 
ture, bearing  this  name,  by  Titian  ! 


(1477  - 1576),  representing  **  a 
beautiful  woman,  with  a male 
figure  holding  a mirror  behind 
her.”  This  picture,  of  which 
there  are  many  repetitions,  is  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Titian’s  Beauty.  See  Bella  di 
Tiziano. 

Titian’s  Daughter.  See  Daugh- 
ter of  Titian. 

Titian’s  House.  At  Tai  Cadore, 
Italy. 

Titian’s  Slave.  See  Schiava  di 
Tiziano. 

Titian’s  Schoolmaster.  A picture 
called  by  this  title,  but  misnamed, 
in  the  Duke  of  Sutherland’s  gal- 
lery, in  Stafford  House,  England. 
It  was  painted  by  Giovanni  Bat- 
tista Moroni  (1510-1578). 

Titus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Ti- 
tus. 

Titus,  Baths  of.  See  Baths  of 
Titus. 

Tivoli  Gardens.  1.  A beautiful 
place  of  public  resort  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  situated  on  San  Cosme 
Avenue.  The  trees  and  foun- 
tains and  singing  birds  and  trop- 
ical luxuriance  of  these  gardens 
make  them  a spot  of  rare  attrac- 
tiveness. 

2.  A place  of  amusement  in 
Paris. 

On  my  return  home,  I found  all  Paris 
in  motion  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city, 
chiefly  with  a fete  at  the  Gardens  of  Ti- 
voli. George  Ticknor. 

Tobit.  1.  A picture  by  Rembrandt 
van  Ryn  (1606-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter,  representing  the  family 
of  Tobit  adoring  the  departing 
angel.  It  bears  date  1637,  and  is 
now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

2.  A picture  by  Gerard  Dow 
(1613-1674?),  the  Dutch  r/enre-paint- 
er,  representing  the  blind  Tobit 
going  to  meet  his  son.  In  War- 
dour  Castle,  England. 

Todtenleuchter.  [Lantern  of  the 
Dead.]  An  ancient  and  curious 
monumental  structure  near  Vi- 
enna, Austria.  It  is  30  feet  in 
height,  and  the  date  inscribed 
I upon  it  is  1381.  “ There  is  a 


TOI 


523 


TOM 


small  door  at  a height  of  about 
five  feet  from  the  ground,  and 
near  the  summit  a chamber  with 
six  glazed  windows  in  which  the 
light  was  exhibited.” 

Toilet  of  Venus.  A picture  by 
Francesco  Albani  (1578-1660),  and 
one  of  his  best  works.  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Tolbooth.  A building  which  for- 
merly stood  on  the  Castle  Hill  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  which 
served  the  various  purposes  of  a 
House  of  Parliament,  a Court  of 
Justice,  and  a jail  for  common 
criminals,  and  for  insolvent  debt- 
ors. After  degenerating  into  a 
mere  prison,  it  was  taken  down 
in  1817.  This  prison  is  poetically 
known  as  the  “Heart  of  Mid- 
Lothian.”  The  word  Tolbooth  is 
a general  name  for  a jail. 

46tT“A  massive,  turreted,  five-sto- 
ried stone  structure  of  various  ages. 
. . . At  a later  period  the  structure 
served  for  a prison,  once  under  the 
name  of  the  old  Tolbooth,  but  since, 
and  probably  for  coming  time,  distin- 
guished as  the  ‘ Heart  of  Mid-Lothian.’ 
. . . The  entrance  door  and  the  huge 
padlock  and  key  were  removed  to  Ab- 
botsford, where  they  now  appear 
among  the  many  curiosities  collected 
by  Scott.”  J.  F.  Ilunnewell. 

His  [Scott’s]  house  itself  is  a kind  of 
collection  of  fragments  of  history ; archi- 
tectural ornaments, — copies  from  Mel- 
rose in  one  part,  the  old  identical  gate 
of  the  Tolbooth , or  rather  the  stone  part  of 
it,  through  which  the  Porteous  mob 
forced  its  way,  in  another. 

George  Ticknor. 
But  whar’s  the  gude  Tolbooth  gane  now  ? 
Whar’s  the  auld  Claught,  wi’  red  and 
blue?  Scott . 

The  Tolbooth  felt,  — for  marble  sometimes 
can, 

On  such  occasions,  feel  as  much  as  man,— 
The  Tolbooth  felt  defrauded  of  his  charms, 
If  Jeffrey  died,  except  within  her  arms. 

Byron. 

Arthur’s  steep  summit  nodded  to  its  base, 
The  surly  Tolbooth  scarcely  kept  her 
place.  Byron. 

Toledo,  The.  A celebrated  street 
in  Naples,  Italy,  and  the  chief 
business  avenue  of  the  city,  about 
a mile  and  a half  in  length.  It 
was  built  in  1540  by  Don  Pedro 
de  Toledo,  and  separates  the  an- 
cient from  the  modern  city.  It 
swarms  with  people,  and  has 
been  pronounced  the  noisiest 


street  in  Europe.  It  is  now  called 
the  Strada  di  Roma. 

You  remember  J , and  what  a dandy 

he  was,  the  faultlessness  of  his  boots  and 
cravats,  the  brilliancy  of  his  waistcoats 
and  kid-gloves : we  have  seen  his  splen- 
dcr  in  Regent  Street,  in  the  Tuileries,  or 
on  the  Toledo.  Thackeray. 

Tom,  Great.  See  Great  Tom. 
Tomb  of  Aaron.  See  Aaron’s 
Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Abelard  and  Eloise. 
This  tomb  is  in  Pere-la-Cliaise, 
the  celebrated  cemetery  in  Paris. 
Abelard  died  in  1142,  and  Heloise 
in  1163. 

Come  to  yon  stately  dome. 

With  arch  and  turret,  every  shapely  stone 
Breathing  the  legends  of  the  Paraclete, 
Where  slumber  Abelard  and  Heloise, 
’Neath  such  a world  of  wreaths,  that 
scarce  ye  see 

Their  marble  forms  recumbent,  side  by 
side.  Mrs.  L.  H.  Sigourney. 

Fair  saint  of  passion,  placidly  reclining, 
Thy  glowing  breast  contained  in  marble 
death, 

While  Love’s  soft  planet  on  thy  brow  is 
shining, 

A sister  heart  to  thine  would  lend  its 
breath. 

*Tis  with  a thrill  of  joy  I spe  beside  thee 
The  form  that  might  not  pass  the  con- 
vent grate, 

And  gather  that  the  happiness  denied  thee 
On  earth  makes  blessed  thine  immortal 
state.  Julia  Ward  Howe. 

An  avenue  of  tombs ! I stand  before 
The  tomb  of  Abelard  and  Eloise. 

A long,  a dark  bent  line  of  cypress-trees 
Leads  past  and  on  to  other  shrines;  but 
o’er 

This  tomb  the  boughs  hang  darkest  and 
most  dense. 

Like  leaning  mourners  clad  in  black. 

Joaquin  Miller. 

Tomb  of  Alexander.  See  Alex- 
ander’s Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Atreus.  A subterranean 
dome,  constructed  under  the 
slope  of  the  hill  at  Mykense, 
Greece.  Here  was  stored  the 
wealth  of  the  early  kings,  cars 
and  armor,  with  treasuresof  deco- 
ration in  embroidery,  purple,  and 
gold. 

Tomb  of  Cecilia  Metella.  A cir- 
cular tower,  70  feet  in  diameter, 
resting  upon  a quadrangular  base, 
situated  upon  the  Appian  Way, 
two  or  three  miles  from  Rome. 
It  was  built  to  the  memory  of 
Cecilia  Metella,  the  daughter  of 
Quintus  Metellus  (called  Creti- 


TOM 


524 


TOM 


cus)  and  wife  of  Crassus,  and  is 
one  of  the  best-preserved  of  the 
ancient  monuments  near  Rome. 

“ This  tomb  of  a woman  has  be- 
come the  dungeon  keep  of  a castle,  and 
all  the  care  that  Cecilia  Metella’s  hus- 
band could  bestow  to  secure  endless 
peace  for  her  beloved  relics,  only  suf- 
ficed to  make  that  handful  of  precious 
* ashes  the  nucleus  of  battles,  long  ages 
after  her  death.”  Hawthorne. 

There  is  a stern  round  tower  of  other  days, 
Firm  as  a fortress,  with  its  fence  of  stone, 
S i eli  as  an  army's  baffled  strength  delays, 
Standing  with  half  its  battlements  alone, 
And  with  two  thousand  \ ears  of  ivy  grown, 
T lie  gariand  of  eternity,  where  wave 
The  green  leaves  over  all  by  time  o’er- 
tlirown;  — 

What  was  this  tower  of  strength  ? With- 
in its  cave 

What  treasure  lay  so  locked?  so  hid?  — 
A woman’s  grave.  Byron. 

Tomb  of  Dante.  See  Dante’s 
Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Eameses  III.  See  Harp- 
ers’ Tomb. 

Tomb  of  St.  Sebald.  See  St.  Se- 
bald’s  Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Sethi  I.  See  Belzoni’s 
Tomb. 

Tomb  of  the  Volumnii.  A noted 
ancient  sepulchre,  containing  cin- 
erary urns,  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  Perugia,  Italy. 

Tomb  of  Theodoric.  See  Theo- 
doric’s  Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Tih.  An  interesting  and 
(so  far  as  it  remains)  excellently 
preserved  specimen  of  an  Old 
Empire  tomb  in  Egypt.  The 
sculptures  and  representations 
on  the  walls  are  in  wonderfully 
good  condition,  having  kept  their 
delicacy  of  outline  and  their 
color.  They  are  considered  in 
some  respects  superior  to  those 
at  Beni  Hassan. 

Tomb  of  Virgil.  See  Virgil’s 
Tomb. 

Tomb  of  Washington.  See  Wash- 
ington’s Tomb. 

Tombs,  The.  A massive  stone 
building  of  Egyptian  architecture 
in  New  York,  serving  as  a city 
prison. 

Tombs  of  Beni  Hassan.  See  Beni 
Hassan. 


Tombs  of  the  J udges.  A group  of 
sepulchral  monuments  near  Jeru- 
salem. 

“ These  are  ornamented  by  a 
tympanum  of  a Greek  or  Roman  tem- 
ple tilled  with  scroll-work  of  a rich  but 
debased  pattern.”  Fergusson. 

Tombs  of  the  Kings.  A group  oi 
sepulchral  monuments  near  Jeru- 
salem. 

4®"  “ They  still  retain  traces  of  the 
original  design,  sufficient  to  fix  their 
date  within  or  subsequently  to  the 
Herodian  period,  without  much  possi- 
bility of  doubt.”  Fergusson. 

Tombs  of  the  Prophets.  The 
name  given  to  a series  of  tombs 
excavated  in  the  side  of  Olivet 
near  Jerusalem.  The  origin  and 
history  of  these  caves  are  involved 
in  obscurity.  They  probably  de- 
rive their  name  from  the  “ tombs 
of  the  prophets  ” alluded  to  by 
Christ  in  Matt,  xxiii.  29. 

Tombs  of  the  Scaligers.  A group 
of  admired  sepulchral  monuments 
in  Verona,  Italy,  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  Scaligeri,  the  fam- 
ily who  ruled  over  the  city  in  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centu- 
ries. 

“The  tombs  of  the  Scaligers 
stand  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  with  a 
highly  ornamental  railing  about  them, 
and  are  a perfect  mockery  of  death 
with  their  splendor.  If  the  poets  and 
scholars  whom  these  petty  princes 
drew  to  their  court  had  been  buried  in 
these  airy  tombs  beside  them,  one 
would  look  at  them  with  some  interest. 
Now  one  asks,  ‘ Who  were  the  Scaligers, 
that  their  bodies  should  be  lifted  high 
in  air  in  the  midst  of  a city,  and  kept 
for  ages,  in  marble  and  precious 
stones?’”  N.  P.  Willis. 

Tombs  of  the  Stuarts.  In  St. 
Peter’s  Church,  Rome,  with  a 
monument  by  Can  ova  (1757-1822) 
to  the  memory  of  James  the  Third, 
Charles  the  Third,  and  Henry  the 
Ninth,  Kings  of  England. 

4^  “ To  those  who  speak  the  Eng- 
lish tongue,  the  most  interesting  of  the 
monuments  in  St.  Peter’s  is  that  erected 
by  Can  ova  to  the  last  three  of  the  Stu- 
art family.  ...  It  is  a marble  struc- 
ture, in  form  resembling  a truncated 
obelisk.  . . . Its  interest  is  independent 
of  its  merit  as  a work  of  art.”  Ilillard. 

Tombs  of  the  Scipios.  [Ital.  Se - 

polcri  degli  Scipioni.]  These  an- 


TOM 


525 


TOE 


cient  tombs  which  are  situated  on 
the  Appian  Way,  not  far  from  the 
Porta  S.  Sebastiano,  Rome,  were 
discovered  towards  the  close  of 
the  last  century,  and  are  among 
the  most  interesting  historical 
monuments  that  have  been 
brought  to  light.  The  inscrip- 
tions which  were  found  in  them 
have  been  removed  to  the  Vati- 
can. 

The  Scipios’  tombs  contain  no  ashes  now: 
The  very  sepulchres  lie  tenantless 
Of  their  heroic  dwellers.  Byron. 

Tompkins  Square.  A public  park 
in  New  York,  noted  as  a place  of 
parade  for  the  soldiery,  and  of 
gatherings  of  workingmen. 

Tom’s.  A noted  coffee-house  in 
London,  so  called  after  the  origi- 
nal proprietor,  one  Thomas  West. 
It  was  situated  in  Russell  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  and  was  taken 
down  in  1865.  In  the  same  street 
were  the  two  other  celebrated  cof- 
fee-houses, Will’s,  and  Button’s. 
In  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
Tom’s  was  frequented  by  many 
persons  of  rank;  and  the  balcony 
is  said  to  have  been  seen  “ crowd- 
ed with  noblemen  in  their  stars 
and  garters,  drinking  their  tea 
and  coffee  exposed  to  the  people.” 
It  is  described  as  being  at  that 
time  a favorite  resort  for  the  best 
company,  after  the  play,  where 
they  could  enjoy  “ playing  at  pi- 
quet and  the  best  conversation 
till  midnight.  Here  you  will  see 
blue  and  green  ribbons,  with 
stars,  sitting  familiarly  and  talk- 
ing with  the  same  freedom  as  if 
they  had  left  their  quality  and 
degrees  of  distance  at  home.”  A 
club,  comprising  nearly  700  per- 
sons, seems  to  have  been  estab- 
lished here  in  1764,  and  was  pat- 
ronized by  the  nobility,  gentry, 
and  men  of  genius  of  the  period. 
The  list  of  members  includes 
many  noted  names.  Johnson  and 
his  biographer  Boswell  first  met 
here.  There  was  another  Tom’s  in 
Cornhill,  resorted  to  by  Garrick. 

Tonquedec.  A large  and  well-pre- 
served feudal  castle  in  Brittany, 
France,  near  Lannion.  It  was 
built  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  was  used  as  a royal  fortress. 


“ To  the  antiquary,  precious  as 
a specimen  of  the  military  architec- 
ture of  the  thirteenth  century.  For  the 
sketcher  they  combine  the  requisites  to 
form  a lovely  landscape.”  Trollope . 

Tooley  Street.  A street  in  South- 
wark, London.  The  “ Three 
Tailors  of  Tooley  Street”  are 
characters  said  by  Canning  to 
have  addressed  a petition  about 
popular  grievances  to  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  to  have  headed 
the  petition,  “We,  the  people  of 
England.” 

The  honorable  gentleman  whom  you 
interrupt  here,  he,  in  his  official  capacitv, 
is  not  an  individual  now,  but  the  embodi- 
ment of  a Nation;  he  is  the  “People  of 
England  ” engaged  in  the  work  ef  secre- 
taryship, this  one;  and  cannot  forever 
afford  to  let  the  three  Tailors  of  Tooley 
Street  break  in  upon  him  at  all  hours  ! 

Carlyle. 

Tooloon.  See  Mosque  of  Ahmed 
ebn  Tooeoon. 

Tor  de’  Specchi.  An  aristocratic 
conventual  establishment  at 
Rome,  Italy. 

The  young  Countess  Bolognetti,  one  of 
the  famous  Cenci  family,  took  the  veil  at 
the  Tor  de’  Specchi,  the  fashionable  rich 
convent  of  the  nobility  here.  Ticknor. 

Tor  di  Babele.  A well-known 
mediaeval  tower  of  the  Colonna 
family  in  Rome. 

Torlonia  Palace.  [Ital.  Palazzo 
Torlonia.]  A palace  in  Rome, 
built  about  1650  by  Fontana  for 
the  Bolognetti  family,  and  bought 
early  in  this  century  by  the  Ro- 
man banker  Torlonia,  from  whom 
it  takes  its  present  name. 

ToroFarnese.  See  Farnese  Bull. 

Torre  degli  Asinelli.  A well- 
known  leaning  tower  in  Bologna, 
Italy,  erected  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  so  called  from  its  build- 
er, Gherardo  degli  Asinelli.  See 
Garisenda. 

Jf&tP*  “The  leaning  towers  of  brick, 
one  of  which  furnished  to  Dante  a 
most  characteristic  and  picturesque  il- 
lustration, impressed  me.  We  read  so 
much  of  the  leaning  tower  of  Pisa, 
that  we  feel  something  like  a sense  of 
injury  at  finding  it  does  not  incline 
more.  These  toners  in  Bologna  are 
very  ugly ; and  one  half  suspects  them 
to  have  bent  over  on  purpose  to  attract 
that  attention  which  in  their  normal 
state  they  could  not  secure.”  Hillard . 


TOR 


526 


TOR 


In  the  devotional  pictures  he  [St.  Petro- 
nius]  holds  in  his  hand  the  city  of  Bo- 
logna, distinguished  by  the  tall  central 
tower,  the  Torre  Asinelh , and  the  leaning 
tower  near  it.  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Torre  dei  Conti.  An  immense 
brick  tower  in  Rome,  erected  by 
Innocent  III.  (1198-1216),  one  of 
the  Conti  family,  from  whom  it 
gets  its  name.  It  was  resorted 
to  as  a place  of  safety  in  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Torre  del  Gallo.  See  Galileo’s 
Tower. 

Torre  del  Grillo.  A well-known 
mediaeval  tower  in  Rome. 

Torre  del  Orologio.  See  Horo- 
loge of  Petrus  Lombardus. 

Torre  della  Fame.  [The  Tower 
of  Famine.]  A famous  tower 
which  once  stood  in  Pisa,  Italy, 
but  of  which  now  no  vestiges  re- 
main. It  was  the  scene  of  the 
sufferings  of  Count  Ugolino  della 
Gherardescha,  immortalized  by 
Dante.  Ugolino,  as  head  of  the 
Guelplis,  had  doubtless  sought  to 
enslave  his  country,  and  had  com- 
mitted various  tyrannical  acts. 
He  was  overcome  in  1288  by  the 
Archbishop  Ruggiero  Rubaldino, 
chief  of  the  Ghibellines,  and  was 
afterwards  imprisoned,  with  his 
two  sons  and  two  grandsons  in 
this  tower,  where  they  starved  to 
death. 

“ The  Pisans,  who  had  impris- 
oned Count  Ugolino  and  his  two  sons 
and  two  grandsons,  children  of  Count 
Guelfo,  as  we  have  before  mentioned, 
in  a tower  on  the  Piazza  degli  Anziani, 
ordered  the  door  of  the  tower  to  be 
locked,  and  the  keys  to  be  thrown  into 
the  Arno,  and  forbade  any  food  should 
be  given  to  the  prisoners,  who  in  a few 
days  died  of  hunger.  And  the  five 
dead  bodies,  being  taken  together  out 
of  the  tower,  were  ignominiously  bur- 
ied; and  from  that  day  forth  the  tower 
was  called  the  Tower  of  Famine,  and 
shall  be  forevermore.”  Villani. 

Of  tbe  erl  Hugilin  of  Pise  the  langour 
Ther  may  no  tonge  telle  for  pite. 

But  litel  out  of  rise  stant  a tour, 

In  "hirhe  tour  in  prisoun  put,  was  he; 
And  with  him  been  his  litel  children  thre, 
Tlieldest  skarsly  fyf  37er  Avas  of  age; 

Allas!  fortune!  it  Avas  gret  cruelte 
Suclie  briddes  to  put  in  such  a cage. 

Dampnyd  he  was  to  deye  in  that 
prisoun, 


For  Roger,  which  that  bisschop  was  of 
Pise, 

Had  on  him  maad  a fals  suggestioun; 
Thurgh  which  the  peple  gan  on  him 
arise, 

And  putte  him  in  prisoun  in  such  wise 
As  ye  have  herd. 


Who  so  wil  it  hiere  in  lenger  wise, 

Rede  the  gret  poet  of  ltaile 
That  highte  Daunt,  for  he  can  it  devise, 
Fro  poynt  to  poynt  nought  oon  word  wil 
he  fayle. 

Chaucer , The  Monkes  Tale. 

Thou  hast  to  knoAv  I AAras  Count  Ugolino, 
And  this  one  Avas  Ruggieri  the  Arch- 
bishop ; 

Now  I will  tell  thee  why  I am  such  a 
neighbor. 

That,  by  effect  of  his  malicious  thoughts, 
Trusting  in  him  I Avas  made  prisoner. 
And  after  put  to  death,  I need  not  say; 
But  ne’ertheless  what  thou  canst  hot 
haAre  heard. 

That  is  to  say,  how  cruel  Avas  mv  death, 
Hear  shalt  thou,  and  shalt  knoAv  if  he 
has  Avronged  me. 

A narroAv  perforation  in  the  mew. 

Which  bears  because  of  me  the  title  of 
Famine, 

And  in  which  others  still  must  be  locked 

up,  > 

Had  shown  me  through  its  opening  many 
moons 

Already,  when  I dreamed  the  evil 
dream 

Which  of  the  future  rent  for  me  the  veil. 
Dante , Inferno , Longfellow' s Trans. 

A human  Mother  and  Father  had  said 
totliemsclA’es,  Whatslmll  avc  do  to  escape 
starAration  ? We  are  deep  sunk  here,  in 
our  dark  c ellar;  and  help  is  far.  Yes,  in 
the  Ugolino  Hunger-tower  stern  things 
happen  ; best-lcwcd  little  Gaddo  fallen 
dead  on  his  Father’s  knees ! Carlyle. 

There  stands  the  Tower  of  Famine.  It  is 
built 

Upi>n  some  prison-homes,  wTiose  dwellers 
rave 

For  bread,  and  gold,  and  blood.  Shelley. 
But  those,  the  human  savages,  explore 
All  paths  of  t rture,  and  insatiate  yet, 
With  Ugolino  hunger  prowl  for  more. 

Byron. 

Torre  della  Seimia.  [Tower  of 
the  Ape.]  A mediaeval  tower  in 
Rome,  the  subject  of  a curious 
legend.  It  relates  how  a baby, 
snatched  by  an  ape  and  borne  to 
the  top  of  the  battlements,  was  re- 
stored in  safety  to  its  parents  in 
answer  to  a vow  which  they  made 
that  they  would  cause  a lamp  to 
burn  nightly  forever  before  an 
image  of  the  Virgin  upon  the 
summit.  The  building  is  also 
known  as  Hilda’s  Tower  from 
the  part  which  it  plays  in  Haw- 
thorne’s romance  of  the  “ Marble 
Faun.” 


TOR 


527 


TOT 


4®"  “ Connected  with  this  old  tower 
and  its  lofty  shrine,  there  is  a legend; 
a»d  for  centuries  a lamp  has  been 
burning  before  the  Virgin’s  image,  at 
noon,  at  midnight,  at  all  hours  of  the 
twenty-four,  and  must  be  kept  burning 
forever,  as  long  as  the  tower  shall  stand, 
or  else  the  tower  itself,  the  palace,  and 
whatever  estate  belongs  to  it,  shall  j)ass 
from  its  hereditary  possessor,  in  ac- 
cordance with  an  ancient  vow,  and  be- 
come the  property  of  the  church.” 

Hawthorne , The  Marble  Faun. 

They  brought  at  once  to  mind  the 
flocks  that  Hilda  watches  from  her  tower 
window,  in  Hawthorne’s  Roman  romance. 

Richard  Grant  White. 

Torre  delle  Milizie.  A well-known 
tower  in  the  city  of  Rome,  Italy. 

4®^  “On  the  slope  of  the  Quirinal 
Hill  . . . stands  a square  brick  tower, 
seven  stories  high.  It  is  a conspicuous 
object  in  any  general  view  of  Rome; 
for  there  are  few  others  so  tall,  and 
there  is  not  a single  spire  or  steeple  in 
the  city.  It  is  the  Torre  delle  Milizie. 
It  was  begun  by  Pope  Gregory  the 
Ninth,  and  finished  near  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century  by  his  vigorous  and 
warlike  successor,  Boniface  the  Eighth. 
Many  such  towers  were  built  for  the 
purposes  of  private  warfare,  in  those 
times  when  the  streets  of  Rome  were 
the  fighting-places  of  its  noble  fami- 
lies; but  this  is  perhaps  the  only  one 
that  now  remans  undiminished  in 
height  and  unaltered  in  appearance. 
It  was  a new  building  when  Dante 
visited  Rome ; and  it  is  one  of  the  very 
few  edifices  that  still  preserve  the  as- 
pect they  then  presented.” 

C.  E.  Norton. 

Torre  di  Schiavi.  An  elevation 
about  three  miles  from  the  Porta 
Maggiore,  Rome,  upon  which  are 
some  ruins  of  a villa  of  the  Em- 
peror Gordian. 

Torre  Guelfa.  A noted  tower  in 
Pisa,  Italy,  at  the  extremity  of 
the  Lung’  Arno. 

Torre,  Palazzo  delle.  An  ancient 
Roman  building  in  Turin,  Italy. 

4®=*  “ In  this  building,  to  which  no 
more  precise  date  can  be  assigned  than 
that  of  the  age  between  Justinian  and 
Charlemagne,  is  probably  seen  the  last 
expiring  effort  of  Romanesque  archi- 
tecture in  a Gothic  country,  though 
the  paucity  of  contemporary  examples 
renders  it  extremely  difficult  to  trace 
the  exact  history  of  the  style  at  this 
age.”  Fergusson. 

Torrigiani  Palace.  [. Palazzo  Tor- 


rigiani.]  A well-known  palace 
in  Florence,  Italy,  containing 
some  art  treasures. 

Torso  Belvidere.  A celebrated 
fragment  of  Greek  sculpture 
found  in  the  Baths  of  Caracalla, 
Rome,  and  now  in  the  Masco  Pio- 
Clementino  of  the  Vatican.  It  is 
generally  supposed  to  be  a figure 
of  Hercules,  wrought,  according 
to  the  inscription  on  its  base,  by 
Apollonius,  son  of  Nestor  of  Ath- 
ens. Michael  Angelo  declared 
he  owed  his  power  of  represent- 
ing the  human  form  to  this  statue ; 
and  when  old  and  blind,  he  was 
sometimes  led  up  to  it  that  he 
might  place  his  hands  upon  it. 

4®=  “ Here  are  the  masterpieces; 
and  first  the  Torso,  so  lauded  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo  : indeed,  in  its  life,  in  its 
grandeur  of  style,  in  the  vigorous  set- 
ting of  the  thighs,  in  its  spirited  action, 
and  in  the  mingling  of  human  passion 
with  ideal  nobleness,  it  is  in  conform- 
ity with  his  manner.”  Taine , Trans. 

And  dost  thou  still,  thou  mass  of  breath- 
ing stone 

(Thy  giant  limbs  to  night  and  chaos 
hurled), 

Still  sit  as  on  the  fragment  of  a world, 
Surviving  all,  majestic  and  alone? 

Rogers. 

Tt  is  like  the  new  virtue  shown  in  some 
unprized  old  property,  as  when  a boy 
finds  that  his  pocket-knife  will  attract 
steel  filings  and  take  up  a needle  ; or 
when  the  old  horse-block  in  the  yard  is 
found  to  be  a Torso  Hercules  of  the  Thid- 
ian  age.  Emerson. 

Torso  Farnese.  See  Bacchus. 

Torso  of  Hercules.  See  Torso 
Belvidere. 

Torto,  Muro.  See  Muro  Torto. 

Tothill  Fields.  A region  in  Lon- 
don between  Pimlico  and  the 
Thames,  formerly  a place  of  rec- 
reation. The  name  is  thought 
to  be  derived  from  the  French 
tout  le  champ. 

Tottenham  Court  Bead.  An  im- 
portant avenue  in  Loudon.  It 
was  the  old  road  from  St.  Giles’s 
to  the  Manor  of  Totham  or  Tot- 
ten Hall. 

And  Hogsdone,  Islington,  and  Toihnam 
Court, 

For  cakes  and  creame,  had  then  no  small 
resort.  Wither. 


TOU 


528 


TOW 


As  for  the  smaller  fry,  who  swarm  in 
shoals 

From  silly  Hafiz  up  to  simple  Bowles, 
Why  should  we  call  them  irom  their  dark 
abode, 

In  broad  St.  Giles’s  or  in  Tottenham-road '? 

Byron . 

At  seven  we  started  for  New  York  on 
board  a great  North-River  steamboat, 
which  was  so  crowded  with  passengers 
that  the  upper  deck  was  like  the  box- 
lobby  of  a theatre  between  the  pieces, 
and  the  lower  one  like  Tottenham  Court 
Road  on  a Saturday  night.  Dickens. 

Tour  de  Cordouan.  A celebrated 
and  important  liglit-house  begun 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Garonne  in 
1584,  but  not  completed  for  a num- 
ber of  years  afterwards.  But 
little  is  known  of  the  two  or 
more  predecessors  of  the  present 
structure.  The  first  light-house 
is  traditionally  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Louis  the  Debonnair, 
but  some  think  that  it  was 
erected  here  not  till  the  thir- 
teenth century  at  the  request  of 
the  merchants  of  Cordova,  and 
the  foreign  traders  with  whom 
they  dealt.  The  second  tower 
was  built  here  by  order  of  the 
Black  Prince  in  the  fourteenth 
century. 

The  cock  upon  the  village  church 
Looks  northward  from  his  airy  perch, 

As  if  beyond  the  ken  of  man 
To  see  the  ships  come  sailing  on, 

And  pass  the  Isle  of  Oldron; 

And  pass  the  Tower  of  Cordouan . 

Longfellow. 

Tour  de  Montgomery.  A circular 
tower  of  the  Palais  de  Justice, 
Paris. 

Tour  de  Nesle.  The  site  of  this 
former  tower,  or  castle,  in  Paris  is 
now  occupied  by  the  Palais  de 
Tlnstitut.  It  formed  the  end  of 
the  city  wall  on  the  south  side  of 
the  river.  It  was  often  inhabited 
by  royal  personages,  and  a num- 
ber of  crimes  are  said  to  have 
been  committed  here. 

Tour  de  Solferino.  A modern 
tower,  on  the  hill  of  Montmartre, 
Paris,  which  commands  a view 
over  the  city. 

Tour  d? Ordre.  A celebrated  light- 
house, or  pharos,  at  Boulogne,  of 
which  little  or  nothing  now  re- 
mains. Suetonius  tells  us  that 
it  was  originally  erected  as  a 


triumphal  tower,  or  monument 
of  his  achievements,  by  the  Em- 
peror Caligula.  It  is  thought  to 
have  been  used  as  a light-house 
as  early  as  191  A.D.,  and  served 
for  that  purpose  as  late  as  the 
seventeenth  century,  when  it 
finally  fell,  together  with  part  of 
the  cliff  on  which  it  was  built. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  octagonal 
in  shape,  and  192  feet  in  circum- 
ference, growing  smaller  and 
smaller  towards  the  top.  The 
height  is  variously  given  from 
124  feet  to  200  feet.  It  was  built 
of  stone  and  brick.  Tour  d'  Ordre 
has  been  popularly,  but  doubtless 
wrongly,  regarded  as  a corrup- 
tion of  Turns  ardens. 

Tour  de  Peyberland.  A fine  me- 
diaeval belfry  tower  in  Bordeaux, 
France,  300  feet  in  height,  in- 
cluding the  spire.  It  was  built 
in  1430. 

Tour  Magne.  [Great  Tower.]  A 
celebrated  monument,  and  relic 
of  Roman  times,  atNimes,  France. 

4®=  4 ‘It  consists  of  an  octagonal 
tower  50  feet  in  diameter,  and  now 
about  120  feet  high.  . . . Within  the 
basement  is  a great  chamber,  covered 
by  a dome  of  rubble  masonry,  to 
which  no  access  could  have  been  ob- 
tained from  without,  but  the  interior 
may  have  been  reached  through  the 
eye  of  the  dome.  From  the  terrace  an 
important  flight  of  steps  led  upward 
to  — what?  It  is  almost  impossible  to 
refrain  from  answering,  to  a cella,  like 
those  which  crowned  the  tomb-temples 
of  Assyria.  That  the  main  object  of 
the  building  was  sepulchral  seems 
hardly  doubtful,  but  we  have  no  other 
instance  in  Europe  of  a tomb  with 
such  a staircase  leading  to  a chamber 
above  it.”  Fergusson. 

Tournament,  A.  A picture  by 
Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1(340). 
In  the  Louvre  Gallery  in  Paris. 

Tournelles,  Palais  des.  See  Pa- 
lais des  Tournelles. 

Touro  Park.  A park  in  Newport, 
R.I.,  given  by  Judah  Touro,  a 
Jew,  and  containing  within  its 
enclosure  the  celebrated  Old 
Stone  Mill,  or  Round  Tower.  See 
Old  Stone  Mill. 

Tower.  For  names  beginning  with 


TOW 


529 


TOW 


Tower,  see  the  next  prominent 
word.  See  also  infra. 

Tower,  The.  The  ancient  and  fa- 
mous citadel  of  London.  It  stands 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames, 
about  a mile  below  London 
Bridge,  and  in  the  oldest  part  of 
the  metropolis.  Its  foundation 
has  been  ascribed  to  Julius  Cae- 
sar; but  the  tradition  is  unsup- 
ported by  evidence,  though  it  is 
probable  that  the  Romans  had  a 
fortification  here.  The  oldest 
portion  of  the  present  fortress  is 
the  kee^p,  or  White  Tower,  so 
named  from  its  having  been 
originally  whitewashed.  It  was 
built  about  1078  for  William  the 
Conqueror.  The  Tower  is  mem- 
orable for  the  distinguished  per- 
sons who  have  been  confined 
within  its  walls  as  prisoners  of 
state.  It  lias  been  from  early 
times  the  depository  of  the  na- 
tional arms;  and  since  the  restor- 
ation of  Charles  II.  the  regalia, 
or  crown  jewels,  have  been  kept 
here  on  exhibition. 

4£ir  “ This  Tower  is  a citadel  to 
defend  or  command  the  City;  a royal 
palace ; a prison  of  state  for  the  most 
dangerous  offenders ; the  armory  for 
warlike*  provisions ; the  treasury  of  the 
ornaments  and  jewels  of  the  Crown ; 
and  general  conserver  of  most  of  the 
records  of  the  King’s  courts  of  justice 
at  Westminster.”  Stow. 

4®=*  “Here  [in  the  White  Tower] 
we  were  shown  the  Council  Chamber 
of  the  ancient  kings  of  England,  hardly 
altered  at  all ; the  very  room  in  which 
Richard  III.  bared  his  arm,  and  accused 
Hastings  of  witchcraft  in  shrivelling  it. 
We  went  to  the  very  window  where  he 
stood,  when  he  witnessed  the  instant 
execution  of  his  victim,  and  saw  the 
very  spot,  at  the  corner  of  the  old 
chapel,  where  the  block  was  laid  for  it.” 
Ticknor. 

Prince.  Where  shall  we  sojourn  till 
our  coronation  ? 

Gloster.  Where  it  seems  best  unto  your 
royal  self. 

If  I may  counsel  you,  some  day  or  two 
Your  highness  will  repose  you  at  the 
Tower. 

Prince.  I do  not  like  the  Tower , of  any 
pi  ice. — 

Did  Julius  Caesar  build  that  place,  my 
lord? 

Buck.  lie  did,  my  gracious  lord,  begin 
that  place, 

Which  since  succeeding  ages  have  re-edi- 
fied. 


Prince.  Is  it  upon  record,  or  else  re- 
ported 

Successively  from  age  to  age,  he  built  it  ? 
Buck.  Upon  record,  my  gracious  lord. 

Shakespeare. 

Methouglit  that  I had  broken  from  the 
Tower , 

And  was  embarked  to  cross  to  Burgundy. 

Shakespeare. 

How  pleasing  Atterbury’s  softer  hour, 
How  shone  his  soul  unconquered  in  the 
Tower.  Pope 

Ye  towers  of  Julius,  London’s  lasting 
shame, 

With  many  a foul  and  midnight  murder 
fed.  ” Gray. 

From  all  the  batteries  of  the  Tower 
Pealed  loud  the  voice  of  fear, 

And  all  the  thousand  masts  of  Thames 
Sent  back  a louder  cheer.  Macaulay. 

Merry  Margaret,  as  Midsomer  flowre, 
Gentyll  as  faucon  and  hawke  of  the  Towre. 

Skelton. 

Where  London’s  towres  tlieire  turrets 
show 

So  stately  by  the  Thames’s  side, 

Faire  Arabella,  childe  of  woe  ! 

For  many  a day  had  sat  and  sighed. 

Old  Ballad. 

And  have  t>ey  fixed  the  where  and  when  ? 

And  shall  Trelawn}7  die? 

Here's  twenty  thousand  Cornish  men 
Will  know  the  reason  why ! 

Out  spake  their  captain  brave  and  bold, 

A merry  wight  was  he : 

*‘  If  London  Tower  were  Michael’s  hold, 
We’ll  set  Treiawny  free ! ’’ 

Robert  S.  Hawker 

Tower  Hill.  The  high  ground  ad- 
joining the  Tower  of  London,  on 
the  north-west.  Here  formerly 
stood  a large  scaffold  and  gallows 
for  the  execution  of  traitors  and 
other  criminals. 

12  May,  1641.  I beheld  on  Tower  Hill 
the  fatal  stroke  which  severed  the  wisest 
head  in  England  from  the  shoulders  of  the 
Eari  of  Strafford,  whose  crime  coming  un- 
der the  cognizance  of  no  human  law,  a 
new  one  was  made,  not  to  be  a precedent, 
but  his  destruction,  to  such  exorbitance 
were  things  arrived.  John  Evelyn , Diary. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Quilp  resided  on  Tower 
Hill;  and  in  her  bower  on  Tower  Hill, 
Mrs.  Quilp  was  left  to  pine  the  absence  of 
her  lord.  Dickens , Old  Curiosity  Shop. 

It  would  be  a noble  feat  to  bring  their 
necks  to  the  block.  Above  all,  it  would 
be  delightful  to  see  Nottingham’s  1 mg  sol- 
emn face  on  Tower  Hill.  Macaulay. 

Tower  of  Babel.  A structure  be- 
lieved to  have  been  built  in  the 
most  primitive  times  in  the  plain 
of  Shinar,  according  to  the  ac- 
count given  in  Gen.  xi.  1-10,  and 


TOW 


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to  have  been  abandoned  through 
the  confusion  of  tongues  then  oc- 
casioned by  the  Divine  displeas- 
ure. This  tower  has  been  thought 
to  be  identified  with  the  min 
known  as  Birs  Nimrood.  See 
Biks  Nimrood. 

His  Sicilian-Italian,  and  Laquais-de- 
Place  French,  garnished  with  shreds  from 
all  European  dialects,  was  wholly  intelli- 
gible to  no  mortal;  a Tower-of -Babel 
gon,  which  made  many  think  him  [Count 
CagliostroJ  a kind  of  Jew.  Carlyle. 

The  press,  that  giant  machine,  pours 
forth  incessantly  new  materials  for  its 
work  — the  entire  human  race  is  upon  the 
scaffolding,  every  spirit  is  mason,  every 
day  a new  course  is  raised,  . . . there  is 
also  a confusion  of  languages,  incessant 
acting,  — a refuge  secured  to  intelligence 
against  a new  deluge;  it  is  the  second 
Tower  of  Babel  of  the  human  race. 

Victor  Hugo. 

Tower  of  Babel.  A well-known 
painting  by  Wilhelm  von  Kaul- 
bach  (1805-1874).  In  the  Museum 
at  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Tower  of  David.  This  name  is 
generally  applied  to  a massive 
tower  of  the  citadel  of  Jerusalem. 
A “ Castle  of  David  ” is  referred 
to  here  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  the  historians  of  the  cru- 
sades mention  a “ Tower  of  Da- 
vid ” built  of  immense  hewn 
stones.  The  structure  now 
known  as  the  Tower  of  David  is 
thought  to  be  identical  with  the 
ancient  “Tower  of  Hippicus,” 
frequently  referred  to  by  Jose- 
phus. 

“ The  so-called  Tower  of  David 
appears  to  be  the  oldest  portion  of  the 
citadel : it  has  a sloping  escarp  of  ma- 
sonry. . . . Above  which  the  tower 
rises  in  a solid  mass  to  the  height  of  29 
feet.  . . . The  whole,  when  perfect, 
must  have  presented  a smooth  surface 
difficult  to  escalade,  and,  from  the  solid- 
ity of  the  mass,  unassailable  by  the 
battering-ram.”  Capt.  Wilson. 

Tower  of  Drusus.  See  Drusus, 
Tower  of. 

Tower  of  Famine.  See  Torre 
della  Fame. 

Tower  of  Hollows.  A Border 
tower,  70  feet  in  height,  in  Scot- 
land, near  Canobie. 

Tower  of  the  Ape.  See  Torre 
DELLA  SciMIA. 


Tower  of  the  Conti.  See  Torre 
dei  Conti. 

Tower  of  the  Winds.  An  octag- 
onal tower  of  marble  — the  Horo- 
loge of  Andronicus  Cyrrhestes  — 
built  at  Athens,  Greece,  about 
100  years  before  our  era.  Its 
sides  face  the  eight  principal 
points  of  the  compass,  and  are 
marked  by  figures  of  the  winds 
from  each  of  those  points.  It 
was  surmounted  by  a Triton  for 
a weathercock,  and  contained  a 
clepsydra  in  the  interior.  It 
served  as  a town-clock,  and  was 
a double  measure  of  time  with 
its  sun-dials  on  the  outside,  and 
its  clepsydra  within.  The  Horo- 
logium is  called  by  Delambre 
“ the  most  curious  existing  monu- 
ment of  the  practical  gnomonics 
of  antiquity.” 

4Ggp  “ At  the  end  of  the  broad  street, 
there  is  an  extensive  place,  uneven 
from  its  torn-down  clay  huts  and  ruined 
walls.  The  Tower  of  the  Winds  rises, 
half  dug  out  of  the  earth  and  grass, 
where  the  dervishes  lived  in  the  time 
of  the  Turks.  Two  tall  cypresses 
point  mournfully  towards  heaven.” 

II.  C.  Andersen . 

Townley  Collection  [or  Townley 
Marbles].  A large  collection  of 
remains  of  Greek  and  Roman 
art,  gathered  by  Mr.  Charles 
Townley,  at  Rome,  between  1765 
and  1772,  and  afterwards  pur- 
chased by  the  British  Museum, 
where  they  are  now  deposited. 

Townley  Venus.  A beautiful 
Greek  statue,  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  One  of  the  so-called 
Townley  Marbles,  q.v. 

Trafalgar  Square.  A place  in 
London  so  named  from  the  last 
victory  of  Nelson,  to  whom  a 
column  is  erected  in  the  square. 
See  Nelson  Column. 

“ ‘ The  finest  site  in  Europe,’  as 
Trafalgar  Square  has  been  called  by 
some  obstinate  British  optimist,  is  dis- 
figured by  trophies,  fountains,  col- 
umns, and  statues,  so  puerile,  disorder- 
ly, and  hideous,  that  a lover  of  the  arts 
must  hang  the  head  of  shame  as  he 
passes,  to  see  our  dear  old  queen  city 
arraying  herself  so  absurdly.” 

Thac/ceray. 


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Traitors’  Gate.  A gate  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  through  which 
state  prisoners  were  introduced. 

Old  London  Bridge  was  soon  passed, 
and  old  Billingsgate  Market,  with  its  oys- 
ter-boats and  Dutchmen,  and  the  White 
Tower,  and  Traitor's  Gate,  and  we  were  in 
among  the  tiers  of  shipping.  Dickens. 

On  through  that  gate  through  which  be- 
fore 

Went  Sidney,  Russell,  Raleigh,  Cranmer, 
M ore.  Rogers. 

Trajan,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of 
Trajan. 

Trajan’s  Column.  [Ital.  La  Colon- 
na  Trajana.]  An  interesting  relic 
of  ancient  Rome,  and  the  most 
beautiful  historical  column  in  the 
world.  It  was  dedicated  to  the 
Emperor  Trajan,  as  the  inscrip- 
tion says,  by  the  Senate  and  Ro- 
man people,  A.D.  114.  On  the 
summit  formerly  stood  a lofty 
statue  of  Trajan  holding  in  his 
hand  a gilded  globe.  This  globe 
is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Capitol.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  century  Pope  Sixtus  V. 
erected  a statue  of  St.  Peter  upon 
the  column  in  place  of  that  of 
Trajan,  which  had  fallen  to  the 
ground.  The  ashes  of  the  em- 
peror rest  under  this  column. 
Whose  arch  or  pillar  meets  me  in  the  face, 
Titus,  or  Trajan's  ? No  — ’tis  that  of  Time: 
Triumph,  arch,  pillar,  all  he  doth  disnlace 
Scoffing;  and  apostolic  statues  climb 
To  crush  the  imperial  urn,  whose  ashes 
slept  sublime, 

Buried  in  air,  the  deep  blue  sky  of  Rome, 
And  looking  to  the  stars.  Byron. 

Historic  figures  round  the  shaft  embost 
Ascend,  with  lineaments  in  air  not  lost: 
Still  as  he  turns,  the  charmed  spectator 
sees 

Group  winding  after  group,  with  dream- 
like ease. 


Memorial  pillar ! ’mid  the  wrecks  of  time, 
Preserve  thy  charge  with  confidence  sub- 
lime,— 

The  exultations,  pomps,  and  cares  of 
Rome, 

Whence  half  the  breathing  world  received 
its  doom.  Wordsworth. 

Trajan’s  Forum.  See  Forum  of 
Trajan. 

Tramontana.  [Across  the  moun- 
tains.] A name  given  in  Italy  to 
a prevailing  north  wind,  which 
sweeps  over  the  Alps. 

A chilling  tramontana  . . . was  blow- 
ing; and  the  barren,  rocky,  desolate  shore 
suggested  Norway  rather  than  Greece. 

Bayard  Taylor. 


Transfiguration,  The.  1.  A'painb 
ing  by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520), 
in  the  gallery  of  the  Vatican  in 
Rome,  executed  for  the  cathedral 
of  Narbonne  in  France.  It  is 
considered  the  first  picture  in  the 
world.  Raphael  was  engaged  in 
painting  this  picture  when  he 
was  seized  with  his  last  illness, 
and  after  his  death  it  was  sus- 
pended over  his  body  as  he  lay 
in  state.  The  lower  part,  which 
he  left  unfinished,  was  completed 
by  his  pupil  Giulio  Romano.  It 
was  carried  to  Paris  in  1797,  but 
afterwards  restored  to  the  Vati- 
can. The  picture  is  divided  into 
two  parts;  the  upper  part  repre- 
senting the  three  disciples  lying 
prostrate  upon  Mount  Tabor, 
while  above  them  is  the  figure  of 
Christ  in  glory  with  Moses  and 
Elijah  on  each  side.  The  lower 
part  represents  a crowd  of  people 
bearing  along  a boy  possessed 
wutli  an  evil  spirit.  The  two 
parts  of  the  picture  are  united 
by  the  uplifted  look  and  appeal- 
ing gesture  of  some  of  the  figures 
in  the  crowd  below,  who  seem  to 
point  for  help  to  the  Saviour  on 
the  Mount.  This  picture  is  well 
known  through  the  engraving  by 
Raphael  Morghen  (1758-1833). 

4GgT  “ All  great  actions  have  been 
simple,  and  all  great  pictures  are.  The 
Transfiguration , by  Raphael,  is  an 
eminent  example  of  this  peculiar  merit. 
A calm,  benignant  beauty  shines  over 
all  this  picture,  and  goes  directly  to 
the  heart.  It  seems  almost  to  call  you 
by  name.  The  sweet  and  sublime  face 
of  Jesus  is  beyond  praise,  yet  how  it 
disappoints  all  florid  expectations! 
This  familiar,  simple,  home-speaking 
countenance  is  as  if  one  should  meet  a 
friend.”  Emerson. 

Glances  we  do  seem  to  find  of  that 
ethereal  glory,  which  looks  on  us  in  its 
full  brightness  from  the  Transfiguration 
of  Rafaelle,  from  the  Tempest  of  Shake- 
speare. Carlyle. 

The  real  value  of  the  Iliad,  or  the  Trans- 
figuration, is  as  signs  of  power;  billows  or 
ripples  they  are  of  the  stream  of  tendency ; 
tokens  of  the  everlasting  effort  to  produce, 
which  even  in  its  worst  estate  the  soul 
betrays.  Emerson. 

2.  A picture  by  Hans  Holbein 
the  Elder  (d.  1524).  In  the  Gal- 
lery of  Augsburg,  Germany. 

Trappe,  La.  A famous  monastery 


TEA 


TEE 


532 


near  Mortagne  in  Normandy, 
France.  It  owes  its  celebrity  to 
the  rigid  asceticism  practised  by 
its  inmates  in  obedience  to  the 
rules  of  the  order.  The  abbey 
was  suppressed  in  1790  by  the 
National  Assembly,  but  the 
monks  were  afterwards  allowed 
to  return. 

Endowments,  faculties,  enough  we 
have:  it  is  her  [Nature’s]  wise  will  too 
that  no  faculty  imparted  to  us  shall  rust 
from  disuse;  the  miraculous  faculty  of 
Speech,  once  given,  becomes  not  more  a 
gift  than  a necessity;  the  Tongue,  with 
or  without  much  meaning,  will  keep  in 
motion,  and  only  in  some  La  Trappe . by 
unspeakable  self-restraint,  forbear  wag- 
ging. Carlyle. 

Trastevere.  [Lat.  Regie*  Transti- 
berina,  the  region  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Tiber.]  The  largest 
of  the  Rioni,  or  quarters,  into 
which  modern  Rome  is  divided. 
It  extends  along  the  foot  of 
Mount  Janiculum,  and  is  inhab- 
ited by  a peculiar  and  in  many 
respects  a distinct  race,  said  to 
be  the  direct  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Romans. 

“ In  Trastevere  there  are  no  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  but  abundance  of 
monuments  of  superstitions,  — churches 
full  of  the  shrines  of  saints,  and  con- 
vents full  of  imprisoned  sinners,  — 
plenty  of  houses,  but  few  inhabitants. 
These  inhabitants,  however,  boast  of 
being  descended  from  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans, and  look  on  the  upstart  race  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river  with  sove- 
reign contempt.”  Eaton . 

Traunstein  Profile.  A remark- 
able freak  of  nature  on  the  hill 
called  the  Traunstein,  near  Lam- 
bacli  in  Austria. 

“ The  rough  back  of  the  moun- 
tain forms  the  exact  profile  of  the  hu- 
man countenance,  as  if  regularly  hewn 
out  of  the  rock.  What  is  still  more 
singular,  it  is  said  to  be  a correct  por- 
trait of  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI. 
The  landlord  said  it  was  immediately 
recognized  by  all  Frenchmen.” 

Bayard  Taylor. 

Travellers’  Club.  A celebrated 
club  in  London,  founded  in  1815. 
According  to  one  of  the  rules  no 
person  can  be  considered  eligible 
to  the  Travellers’  Club  “ who  shall 
not  have  travelled  out  of  the 
British  Islands  to  a distance  of 
at  least  500  miles  from  London  in 


a direct  line.”  The  present  club- 
house, adjoining  the  Athenaeum 
in  Pall  Mall,  was  built  in  1832 
from  designs  by  Barry. 

“ Close  at  hand  is  another  place, 
— the  Travellers'  Club , — how  well  they 
know  how  to  organize  comfort!  ” 

Taine , Trans. 

Not  a cab  stands  yet  at  the  Travellers , 
whose  members,  noble  or  fashionable,  are 
probably  at  this  hour  in  their  dressing- 
gowns  of  brocaoe,  or  shawl  of  the  Orient, 
smoking  a hookah  over  Balzac's  last  ro- 
mance. JV.  P.  Willis. 

Not  to  know  Brown  was,  at  the  West 
End,  simply  to  be  unknown.  Brookes 
was  proud  of  him,  and  without  him  the 
Travellers  would  not  have  been  such  a 
Travellers  as  it  is.  Anthony  Trollope. 

To  call  a hill  aristocratic  sterns  affected 
or  absurd  ; but  the  difference  between 
these  hills  and  the  others  is  the  difference 
between  Newgate  Prison  and  the  “ Travel- 
lers' Club''  for  instance:  both  are  build- 
ings; but  the  one  stern,  dark,  and  coarse; 
the  other  rich,  elegant,  and  festive. 

Thackeray . 

Tre  Fontane.  [The  Three  Foun- 
tains.] A locality  anciently  called 
Aqua  Salvias,  about  two  miles 
from  Rome,  outside  the  Ostian 
Gate,  where,  according  to  the 
Church  tradition,  St.  Paul  was 
beheaded  by  the  sword. 

“ In  all  the  melancholy  vicinity 
of  Rome,  there  is  not  a more  melan- 
choly spot  than  the  Tre  Fontane.  A 
splendid  monastery,  rich  with  the  offer- 
ings of  all  Christendom,  once  existed 
there.  The  ravages  of  the  malaria 
have  rendered  it  a desert;  yet  there  is 
a sort  of  dead  beauty  about  the  place, 
something  hallowed,  as  well  as  sad, 
which  seizes  on  the  fancy.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Treaty  Elm.  The  famous  tree  in 
the  environs  of  Philadelphia, 
Penn.,  under  which  William 
Penn  negotiated  the  treaty  with 
the  Indian  chiefs,  of  which  it  has 
been  said  that  it  is  “ the  only  one 
ever  made  without  an  oath,  and 
the  only  one  never  broken.”  The 
tree  is  no  longer  standing,  but  a 
monument  marks  its  place. 

Treaty  Stone.  An  object  of  curi- 
osity in  Limerick  (the  ” city  of  the 
violated  treaty  ”),  Ireland.  It  is 
the  stone  upon  which  the  cele- 
brated treaty-document  of  the 
3d  of  October,  1691,  was  signed, 
whereby  Limerick  and  other  fort- 
resses in  the  hands  of  the  Irish 


TRE 


TR1 


were  surrendered,  with  the  pro- 
viso that  the  garrisons  should  he 
allowed  to  march  out  with  the 
honors  of  war,  and  conveyed  to 
France,  or  elsewhere,  at  the  cost 
of  the  British  Government,  and 
granting  certain  privileges  and 
immunities  to  Roman  Catholics. 

4SP  “ That  both-  the  letter  and  the 
spirit  of  this  solemn  compact  were 
broken,  no  unprejudiced  mind  can  en- 
tertain a doubt;  and  it  is  the  merest 
sophistry  to  contend  that  the  king  had 
no  power  to  ratify  the  bargain  he  had 
made  by  his  agents,  and  subsequently 
confirmed  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land.” Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall. 

Tremont  Street.  A well-known 
street  in  Boston,  Mass.  It  is 
called  after  the  original  name  of 
Boston,  Tremont , which  was  giv- 
en to  the  city  on  account  of  the 
three  hills  on  which  it  is  built. 

Tremont  Temple.  A well-known 
building  on  Tremont  Street,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  used  as  a place  of  wor- 
ship on  Sundays,  and  at  other 
times  for  lectures,  public  meet- 
ings, and  various  gatherings. 

Trene-le-mer.  The  flag-ship  of 
Richard  I.,  Cceur-de-Lion  (1157- 
1199). 

Ah,  never  braver  bark  and  crew, 

Nor  bolder  flag,  a foe  to  dare. 

Had  left  a wake  on  ocean  blue 
Since  Lion-Heart  sailed  TrencAe-mer  ! 

H.  II.  Brownell. 

Trent,  The.  A vessel,  under  com- 
mand of  Franklin,  sent,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Dorothea,  under 
Buchan,  on  an  expedition  to  the 
Arctic  regions  in  1818. 

Trent,  The.  A British  mail-steam- 
er, noted  as  being  the  vessel  from 
which  the  Confederate  emissar- 
ries,  Mason  and  Slidell,  were 
forcibly  taken,  Nov.  8,  1861,  by 
Capt.  Wilkes  of  the  U.S.  frigate 
San  Jacinto. 

Treves.  See  Electors  of  Treves, 
Castle  of  the. 

Trevi,  Fountain  of.  See  Fontana 
di  Trevi. 

Trianon.  See  Grand  Trianon  and 
Petit  Trianon. 

Trianon  de  Porcelaine.  See 
Grand  Trianon. 


Tribune,  The.  A name  given  to 
an  apartment  in  the  Uffizi  Palace 
in  Florence,  Italy,  appropriated 
to  works  of  art,  and  containing 
some  of  the  mcst  celebrated  spe- 
cimens of  sculpture  and  painting, 
such  as  the  Venus  de’  Medici, 
the  Dancing  Faun,  the  Fornarina, 
and  others.  See  Uffizi. 

They  then  led  us  into  a large  square 
room,  in  the  middle  of  which  stood  a Cab- 
inet of  an  octangular  form,  so  adorned 
and  furnish’d  with  chrystals,  sculptures, 
and  so  forth,  as  exceeds  any  description. 
To  is  cabinet  is  called  the  Tribuna , and  in 
it  is  a pearle  as  big  as  a hazel  nut. 

John  Evelyn , 1644. 

4SP  “ With  feelings  of  high-wrought 
expectation,  we  entered  the  presence- 
chamber  ; a crimson,  octagonal  hall 
of  the  gallery  called  the  Tribune, 
where,  bright  in  eternal  youth  and 
matchless  beauty,  ‘ stands  the  statue 
that  enchants  the  world.’  ” Eaton. 

4®=*“  The  Tribune , that  noble  room 
unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  world  for 
the  number  and  value  of  the  gems  it 
contains.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Tribute  Money.  A picture  by 
Masaccio  (Tommaso  Guidi ) (1402?- 
1443?).  In  the  church  of  S.  M. 
del  Carmine,  Florence,  Italy. 

Tribute  Money.  See  Christ  with 
the  Tribute  Money. 

Trient,  Gorges  du.  See  Gorges 
du  Trient. 

Trifels.  A castle  and  ruined  med- 
iaeval fortress  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Heidelberg,  Germany, 
famous  as  the  place  where  Rich- 
ard Coeur  de  Lion  w^as  imprisoned 
by  the  Duke  of  Austria,  and  be- 
neath the  walls  of  which  the 
minstrel  Blondel,  by  his  song  and 
the  response  it  awakened,  dis- 
covered his  royal  master. 

Trimurti.  See  Elephanta,  Cave- 
temples  of. 

Trinita  de’  Monti.  A church  in 
Rome,  well  known  from  its  con- 
spicuous position  above  the  Piazza 
di  Spagna.  It  contains  the  cele- 
brated painting  of  the  Descent 
from  the  Cross  by  Volterra. 

1644,  22,  Feb.  I went  to  Trinita  del 
Monte , a monastery  of  French,  a noble 
Church,  built  by  Lewis  XJ.  and  Charles 
VIII. ; the  Chapells  well  painted,  espe- 
cially that  by  Zuccari,  Volterra,  and  the 


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534 


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cloj'ster  with  the  miracles  of  their  St. 
Francis  di  Paulo  and  the  heads  of  the 
French  kings  . . This  convent,  so  emi- 

nently situated  on  Mons  Pincius,  has  the 
intire  prospect  of  Campus  Marti  us,  and 
has  a faire  garden.  John  Evelyn. 

“ This  church,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  the  Franciscan  monks,  suffered 
severely  from  the  destructive  propen- 
sities of  the  French  soldiers  who  were 
quartered  in  the  adjoining  convent  dur- 
ing the  French  occupation  of  Rome  in 
the  first  revolution.  Many  of  the  pic- 
tures were  destroyed  or  irreparably  in- 
jured, and  the  building  itself  was  aban- 
doned and  closed  from  1798  to  1816, 
when  it  was  restored  by  Louis  XVIII., 
after  the  designs  of  a French  architect. 
The  old  pictures  which  had  disappeared 
were  replaced  by  new  ones,  painted  by 
students  of  the  French  Academy  in 
Rome;  a compensation  which  will  re- 
mind the  classical  reader  of  the  old 
joke  of  Lucius  Mummius.”  Hillard. 

“ From  the  height  of  Trinita 
de’ Monti,  the  bell-towers  and  the  dis- 
tant edifices  appear  like  the  effaced 
sketches  of  a painter,  or  like  the  ine- 
qualities of  a seacoast  dimly  discerned 
from  the  deck  of  an  anchored  vessel. 
Rome  is  asleep  in  the  midst  of  these 
ruins.”  Chateaubriand , Trans. 

“ Ascending  the  Spanish  Stairs, 
we  behold  the  church  Trinita  dei  Mon- 
ti : a crowd  of  strangers  flock  here 
every  Sunday  morning  to  hear  the  sing- 
ing and  music  of  the  holy  sisters.  It 
seems  to  be  the  weeping  of  angels  dis- 
solved in  harmony.” 

Hans  Christian  Andersen. 

A convent  like  the  Trinita  del  Monte 
with  the  air  of  a closed  fortress,  a foun- 
tain like  that  of  Trevi,  a palace  massive 
and  monumental  like  those  of  the  Corso 
and  of  the  great  square  of  Venice,  denote 
beings  and  tastes  not  of  the  ordinary 
stamp  Taine , Tram. 

Trinita,  Ponte  SS.  See  Ponte  SS. 
Trinita. 

Trinite,  La.  This  church  in  Paris 
is  a fine  example  of  the  modern 
Renaissance  style.  It  is  in  the 
Rue  St.  Lazare. 

Trinity,  The.  A large  altar-piece 
representing  the  Trinity  between 
the  Virgin  and  the  Baptist,  by 
Jean  Bellegambe,  the  Flemish 
painter.  It  was  originally  placed 
(1511-1519)  on  the  high  altar  of 
the  abbey  church  of  Auchin,  but 
is  now  in  the  sacristy  of  Notre 
Dame  at  Douai,  France. 

Trinity,  The.  A wood-cut  by  Al- 
bert Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 


man painter  and  engraver.  “ A 
well-known  and  grand  composi- 
tion.” 

Trinity,  The.  A picture  by  Roger 
van  der  Weyden  (d.  1464),  the 
Flemish  painter,  and  one  of  his 
later  works.  It  is  now  in  the 
Stadel  Institute  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Germany. 

Trinity,  Adoration  of  the.  See 
Adoration  of  the  Trinity. 

Trinity  Church.  A noted  ecclesi- 
astical edifice  in  New  York,  of 
Gothic  architecture,  with  a stee- 
ple 284  feet  in  height.  It  is  re- 
puted to  be  the  wealthiest  church 
in  America  (the  society  is  said  to 
be  worth  over  $10,000,000)  ; its 
revenues  accruing  from  a large 
tract  of  land  on  Manhattan  is- 
land, given  to  it  by  Queen  Anne 
in  1705.  Trinity  Church  is  situ- 
ated on  Broadway,  a short  dis- 
tance above  the  Battery.  Its 
lofty  spire,  284  feet  high,  is  a pop- 
ular place  of  ascent  for  the  sake 
of  the  magnificent  view  over  the 
city  and  surroundings.  The  first 
church  on  the  present  site  was 
built  in  1696.  In  the  graveyard 
are  buried  a number  of  noted 
men,  among  others  Alexander 
Hamilton. 

Trinity  Church.  A fine  modern 
church  in  Boston,  Mass. 

Trinity  College.  A foundation  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England.  Established  in  1546. 
Also  well-known  institutions  at 
Dublin,  Ireland,  founded  in  1591, 
and  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  founded 
in  1823. 

Trinity  House.  A public  building 
on  the  north  side  of  Tower  Hill, 
in  London,  erected  in  1793  for  the 
ancient  guild  or  fraternity  of  mar- 
iners, established  for  the  encour- 
agement of  the  science  of  navi- 
gation, etc.  The  office  of  Master 
of  the  Corporation  has  been  at 
various  times  held  by  princes  and 
statesmen.  The  Corporation  has 
in  charge  the  light-houses,  licens- 
ing of  pilots,  etc.  Its  arms  are  a 
cross  between  four  ships  under 
sail.  It  was  founded  by  charter 
of  Henry  VIII.,  the  document 


TRI 


535 


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opening  with  the  statement  that 
“ Out  of  the  sincere  and  complete 
love  and  devotion  which  we  have 
for  the  very  glorious  and  indivisi- 
ble Trinity,  and  also  for  Saint 
Clement  the  Confessor,  His  Maj- 
esty grants  and  gives  license  for 
the  establishment  of  a corpora- 
tion, or  perpetual  brotherhood,  to 
certain  of  his  subjects  and  their 
associates.”  The  general  over- 
sight of  the  merchant  marine 
(and  of  the  royal  fleet,  under  cer- 
tain conditions)  was  given  to 
them  by  charters  which  they  re- 
ceived from  Elizabeth,  James  I., 
Charles  II.,  and  James  II. 

Triomphe,  Arc  de.  See  Arc  de 
l’Etoiee. 

Triumph  of  Death.  A celebrated 
fresco  in  the  Campo  Santo,  Pisa, 
Italy,  usually  ascribed  to  Andrea 
di  Cione,  called  Orcagna  (d.  1389); 
though  recently  some  have 
claimed  the  authorship  of  it  for 
the  Sienese  brothers  Giovanni 
and  Pietro  Lorenzetti. 

Triumph  of  Galatea.  See  Gala- 

tea. 

Triumph  of  Religion  in  the  Arts. 

See  Influence  of  Christianity 
in  the  Arts. 

Triumph  of  Riches.  A large  pic- 
ture in  distemper  by  Hans  Hol- 
bein the  Younger  (1498-1543),  the 
German  painter,  executed  at  the 
request  of  the  company  of  Ger- 
man merchants  in  London. 
There  was  also  a companion  pic- 
ture, the  “ Triumph  of  Poverty,” 
both  of  which  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  by  some  placed  on  a 
level  with  the  works  of  Raphael. 
Their  subsequent  history  cannot 
be  traced  later  than  the  year 
1616,  and  it  is  thought  that  they 
may  have  perished  in  the  fire  at 
‘Whitehall  in  1697. 

Triumph  of  the  Church.  See 

Fount  of  Salvation. 

Triumph  of  Trajan.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Anton  Rafael  Mengs 
(1728-1779).  In  Madrid,  Spain. 

Triumphal  March  of  Alexander. 
A work  of  sculpture  executed  by 


Albert  Bertel  Thorwaldsen  (1770- 
1844)  for  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 

Triumphs  of  Julius  Caesar.  A 
series  of  nine  colored  designs  by 
Andrea  Mantegna  (1431-1506),  the 
Italian  painter,  representing  the 
different  parts  of  a Roman  tri- 
umphal procession.  They  were 
executed  as  decorations  for  the 
theatre  at  Mantua,  Italy.  They 
are  now  at  Hampton  Court,  Eng- 
land. 

Trocadero.  This  elevation,  oppo- 
site the  Champ  de  Mars,  Paris,  is 
a popular  resort  of  the  bour- 
c/eoisie  on  Sundays.  From  its 
top  a fine  view  of  the  city  is  ob- 
tained. It  was  so  called  from  a 
French  victory  in  Spain. 

Trois  Fr&res  Provencaux.  [The 
Three  Brothers  of  Provence.]  A 
celebrated  restaurant  in  Paris, 
France. 

— 0 boys — that  were  — actual  papas  and 
possible  grandpapas  — some  of  you  with 
crowns  like  billiard-balls  — some  in  locks 
of  sable  silvered,  and  some  of  silver  sabled 
— do  you  remember,  as  you  doze  over  this, 
those  after-dinners  at  the  Trois  Fr'eres , 
when  the  Scotch-plaided  snuff-box  went 
round,  and  the  dry  Lundy-Foot  tickled  its 
way  along  into  our  happy  sensoria  ? 

Holmes. 

Here  we  are,  however,  at  the  Trois 
Fr'eres ; and  there  goes  my  unconscious 
model  deliberately  up  stairs.  We’ll  follow 
him,  and  double  his  orders;  and,  if  we  dine 
not  well,  there  is  no  eating  in  France. 

JV.  P.  Willis. 

One  does  not  dine  at  the  Trois  Fr'eres 
without  contracting  a tenderness  for  the 
very  name  of  Burgundy.  JV.  P.  Willis. 

Trone,  Barriere  du.  See  Bar- 
riere du  Trone. 

Trone,  Place  du.  See  Place  du 
Trone. 

Trophonius*  Cave.  See  Cave  of 
Trophonius. 

Trou  de  Han.  [The  Hole  of  Han.] 
A singular  cavern  in  the  region 
of  the  Ardennes,  in  Belgium. 

Troy  House.  A seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Beaufort,  near  Monmouth, 
England. 

True  Cross.  See  Cross,  The 
True. 

Trumbull,  Port.  See  Fort  Trum- 
bull. 


TRU 


536 


TUN 


Trustees  of  the  Staalhof.  A 
well- known  picture  by  Rem- 
brandt van  Rvn  (1606-1669).  In 
the  Gallery  at  Amsterdam,  Hol- 
land. 

Tuekerman’s  Ravine.  A tre- 
mendous gu^  hi  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  It 
is  in  the  southerly  side  of  Mount 
Washington,  and  receives  its 
name  from  Edward  Tuckerman, 
an  enthusiastic  explorer  of  the 
White  Hills.  It  contains  nearly 
every  year  a beautiful  “ Snow 
Arch,”  or  cave  of  snow,  which 
does  not  disappear  until  the  last 
of  August. 

Tufts  College.  This  institution 
at  Medford,  Mass.,  under  the  care 
of  the  Universalist  Church,  was 
founded  in  1852. 

Tuileries,  The.  A royal  palace 
of  France,  now  destroyed.  It 
was  commenced  in  1564,  as  a resi- 
dence for  Catherine  de’  Medicis, 
and  was  completed  by  Henry 
IY.  After  the  restoration  it  was 
habitually  the  residence  of  the 
royal  family.  It  was  situated  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Seine;  and 
on  the  spot  where  it  stood  were 
formerly  tile-fields,  whence  the 
name  is  derived,  the  word  Tuile- 
rie  signifying  a tile-kiln.  These 
fields  were  converted  into  gardens 
in  1665,  containing  about  67  acres, 
beautifully  laid  out,  ornamented 
with  flowers,  trees,  and  statuary, 
open  to  the  public,  and  much 
resorted  to  by  the  people.  This 
palace  was  sacked  by  the  Revolu- 
tionary mob  of  1792,  and  was 
again  attacked  and  taken  in  the 
insurrection  of  1830,  and  in  that 
of  1848.  It  was  partially  burned 
by  the  leaders  of  the  Commune, 
prior  to  the  entrance  into  the  city 
of  the  German  army  in  May, 
1871,  and  has  never  been  rebuilt. 

Truly,  this  same  world  may  be  seen  in 
Mossgbl  and  Tarbolton,  if  we  look  well, 
as  c’early  as  it  ever  came  to  light  in  Crock- 
lord’s,  or  \ lie  Tuileries  itself.  Carlyle. 

In  the  Chateau  of  the  Tuileries , for  in- 
stance, 1 perceive  the  same  jumble  of  con- 
trarieties thatmarksthe  French  character; 
the  same  whimsical  mixture  of  the  great 
and  the  little,  the  splendid  and  the  paltry, 
the  sublime  and  the  grotesque.  Irving. 


A sniffin'  tobacker  ez  proud  ez  you  please 
On  Victory's  bes’  carpets,  or  loafin’  at  ease 
In  the  TooVries  front-parlor,  discussin’ 
affairs 

With  our  heels  on  the  backs  o’  Napoleon’s 
new  chairs. 

Lowell , Biglow  Payers. 
An’  turnin’  quite  faint  in  the  midst  of  his 
fooleries, 

Sneaks  down  stairs  to  bolt  the  front-door 
o’  the  Tooleries. 

Lowell , Biglow  Papers. 

The  Henriade,  as  we  see  it  completed, 
is  a polished,  square-built  Tuileries ; Ham- 
let is  a mysterious,  star-paved  Valhalla, 
and  dv\  elling  of  the  gods.  Carlyle . 

— All,  the  old  Tuileries 
Is  pulling  its  high  cap  down  on  its  eyes, 
Confounded,  conscience  - stricken,”  and 
amazed 

By  the  apparition  of  a new  fair  face 
In  those  devouring  mirrors. 

Mrs.  Browning. 

No  house,  though  it  were  the  Tuileries 
or  the  Escurial,  is  good  for  any  thing  with- 
out a master.  Emerson. 

To  me.  the  Prado  is  an  inexhau-tible 
source  of  amusement.  In  the  first  place, 
it  is  in  itself  the  finest  public  walk  I have 
ever  seen  within  the  walls  of  any  city,  not 
excepting  either  the  Tuileries  or  the  Chi- 
aja.  George  Ticknor. 

I finished  this  day  with  a walk  in  the 
great  garden  of  the  Thuilleries , which  is 
rarely  contrived  for  privacy,  shade,  or 
company,  by  groves,  plantations  of  tall 
trees,  especially  that  in  the  middle  being 
of  elmes,  another  of  mulberys.  . . . From 
a terrace  in  this  place  we  saw  so  many 
Coaches  as  one  would  hardly  think  could 
be  maintained  in  the  whole  Citty,  going, 
late  as  it  was  in  the  year,  towards  the 
Course,  which  is  a place  adjoyning,  of  near 
an  English  mile  long,  planted  with  4 rows 
of  trees. 

John  Evelyn , Diary , 1644,  Feb.  4. 

Tullamore  Park.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Roden,  near  Newcastle, 
in  the  county  of  Down,  Ireland. 

Tullian  Prison.  See  Mamertine 
Prisons. 

Tullius.  See  Agger  of  Servius 
Tuelius. 

Tulp,  Nicholas,  and  his  pupils. 

See  Anatomical  Lecture. 

Tun  of  Heidelberg.  This  huge 
reservoir  is  in  a cellar  of  the  Cas- 
tle of  Heidelberg,  which,  “ next 
to  the  Alhambra  of  Granada,” 
says  Longfellow,  “is  the  most 
magnificent  ruin  of  the  Middle 
Ages.”  The  original  tun  was  be- 
gun in  the  year  1589,  and  finished 
in  1591;  it  held  528  hogsheads  of 
wine.  The  present  tun  was  made 
in  1751.  It  is  of  copper,  bound 


TUN 


537 


TWE 


with  iron  hoops,  and  is  36  feet 
tong  by  24  in  height.  Its  capa- 
city is  49,000  gallons,  or  283,000 
bottles.  For  nearly  20  years  it 
was  kept  full  of  the  best  Rhenish 
wine,  and  its  annual  replenish- 
ment at  the  time  of  vintage  was 
celebrated  by  dances  on  the  plat- 
form that  covered  the  top.  Not- 
withstanding its  large  propor- 
tions, it  is  much  smaller  than 
some  of  the  beer- vats  of  the  Brit- 
ish brewers,  one  of  which,  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Messrs.  Bar- 
clay and  Perkins  of  London,  holds 
108,000  gallons,  or  more  than 
twice  as  much  as  the  Tun  of  Hei- 
delberg. 

JUG®3”  “ It  is  as  high  as  a common  two- 
story  house;  on  the  top  is  a platform 
upon  which  people  used  to  dance  after 
it  was  filled,  to  which  one  ascends  by 
two  flights  of  steps.  I forget  exactly 
how  many  casks  it  holds,  but  I believe 
800.  It  has  been  empty  for  50  years.” 
Bayard  Taylor. 

The  kitchen  was  crowded  with  good 
cheer;  the  cellars  had  yielded  up  whole 
oceans  of  Rhein-wein  and"  Ferne-wein ; and 
even  the  great  Heidelberg  tun  had  been 
laid  under  contribution.  Irving. 

Tunnel,  The.  See  Thames  Tun- 
nel. 

Tuolumne  Grove.  A noted  group 
of  mammoth  trees  in  the  Yosem- 
ite  Valley,  California,  24  in  num- 
ber, the  largest  being  36  feet  in 
diameter.  See  Calaveras  and 
also  Mariposa. 

Turk’s  Head.  Several  coffee- 
houses in  London  have  borne 
this  name.  One  situated  in 
Change  Alley  was  opened  about 
1662.  Another  house  of  the  same 
name  in  the  Strand  was  frequent- 
ed by  Dr.  Johnson  and  Boswell. 
In  Soho  was  a Turk’s  Head,  at 
which  the  Literary  Club  was 
founded.  The  Rota  Club  met  at 
another  house  of  this  name  in 
AVestminster. 

46®=*  “ We  concluded  the  day  at  the 
Turk's  Head  Coffee-house  [Strand] 
very  socially.”  Boswell. 

46®=*  “ At  this  time  of  year  the  Society 
of  the  Turk’s  Head  [Soho]  can  no  longer 
be  addressed  as  a corporate  body,  and 
most  of  the  individual  members  are 
probably  dispersed : Adam  Smith,  in 


Scotland;  Burke  in  the  shades  of  Bea- 
consfield ; Fox,  the  Lord  or  the  devil 
knows  where.” 

Gibbon , August , 1777. 

4G§T  “ Ah ! I would  have  liked  a 
night  at  the  Turk’s  Head,  even  though 
bad  news  had  arrived  from  the  colo- 
nies, and  Doctor  Johnson  was  growl- 
ing against  the  rebels,  to  have  sat  with 
him  and  Goldy;  and  to  have  heard 
Burke  — the  finest  talker  in  the  world, 
and  to  have  had  Garrick  flashing  in 
with  a story  from  his  theatre ! ” 

Thackeray . 

Turk’s  Head  Club.  A club  found- 
ed by  Edmund  Burke,  in  connec- 
tion with  Johnson  and  Reynolds 
in  1763,  at  the  “Turk’s  Head” 
in  Gerard  Street,  London.  The 
chief  men  of  the  day  belonged  to 
it.  Also  called  the  Literary  Club. 

4G®"  “ ‘ I believe  Mr.  Fox  will  allow 
me  to  say,’  remarked  the  Bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  ‘ that  the  honor  of  being  elect- 
ed into  the  Turk’s  Head  Club  is  not  in- 
ferior to  that  of  being  the  representa- 
tive of  Westminster  or  Surrey.’  ” 

Forster. 

Turner’s  Gap.  A pass  in  the 
South  Mountain  about  five  miles 
from  Harper’s  Ferry,  Va.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a great  battle  be- 
tween the  National  and  Confed- 
erate troops  on  the  14th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1862. 

Tuscaloosa,  The.  A Confederate 
privateer  in  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion. She  was  originally  a 
United  States  trading  vessel, 
named  the  Conrad , which  had 
been  captured  by  Capt.  Raphael 
Seinmes  in  the  Alabama. 

Tushielaw  Castle.  An  old  mediae- 
val mansion,  on  the  bank  of  the 
river  Ettrick,  in  Scotland,  once 
the  finest  castle  in  that  region. 

Tussaud,  Mme.,  Wax  Works  of. 

See  Madame  Tussaud’s  Exhibi- 
tion. 

Twa  Brigs  [of  Ayr].  Two  bridges 
across  the  river  Ayr  in  Scotland, 
connecting  the  town  of  Ayr  with 
its  suburbs,  and  immortalized  by 
Burns  in  his  famous  metrical  dia- 
logue, the  “ Twa  Brigs  of  Ayr.” 

Twelve  Apostles.  Figures  exe- 
cuted in  chiaroscuro,  after  de 


TWE 


538 


TYR 


signs  by  Raphael,  in  an  apart- 
ment of  the  Vatican,  Rome.  Some 
of  them  were  destroyed  by  alter- 
ations in  the  apartment,  and  oth- 
ers have  been  repainted. 

Twelve  Apostles.  See  Rose,  The. 

Two  Ambassadors,  The.  Apicture 
by  Hans  Holbein  the  Younger 
(1498-1543),  the  German  painter, 
and  considered  one  of  bis  most 
important  works.  It  is  in  the 
collection  of  Lord  Radnor  at 
Longford  Castle,  England. 

Two  Boxers.  A well-known  statue 
by  Antonio  Canova  (1757-1822). 
In  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

The  Two  Boxers  are  carefully 
executed  in  anatomical  details,  but 
they  are  wanting  in  refinement.  . . . 
A Greek  sculptor  in  executing  a statue 
of  an  athlete  would  have  made  him 
first  a man,  and  secondly  an  athlete. 
But  in  Canova’s  Boxers  we  see  only 
an  accurate  transcript  of  brute  animal 
force.”  Hillard. 

290.  See  Alabama,  The. 

Two  Misers.  A celebrated  picture 
by  Quentin  Massys  (1466-1530), 
the  Flemish  painter.  It  is  now  in 
Windsor  Castle,  England. 

Two  Philosophers.  A picture  so 
called,  by  Rembrandt  van  Ryn 
(1606-1669),  the  Dutch  painter. 
How  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Tyburn.  An  ancient  place  of  exe- 
cution for  felons  in  London,  used 
for  this  purpose  as  early  as  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV.  It  derived 
its  name  from  a brook  called 
Tyburn,  which  flowed  into  the 
Thames.  The  bodies  of  Crom- 
well, Ireton,  and  Bradshaw,  were 
exposed  at  Tyburn,  Jan.  30,  1661. 
The  last  execution  here  took 
place  Nov.  7,  1783.  Tyburn  road 
is  the  modern  Oxford  Streep. 
The  criminals  were  carried,  “thief 
and  parson  in  a Tyburn  cart,” 
from  Newgate.  The  famous  tri- 
angle on  three  legs,  where  the 
executions  took  place,  was  known 
as  the  “ Tyburn  Tree,”  and  some- 
times as  the  “ Three-Legged 
Mare.”  See  Tyburnia. 

“The  manor  of  Tyburn  was 
formerly  held  by  Richard  Jaquett, 


where  felons  were  for  a long  time  exe- 
cuted; from  whence  we  have  Jack 
Ketch.” 

A writer  in  “ Holes  and  Queries ,”  quot- 
ing from  Lloyd's  MS.  Collections 
in  the  British  Museum. 

If,  in  calculating  the  numbers  of  the 
people,  we  take  in  the  multitudes  that 
emigrate  to  the  plantations,  from  whence 
they  never  return,  those  that  die  at  sea 
and  make  their  exit  at  Tyburn , together 
with  the  consumption  of  the  present  war 
by  sea  and  land,  in  the  Atlantic,  Mediter- 
ranean, ...  we  may  fairly  state  the  loss 
of  men  during  the  war  at  100,000. 

Goldsmith  (1762). 

Cloaks  and  far-pelisses  avail  liitle 
against  the  January-cold;  “time  and 
hours”  are,  once  more,  the  only  hope: 
but  lo,  at  the  tenth  mile,  this  Tyburn- 
coach  breaks  down  ! Carlyle. 

The  history  of  those  gods  and  saints 
which  the  world  has  written,  and  then 
worshipped,  are  documents  of  character. 
The  ages  have  exulted  in  the  manners  of 
a youth  who  owed  nothing  to  fortune,  and 
who  was  hanged  at  the  Tyburn  of  his  na- 
tion. Emerson. 

Tyburn-Tree.  The  name  given 
to  the  famous  gibbet  erected  in 
Tyburn,  from  which  so  many 
memorable  executions  have  tak- 
en place.  See  Tyburn  and  Ty- 
burnia. 

Tyburnia.  The  Latinized  name 
given  to  a district  of  London, 
once  occupied  by  the  Tyburn,  or 
place  of  execution  for  criminals. 
It  is  now  one  of  the  most  reputa- 
ble quarters  of  the  city.  It  has 
been  built  up  between  1839  and 
1850.  See  Tyburn. 

“How  the  times  have  changed! 
On  the  spot  where  Tom  Idle  made  his 
exit  from  this  wicked  world,  and  where 
you  see  the  hangman  smoking  his  pipe 
as  he  reclines  on  the  gibbet,  and  views 
the  hills  of  Harrow  or  Hampstead  be- 
yond,— a splendid  marble  arch,  a vast 
and  modern  city,  — the  abodes  of  wealth 
and  comfort,  the  elegant,  the  prosper- 
ous, the  polite  Tyburnia  rises,  the  most 
respectable  district  in  the  habitable 
globe!”  Thackeray. 

That  is  a source  of  prospective  pleasure 
in  which  the  inhabitants  of  Belgravia  and 
Tyburnia  cannot  indulge.  Eastlake. 

Tyropceon.  A valley  in  Jerusalem, 
mentioned  by  Josephus,  but  not 
alluded  to  in  the  Bible.  It  is 
generally  understood  as  being 
the  region  which  extended  around 


TZA 


539 


TZA 


two  sides  of  Mount  Zion,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Akra  on  the  north, 
and  Moriah  and  Opliel  on  the 
east. 

Tzar  Kolokol.  See  Emperor  of 
Bells. 

Tzarsko  Selo.  A celebrated  sum- 
mer palace  and  park  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Russia,  at  a town  of  the 


same  name  near  St.  Petersburg. 
The  grounds  are  said  to  be  18 
miles  in  circumference,  and  are  at 
all  times  open  to  the  public,  and 
a favorite  pleasure-resort  for  the 
inhabitants  of  the  capital.  The 
palace  was  founded  by  Peter  the 
Great  in  1710,  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1822,  but  has  been  rebuilt 
with  great  splendor. 


UFF 


540 


ULY 


u. 


Ufflzi.  [The  Offices.]  A public  edi- 
fice in  Florence,  Italy,  erected  by 
Cosmo  de’  Medici  (1389-1464),  and 
containing  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  celebrated  collections  of  art 
in  the  world.  It  is  connected  by 
a covered  passage  with  the  Pitti 
Palace  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Arno.  See  Tribune. 

“ Perhaps  it  is  the  picturesque 
variety  of  the  Uffizi  — the  combination 
of  painting,  sculpture,  gems,  and 
bronzes  — that  makes  the  charm.  The 
Tribune,  too,  is  the  richest  room  in  all 
the  world,  a heart  that  draws  all  hearts 
to  it.”  Hawthorne . 

4®^  “ I paid  another  visit  to  the  Uf- 
fizi Gallery  this  morning,  and  found 
that  the  Venus  is  one  of  the  things  the 
charm  of  which  does  not  diminish  on 
better  acquaintance.”  Hawthorne. 

The  Transfiguration,  the  Last  Judg- 
ment, the  Communion  of  St.  Jerome,  and 
what  are  as  transcendent  as  these,  a e on 
the  walls  of  the  Vatican,  the  Uffizi,  or  the 
Louvre,  wheie  every  footman  may  see 
them.  Emerson . 

Ugbrooke  House.  A noble  man- 
sion, the  seat  of  Lord  Clifford, 
near  Chudleigh,  England. 

Ugolino’s  Tower.  See  Torre  del- 
la Fame. 

IJlm  Minster.  At  Ulm  in  Wiir- 
temberg.  One  of  the  finest  Gothic 
cathedrals  in  Germany,  begun  in 
1377.  Its  tower  is  over  300  feet 
in  height. 

Ultima  Thule.  [The  most  remote 
Thule.]  A name  applied  by  the 
Latin  poets,  on  account  of  its  dis- 
tance from  Rome,  to  the  island 
of  Thule,  the  situation  and  exist- 
ence of  which  are  involved  in 
the  greatest  obscurity.  The  first 
mention  of  such  a northern  island 
is  by  a traveller  from  Massilia 
(Marseilles)  in  the  fourth  century 
B.C.,  who  claimed  to  have  ar- 
rived at  a spot,  some  six  days’ 
journey  from  Britain,  where  na- 
ture had  put  a bar  to  all  further 


progress,  since  there  was  no  long- 
er either  water  or  land  or  air, 
but  a mixture  of  all  the  elements, 
through  which  no  passage  could 
be  made.  According  to  Strabo 
and  Pliny,  this  island  reached  to 
the  Polar  Circle,  within  a day’s 
journey  of  an  ever-frozen  sea. 
Many  articles  have  been  written 
upon  the  subject  of  this  semi-fab- 
ulous island.  The  south-west 
coast  of  Norway  has  been  fixed 
upon  by  some  as  its  probable 
location.  Maltebrun  thinks  that 
Jutland  was  meant.  Others,  and 
the  majority,  give  the  preference 
to  the  Shetland  Isles.  The  phrase 
ultima  Thule  is  now  commonly 
and  poetically  applied  to  the  ex- 
treme limit  of  any  journey,  un- 
dertaking, or  pursuit.  A little 
volume  by  Longfellow  has  recent- 
ly appeared  under  the  title  of 
“ Ultima  Thule.” 

This  [the  Rock  of  Aboosecr]  is  the  Ulti- 
ma Thule  of  Egyptian  travellers, 

Murray's  Handbook. 

Ulysses  and  Nausieaa.  A picture 
by  Peter  Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640). 
In  the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence, 
Italy. 

Ulysses  deriding  Polyphemus. 
A picture  by  Joseph  Mallord 
William  Turner  (1775-1851),  the 
English  landscape-painter,  and 
regarded  one  of  his  best  works. 
In  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

4GS"  “ Ulysses  is  on  the  poop  [of  a 
gilded  galley]  with  hands  uplifted, 
shouting  derisively  to  the  blinded  giant, 
while  his  companions,  thickly  clus- 
tered on  mast  and  yard,  unfurl  in  haste 
the  vast  sails,  and  one  by  one  the  red 
oars  are  thrust  forth  from  the  vessel’s 
burnished  sides,  ready  to  sweep  away 
from  the  inhospitable  shore,  and  out  of 
the  reach  of  the  missiles  the  monster 
may  hurl  after  them.”  Redgrave. 

Ulysses,  Return  of.  A picture  by 
Francesco  Primaticcio(  1400-1570), 
the  pupil  of  Raphael.  Now  at 
Castle  Howard,  England. 


UND 


541 


UNI 


Undercliff.  A romantic  spot  and 
natural  curiosity  on  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  near  Ventnor. 

“A  strip  of  land  some  six  miles 
long  by  a half  mile  wide,  which  ap- 
pears to  have  slipped  down  toward 
the  sea,  exhibiting  a jumble  of  rocks, 
overturned  and  broken  mounds  of 
earth,  deep  hollows,  and  numerous 
springs,  forming  falls  of  water,  collect- 
ing into  pools,  and  hurrying  toward 
the  sea.”  M.  Simond. 

The  moonbeam  sleeps  on  Underchff, 
The  sea  is  lulled  and  calm, 

The  honey-bee  has  left  the  rose, 

The  lily  lies  in  balm 

Allan  Cunningham. 

Undine.  An  admired  picture  by 
Thomas  Buchanan  Read  (1822- 
1872).  • 

Union  Club.  A club  in  London 
composed  chiefly  of  politicians, 
merchants,  professional  men, 
and,  according  to  James  Smith, 
of  “gentlemen  at  large.”  The 
club-house,  Trafalgar  Square, 
was  built  in  1824.  The  Union 
Club  has  always  been  noted  for 
its  cuisine.  Also  an  association 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  having  a house 
on  Park  Street. 

Union  College  (University).  An 
old  and  well-endowed  institution 
at  Schenectady,  N.Y.  It  was 
founded  in  1795  by  a union  of 
several  religious  denominations, 
from  which  circumstance  it  de- 
rives its  name. 

Union  League  House.  A noble 
building,  with  a fine  interior, 
on  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia, 
Penn.,  occupied  by  the  Union 
League,  an  organization  formed 
in  1862  for  patriotic  purposes.  It 
has  a large  number  of  members. 

Union  Square.  A well-known 
public  park  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  surrounded  with  fine  ho- 
tels and  shops,  with  statues  of 
Washington  and  of  Lincoln. 

United  Service  Club.  This  club 
in  London  was  formed  in  1816, 
and  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the 
modern  clubs.  It  was  a favorite 
resort  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 
The  present  building,  in  Pall 
Mall,  was  built  in  1826.  The 
United  Service  Club  is  for  officers 


of  rank  not  lower  than  major  in 
the  army  and  commander  in  the 
navy;  and  the  club-house  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  best-managed, 
and  most  commodious  in  Lon- 
don. See  Junior  United  Ser- 
vice Club. 

Let  no  man  despair  of  Governments 
who  looks  on  these  two  sentries  at  the 
Horse -Guards  and  our  United  - /Service 
Clubs ! Carlyle. 

United  Service  Museum.  The 
museum  of  the  United  Service 
Institution,  London,  founded  in 
1830,  containing  models  of  ships 
and  weapons,  and  specimens  of 
naval  and  military  uniforms. 

United  States.  A frigate  of  the 
United  States  navy,  launched  at 
Philadelphia  in  1797.  Before  the 
war  of  1812  she  went  by  the  nickv 
name  of  the  Old  Wagon,  on  ac- 
count of  her  poor  sailing  quali- 
ties ; but  these  were  subsequently 
so  much  improved  that  she  was 
able  to  chase,  overtake,  and  cap- 
ture the  British  frigate  Macedo- 
nian, which  she  brought  into  port 
as  a prize  in  1812. 

United  States  Bank.  An  impos- 
ing marble  structure  on  Chestnut 
Street  in  Philadelphia,  built  in 
1824  at  a cost  of  half  a million  of 
dollars.  It  is  now  used  as  a cus- 
tom-house. 

“ Looking  out  of  my  chamber 
window,  before  going  to  bed,  I saw,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  way,  a hand- 
some building,  of  white  marble,  which 
had  a mournful,  ghost-like  aspect, 
dreary  to  behold.  I attributed  this  to 
the  sombre  influence  of  the  night,  and 
on  rising  in  the  morning  looked  out 
again,  expecting  to  see  its  steps  and 
portico  thronged  with  groups  of  peo- 
ple passing  in  and  out.  The  door  was 
still  tight  shut,  however  ; the  same 
cold,  cheerless  air  prevailed;  and  the 
building  looked  as  if  the  marble  statue 
of  Don  Guzman  could  alone  have  any 
business  to  transact  within  its  gloomy 
wTalls  I hastened  to  inquire  its  name 
and  purpose,  and  then  my  surprise 
vanished.  It  was  the  tomb  of  many 
fortunes  ; the  Great  Catacomb  of 
investment  ; the  memorable  United 
States  Bank.  The  stoppage  of  this 
bank,  with  all  its  ruinous  consequences, 
had  cast  (as  I was  told  on  _ every  side) 
a gloom  on  Philadelphia,  under  the 
depressing  effect  of  which  it  yet  la- 
bored.” Dickens  ( American  Notes). 


UNI 


542 


URS 


United  States  Military  Academy. 
A national  institution  for  the  ed- 
ucation of  young  men  in  academic 
and  military  studies,  at  West 
Point  on  the  Hudson,  N.  Y. 
It  opened  in  1812.  The  buildings 
are  fine  structures  of  stone.  A 
library,  observatory,  and  mu- 
seum are  connected  with  the 
academy.  Each  congressional 
district  is  entitled  to  send  annu- 
ally one  young  man  to  this 
school.  [Familiarly  known  as 
West  Point.] 

United  States  Naval  Academy. 
A national  school  for  the  train- 
ing of  midshipmen,  founded  in 
1845,  situated  in  Annapolis,  Md. 
During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
the  school  was  transferred  to 
Newport,  R.I. 

University  Club.  A London  club, 
Suffolk  Street,  Pall  Mall  East, 
founded  in  1824,  chiefly  composed 
of  members  of  Parliament  who 
have  been  educated  at  some  uni- 
versity, several  judges,  and  a 
number  of  clergymen. 

University  College.  A proprie- 
tary institution  in  London,  for 
the  “ general  advancement  of  lit- 
erature and  science,”  built  in 
1827-28.  It  contains  the  Flax- 
man  Museum,  in  which  are  mod- 
els of  the  chief  works  of  John 
Flaxman. 

University  of  London.  See  Lon- 
don University. 

University  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  A fine  building  of  marble 
in  New  York,  the  seat  of  the  uni- 
versity, founded  in  1831.  It  has 
numerous  professors  and  stu- 
dents. 

University  of  Vermont.  An  in- 


stitution of  learning  in  Burling- 
ton, Vt.,  founded  in  1791. 

Unspunnen  Castle.  A ruined  feu- 
dal mansion  in  Switzerland,  near 
Interlaken,  where  Byron’s  Man- 
fred is  reputed  to  have  lived. 

Unter  den  Linden.  [Under  the 
Lindens.]  A noted  street  in  Ber- 
lin, Prussia,  extending  from  the 
royal  palace  to  the  Brandenburg 
gate.  It  is  adorned  with  four 
rows  of  lime-trees,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Frederick  the  Great, 
and  many  fine  buildings. 

Urbino  Palace.  A grand  and 
stately  palace  in  Urbino,  Italy, 
once  the  residence  of  the  Dukes 
of  Urbino,  now  unused  and  fallen 
into  neglect,  but  still  containing 
many  interesting  remains  of  art. 

Urdos.  An  extraordinary  fortifi- 
cation in  southern  France,  not 
far  from  Pau.  It  is  excavated  in 
a rock,  rising  in  successive  stages 
to  a height  of  500  feet.  It  was  10 
years  in  constructing,  and  is  ca- 
pable of  holding  3,000  men. 

Uriel  in  the  Sun.  A picture  by 
AVashington  Allston  (1779-1843), 
the  American  painter.  Now  in 
possession  of  the  Duke  of  Suth- 
erland. 

“I  have  never  seen  Uriel  repre- 
sented by  name,  or  alone,  in  any  sacred 
edifice.  In  the  picture  of  Uriel  painted 
by  Allston,  he  is  the  ‘Regent  of  the 
Sun,’  described  by  Milton ; not  a sacred 
or  scriptural  personage.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Urquhart  Castle.  A ruined  castle 
in  Scotland,  near  Inverness.  It  is 
the  property  of  the  clan  Grant. 

Urr,  Moot  of.  See  Moot  of  Urr. 

Ursula,  St.  See  St.  Ursula  and 
Embarkation  of  St.  Ursula. 


VAL 


543 


YAL 


V. 


Val  d’Arno.  [Yale  of  the  Arno.] 
In  Tuscany,  Italy.  It  is  renowned 
for  its  beauty  and  its  poetic  asso- 
ciations. 

A dream  alone  to  me  is  Arno's  vale, 

And  the  Alhambra’s  halls  are  but  a trav- 
eller’s tale.  Whittier. 

Val  de  Grace.  1.  An  extensive 
military  hospital  in  Paris.  Here 
was  formerly  a convent  of  Bene- 
dictine nuns. 

2.  A church  in  Paris,  built  in 
the  Italian  style.  It  was  begun 
in  1645  for  Anne  of  Austria.  The 
dome  forms  a conspicuous  object 
in  views  over  Paris. 

Val  d’Emo.  See  Certosa  of  the 
Val  d’Emo. 

Val  Tremola.  [Ger.  Trummeln 
Thai,  Trembling  Valley.]  A gully 
on  the  St.  Gotliard  Pass  in  Switz- 
erland, so  called  from  the  fears 
formerly  excited  by  the  terrors 
of  the  passage. 

Vale  of  the  Bed  Horse.  A locali- 
ty in  Warwick  county,  England, 
near  Edgehill,  the  scene  of  the 
battle  between  Charles  I.  and  the 
Parliamentary  forces.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  colossal  figure  of 
a horse  cut  on  the  side  of  the 
hill. 

Valentino,  II.  A fine  old  palace 
in  Turin,  Italy. 

Valerien,  Mont.  See  Mont  Vale- 
rie N. 

Valhalla.  A celebrated  Grecian 
temple  or  Hall  of  Fame,  over- 
looking the  Danube,  near  Regens- 
burg, Bavaria,  and  deriving  its 
name  from  the  mythological  pal- 
ace of  immortality,  inhabited  by 
the  souls  of  heroes  slain  in  battle. 
It  was  built  by  the  king  of  Ba- 
varia as  a monument  to  the  great 
men  of  Germany,  and  contains 
many  statues  of  her  heroes,  states- 
men, and  poets,  from  the  earliest 


times  to  the  present.  It  is  a 
magnificent  structure  of  marble, 
and  was  completed  in  1842  at  a 
cost  of  over  $8,000,000. 

Chivalry  this,  if  not  as  they  do  chiv- 
alry in  Drury  Lane  or  West-End  draw- 
ing-rooms, yet  as  they  do  it  in  Valhalla 
and  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Gods. 

Carlyle. 

Crowned  doubly  by  man’s  blessing  and 
God’s  grace, 

Thy  future  is  secure  : 

Who  frees  a people  makes  his  statue’s  place 
In  Time’s  Valhalla  sure.  Whittier. 

Valiant,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Oct.  14,  1863. 

Vallee  du  Sang.  [Valley  of 
Blood.]  A valley  reputed  to 
have,  in  ancient  times,  separated 
France  from  Bretagne. 

When  the  Vale  of  Blood  she  neared, 

All  that  ghastly  band  with  speed 
Following  in  pursuit  appeared 
Close  behind  her  coal-black  steed. 

Anon , Tr.  L.  S.  Costello. 

Valley-farm,  The.  A picture  by 
John  Constable  (1776-1837).  In 
the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Valley  of  Jehoshaphat.  This  val- 
ley of  Jerusalem  which  is  beneath 
the  hill  Mount  Moriah,  on  which 
the  ancient  Jewish  temple  stood 
(now  occupied  by  the  Mosque  of 
Omar),  is  about  half  a mile  long, 
extending  from  the  village  of  Si- 
loam  to  the  Garden  of  Gethsem- 
ane.  Its  sides  are  full  of  tombs, 
and  the  brook  Kedron  runs 
through  it.  The  Jews  believe 
that  the  Last  Judgment  will  take 
place  in  this  valley,  according  to 
the  prediction  found  in  Joel  iii. 
12,  “ Let  the  heathen  be  wakened, 
and  come  up  to  the  valley  of  Je- 
hoshaphat: for  there  will  I sit, 
to  judge  all  the  heathen  round 
about.” 

Vallombrosa.  [The  Shady  Valley.] 
A famous  convent  and  sanctuary 
near  Florence,  Italy.  Its  original 


VAL 


544 


YAT 


lame  was  Acqua  Bella.  The 
conventual  buildings  were  erect- 
ed in  1637,  and  with  the  surround- 
ing forest  are  now  chiefly  inter- 
esting from  the  allusions  to  them 
in  literature. 

Thick  as  autumnal  leaves  that  strew  the 
brooks 

In  Vallombrosa , where  the  Etrurian  shades, 
High  over-arch’d  embower.  Milton. 

Swelling  the  outcry  dull,  that  long  re- 
sounds 

Portentous  through  her  old  woods’  track- 
less bounds, 

Vallombre , mid  her  falling  fanes,  deplores. 
Forever  broke,  the  Sabbath  of  her  bowers. 

Wordsworth. 

He  [Milton]  nevermore  was  thirsty  when 
God’s  will 

Had  shattered  to  his  sense  the  last  chain- 
link 

By  which  he  had  drawn  from  Nature’s 
visible 

The  fresh  well-water.  Satisfied  by  this. 
He  sang  of  Adam’s  paradise,  and  smiled, 
Remembering  Vallombrosa.  Therefore  is 
The  place  divine  to  English  man  and  child, 
And  pilgrims  leave  their  soul  here  in  a 
kiss.  E.  B.  Browning. 

Not  a grand  nature.  Not  my  chestnut- 
woods 

Of  Vallombrosa , cleaving  by  the  spurs 
To  the  precipices.  Mrs.  Browning. 

Valle  Crucis  Abbey.  A beautiful 
and  picturesque  ruined  monas- 
tery, founded  in  1200,  near  Llan- 
gollen, in  Wales. 

Vanity  and  Modesty.  See  Mod- 
esty and  Vanity. 

Varuna,  The.  An  iron  clad  vessel 
of  the  United  States  navy,  sunk 
April  24,  1862,  after  destroying 
five  of  the  enemy’s  fleet  in  the 
battle  on  the  Mississippi,  below 
New  Orleans. 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  dauntless  Varu- 
na ? 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  deeds  she  has 
done  ? 

Who  shall  not  hear,  while  the  brown 
Mississippi 

Rushes  along  from  the  snow  to  the  sun  ? 
Crippled  and  leaking  she  §ntered  the  bat- 
tle, 

Sinking  and  burning  she  fought  through 
the  fray : 

Crushed  were  her  sides,  and  the  waves 
ran  across  her. 

Ere,  like  a death-wounded  lion  at  bay, 
Sternly  she  closed  in  the  last  fatal  grapple, 
Then  in  her  triumph  moved  grandly 
away.  G.  H.  Boker. 

Vase,  Hall  of  the.  See  Hall  of 
the  Vase, 


Vassar  College.  A noted  women’s 
college  situated  in  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.  It  was  founded  and  en- 
dowed by  Matthew  Vassar,  from 
whom  it  takes  its  name.  It  was 
organized  in  1865. 

Vatican,  The.  The  ancient  palace 
of  the  popes,  and  the  most  mag- 
nificent in  the  world,  built  upon 
one  of  the  hills  of  Rome,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Tiber.  It  is 
rather  a collection  of  separate 
buildings,  constructed  at  various 
times,  than  one  regular  structure. 
Its  extent  is  enormous.  It  has 
8 grand  staircases,  200  smaller 
staircases,  20  courts,  and,  it  is 
said,  11,000  apartments  of  differ- 
ent sizes.  Its  riches  in  marbles, 
bronzes,  and  frescos,  in  ancient 
statues  and  gems,  and  in  paint- 
ings, are  unequalled  in  the  world. 
It  also  possesses  a library  with  a 
large  and  choice  collection  of 
manuscripts. 

4®=*  ‘ ‘ The  palace  of  the  Vatican  bears 
the  same  relation  to  other  palaces  that 
St.  Peter’s  does  to  other  churches.  It 
is,  indeed,  not  a palace,  but  a con- 
gress of  palaces.  One  of  the  stories 
with  which  every  traveller  at  Rome  is 
amused  is,  that  the  Vatican  with  its 
gardens  and  St.  Peter’s  occupy  as 
much  space  as  the  city  of  Turin;  and, 
as  it  has  never  been  contradicted,  it 
is  probably  true.  The  Vatican  com- 
prises a papal  palace,  a library,  and  a 
museum.  As  a museum  of  art,  it  is 
the  first  in  the  world.  In  sculpture  it 
not  only  surpasses  any  other  collection, 
but  all  other  collections  put  together. 
The  whole  of  Europe  could  furnish 
nothing  to  rival  the  Vatican.  It  also 
comprises  the  highest  triumphs  of 
painting,  in  the  frescos  of  Raphael  and 
Michael  Angelo.  He  who  has  seen 
the  Vatican  has  seen  the  utmost  point 
reached  by  the  human  mind  and  hand 
in  these  two  arts.  The  world  is  no 
more  likely  to  witness  any  thing  be- 
yond what  is  here  visible  than  to  have 
a nobler  epic  than  the  Iliad,  or  a greater 
dramatist  than  Shakespeare.” 

Hillard. 

The  Vatican  is  great:  yet  poor  to  Chim- 
borazo or  the  Peake  of  Tenerift'e:  its  dome 
is  but  a foolish  Big-endian  or  Little-endian 
chip  of  an  egg-shell,  compared  with  that 
star-fretted  Dome  where  Arcturus  and 
Orion  glance  for  ever.  Carlyle. 

That  Leicester  shoe-shop,  had  men 
known  it,  was  a holier  place  than  any 
Vatican  or  Loretto-shrine.  Carlyle. 


VAT 


545 


V El 


On  that  sad  mountain  slope  whose  ghostly 
dead. 

Unmindful  of  the  gray  exorcist's  ban, 
Walk,  unappeased,  the  chambered  Vati- 
can, 

And  draw  the  curtains  of  Napoleon 's  bed  ! 

Whittier. 

Vatican  Library.  This  library, 
in  the  Vatican  Palace,  Rome,  has 
been  called  the  largest  in  the 
world,  not  because  it  has  the 
most  books,  but  because  it  occu- 
pies the  largest  space.  It  is  really 
a small  collection,  though  ex- 
ceedingly rich  in  ancient  and 
rare  manuscripts,  the  number  of 
which  is  said  to  be  over  30,000. 
Among  the  precious  treasures 
here  preserved  are  a famous  copy 
of  Virgil  of  the  age  of  Constan- 
tine, and  early  manuscripts  of 
the  Scriptures.  The  books  in 
this  library  are  invisible,  being 
shut  up  in  wooden  presses. 

Vatican,  Obelisk  of  the.  See  Obe- 
lisk of  St.  Peter’s. 

Vaucluse,  Fountain  of.  See  Foun- 
tain of  Vaucluse. 

Vauxhall.  The  region  on  the  bank 
of  the  Thames  above  Lambeth, 
London.  See  Vauxhall  Gar- 
dens. 

How,  in  a word,  . . . shall  it,  at  length, 
be  made  manifest,  and  kept  continually 
manifest  to  the  hearts  of  men,  that  the 
Good  is  not  properly  the  highest,  but  the 
Beautiful ; that  the  true  Beautiful  (differ- 
ing from  the  false,  as  Heaven  does  from 
Vauxhall)  comprehends  in  it  the  Good  ? 

Carlyle. 

Vauxhall  Bridge.  An  iron  bridge 
across  the  Thames  at  London. 

Vauxhall  Gardens.  A place  of 
public  amusement  in  London  for 
nearly  two  centuries.  It  was  so 
named  from  its  site  in  the  manor 
of  “ La  Sale  Faukes.”  The  gar- 
dens were  first  laid  out  about 
1661.  They  were  finally  closed 
July  25,  1859,  and  the  property 
sold.  Buildings  have  since  been 
erected,  and  roads  laid  out  upon 
their  site.  We  are  told  in  Ro- 
gers’s “ Table  Talk  ” that  the 
proprietors  of  Vauxhall  and 
Ranelagh  used  to  send  fashion- 
ably dressed  persons  to  walk 
among  the  ladies  and  gentlemen 
in  the  Mall,  and  to  exclaim  every 


now  and  then,  “ What  charming 
weather  for  Ranelagh!  ” or  “ for 
Vauxhall ! ” See  Ranelagh  Gar- 
dens. 

The  lights  everywhere  glimmering 
through  scarcely  moving  trees;  the 
full-bodied  concert  bursting  on  the  still- 
ness of  night;  the  natural  concert  of 
the  birds  in  the  more  retired  part  of 
the  grove,  vying  with  that  which  was 
formed  by  art;  the  company  gayly 
dressed,  looking  satisfied;  and  the  ta- 
bles spread  with  various  delicacies, — 
all  conspired  to  fill  my  imagination  with 
the  visionary  happiness  of  the  Arabian 
lawgiver,  and  lifted  me  into  an  ecstasy 
of  admiration.” 

Goldsmith , Citizen  of  the  World . 

Vauxhall  and  Ranelagh  ! I then  had  heard 
Of  your  green  groves,  and  wilderness  of 
lamps 

Dimming  the  stars,  and  fireworks  magical, 
And  gorgeous  ladies,  under  splendid  domes, 
Floating  in  dance,  or  warbling  high  in  air 
The  songs  of  spirits ! Wordsworth. 

The  narrow  lanes  [in  Genoa]  have  great 
villas  opening  into  them,  whose  walls  (out- 
side walls,  I mean)  are  profusely  painted 
with  all  sorts  of  subjects,  grim  and  holy. 
But  time  and  the  sea-air  have  nearly  ob- 
literated them ; and  they  look  like  the  en- 
trance to  Vauxhall  Gardens  on  a sunny 
day.  Dickens. 

It  was  a curious  phenomenon,  in  the 
withered,  unbelieving,  second-hand  Eigh- 
teenth Century,  that  of  a Hero  starting 
up,  among  the  artificial  pasteboard  fig- 
ures and  productions,  in  the  guise  of  a 
Robert  Burns.  Like  a little  well  in  the 
rocky  desert  places, — like  a sudden  splen- 
dor of  Heaven  in  the  artificial  Vauxhall ! 

Carlyle. 

Vecchio,  Palazzo.  See  Palazzo 
Vecchio. 

Vecchio,  Ponte.  See  Ponte  Vec- 
chio. 

V^four’s.  A noted  restaurant  in 
Paris. 

We  are  not  prepared  to  say  what  sums 
were  expended  upon  the  painting  of 
Vdry’s,  Vefour's,  or  of  other  places  of  pub- 
lic resort  in  the  capital.  Thackeray. 

Veiled  Image  [at  Sais].  A con- 
cealed or  draped  image  said  to 
have  stood  in  the  temple  of  Mi- 
nerva at  Sais,  the  ancient  metrop- 
olis of  Lower  Egypt,  and  held  in 
great  veneration.  It  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  many  poeti- 
cal allusions.  Schiller  has  a poem 
entitled  Das  verschleierte  Bild  zu 
Sais. 


VEL 


546 


YEN' 


He  spAte  and  raised  the  veil ! And  ask  ye 
what 

T'nto  the  gaze  was  there  within  revealed  ? 
I know  not.  Pale  and  senseless,  at  the 
foot 

Of  the  dread  statue  of  Egyptian  Isis, 

'i  he  priests  beheld  him  at  the  dawn  of  day; 
Hut  what  he  saw,  or  what  didthere  befall, 
His  lips  disclosed  not.  Ever  from  his  heart 
Was  fled  the  sweet  serenity  of  life. 

And  the  deep  anguish  dug  the  early  grave  : 
‘•Woe,  woe  to  him,”  — such  were  his 
warning  words, 

Answering  some  curious  and  impetuous 
brain,  — 

“Woe  — for  she  never  shall  delight  him 
more ! 

Woe,  — woe  to  him  who  treads  through 
guilt  to  Truth.”  Schiller,  Trans. 

An  awful  statue,  by  a veil  half  hid, 

At  Sais  stands.  R.  C.  'Trench. 

Velabrum.  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
marsh,  or  fen,  occupying  the  inter- 
val between  the  Capitoline  and 
Palatine  hills,  caused  by  the  over- 
flow of  the  Tiber.  Yarro  derives 
the  name  from  relieve , to  carry, 
from  the  ferry  which  was  used  to 
carry  travellers  across.  See  San 
Giorgio-in-Y  elabro. 

Vendome.  See  Colonxe  Vendome 
and  Place  Yendome. 

Venetia.  A well-known  portrait 
of  Yenetia,  wife  of  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby,  by  Anthony  van  Dyck 
(1599-1641).  In  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Vengeance,  La.  A noted  French 
frigate,  attacked  and  put  to  flight 
by  the  United  States  man-of- 
war  the  Constellation,  Commodore 
Truxtun,  Feb.  1,  1800. 

^^“The  combatants  fought  des- 
perately at  pistol-shot  distance,  until 
one  o’clock  in  the  morning.  Suddenly 
the  French  frigate  disappeared  in  the 
gloom.  Truxtun,  after  small  repairs, 
bore  away  to  Jamaica,  and  it  was  some 
time  before  he  knew  that  he  had  fought 
the  vessel  he  was  searching  for,  La 
Vengeance,  54  guns,  with  400  men. 
The  frigate,  dreadfully  crippled,  had 
run  away  in  the  darkness,  and  escaped 
to  Curagoa.  This  victory  made  the 
navy  immensely  popular.  Congress 
gave  Truxtun  the  thanks  of  the  nation, 
and  voted  him  a gold  medal.”  Lousing. 

Venice.  A picture  by  Joseph  Mal- 
lord  William  Turner  (1775-1851), 
the  celebrated  English  painter. 

Venice,  Approach  to.  See  Ap- 
proach to  Venice. 


Venice  paying  Homage  to  Cath- 
erine Cornaro.  See  Catherine 
Cornaro. 

Venice,  Queen  of  the  Sea.  A 

picture  by  Jacopo  Robusti,  called 
Tintoretto  (1512-1594).  In  the 
Doge’s  Palace,  Venice,  Italy. 

Venus.  A renowned  statue  by  the 
Greek  sculptor  Alcamenes  (ft. 
444-400  B.C.),  in  which  Phidias  is 
supposed  to  have  assisted. 

Venus.  A statue  by  Giovanni  da 
Bologna,  called  II  Fiammingo 
(1524-1608).  At  the  Villa  of  Pe- 
trarca,  Florence,  Italy. 

Venus.  A well-known  statue  by 
Antonio  Canova  (1757-1822).  In 
the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  Italy. 

J&aT  “Although  undoubtedly  a fig- 
ure of  great  beauty,  it  by  no  means 
struck  me  as  possessing  that  exquisite 
and  classic  perfection  which  has  been 
ascribed  to  it.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Venus.  A well-known  statue  by 
Antonio  Canova  (1757-1822).  In 
the  gallery  of  Stafford  House, 
London. 

Venus  a la  Coquille.  [Venus  of 
the  Shell.]  A mythological  pic- 
ture by  Titian  (1477-1576),  “ A 

single  figure  rising  from  the  sea, 
and  drying  her  hair,  a shell 
floating  near  her.”  In  the  Or- 
leans Gallery. 

Venus  Anadyomene.  [Gr.  ’a^poSi'tt? 
avoL&voixtvr],  Venus  rising  from  the 
sea.]  A celebrated  statue  of  Ve- 
nus in  the  Vatican  Palace,  Rome. 
The  name  Anadyomene  is  ap- 
plied to  several  other  statues  of 
Venus,  one  or  two  of  which  are 
in  the  Museum  at  Naples,  Italy. 

There  was  in  ancient  times  a cele- 
brated picture  bearing  this  name,  by 
the  Greek  painter  Apelles.  It-  is  said 
to  have  been  executed  for  the  temple 
of  Asclepius  at  Cos,  and  to  have  been 
taken  to  Rome  by  the  Emperor  Augus- 
tus, and  placed  in  the  temple  of  Caesar. 

Venus  and  Adonis.  A statue  by 
Antonio  Canova  (1757-1822),  and 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful  of  his  works.  Now  in  Na- 
ples, Italy. 

Venus  and  Cupid.  A mythologi- 


yen- 


547 


YEN 


ral  fresco  in  the  Yatican,  Borne, 
designed  by  Raphael  (1483-1520), 
but  executed  by  his  pupils. 

Yenus  and  Cupid.  A picture  by 
George  Pencz  (1500-1550),  a Ger- 
man painter.  In  the  Gallery  at 
Munich,  Bavaria. 

Yenus  and  Mercury  teaching 

* Cupid  his  Letters.  A picture  by 
Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed  Cor- 
reggio (1494-1534).  In  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London. 

Yenus  at  Cytherea.  See  Landing 
of  Yenus  at  Cytherea. 

Yenus,  Birth  of.  See  Birth  of 
Yenus. 

Yenus  Callipyge.  An  admired 
statue  found  at  Rome  among  the 
ruins  of  Nero’s  Golden  House, 
and  which  has  been  attributed  to 
Praxiteles.  It  is  now  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Naples. 

4£ir“  The  Yenus  Callipygis,  appar- 
ently a boudoir  ornament,  reminding 
one  of  the  pretty  license  of  our  eigh- 
teenth century.”  Tainey  Trans. 

Yenus,  The  Cnidian.  See  Cni- 

dian  Yenus. 

Yenus  coming  from  the  Bath.  A 
well-known  statue  by  Antonio 
Canova  (1757-1822),  of  which  there 
are  several  repetitions.  One  is  in 
the  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,-  an- 
other in  the  possession  of  Lord 
Lansdowne. 

Yenus  coming  from  the  Bath. 
An  admired  statue  by  Giovanni 
da  Bologna  (1524-1608),  “ remark- 
able for  delicacy  and  grace” 
[Flaxman]. 

Venus  de’  Medici.  A famous 
statue,  and  one  of  the  most  per- 
fect remains  of  ancient  art.  Now 
in  the  Tribune  of  the  Uffizi  Pal- 
ace in  Florence,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  the  work  of  the  Greek 
sculptor  Cleomenes  (fl.  363?  B.C.). 
It  is  a figure  of  the  goddess,  of 
small  but  beautiful  proportions, 
regarded  as  an  example  of  per- 
fect art  in  its  class.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  the  villa  of  Hadrian, 
near  Tivoli,  about  the  year  1680. 
j&g^Her  modest  attitude  is  partly 


what  unmakes  her  as  the  heathen  god- 
dess,  and  softens  her  into  woman.  On 
account  of  the  skill  with  which  the 
statue  has  been  restored,  she  is  just  as 
whole  as  when  she  left  the  hands  of 
the  sculptor.  One  cannot  think  of  her 
as  a senseless  image,  but  as  a being 
that  lives  to  gladden  the  world,  incapa- 
ble of  decay  or  death;  as  young  and 
fair  as  she  was  three  thousand  years 
ago,  and  still  to  be  young  and  fair  as 
long  as  a beautiful  thought  shall  require 
physical  embodiment.”  Hawthorne. 

4(5^  “ The  Yenus  stands  somewhat 
aside  from  the  centre  of  the  room,  and 
is  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  a 
pace  or  two  from  her  pedestal  in  front 
and  less  behind.  I think  she  might 
safely  be  left  to  the  reverence  her  wo- 
manhood would  win,  without  any  other 
protection.  She  is  very  beautiful,  very 
satisfactory,  and  has  a fresh  and  new 
charm  about  her  unreached  by  any 
cast  or  copy.”  Hawthorne. 

There,  too,  the  Goddess  loves  in  stone, 
and  fills 

The  air  around  with  beauty;  we  inhale 
The  ambrosial  aspect,  which,  beheld,  in- 
stils 

Part  of  its  immortality;  the  veil 
Of  heaven  is  half  undrawn;  within  the 
pale 

We  stand,  and  in  that  form  and  face  be- 
hold 

What  mind  can  make,  when  Nature’s 
self  would  fail ; 

And  to  the  fond  idolaters  of  old 
Envy  the  innate  flash  which  such  a soul 
could  mould ; 

We  gaze  and  turn  away,  and  know  not 
where, 

Dazzled  and  drunk  with  beauty,  till  the 
heart 

Reels  with  its  fulness  ; there — forever 
there,  — 

Chain’d  to  the  chariot  of  triumphal  Art, 
We  stand  as  captives,  and  would  not  de- 
part. Byron. 

Why  is  yonder  simp  ring  Venus  de ’ Me- 
dici s to  be  our  standmd  of  b auty,  or  the 
Greek  tragedies  to  bound  our  notion  of 
the  sublime  ? Thackeray. 

Yenus  del  Pardo.  A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Venus  del  Vasto.  A picture  by 
Titian  (1477-1576).  In  the  Gallery 
at  Vienna,  Austria. 

Yenus  di  Milo.  See  Yenus  of 
Milo. 

Yenus  lamenting  over  Adonis, 
A mythological  picture  by  Giu- 
seppe Ribera,  called  Lo  Spagno- 
letto  (1588-1656).  In  the  Palazzo 
Corsini,  Rome. 


YEN 


548 


VER 


Venus  of  Quinipily.  A singular 
granite  statue  in  the  garden  of  a 
ruined  chateau  near  Baud  in  the 
Department  of  Morbihan,  France. 
Its  origin  is  wrapped  in  obscu- 
rity. It  is  thought  by  some  to 
be  a statue  of  Isis.  The  name 
Venus  is  given  to  it  from  an  in- 
scription on  the  pedestal  in  1689. 
It  was  worshipped  as  late  as  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  is  an 
object  of  superstitious  veneration 
by  the  peasantry. 

Venus  of  the  Capitol.  A celebrat- 
ed statue  of  the  goddess,  of  Pen- 
telic  marble,  found  in  the  Suburra 
of  Borne,  and  now  preserved  in 
the  Museum  of  the  Capitol. 

Venus,  Toilet  of.  See  Toilet  of 
Venus. 

Venus,  Townley.  See  Townley 
Venus. 

Venus  of  Milo  [o?1  of  Melos].  A 
celebrated  statue,  found  in  1820  in 
the  island  of  Milo.  It  is  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

/IQjp'  “ This  is  a statue  which  is  so 
called  from  having  been  dug  up  piece- 
meal in  the  Island  of  Milos.  There 
was  quite  a struggle  for  her  between  a 
French  naval  officer,  the  English,  and 
the  Turks.  The  French  officer  car- 
ried her  off  like  another  Helen,  and  she 
was  given  to  Paris,  old  Louis  Philippe 
being  bridegroom  by  proxy.” 

Beecher. 

“ If  we  heard  it  said  of  a mod- 
ern artist  that  he  had  even  equalled  the 
works  of  the  Greek  masters,  the  Venus 
of  Milo  would  rise  before  us  in  her 
divine  smiling  beauty,  in  derision  of  all 
other  statues  we  might  try  and  place 
beside  her.”  Grimm , Trans. 

Yon  bare-footed  girl  filling  her  pitcher 
at  the  fountain  would  have  been  a Venus 
of  Milo  in  a higher  social  sphere. 

Bayard  Taylor. 
Venus  triumphant ! so  serene  and  tender, 
In  thy  calm  after-bloom  of  life  and  love. 
More  fair  than  when  of  old  thy  sea-born 
splendor 

Surprised  the  senses  of  Olympian  Jove. 

S.  II  Whitman. 
O Goddess  of  that  Grecian  isle 
Whoso  shore  the  blue  Aegean  laves, 
Whose  cliffs  repeat  with  answering  smile 
Their  features  in  its  sun-kissed  waves,— 
An  exile  from  thv  native  place. 

We  view  thee  in  a northern  clime, 

Yet  mark  on  thy  majestic  face 
A glory  still  undimmed  by  time. 

J.  L.  Stoddard. 


Venus  Rising  from  the  Sea.  See 

Venus  Anadyomene. 

Venus  Victrix.  [Venus  Victori- 
ous.] An  admired  statue  by  An- 
tonio Canova  (1757-1822).  In  the 
Villa  Borghese,  Borne.  It  repre- 
sents the  Princess  Pauline  Bor- 
ghese, sister  of  Napoleon  I. 

Vergine,  Colonna  della.  See  Co- 

LONNA  DELLA  VeRGINE. 

Verhelst  Family.  A picture  by 
Gonzales  Coques  (1618-1684),  and 
his  masterpiece.  In  the  Queen’s 
collection,  Buckingham  Palace, 
London. 

Verlorenes  Loeh.  [The  Lost  Gulf.] 
A celebrated  gallery  or  tunnel  in 
the  so-called  Via  Mala,  among 
the  Swiss  Alps.  See  Via  Mala. 

Vermont,  The.  An  old  line-of- 
battle  ship,  now  used  as  a receiv- 
ing ship,  moored  off  shore  at  the 
United  States  Navy  Yard  in 
Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Vermont,  University  of.  See  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont. 

Vernia,  La.  A celebrated  Fran- 
ciscan convent,  near  Bibieno, 
Italy,  established  by  St.  Francis 
of  Assisi  in  the  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  held  in 
veneration  on  account  of  his  resi- 
dence in  it. 

“ This  singular  convent,  which 
stands  on  the  cliffs  of  a lofty  Apennine, 
was  built  by  St.  Francis  himself,  and  is 
celebrated  for  the  miracle  which  the 
motto  records.  Here  reigns  all  the  ter- 
rible of  nature,  — a rocky  mountain,  a 
ruin  of  the  elements,  broken,  sawn, 
and  piled  in  sublime  confusion,  — pre- 
cipices crowned  with  old,  gloomy,  vis- 
ionary woods,  — black  chasms  in  the 
rock,  where  curiosity  shudders  to  look 
down,  — haunted  caverns,  sanctified  by 
miraculous  crosses,  — long  excavated 
stairs  that  restore  you  to  daylight.” 

Forsyth. 

On  the  rude  rock  ’twixt  Tiber  and  the 
Arno 

From  Christ  did  he  receive  the  final 
seal. 

Which  during  two  whole  years  his 
members  bore. 

Dante , Paradiso,  Longfellow's  Trans. 

Vernon  Gallery.  A collection  of 
paintings  of  the  English  school, 


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consisting  of  162  pictures  pre- 
sented to  the  nation  by  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Vernon  (d.  1819),  and  now  de- 
posited in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  London. 

V ernon,  Mount.  See  Mount  V er- 

NON. 

Verona  Amphitheatre.  See  Are- 
na. 

Veronica,  The.  [The  True  Image.] 
A famous  Catholic  relic  preserved 
in  St.  Peter’s  Church,  Rome,  said 
to  be  the  impress  of  the  counte- 
nance of  the  Saviour  upon  the 
handkerchief  of  Santa  Veronica, 
with  which  he  wiped  his  brow  on 
the  way  to  Calvary.  [Sometimes 
called  also  Volto  Santo,  or  Santo 
Volto  (Holy  Face).] 

4®^  “Properly  speaking,  the  Vero- 
nica (■ vera  icon ) is  the  true  likeness  of 
Our  Lord;  and  the  same  name  has  been 
given  to  the  holy  woman  who  obtained 
it,  because  the  name  of  this  holy  woman 
was  uncertain.  According  to  some,  she 
was  a pious  Jewess,  called  Seraphia; 
according  to  others,  she  was  Berenice, 
niece  of  Herod.  It  is  impossible  to 
decide  between  the  different  traditions, 
some  of  which  make  her  a virgin,  and 
others  the  wife  of  Zaccheus.  . . . When 
she  saw  Our  Lord  pass,  bearing  his 
cross,  covered  with  blood,  spittle, 
sweat,  and  dust,  she  ran  to  meet  him, 
and,  presenting  her  kerchief,  tried  to 
wipe  his  adorable  face.  Our  Lord, 
leaving  for  an  instant  the  burden  of  the 
cross  to  Simon  the  Cyrenian,  took  the 
kerchief,  applied  it  to  his  face,  and  gave 
it  back  to  the  pious  woman,  marked 
with  the  exact  imprint  of  his  august 
countenance.”  — Collin  de  Plancy. 
Longfellow,  from  whose  notes  on 
Dante  this  extract  is  taken,  says:  “Of 
the  Veronica  there  are  four  copies  in 
existence,  each  claiming  to  be  the  origi- 
nal; one  at  Rome,  another  at  Paris,  a 
third  at  Laon,  and  a fourth  at  Xaen  in 
Andalusia.” 

4®=*  “ There  is  nothing  regarded 
with  so  much  reverence  as  this : the 
people  prostrate  themselves  on  the 
earth  before  it,  most  of  them  with  tears 
rolling  down  their  cheeks,  and  all  utter- 
ing cries  of  commiseration.” 

Montaigne , Trans. 

4®“  “ In  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome,  one  of 
the  chapels  under  the  dome  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Veronica.  An  ancient  image  of 
our  Saviour,  painted  on  linen,  and 
styled  the  Vera  Icon  (whence  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  name  of  Veronica  is  de- 
rived), is  regarded  by  the  people  as  the 


veritable  napkin  of  St.  Veronica,  and 
is  exhibited  among  the  relics  of  the 
Church.”  Mrs.  Jameson . 

4®"  “ To-day  we  gazed  on  the  Ve- 
ronica, — the  holy  impression  left  by 
our  Saviour’s  face  on  the  cloth  Sta. 
Veronica  presented  to  him  to  wipe  his 
brow,  bowed  under  the  weight  of  the 
cross.  We  had  looked  forward  to  this 
sight  for  days,  for  seven  thousand  years 
of  indulgence  from  penance  are  attached 
to  it.  But  when  the  moment  came  we 
could  see  nothing  but  a black  board 
hung  with  a cloth,  before  which  an- 
other white  cloth  was  held.  In  a few 
minutes  this  was  withdrawn,  and  the 
great  moment  was  over,  the  glimpse  of 
the  sacred  thing  on  which  hung  the 
fate  of  seven  thousand  years.” 

E.  R.  Charles , Schonberg- Cotta 
Chronicles. 

4®=*  “ The  strangest  thing  about  the 
incident  that  has  made  her  name  so 
famous  is,  that,  when  she  wiped  the 
perspiration  away,  the  print  of  the  Sav- 
iour’s face  remained  upon  the  hand- 
kerchief, a perfect  portrait,  and  so  re- 
mains unto  this  day.  We  knew  this, 
because  we  saw  this  handkerchief  in  a 
cathedral  in  Paris,  in  another  in  Spain, 
and  in  two  others  in  Italy.  In  the  Milan 
cathedral  it  costs  five  francs  to  see  it, 
and  at  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  see  it  at  any  price.  No 
tradition  \%  so  amply  verified  as  this  of 
St.  Veronica  and  her  handkerchief.” 

Mark  Twain. 

As  he  who  peradventure  from  Croatia 

Cometh  to  gaze  at  our  Veronica , 

Who  through  its  ancient  fame  is  never 
sated, 

But  says  in  thought,  'the  while  it  is  dis- 
played, 

“ My  Loid,  Christ  Jesus,  God  of  very 
God 

Now  was  your  semblance  made  like 
unto  this?  ’’ 

Dante.  Paradiso,  Trans,  of  Longfellow. 

1644,  11  April.  St.  Veronica's  handker- 
chief [with  the  impression  of  our  Saviour’s 
lace]  was  exposed,  and  the  next  day  the 
speare  with  a world  of  ccremonie. 

John  Evelyn. 

Veronica,  St.  See  St.  Veronica. 
Verplanck  House.  An  old  colo- 
nial mansion  near  Fishkill,  N.Y., 
for  a time  the  headquarters  of 
Baron  Steuben,  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  Here  in  1783  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati  was  in- 
stituted. 

Versailles.  A magnificent  palace 
in  the  city  of  the  same  name,  10 
miles  from  Paris.  It  was  built 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1661.  It  became 
a royal  residence  in  1681.  It  was 


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attacked  by  the  mob  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution  in  1789. 
The  palace  is  now  used  as  an  his- 
torical museum,  and  its  immense 
galleries  are  adorned  with  paint- 
ings and  statues  arranged  in  chro- 
nological order.  A grand  park  is 
connected  with  the  palace. 

“ Before  ns  lies  the  palace  dedi- 
cated to  all  the  glories  of  France.  Hon- 
ored pile!  Time  was  when  tall  mus- 
keteers and  gilded  body-guards  allowed 
none  to  pass  the  gate.  Fifty  years  ago, 
ten  thousand  drunken  women  from 
Paris  broke  through  the  charm ; and 
now  a tattered  commissioner  will  con- 
duct you  through  it  for  a penny,  and 
lead  you  up  to  the  sacred  entrance  of 
the  palace.  Let  them  disguise  the 
place,  however,  as  they  will,  and  plas- 
ter the  walls  with  bad  pictures  as  they 
please,  it  will  be  hard  to  think  of  any 
family  but  one,  as  one  traverses  this 
vast,  gloomy  edifice.  It  has  not  been 
humbled  to  the  ground,  as  a certain 
palace  of  Babel  was  of  yore;  but  it  is 
a monument  of  fallen  pride,  not  less 
awful,  and  would  afford  matter  for  a 
whole  library  of  sermons.  The  cheap 
defence  of  nations  expended  a thousand 
millions  in  the  erection  of  this  mag- 
nificent dwelling-place.  Armies  were 
employed,  in  the  intervals  of  their  war- 
like labors,  to  level  hills  or  pile  them 
up ; to  turn  rivers,  and  to  build  aque- 
ducts, and  transplant  woods,  and  con- 
struct smooth  terraces  and  long  canals. 
A vast  garden  grew  up  in  a wilderness, 
and  a stupendous  palace  in  the  garden, 
and  a stately  city  round  the  palace ; the 
city  was  peopled  with  parasites  who 
daily  came  to  do  worship  before  the 
creator  of  these  wonders,  — the  Great 
King.  ‘ Dieu  seul  est  grand,’  said 
courtly  Massillon;  but  next  to  him,  as 
the  prelate  thought,  was  certainly 
Louis,  his  vice-gerent  here  upon  earth, 
— God’s  lieutenant,  governor  of  the 
world,  before  whom  courtiers  used  to 
fall  upon  their  knees,  and  shade  their 
eyes,  as  if  the  light  of  his  countenance, 
like  the  sun,  which  shone  supreme  in 
heaven,  the  type  of  him,  was  too  daz- 
zling to  bear.”  Thackeray. 

jgSif"  “ Versailles  is  the  most  com- 
plete type  of  the  classic  style.  That 
palace  was  the  seat  and  tomb  of  the  old 
dynasty  of  French  monarchs,  and  has 
held  a great  place  in  the  history  of 
France.  Louis  XIII.  built  at  Versailles 
a sort  of  feudal  chateau,  flanked  by 
four  large  pavilions  at  the  angles,  en- 
circled by  ditches  with  drawbridges. 
Louis  XIV.  continued  his  father’s  la- 
bors, but  in  his  additions  the  feudal 
character  is  no  longer  seen.  The  mod- 


est hunting  rendezvous  of  Louis  XIII. 
presents  towards  the  town  a tirade  in 
stone  and  brick,  the  arrangement  of 
which  forms  an  agreeable  perspective. 
The  buildings  were  commenced  a little 
after  the  death  of  Mazarin,  in  1661, 
under  the  direction  of  Levan,  and  were 
continued  by  Mansart  from  1670  to  1684. 
They  were  severely  criticised  by  court 
retainers.  Saint-Simon  declared  that 
the  place  chosen  was  ‘ unpleasant,  sad, 
without  view,  without  wood,  without 
water,  without  land,  because  the  ground 
was  sandy  and  marshy.’  To  this  com- 
plaint the  finished  structures  are  a vic- 
torious answer,  opening  as  they  do 
upon  beautiful  gardens,  with  a thousand 
fine  views  and  vistas,  and  numberless 
sheets  of  water.  It  is  only  fair  to  say 
that  the  architects  themselves  experi- 
enced a hundred  difficulties  in  carrying 
out  this  undertaking.  The  chief  diffi- 
culty was  to  obtain  funds.  90,000,000 
of  francs  (which  at  the  present  day 
would  be  worth  400,000,000)  were  sunk 
at  Versailles  under  Louis  XIV.,  and 
Mirabcau  valued  the  total  expense  at 
1,200,000,000.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
these  enormous  expenses  affected  the 
economy  of  the  public  finances,  and 
largely  contributed  to  the  embarrass- 
ments which  resulted  in  the  fall  of  the 
monarchy.  The  facade  overlooking  the 
garden  was  a repetition  of  the  arrange- 
ments common  to  all  the  great  build- 
ings of  the  reigns  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
Louis  XV.  Seen  at  sunset  from  near 
the  Swiss  lake,  the  profile  of  the  fa- 
9ade  produces  a grand  impression  of 
nobleness  and  simplicity.  The  interior 
arrangement  is  imperfect;  the  vesti- 
bules are  ill-placed;  and  the  stairs  do 
not  correspond  with  the  richness  and 
grandeur  of  the  apartments.  But  these 
defects  are  more  than  compensated  for 
by  the  splendid  pictures  of  Lebrun, 
Audran,  Coypel,  Jouvenet,  Lafosse, 
and  Lemoyne.  Ancient  statues,  the 
rarest  marbles,  fine  specimens  of  the 
goldsmith’s  art,  jewels,  and  curiosities 
of  every  description,  were  formerly 
lavished  on  these  empty  saloons.  We 
may  still  judge  of  the  former  splendor 
of  Versailles  by  the  famous  Mirror 
Gallery.  It  is  228  feet  long  by  33.  Its 
17  great  crosses  correspond  with  the 
mirrors,  which  reflect  the  gardens  and 
the  lakes.”  Lefevre , Trans.  Donald . 

He  [Admiral  Torrington]  had  long  been 
in  the  habit  of  exacting  the  most  abject 
homage  from  those  who  were  under  his 
c ommand.  Ilis  flagship  was  a little  Ver- 
sailles. Macaulay. 

Versailles ! Up  the  chestnut  alleys, 

All  in  flower,  so  white  and  pure, 

Strut  the  red  and  yellow  laeque}  s 
Of  this  Madame  Pompadour. 

Walter  Thombury. 


VER 


551 


vrA 


I do  not  think  that  on  this  earth, 

Mid  its  most  notable  plantations, 

Has  been  a spot  more  praised,  more  famed, 
More  choice,  more  citied,  oftener  named, 
Than  thy  most  tedious  park,  Versailles! 

Alf  red  de  Musset , Trans. 
John  saw  Versailles  from  Marld’s  height, 
An  t cried,  astonished  at  the  sight, 

“ Whose  line  estate  is  that  there  here  ? ” 
“State!  Je  vous  n’entends  pas,  Mon- 
sieur.” C.Dibdin. 

Very’s.  A noted  restaurant  in 
Paris. 

I had  eaten  for  a week  at  Very’s  before 

I discovered  that  since  Pelham's  day  that 
gentleman’s  reputation  has  gone  down. 
He  is  a subject  for  history  at  present. 

N.  P.  Willis. 

We  are  not  prepared  to  say  what  sums 
were  expended  upon  the  painting  of  Very's 
...  or  of  other  places  of  public  resort  in 
the  capital.  Thackeray. 

Vespasian,  Temple  of.  See  Tem- 
ple of  Vespasian. 

Vesta,  Temple  of.  See  Temple 
of  Vesta. 

Via  Appia.  [Appian  Way.]  One 
of  the  great  avenues  leading  from 
ancient  Rome,  and  the  principal 
line  of  communication  with 
Southern  Italy,  Greece,  and  the 
East.  It  was  begun  by  Appius 
Claudius  Caecus,  the  Censor,  B.C. 
312,  from  whom  it  derived  its 
name.  Under  Pope  Pius  IX.  this 
ancient  road  was  laid  open  in  the 
most  interesting  part  of  its  ex- 
tent. The  Appian  Way  is  about 

II  Roman  miles  in  length,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  number  and 
magnificence  of  the  tombs  which 
lined  it,  and  for  the  solid  and 
durable  construction  of  its  pave- 
ment, which  is  now  exposed  for 
parts  of  its  extent. 

“ The  Via  Appia  is  a magnifi- 
cent promenade  amongst  ruinous  tombs, 
the  massive  remains  of  which  extend 
for  many  miles  over  the  Roman  Cam- 
pagna.  The  powerful  families  of  an- 
cient Rome  loved  to  build  monuments 
to  their  dead  by  the  side  of  the  public 
road,  probably  to  exhibit  at  once  their 
affection  for  their  relations  and  their 
own  power  and  affluence.” 

Frederika  Bremer. 

“ The  best  known  of  the  Roman 
roads,  the  Appian  Way,  . . . forms 
the  most  travelled  route  between  Rome 
and  Naples.  . . . Such  roads  could  not 
have  been  constructed  unless  the  very 
workmen  who  wrought  upon  them  had 


been  impressed  Avith  the  idea  of  the 
eternal  duration  of  Rome.”  Hillard. 

JSfegr  “ Even  the  Pyramids  form  hard- 
ly a stranger  spectacle,  or  a more  alien 
from  human  sympathies,  than  the  tombs 
of  the  Appian  Way,  with  their  gigantic 
height,  breadth,  and  solidity,  defying 
time  and  the  elements,  and  far  too 
mighty  to  be  demolished  by  ordinary 
earthquakes.”  Hawthorne. 

Then  you  must  build  up  or  uncover  the 
massive  tombs,  now  broken  or  choked 
with  sand,  so  as  to  restoie  the  aspect  <f 
vast  streets  of  tombs  like  those  on  the 
Appian  Way , out  of  which  the  Great  Pyr- 
amid would  rise  like  a cathedral  above 
smaller  churches.  A.  P.  Stanley. 

“ Is  there  time,”  I asked, 

“ In  these  last  days  of  railroads,  to  stop 
short 

Like  Cassar’s  chariot  (weighing  half  a ton) 
Oil  the  Appian  road  for  morals?  ” 

Mrs.  Browning. 
Awe-struck  I gazed  upon  that  rock-paved 
way, 

The  Appian  Road ; marmorean  witness 
still 

Of  Rome’s  resistless  stride  and  fateful 
will. 

Which  mocked  at  limits,  opening  out  for 
aye 

Divergent  paths  to  one  imperial  sway. 

Aubrey  de  Vere. 

Via  Babuino.  One  of  three  streets 
diverging  from  the  Piazza  del 
Popolo  in  Rome.  It  extends  to 
the  Piazza  di  Spagna. 

Via  Balbi.  The  principal  street  in 
Genoa,  Italy,  containing  many 
fine  palaces. 

Via  de’  Bardi.  An  ancient  and 
historic  street  in  Florence,  Italy, 
which  has  of  late  in  great  part 
disappeared  as  a consequence  of 
city  improvements. 

The  color  of  these  objects  Avas  chiefly 
pale  or  sombre;  the  vellum  bindings,  with 
their  deep-ridged  backs,  gave  little  relief 
to  the  marble  livid  with  long  burial,  the 
dark  bronzes  wanted  sunlight  upon  them 
to  bring  out  their  tinges  of  green,  and  the 
sun  Avas  t ot  yet  high  enough  to  send 
gleams  of  brightness  through  the  narrow 
wundows  that  looked  on  the  Via  de'  Bardi. 

George  Eliot. 

Via  Dolorosa.  A narrow  street 
about  a mile  in  length,  which  pur- 
sues a Avinding  or  zigzag  course 
through  the  city  of  Jerusalem 
from  the  Mount  of  01  Wes  to  Gol- 
gotha, and  which  has  borne  its 
present  name  for  the  last  few 
centuries.  On  this  street  the 
credulous  may  find  the  scenes 
of  all  the  historical  and  legend- 


VIA 


552 


VIC 


ary  events  connected  with  the 
Crucifixion.  Here  are  situated 
the  birthplace  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
the  house  of  St.  Veronica,  upon 
whose  handkerchief  or  veil,  used 
to  wipe  away  his  blood  and 
sweat,  the  face  of  Jesus  was  mi- 
raculously impressed,  and  the 
church  said  to  have  been  erect- 
ed upon  the  spot  where  Mary 
swooned  and  fell  at  the  time 
when  her  Son  sank  under  the 
weight  of  the  cross. 

“ One  cannot  help  wondering 
how  the  good  old  monks  could  mani- 
fest such  childish  simplicity  in  their 
inventions.  A schoolboy  in  England 
would  naturally  ask  how  the  present 
lane,  with  its  sharp  turns  and  numer- 
ous windings,  happens  so  exactly  to 
correspond  with  the  ancient  one;  or 
how  arches,  and  walls,  and  staircases, 
and  particular  stones,  and  whole  houses 
could  remain  intact,  and  be  identified, 
after  the  total  destruction  of  the  city 
by  the  Romans,  and  the  lapse  of  so 
many  centuries.  And  yet  so  it  is.  Not 
a word  is  heard  of  the  Via  Dolorosa, 
and  its  eight  stations,  from  monk  or 
priest,  traveller  or  pilgrim,  previous  to 
the  fourteenth  century.  . . . There 
is  something  deeply  interesting  in  it 
also  to  the  artist  and  the  historian ; for 
here  are  the  originals,  if  we  may  so 
call  them,  of  some  of  the  most  celebrat- 
ed works  of  European  art,  and  here  is 
the  fountain-head  of  some  of  the  most 
famous  of  European  superstitions.” 

Murray's  Handbook. 

“ The  Procession  to  Calvary 
(II  Portamento  del  Croce ) followed  a 
path  leading  from  the  gate  of  Jerusa- 
lem to  Mount  Calvary,  which  has  been 
kept  in  remembrance  and  sanctified  as 
the  Via  Dolorosa .”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

4®=-“  Yonder  steep,  tortuous  lane 
before  us,  flanked  by  ruined  walls  on 
either  s.’de,  has  borne,  time  out  of 
mind,  the  title  of  Via  Dolorosa  ; and 
tradition  has  fixed  the  spots  where  the 
Saviour  rested,  bearing  his  cross  to 
Calvary.”  Thackeray. 

Via  Felice.  A well-known  street 
in  Rome,  Italy,  near  the  Piazza 
Barberini. 

Thence  to  Via  Felix,  a straite  and  no- 
ble streete  but  very  precipitous,  till  we 
came  to  the  Fountains  of  Lepidus,  built 
at  the  abuttments  of  four  stately  wayes. 

John  Evelyn,  1644. 
’Twas  in  the  Via  Felice 

My  friend  Ids  swelling  made, 

The  Roman  Via  Felice, 

Half  sunshine,  half  in  shade. 

Julia  Ward  Howe. 


Via  Flaminia.  [Flaminian  Way.] 
Formerly  the  chief  northern  road 
of  Italy,  so  called  from  Caius  Fla- 
minius,  by  whom  it  was  begun 
during  his  censorship  in  the  third 
century  B.C.  It  entered  the  city 
near  the  present  Porta  del  Po- 
polo. 

Via  Mala.  A celebrated  Alpine 
gorge  in  the  canton  of  the  Gri- 
sons,  Switzerland,  in  which  the 
opposite  walls  of  limestone  rock 
rise  in  towering  precipices  on 
both  sides,  sometimes  to  the 
height  of  1,500  feet.  The  road 
crosses  the  river  Rhine  three 
times,  and  the  scenery  is  grand 
in  the  extreme. 

Via  Mala  Bergamesea.  A remark- 
able gorge  among  the  Italian  Alps 
near  Lovere. 

Via  Nuova.  [The  New  Street.]  A 
well-known  street  in  Genoa,  It- 
aly. 

Via  Ripetta.  One  of  three  streets 
which  diverge  from  the  Piazza 
del  Popolo  in  Rome.  It  leads 
somewhat  in  the  direction  of  the 
Castle  of  St.  Angelo  and  St.  Pe- 
ter’s. 

Via  Sacra.  [Sacred  Way.]  A 
street  in  ancient  Rome,  and  one 
over  which  triumphal  processions 
passed,  extending  from  the  Arch 
of  Fabius  to  that  of  Titus.  It 
was  a favorite  promenade  of  the 
poet  Horace. 

Ibam  forte  Via  Sacra,  sicut  mens  est  mos, 
Nescio  quid  meuitans  nugarum,  et  totus 
in  illis.  Sat.  lib.  i.  ix. 

Along  the  Sacred  Way 
Hither  the  triumph  came,  and,  winding 
round 

With  acclamation,  and  the  martial  clang 
Of  instruments,  and  cars  laden  with  spoil, 
Stopped  at  the  sacred  stair  that  then  ap 
pearcd.  Samuel  Rogers. 

Who  would  have  thought  that  the  sau- 
cy question,  “Does  your  mother  know 
vou’re  out?”  was  the  very  same  that 
Horace  addressed  to  the  bore  who  at- 
tacked him  in  the  Via  Sacra  t 
Interpellandi  locus  liic  erat:  Est  tibi  ma- 
ter? 

Cognati,  queis  te  salvo  est  opus? 

Holmes. 

Victoires,  Place  des.  See  Place 
des  Victoires. 

Victoria  Bell.  A large  bell  at 
Leeds,  England,  hung  in  the 


VIC 


553 


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town-hall.  It  weighs  4 tons  1 
cwt.,  and  its  diameter  at  the 
mouth  is  6 ft.  2 in. 

Victoria  Bridge.  A celebrated 
bridge  across  the  St.  Lawrence  at 
Montreal,  Canada.  It  was  erect- 
ed in  1854-59,  and  is  9,184  feet  in 
length,  with  24  spans  of  242  ft. 
each,  and  a centre  span  of  330  ft., 
at  a height  of  GO  ft.  above  the 
river.  The  cost  of  the  bridge 
was  nearly  $7,' 000, 000. 

Victoria  Bocks.  The  docks  bear- 
ing this  name,  which  occupy  200 
acres  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Thames,  London,  were  opened 
in  185G. 

Victoria  Embankment.  See 
Thames  Embankments. 

Victoria  Hall.  A building  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  used  for  the 
meetings  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

Victoria  Park.  An  extensive 
pleasure-ground  in  London,  ori- 
ginated by  act  of  Parliament  in 
the  fourth  and  fifth  years  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Victoria. 

Victoria  Theatre.  A theatre  in 
Waterloo  Bridge  Load,  Lambeth, 
London,  originally  called  The 
Coburg. 

Victoria  Square.  A public  ground 
in  Montreal,  Can. 

Victoria  Tower.  See  Westmin- 
ster Palace. 

Victory.  A statue  by  Giovanni 
da  Bologna,  called  II  Fiammingo 
(1530?-1608).  In  the  Palazzo  Vec- 
cliio,  Florence,  Italy. 

Victory,  The.  A famous  vessel  of 
the  British  navy.  She  was  the 
flagship  of  Admiral  Nelson  (1758- 
1805)  at  Trafalgar,  and  on  her  deck 
he  received  a fatal  wound.  The 
ship  is  anchored  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  and  is  kept  on  exhibi- 
tion. 

Victory,  The.  An  Arctic  explor- 
ing-ship  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  1829  under  the  command 
of  Sir  John  Boss  ( 1777-1856).  The 
Victory  was  abandoned  in  the  ice 
in  1832. 


Victory  of  Alexander  the  Great 
over  Darius.  A celebrated  pic- 
ture by  Albert  Altdorfer  (d.  1538), 
a German  painter,  and  considered 
his  masterpiece.  It  was  painted 
in  1529  for  Duke  William  of  Ba- 
varia, and  is  now  in  the  Gallery 
of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

“ It  is  in  truth  a little  world  on 
a few  square  feet  of  canvas;  the  hosts 
of  combatants  who  advance  on  all  sides 
against  each  other  are  innumerable, 
and  the  view  into  the  background  ap- 
pears interminable.  In  the  distance  is 
the  ocean,  with  high  rocks  and  a rug- 
ged island  between  them  ; ships  of  war 
appear  in  the  offing,  and  a whole  fleet 
of  vessels.  On  the  left  the  moon  is  set- 
ting— on  the  right  the  sun  is  rising; 
both  shining  through  the  opening 
clouds  — a clear  and  striking  image 
of  the  events  represented.  . . . The 
character  and  execution  of  the  figures 
is  most  masterly  and  profound.” 

Frederic  Schlegel , Trans. 

Victory  of  Constantine.  A fresco 
by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520). 
In  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

Vicus  Judaeorum.  See  Ghetto. 

Vicus  Sceleratus.  [The  Accursed 
Street.]  A street  in  ancient 
Rome,  reputed  to  be  the  one  in 
which  the  daughter  of  Servius 
Tullius  drove  over  the  corpse  of 
her  father,  after  he  had  been 
murdered  by  the  emissaries  of 
Tarquin,  her  husband. 

Vierge  a la  Diademe.  [The  Vir- 
gin with  the  Diadem.]  “ The 
Madonna,  kneeling,  is  lifting  the 
veil  from  the  sleeping  Child,  in 
order  to  show  it  to  the  little  St. 
John,  who  kneels  in  joyful  adora- 
tion. In  the  background  a rich 
landscape.”  This  picture,  which 
has  been  considerably  injured,  is 
now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  [Called 
also  Vierge  an  Linge .] 

A^“The  subject  of  the  Sleeping 
Christ  is  beautifully  varied  by  the  in- 
troduction of  St.  John,  as  where  Mary 
lifts  the  veil,  and  shows  her  Child  to 
the  little  St.  John  kneeling  with  folded 
hands.  Raphael’s  well-known  ‘ Vierge 
a la  Diademe  ’ is  an  instance  replete 
with  grace  and  expression.” 

Mrs.  Jameson.. 

Vierge  a la  Victoire.  See  Ma- 
donna DELLA  VlTTORXAo 


VIE 


554 


VIE 


Vierge  a POreiller  verd.  [Virgin 
of  the  Green  Pillow.]  A beau- 
tiful picture  of  the  Madonna  and 
Child  by  Andrea  Solario,  the 
early  Italian  painter.  The  pic- 
ture derives  its  name  from  the 
color  of  the  pillow  on  which  the 
Child  is  lying.  In  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

Vierge  au  bas-relief.  A picture 
of  the  Madonna  and  Child  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  (1452-1520), 
the  Italian  painter.  It  is  so  called 
from  the  small  sculptured  stone 
in  the  corner,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  executed  about  1490. 
“ This  is  probably  one  of  the  ear- 
liest specimens  of  that  arrange- 
ment of  the  Holy  Family  which 
Raphael  afterwards  consecrat- 
ed.” It  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  Lord  Monson  at  Gatton  Park. 
A very  similar  picture  to  this  by 
Leonardo  is  in  the  Hermitage  at 
St.  Petersburg. 

Vierge  au  Donataire.  See  Ma- 
donna di  Foligno. 

Vierge  au  Lapin.  [Virgin  with 
the  Rabbit.]  A beautiful  picture 
of  the  Madonna  and  Child  by  Ti- 
tian (1477-1576).  In  the  Gallery 
of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

4®=*  “ This  Arcadian  sentiment  is 
carried  as  far  as  could  well  be  allowed 
in  a picture  by  Titian  known  as  the 
Vierge  au  Lapin.  The  Virgin  holds  a 
white  rabbit,  towards  which  the  infant 
Christ,  in  the  arms  of  St.  Catherine, 
eagerly  stretches  his  hand.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Vierge  au  Linge.  See  Vierge  a 
la  Diademe. 

Vierge  au  Palmier.  See  Holy 
Family  of  the  Palm-tree. 

Vierge  au  Panier.  [The  Virgin 
with  the  Work-basket.]  A well- 
known  picture  of  the  Madonna, 
by  Antonio  Allegri,  surnamed 
Correggio  (1494-1534),  in  which 
the  Virgin  is  represented  dressing 
her  Child,  with  a work-basket 
standing  beside  her.  This  pic- 
ture is  now  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London. 

4®“  “ Mary  holds  the  Child  upon 
her  knee,  looking  down  upon  him 
fondly.  ...  A finished  example  of 


that  soft  yet  joyful  maternal  feeling  for 
which  Correggio  was  remarkable.” 

Mrs.  Jameson . 

4®=*  “ This  picture  shows  that  Cor- 
reggio was  the  greatest  master  of  aerial 
perspective  of  his  time.”  Mengs. 

Vierge  au  Voile.  See  Vierge  a 
la  Diademe. 

Vierge  aux  Candelabres.  See 
Madonna  della  Candelabra. 

Vierge  aux  Cerises.  [Virgin  with 
Cherries.]  A well-known  picture 
of  the  Madonna  and  Child  by 
Annibale  Caracci  (1560-1609),  in 
which  Joseph  is  seen  presenting 
cherries.  Now  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris. 

4®"*  “ It  is  related,  that  before  the 
birth  of  our  Saviour,  the  Virgin  Mary 
wished  to  taste  of  some  cherries  which 
hung  upon  a tree  high  above  her  head : 
she  requested  Joseph  to  procure  them 
for  her,  and,  he  reaching  to  pluck  them, 
the  branch  bowed  down  to  his  hand.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Vierge  aux  Rochers.  [Madonna 
of  the  Rocks.]  A picture  of  the 
Madonna  and  Child,  by  Leonardo 
da  Vinci  (1452-1520),  the  Italian 
painter.  It  derives  its  name  from 
the  dismal  dark  cavern  with 
stalactite  forms  in  which  the  fig- 
ures are  placed.  It  is  thought 
that  others  beside  Leonardo  had 
a hand  in  this  composition.  There 
are  similar  pictures  in  the  Louvre, 
the  Naples  Museum,  and  else- 
where, which  are  undoubtedly 
the  work  of  pupils,  and  probably 
taken  from  Leonardo’s  cartoon 
of  the  subject.  This  picture  was 
formerly  at  Milan,  but  is  now  in 
possession  of  the  Earl  of  Suffolk 
at  Charlton  Park. 

Vierge  au  Silence.  [The  Silent 
Virgin.]  The  name  given  to 
pictures  of  the  Madonna,  and 
Child,  in  which  the  latter  is  rep- 
resented as  sleeping.  For  an  ex- 
ample, among  others,  see  Vierge 
a la  Diademe.  See  also  Silen- 
tium. 

Vierge  aux  Anges  [with  Angels]. 
A picture  by  Peter  Paul  Rubens 
(1577-1640),  representing  the  Vir- 
gin and  Child  surrounded  by  a 


VIG 


555 


YIL 


host  of  children.  In  the  Gallery 
of  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

4®=*  “Rubens  has  more  than  once 
committed  the  same  fault  against  eccle- 
siastical canons  and  decorum  (i.e.,  in- 
troducing into  a glory  round  the  Vir- 
gin, female  angels),  for  instance  in  his 
Madonna  aux  Anges  in  the  Louvre.” 
Mrs.  Jameson. 

Vigilant,  The.  A French  frigate 
captured  by  the  British  frigate 
Massachusetts  at  the  taking  of 
Louisbourg  in  1745. 

Villa  Adriana.  See  Hadrian’s 
Villa. 

Villa  Albani.  A Roman  villa 
built  in  1760  by  Cardinal  Albani, 
and  now  owned  by  Prince  Tor- 
lonia.  It  contains  a collection  of 
sculptures  and  paintings,  once  of 
great  merit,  but  now  of  reduced 
value  in  consequence  of  the  loss 
of  294  of  its  best  specimens  which 
were  taken  to  Paris  by  Napoleon, 
and  there  sold.  Among  the  treas- 
ures of  art  in  the  villa,  are  the 
bronze  Apollo  Sauroctonos,  q.  v., 
and  a beautiful  rilievo  of  Anti- 
nous,  q.v. 

Villa  Aldobrandini.  A celebrated 
villa  in  Frascati,  near  Rome.  It 
was  erected  towards  the  close  of 
the  sixteenth  century  by  Cardinal 
Aldobrandini,  nephew  of  Pope 
Clement  VIII.  It  is  famous  for 
its  water-works,  the  water  being 
made  to  flow  in  every  fantastic 
form. 

1644,  5 May.  We  tooke  coach  and  went 
15  miles  out  of  the  Cittie  to  Frascati,  for- 
merly Tusculanum,  a villa  of  Cardinal  Al- 
dobrandini, built  for  a country  house,  but 
surpassing,  in  my  opinion,  the  most  de- 
licious places  I ever  beheld  for  its  situa- 
tion, elegance,  plentifull  Avater,  groves, 
ascents  and  prospects.  Just  behind  the 
palace  (which  is  of  excellent  architec- 
ture) in  the  centre  of  the  enclosure  rises 
an  high  bill  or  mountaine  all  overclad 
with  tall  wood,  and  so  formed  by  nature 
as  if  it  had  been  cut  out  by  art,  from  the 
sum’it  whereof  falls  a cascade,  seeming 
rather  a great  river  than  a streame  pre- 
cipitating into  a large  theater  of  water. 
Under  this  is  made  an  artificial  grott, 
wherein  are  curious  rocks,  hydraulic  en- 
gines and  all  sorts  of  singing-birds  moving 
and  chirping  by  force  of  the  water,  with 
several!  other  pageants  and  surprising  in- 
ventions. John  Evelyn. 

4®"  “ This  is  the  Italian  rural  pal- 
ace constructed  for  a noble  of  classic 
tastes,  one  who  relished  nature  accord- 


ing to  the  landscapes  of  Poussin  and 
Claude  Lorraine.  In  the  interior  the 
walls  are  decorated  with  ‘ Apollo  and 
the  Nine  Muses,’  ‘ The  Cyclops  and  Vul- 
can at  his  Forge,’  . . . ‘ David  and 
Goliath,’  and  a ‘Judith,’  simple  and 
beautiful,  by  Domenicliino.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Villa  Borghese.  A villa  or  country 
house  just  outside  the  Porta  del 
Popolo,  Rome,  belonging  to  the 
Borghese  family.  It  contains  a 
collection  of  sculptures.  The 
grounds  connected  with  this  vil- 
la are  very  beautiful. 

4GgT  “ The  scenery  is  such  as  arrays 
itself  to  the  imagination  when  we  read 
the  beautiful  old  myths,  and  fancy  a 
brighter  sky,  a softer  turf,  a more  pic- 
turesque arrangement  of  venerable 
trees,  than  we  find  in  the  rude  and 
untrained  landscapes  of  the  Western 
world.  . . . A seclusion,  but  seldom  a 
solitude;  for  priest,  noble,  and  popu- 
lace, stranger  and  native,  all  who 
breathe  the  Roman  air,  find  free  ad- 
mission, and  come  hither  to  taste  the 
languid  enjoyment  of  the  day-dream 
which  they  call  life.”  Hawthorne . 

4®"  “The  Villa  Borghese  is  a vast 
park  four  miles  in  circumference,  with 
buildings  of  all  kinds  scattered  over  it. 
. . . Here  is  a little  temple,  there  a 
peristyle,  further  on  a ruined  colon- 
nade, a portico,  balustrades,  large  round 
vases,  and  a sort  of  amphitheatre.  The 
undulating  surface  rises  and  falls  in 
beautiful  meadows,  red  with  the  deli- 
cate trembling  anemone.  Fountains 
murmur  at  every  turn  of  the  avenues, 
and  in  small  valleys  grand  old  oaks 
send  up  their  valiant,  heroic,  antique 
forms.”  Taine , Trans. 

I walked  to  the  Villa  Borghesi , a house 
and  ample  garden  on  Mons  Pincius,  >et 
somewhat  witPout  the  Citty  walls,  cir- 
cumscribed by  another  wall  full  of  small 
turrets  and  banqueting-liouses,  which 
makes  it  appeare  at  a distance  like  a little 
towne.  Within  it  is  an  elysium  of  delight, 
having  in  the  centre  a noble  Palace,  but 
the  entrance  of  the  garden  presents  us 
with  a very  glorious  fabrick  or  rather 
dove-case  adorned  with  excellent  marble 
statues.  This  garden  abounded  with  all 
sort  of  delicious  fruit  and  exotiq  simples, 
fountains,  groves,  and  rivulets. 

John  Evelyn. 

4®=*  “ I was  never  weary  of  seeing 
from  the  Villa  Borghese  the  sun  go 
down  behind  the  cypresses  of  Monte 
Mario,  and  the  pines  of  the  Villa  Pam- 
phili  planted  by  Le  Notre.” 

Chateaubriand , Trans. 

Villa  Farnesina.  See  Farnesina. 


VIL 


556 


VIL 


Villa  Gherardesca.  A villa  at  San 
Domenica  di  Fiesole,  in  the  en- 
virons of  Florence,  known  as 
the  residence  of  W alter  Savage 
Landor,  and  since  called  by  his 
name. 

43^  “ I found  him  [Landor]  noble 
and  courteous,  living  in  a cloud  of  pic- 
tures at  his  Villa  Gherardesca,  a line 
house  commanding  a beautiful  land- 
scape.” Emerson. 

Villa  Landore.  See  Villa  Ghe- 

KAIIDESCA. 

Villa  Ludovisi.  A beautiful  villa 
in  Rome,  built  early  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century  by  Cardinal  Lu- 
dovisi, nephew  of  Gregory  XV., 
now  owned  by  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  Sora.  It  contains  a fine 
collection  of  sculptures,  among 
which  the  most  celebrated  is  the 
Ludovisi  Juno,  a colossal  head, 
greatly  admired  by  Goethe. 

“ The  Villa  Ludovisi,  though 
its  grounds  are  a mile  in  circumference, 
is  within  the  walls  of  Rome.  The 
principal  building,  inhabited  by  the 
prince,  is  not  shown.  A smaller  struc- 
ture, or  casino,  is  appropriated  to 
sculpture;  and  it  contains  one  of  the 
finest  private  collections  in  Rome.” 

Hillard. 

“ 1644,  Nov.  10.  We  went  to 
see  Prince  Ludovisio's  villa,  where  was 
formerly  the  Viridarium  of  the  poet 
Sallust.  The  house  is  very  magnifi- 
cent, and  the  extent  of  the  ground  is 
exceeding  large,  considering  it  is  a 
Citty;  in  every  quarter  of  the  garden 
are  antiqu  statues,  and  walkes  planted 
with  cypresse.”  John  Evelyn. 

4£§=’  “ The  villa  is  charming.  This 
kind  of  landscape  is  unique : you  find 
the  vegetation  of  all  climates  mingled 
and  grouped  together.  And  a still 
more  peculiar  sight  is  the  old  walls  of 
Rome,  a veritable  natural  ruin,  that 
serves  as  an  enclosure.  Hot-houses  are 
supported  against  red  arcades;  lemon- 
trees  in  pale  rows  hug  the  disjointed 
bricks,  and  in  the  vicinity  fresh  green 
grass  is  growing  abundantly.” 

Taine , Trans. 

Villa  Madama.  A deserted  villa 
near  Rome,  containing  some  in- 
teresting frescos. 

One  event  in  nature,  on  the  contrary, 
like  a sunset  from  the  Villa  Madama.  one 
vvorkof  art  like  the  much-revered  Juno, 
make  a deep  and  inspiring  impression. 

Goethe , Trans . 


Villa  Medici.  A villa  upon  a beau- 
tiful situation  in  Rome,  built  in 
1540,  afterwards  passing  into  the 
possession  of  the  Medici  family, 
and  now  the  seat  of  the  French 
Academy.  It  contains  a valua- 
ble collection  of  casts. 

46^  “ The  grounds  of  the  Villa  Me- 
dici are  laid  out  in  the  old  fashion  of 
straight  paths,  with  borders  of  box. 
There  are  green  alleys  with  long  vistas 
overshadowed  by  ilex-trees,  . . . and 
in  their  season  a profusion  of  roses 
from  which  the  genial  sun  of  Italy  dis- 
tils a fragrance,  to  be  scattered  abroad 
by  the  no  less  genial  breeze.” 

Hawthorne. 

Villa  Massimo.  A villa  in  Rome 
near  the  Church  of  S.  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  and  formerly  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  in  the  city.  [Called 
also  Villa  Negroni  and  Villa  Mas- 
simo Negroni.~\ 

Villa  Mozzi.  A noted  villa  in  the 
vicinity  of  Florence,  Italy,  once 
the  residence  of  Lorenzo  de’  Me- 
dici. 

Villa  Nazionale.  See  Villa 
Reale. 

Villa  Negroni.  See  Villa  Mas- 
simo. 

Villa  Pamfili-Doria.  A beautiful 
villa  in  Rome,  called  by  the  Ital- 
ians Belrespiro.  It  contains  some 
statues  and  pictures. 

Villa  Reale.  [Now  called  Villa 
Nazionale .]  The  Public  Garden 
of  Naples,  in  the  street  called  the 
Chiaja,  and  the  favorite  prome- 
nade of  the  inhabitants.  It  is 
nearly  a mile  in  length,  and  200 
feet  in  breadth,  bordering  upon 
the  sea,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a wall  and  parapet.  It 
is  planted  with  orange-trees,  myr- 
tles, acacias,  and  evergreen  oaks, 
and  is  laid  out  partly  in  the 
Italian  and  partly  in  the  English 
style  of  gardening. 

4^  “ The  brightest  and  gayest  as- 
pect in  Europe.  . . . Here  is  every 
thing  that  can  restore  the  weary,  or 
amuse  the  idle,  — a prospect  of  inde- 
scribable beauty  ; the  breezes  and  voices 
of  the  sea;  the  rich  foliage  of  the  south, 
gay  faces  of  men  and  women,  and  chil- 
dren sporting  round  the  fountains.” 

Hillard . 


VII 


557 


VIE 


Ville,  Hotel  de.  See  Hotel  de 
VlLLE. 

Viminal  Hill.  [Lat.  Mons  Vimi- 
nalis.]  One  of  the  seven  hills  of 
ancient  Rome,  scarcely  distin- 
guishable at  the  present  time.  It 
is  supposed  to  derive  its  name 
from  the  osiers  ( vimina ;)  which 
grew  upon  it. 

4®=-  “ The  Viminal  Hill  is  to  me  ter- 
ra incognita.  It  is,  or  was,  situated 
between  the  Esquiline  and  the  Quirinal ; 
and,  I suppose,  ‘ if  it  be  not  gone,  it 
must  be  there  still/  But  I have  al- 
ready confessed  my  incapacity  to  dis- 
cover it;  and  though  I have  frequently 
since  most  diligently  renewed  my  scru- 
tiny, I have  been  able  to  descry  noth- 
ing that,  by  any  latitude  of  interpreta- 
tion, can  be  construed  into  the  least 
resemblance  to  a hill.  The  truth  is, 
that  it  has  sustained,  between  its  two 
puissant  neighbors  (the  Esquiline  and 
the  Quirinal)  that  extinction  which  a 
small  state  sometimes  suffers  between 
two  large  ones.”  C.  A.  Eaton. 

Vincennes,  Barriere  de.  See  BAR- 
RIERE DU  TkONE. 

Vinci.  See  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 

Vintage  of  Noah.  A fresco  paint- 
ing by  Bennozo  Gozzoli  (1408- 
1478). " In  the  Campo  Santo,  Pisa, 
Italy. 

Violets  of  Psestum.  See  Roses 

OF  PjESTUM. 

Violin  Player.  [II  Suonatore.]  A 
well-known  picture  by  Raphael 
Sanzio  (1483-1520),  representing  a 
young  man  holding  in  his  hand 
the  bow  of  a violin  and  a wreath 
of  laurel.  It  is  supposed  to  be 
the  portrait  of  one  Antonio  Ma- 
rone,  a Brescian  improvvisatore, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  Ra- 
phael’s best  portraits.  This  pic- 
ture is  now  in  the  Sciarra  Palace 
in  Rome. 

45^  “ Two  precious  pictures  here 
[in  the  Sciarra  Palace]  are  under  glass, 
the  first  and  most  beautiful  being  the 
Violin-player  by  Raphael.  This  repre- 
sents a young  man  in  a black  cap  and 
green  mantle,  with  a fur  collar,  and 
thick  brown  hair  descending  over  it. 
The  young  man  slowly  turns  his  head, 
fixing  his  eye  on  the  spectator.  The 
nobleness  and  calmness  of  the  head 
are  incomparable,  also  its  gentleness 


and  intelligence  : you  cannot  imagine  a 
more  beautiful,  a more  delicate  spirit.” 
Taine , Trans. 

One  of  these  peasants,  with  long  black 
hair  and  pale  dignified  face,  resembles  the 
Suonatore  of  Raphael.  H.  Taine , Trans. 

Viper,  The.  A noted  frigate  of 
the  United  States  navy,  in  ser- 
vice in  the  war  of  1812.  She  was 
built  at  Washington. 

Virgen  de  la  Serviletta.  [Virgin 
of  the  Napkin.]  A picture  by 
Bartolome  Estevan  Murillo  (1618- 
1(382),  so  called  in  allusion  to  the 
dinner-napkin  on  which  it  was 
painted. 

Virgil’s  Tomb.  That  which  is 
known  as  the  tomb  of  Virgil  (70- 
19  B.C.)  is  on  the  promontory  of 
Pausilippo,  overlooking  the  Bay 
of  Naples.  It  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion: “ Mantua  me  genuit:  Cala- 
bri  rapuere  : tenet  nunc  Parthe- 
nope:  cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces.” 
See  Grotta  di  Posilippo. 

4®=  “ Virgil's  Tomb  is  so  called,  I 
believe,  on  the  single  authority  of  Do- 
natus.  . . . And  who  is  this  Donatus? 
— an  obscure  grammarian,  or  rather 
his  counterfeit.  The  structure  itself 
resembles  a ruined  pigeon-house, 
where  the  numerous  columbaria  w'ould 
indicate  a family-sepulchre : but  who 
should  repose  in  the  tomb  of  Virgil, 
but  Virgil  alone  ? Visitors  of  every  na- 
tion, kings  and  princes,  have  scratched 
their  names  on  the  stucco  of  this  apoc- 
ryphal ruin,  but  the  poet’s  awful  name 
seems  to  have  deterred  them  from  ver- 
sifying here.”  Forsyth. 

The  epitaph,  which,  though  not 
genuine,  is  yet  ancient,  was  inscribed 
by  order  of  the  Duke  of  Pescolangiano, 
then  proprietor  of  the  place,  on  a mar- 
ble slab  placed  in  the  side  of  the  rock 
opposite  the  entrance  of  the  tomb, 
where  it  still  remains.”  Eustace. 

“Why  dost  thou  still  mistrust?’’  my 
Comforter 

Began  to  say  to  me  turned  wholly 
round ; 

“ Dost  thou  not  think  me  with  thee, 
and  that  I guide  thee  ? 

’Tis  evening  there  alread}r  w here  is  buried 

The  body  within  wrhich  I cast  a shad- 
owy 

’Tis  from  Brundusium  ta’en,  and  Na- 
ples has  it.” 

Dante , Purgatorio , Longfellow’s  Trans . 

Virgin.  See  Madonna.  Also  see 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin  ; 
Death  of  the  Virgin  ; Mar^ 


VIR 


558 


VIR 


RIAGE  OF  THE  VIRGIN;  PRESEN- 
TATION of  the  Virgin,  etc.  See 
Grotto  de  la  Vierge. 

Virgin  and  Angel  Annunciate. 
A picture  by  Gheerardt  David 
(1184-1523),  the  Flemish  painter. 
Now  in  the  collection  of  the 
Prince  of  Hohenzollern  at  Sig- 
maringen. 

Virgin  and  Child.  A small  altar- 
piece  by  Hans  Memling  (d.  1495), 
the  Flemish  painter,  and  consid- 
ered one  of  his  finest  works.  By 
Horace  Walpole  this  picture  was 
ascribed  to  Jan  van  Eyck.  It  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  at  Chiswick,  Eng- 
land. 

Virgin  and  Child.  A picture  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1471-1528),  the  Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver,  and 
regarded  as  one  of  his  finest 
works.  “ In  the  centre  of  the 
landscape  is  the  Virgin,  seated, 
with  the  Child,  and  crowned  by 
two  angels  ; on  her  right  is  a 
Pope  with  priests  kneeling,  on 
the  left  the  Emperor  Maximil- 
ian with  knights  ...  all  being 
crowned  with  garlands  of  roses 
by  the  Virgin,  the  Child,  St. 
Dominick.  — who  stands  behind 
the  Virgin, —and  by  angels” 
This  picture  is  now  in  the  mon- 
astery of  Strahow  at  Prague. 
There  is  also  a copy  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Lyons,  France. 

Virgin  and  Child.  A votive  pic- 
ture by  Hans  Memling  (d.  1495), 
the  Flemish  painter.  Now  in 
possession  of  Count  Duchatel, 
of  Paris. 

Virgin  and  Child  with  Mary 
Magdalen.  A picture  by  Luc 
Jacobsz,  commonly  called  Lucas 
van  Leyden  ( 1494-1533),  a Flem- 
ish painter.  It  is  a beautiful  and 
finely-executed  work.  Now  in 
the  Gallery  of  Munich,  Bavaria. 

Virgin  and  Child  with  Saints.  A 
picture  by  Gheerardt  David  (1484- 
1523),  a Flemish  painter.  It  is 
now  in  the  Museum  of  Kouen, 
France. 

Virgin  and  Saints.  A picture  by 


the  Flemish  painter,  Petrus  Cris- 
tus.  Now  in  the  Stadel  Museum 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Ger- 
many. 

Virgin  and  Child  with  the  little 
St.  John.  A picture  by  Anthony 
van  Dyck  (1599-1641).  In  the  Mu- 
nich Gallery. 

Virgin,  Assumption  of  the.  See 
Assumption,  The. 

Virgin  between  S.  Anthony  and 
S.  Sebastian.  A large  altar- 
piece  by  Alessandro  Bonvicino, 
called  II  Moretto  di  Brescia 
(1514-1564).  In  the  Stadel  Insti- 
tute, Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Ger- 
many. 

Virgin  in  a Bower  of  Boses.  A 
picture  by  Martin  Schongauer, 
commonly  called  Martin  Schon 
(b.  1420?),  a German  painter,  and 
considered  to  be  his  most  impor- 
tant work.  It  is  in  St.  Martin’s 
church  at  Colmar,  Germany. 

Virgin  in  the  Meadow.  A well- 
known  picture  by  Raphael  San- 
zio  (1483-1520),  in  which  the  Ma- 
donna is  “ represented  in  a beau- 
tiful landscape  with  both  hands 
supporting  the  infant  Christ, 
who  stands  before  her;  her  head 
inclined  toward  the  little  St. 
John,  who,  kneeling  at  the  side, 
offers  a reed  cross  to  his  compan- 
ion ” This  picture  is  now  in  the 
Belvedere  Gallery  at  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Virgin,  Iron.  See  Iron  Virgin. 

Virgin,  Joys  and  Sorrows  of  the. 
A beautiful  picture  by  Hans 
Memling  (d.  1495),  the  Flemish 
painter,  described  as  represent- 
ing “ the  principal  events  of  the 
life  of  Christ  and  the  Virgin  (the 
seven  joys  of  the  Virgin);  not  in 
separate  compartments,  but  as 
one  great  whole,  united  in  a land- 
scape with  an  endless  number 
of  subordinate  events,  — a whole 
world  of  life  and  joy  and  sor- 
row, all  executed  with  wonderful 
grace  and  beauty.”  It  was  paint- 
ed for  Pierre  Baltynck,  a currier 
of  Bruges,  and  was  formerly  in 
the  Boisseree  Collection,  but  is 
now  at  Munich,  Bavaria. 


vtr 


559 


VIS 


Virgin,  Life  of  the.  A series  of 
wood-cuts  by  Albert  Diirer  (1471- 
1528),  the  German  painter  and 
engraver,  and  considered  to  be 
among  the  best  of  his  works 
which  have  descended  to  us. 

Virgin  nursing  the  Child.  A pic- 
ture by  Roger  van  der  Weyden 
(d.  1484),  the  Flemish  painter, 
and  one  of  his  later  works. 
It  is  now  in  the  Stadel  Insti- 
tute, Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Ger- 
many. 

Virgin  of  the  Burgomaster  Mey- 
er. See  Madonna  of  the  Bur- 

GOM ASTER  MEYER. 

Virgin  Staying  the  Plague  at 
Brescia.  A picture  by  Alessan- 
dro Bonvicino,  called  II  Moretto 
(1514-1564).  In  the  Gallery  of 
Dresden,  Germany. 

Virgin  with  the  Goldfinch.  See 
Madonna  del  Cardellino. 

Virgin  with  the  Seven  Sorrows. 
A picture  by  Joachim  Patenier 
(d.  1545?),  a Flemish  painter.  It 
is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Brus- 
sels, Belgium. 

Virginia,  The.  An  old  line-of- 
battle  ship  in  one  of  the  ship- 
houses  of  the  United  States  Navy 
Yard  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  She 
has  been  on  the  stocks  for  half  a 
century. 

Virginia  W ater.  A beautiful  arti- 
ficial lake  seven  miles  from  Wind- 
sor, near  London. 

Virginius,  The.  A vessel  sailing 
under  the  American  flag  from 
New  York  for  the  West  Indies, 
on  the  4th  of  October,  1869.  On 
the  31st  of  October  she  was  cap- 
tured by  a Spanish  ship  and  taken 
to  Havana.  Being  accused  of 
hostile  designs  against  Spain,  the 
American  commander,  Capt.  Fry, 
with  36  of  his  crew,  and  18  others, 
were  shot  without  trial.  After 
much  diplomacy,  the  Virginius 
was  formally  surrendered  to  the 
United  States  navy  on  the  16th 
of  December,  1873,  but,  on  the 
way  to  New  York,  sank  off  Cape 
Fear. 


Virgin’s  Chapel  and  Tomb.  A 

venerable  and  picturesque  build- 
ing in  Jerusalem,  believed  by  the 
faithful  to  be  the  place  where 
the  Virgin  Mary  was  laid.  Near 
the  chapel  is  the  spot  where  her 
Assumption  is  supposed  to  have 
occurred,  together  with  a rock 
that  bears  the  marks  of  the  girdle 
she  let  fall  to  convince  the  in- 
credulous Thomas. 

Virgin’s  Tree.  A name  applied  to 
an  old  sycamore-tree,  near  the 
village  of  Matareeah,  Egypt,  un- 
der which  the  Holy  Family  are 
said  to  have  rested  after  the 
flight  into  Egypt. 

Vision  of  a Knight.  A small  alle- 
gorical picture  by  Raphael  Sanzio 
(1483-1520),  representing  a young 
knight  sleeping  upon  his  shield, 
with  a female  figure  on  each  side. 
“ One  in  a plain  purple  robe  is 
offering  him  a book  and  a sword; 
the  other,  richly  dressed,  is  pre- 
senting flowers  as  symbols  of  the 
pleasures  of  life.  . . . The  origi- 
nal pen-and-ink  drawing  by  the 
master,  with  punctured  outlines 
from  which  the  picture  was  traced, 
hangs  by  its  side.”  There  is  an 
engraving  of  it  by  L.  Gruner. 
This  picture  was  formerly  in  the 
Borgliese  Gallery  in  Rome,  but  is 
now  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don. 

Vision  of  Ezekiel.  A picture  by 
Raphael  Sanzio  (1483-1520).  It  is 
in  the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence, 
Italy.  A copy  of  this  picture, 
which  was  for  a time  regarded  as 
the  original,  and  which  was  for- 
merly in  the  Orleans  Gallery,  is 
now  at  Stratton,  in  England. 

4®=  “All  direct  imitation  of  nature 
was  by  the  best  painters  carefully 
avoided.  In  this  respect  liow  line  is 
Raphael’s  ‘Vision  of  Ezekiel’!  IIow 
sublime  and  true  in  feeling  and  concep- 
tion! where  the  Messiah  comes  floating 
along,  upborne  by  the  Four  Creatures, 
. . . animals  in  form,  but  in  all  else  un- 
earthly, and  the  winged  ox  not  less  di- 
vine than  the  winged  angel.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Vision  of  Jacob.  A celebrated 
picture  by  Rembrandt  van  Rvn 
(1606-1669).  In  the  Dulwich  Gal- 
lery. 


VIS 


560 


VOL 


“In  a print  by  Rembrandt,  be 
has  emulated,  in  picturesque  and  poet- 
ical treatment,  bis  famous  Vision  of 
Jacob  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Vision  of  St.  Bernard.  A picture 
by  Filippino  Lippi  (14602-1505), 
and  his  chief  work.  In  the  Ba- 
dia  at  Florence,  Italy. 

Vision  of  St.  Bernard.  A noted 
and  admired  picture  by  Parmigi- 
ano  (1503-1540).  In  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

Vision  of  the  Holy  Cross.  A fres- 
co in  the  Sala  di  Costantino,  in 
the  Vatican,  Rome,  executed  by 
Giulio  Romano  (1492?-1546),  after 
a design  by  Raphael. 

Visitation,  The.  A favorite  sub- 
ject of  representation  by  the 
painters  of  the  Middle  Ages,  ex- 
hibiting the  visit  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  to  Elisabeth,  according  to 
the  account  in  Luke  i.  39,  ct  seq. 
Of  the  numerous  compositions 
which  treat  of  this  subject,  may 
be  mentioned  as  among  the  more 
noted  the  following. 

Visitation , The.  A picture  de- 
signed by  Raphael  Sanzio  (1483- 
1520),  the  execution  probably  by 
Francesco  Penni  (1488-1528).  Now 
in  the  Gallery  of  Madrid,  Spain. 
It  represents  the  visit  of  Mary  to 
Elisabeth. 

“In  the  composition  by  Ra- 
phael [The  Visitation]  there  are  the 
two  figures  only  [Mary  and  Elisabeth] ; 
and  I should  object  to  this  otherwise 
perfect  picture,  the  bashful  conscious 
look  of  the  Virgin  Mary.” 

Mrs.  Jameson. 

Visitation , The.  A picture  by 
Mariotto  Albertinelli  (14752-15202), 
the  Italian  painter,  and  regarded 
as  his  masterpiece.  It  is  now  in 
the  Gallery  of  the  Uffizi,  Flor- 
ence, Italy. 

4S§=*  “ The  simple,  majestic  composi- 
tion of  Albertinelli.  . . . The  work  in 
its  large  and  solemn  beauty  and  reli- 
gious significance,  is  worthy  of  being 
placed  over  an  altar,  on  which  we 
might  offer  up  the  work  of  Rembrandt 
[see  infra],  as  men  offer  incense, gems, 
and  gold.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Visitation , The.  A richly  col- 
ored group  by  Sebastian  del  Pi- 


ombo  (1485-1547).  This  picture  is 
now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Visitation,  The.  A picture  by 
Rembrandt  van  Ryn  (1606-1669), 
the  Dutch  painter.  Now  in  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery. 

JgQjf*  “ — the  small  but  exquisitely 
finished  composition  by  Rembrandt. 

. . . Nothing  can  be  more  poetical  than 
the  treatment,  more  intensely  true  and 
noble  than  the  expression  of  the  dimin- 
utive figures,  more  masterly  and  fin- 
ished than  the  execution,  more  magical 
and  lustrous  than  the  effect  of  the 
whole.”  Mrs.  Jameson. 

Visitation , The.  A picture  in 
the  Museum  of  Berlin,  ascribed 
to  Gerard  van  Meire,  the  Flem- 
ish painter.  There  is  another 
well-preserved  and  interesting 
picture  of  the  same  name,  as- 
cribed to  the  same  artist,  in  the 
collection  of  Baron  Speek  von 
Sternburg,  at  Liitschena,  near 
Leipzig,  Germany. 

Vitale,  San.  See  San  Vitale. 

Vittor'a,  The.  One  of  the  ships 
with  which  Fernando  Magellan 
(14702-1521)  made  his  famous  voy- 
age of  discovery  in  1520.  The 
Vittoria,  after  the  death  of  Ma- 
gellan, under  the  command  of 
Sebastian  del  Cano  returned  to 
Spain,  and  was  the  first  vessel 
that  circumnavigated  the  globe. 

Vittorio  Emanuele.  See  Gal- 
leria Vittorio  Emanuele. 

Volks  Denkmal.  [The  People’s 
Monument.]  A Gothic  cross  of 
iron,  160  feet  in  height,  erected 
upon  an  eminence  near  Berlin, 
Prussia,  to  commemorate  the  de- 
liverance of  Prussia  from  the 
French,  and  the  recovery  of  na- 
tional independence.  The  monu- 
ment bears  an  inscription,  to- 
gether with  statues  of  Prussian 
warriors,  executed  by  Rauch  and 
Tieck. 

Voltaire,  Louie vart  de.  A mag- 
nificent street  in  Paris,  one  of  the 
new  boulevards,  and  formerly 
known  as  the  Boulevart  de  Prince 
Eugene.  See  Boulevards. 

Voltaire,  Quai  de.  This  quay,  on 
the  river  Seine  in  Paris,  derives 
its  name  from  the  fact  that  the 


VOL 


561 


VYV 


philosopher  Yoltaire  died  in  the 
house  at  the  corner  of  the  quay 
and  the  Rue  de  Beaume. 

Yolto  Santo.  See  Santo  Volto. 

Volumnii.  See  Tomb  of  the  Yo- 
lumnii. 

Voyage  of  Life.  An  allegorical 
picture  by  Thomas  Cole  (1801- 
1848).  In  the  collection  of  John 
Taylor  Johnston,  New  York. 


Vulcan’s  Forge.  See  Forge  of 

Vulcan. 

Vulture,  The.  A British  sloop-of- 
war,  in  which  Major  Andre  went 
up  the  Hudson,  when  arranging 
terms  of  surrender  with  Benedict 
Arnold. 

Vyverberg.  A fine  square  and 
pleasure-ground  in  the  Hague, 
Holland. 


WAB 


562 


WAB 


w. 


Wabash,  The.  The  flag-ship  of 
Admiral  Dupont,  in  the  attack 
upon  the  Sea  Islands  of  South 
Carolina  in  1861. 

Wabash  Avenue.  A noted  street 
in  Chicago,  111.  It  is  lined  with 
stately  edifices,  and  adorned  with 
trees. 

Wachusetts,  The.  A noted  vessel 
of  the  United  States  navy  in  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion.  She  cap- 
tured the  celebrated  Confederate 
privateer,  the  Florida , in  the 
Brazilian  port  of  Bahia,  or  San 
Salvador.  This  capture  was  in 
violation  of  neutrality,  and  pro- 
duced considerable  excitement. 
The  prize  was  soon  after  brought 
into  Hampton  Roads. 

W adsworth  Athenaeum.  A build- 
ing in  Hartford,  Conn.,  contain- 
taining  a library  and  gallery  of 
sculpture  and  paintings. 

Wafers,  The  Miraculous.  See 
Miraculous  Wafers. 

Wagner,  Fort.  See  Fort  Wag- 
ner. 

Wailing-place  of  the  Jews.  See 
Place  of  Wailing. 

Wakefield  Tower.  See  Regalia, 
The. 

Waldburg.  An  ancient  castle 
near  Ravensburg,  Germany,  fa- 
mous for  its  magnificent  views. 

Walden  Pond.  A beautiful  sheet 
of  water  near  Concord,  Mass., 
now  a favorite  pleasure-resort, 
and  celebrated  for  its  associa- 
tions with  H.  D.  Thoreau  (1817- 
1862),  the  scholar  and  naturalist, 
who,  in  1845,  built  on  the  shore 
of  this  pond  a small  house  in 
which  he  lived  two  years  as  a 
hermit  in  studious  retirement, 
afterwards  publishing  an  account 
of  this  portion  of  his  life,  under 
the  title  of  “ Walden.” 


Wall,  London.  See  London  Wall. 

Wall  of  Antoninus.  A wall,  or 
rampart,  erected  during  the  Ro- 
man occupation  of  Britain,  with 
the  design  of  preventing  the  in- 
cursion of  the  northern  tribes  into 
the  lowlands.  It  extended  from 
the  Forth  to  the  Clyde,  a distance 
of  27  miles,  and  was  guarded  by 
10  forts.  There  is  a stone  in  Glas- 
gow College  which  preserves  the 
name  of  the  builder,  Lollius  Ur- 
bicus.  [Often  known  as  Graham1 8 
Dyke.] 

HSr*  “ The  wall  of  Antoninus,  or 
Graham’s  or  Grime’s  Dyke,  crossed 
from  the  Forth  to  the  Clyde,  on  the 
line  on  which  previously  Agricola  had 
erected  a series  of  forts.  It  consisted 
of  a new  line  of  forts  connected  to- 
gether by  an  immense  continuous  ram- 
part of  earth  and  turf,  raised  by  the 
Propraetor  Lollius  Urbicus  in  the  reign 
of  Antoninus,  and  named  after  that  em- 
peror. Inscribed  stones  have  been  from 
time  to  time  found  along  its  course,  ex- 
pressive of  the  work  done  by  different 
troops  and  cohorts  of  the  Roman 
army.”  L.  Jeicitt. 

If  we  carefully  trace  the  distance  from 
the  Wall  of  Antoninas  to  Roms,  and  from 
thence  to  Jerusalem,  it  will  be  found  that 
the  great  chain  of  communication  from  the 
north-west  to  the  south-east  point  of  the 
empire  was  drawn  out  to  the  length  of 
four  thousand  and  eighty  Roman  miles. 

Gibbon. 

Wall  of  China.  See  Great  Wall 
of  China. 

Wall  Street.  This  street  in 
Hew  York  City,  running  east 
from  Broadway,  opposite  Trinity 
Church,  is  the  centre  for  bank- 
ers and  brokers  in  New  York, 
and  is  in  fact  the  centre  of  the 
financial  interests  of  the  whole 
country.  The  Stock  Exchange 
in  Wall  Street  presents  an  excit- 
ing scene  during  business  hours. 

Free  institutions,  general  education, 
and  the  ascendancy  of  dollar',  are  the 
words  written  on  every  paving-stone 
along  Fifth  Avenue,  down  Broadway, 
and  up  Wall  Street.  Anthony  Trollope 


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Thus  a king  nr  a general  does  not  need 
a fine  coat,  at  d a commanding  person 
mav  save  himself  all  solicitude  on  that 

Eoint.  There  are  always  slovens  in  State 
treet  or  Wall  Street , who  are  not  less 
considered,  if  a man  have  manners  and 
talent,  he  may  dress  roughly  and  care- 
lessly. Emerson. 

Just  where  the  Treasury’s  marble  front 
Looks  over  Wall  Street’s  mingled  na- 
tions; 

Where  Jews  and  Gentiles  most  are  wont 
To  throng  for  trade  and  last  quotations; 
Where,  hour  by  hour,  the  rates  of  gold 
Outrival,  in  the  ears  of  people, 

The  quarter-chimes,  serenely  tolled 
From  Trinity’s  undaunted' steeple. 

E.  C.  Stedman. 

Wallace  Tower.  A monument  133 
feet  high  in  the  town  of  Ayr, 
Scotland,  erected  in  1832  upon 
the  site  of  an  ancient  tower  in 
which,  according  to  tradition,  Sir 
William  Wallace  (1270-1305),  the 
celebrated  Scotch  hero  and  pa- 
triot, was  imprisoned,  and  from 
which,  by  the  aid  of  his  friends, 
he  contrived  to  escape. 
Wallack’s.  A theatre  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  devoted  chiefly  to 
the  legitimate  comedy. 
Wallenstein.  A picture  errone- 
ously supposed  to  be  the  portrait 
of  Wallenstein,  by  Anthony  van 
Dyck  (1599-1641).  It  is  in  the 
galley  of  Prince  Lichtenstein  at 
Vienna,  Austria. 

Wallenstein  Palace.  A famous 
palace  in  Prague,  Bohemia,  built 
by  the  great-general  Albert,  duke 
of  Friedland  (1583-1634).  The 
building,  which  was  one  of  sur- 
prising magnificence,  has  under- 
gone extensive  restorations.  It 
is  said  that  100  houses  were  pulled 
down  to  make  room  for  its  erec- 
tion, and  that  even  the  stables 
were  profusely  ornamented  with 
marble. 

Walmer  Castle.  A sea-side  fort- 
ress near  Deal,  England,  erected 
by  Henry  VIII.  It  was  the  offi- 
cial residence  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  until  his  death  in 
1852.  The  castle  is  supposed  to 
stand  on  the  very  spot  where 
Julius  Ctesar  landed  at  the  time 
of  his  invasion  of  Britain. 
Walsingham  Priory.  Walsing- 
ham  is  a little  spot  in  Norfolk, 
England,  much  resorted  to  for- 


merly by  pilgrims.  It  was  the 
rival  of  Our  Lady  of  Loretto  and 
St.  James  of  Compostella.  The 
chapel  was  founded  in  1061 , and 
was  a perfect  copy  of  the  Santa 
Casa,  or  home  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
at  Nazareth.  The  splendid  priory 
built  soon  after  was  granted  to 
the  Order  of  St.  Augustine,  and 
in  1420  a fine  church  was  built  at 
the  side  of  the  shrine.  Erasmus 
says  of  the  church:  “ The  church 
is  splendid  and  beautiful,”  and 
of  the  shrine:  “If  you  look  in, 
you  will  say  it  is  the  seat  of  the 
Gods,  so  bright  and  shining  as  it 
is  all  over  with  jewels,  gold,  and 
silver.”  It  was  despoiled  of  its 
treasures  by  Henry  VIII.,  and 
there  remain  now  only  a few 
ruins  of  the  priory  church. 

Wanderer,  The.  A ship  engaged 
in  the  African  slave-trade  which 
came  to  this  country  in  1859,  and 
on  her  voyage  experienced  an 
unexampled  mortality  as  the  con- 
sequence of  her  frightfully  crowd- 
ed condition. 

Wapping.  A long  street  in  Lon- 
don, extending  from  Lower  East 
Smithfield  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Thames  to  New  Crane.  It  is 
noted  for  its  nautical  signs,  its 
ship  and  boat  builders,  rope-mak- 
ers, ship-chandlers,  and  sail-mak- 
ers. Its  name  Wapping  was 
probably  derived  from  the  ship’s 
rope  called  a wapp.  Pirates  and 
sea-rovers  were  hung  at  Execution 
Dock  in  Wapping. 

“ Wapping  is  a neighborhood 
of  which  many  persons  know  the 
name,  but  nothing  more.  . . . Wap- 
ping, too,  may  be  remembered  as  hav- 
ing afforded  a principal  link  in  the 
chain  of  evidence  against  the  notorious 
impostor  who  claimed  the  Tichborne 
estate.  Immediately  on  his  arrival  at 
London,  he  went  to  Wapping  (which 
Roger  Tichborne  would  never  have 
done),  and  there  he  was  recognized  as 
a former  resident  of  the  place.  Wap- 
ping is  a narrow  strip  of  old  London, 
which  lies  below  the  Tower  and  be- 
tween London  docks  and  the  river.  It 
is,  as  might  be  expected,  wholly  occu- 
pied by  mariners,  or  those  who  supply 
their  wants.  It  is  very  damp  and  very 
dingy,  and  everybody  in  it  seems  to 
smell  of  oakum.” 

Richard  Gh'ant  White. 


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Your  Molly  has  never  been  false,  she 
declares, 

Since  last  time  we  parted  at  Wapping 
Old  /Stairs , 

When  I swore  that  I still  would  continue 
the  same, 

And  gave  you  the  ’bacco  box  marked  with 
my  name.  Wapping  Old  Stairs. 

[The  “Stairs”  were  steps  by  which 
people  formerly  descended  to  the  river.] 

But  if  this  be  a defect,  what  must  be 
the  entire  perversion  of  scenical  decorum, 
when,  for  instance,  we  see  an  actress  that 
might  act  the  Wapping  landlady  without 
a bolster,  pining  m the  character  of  Jane 
Shore,  and,  while  unwieldy  with  fat,  en- 
deavoring to  convince  the  audience  that 
she  is  dying  with  hunger?  Goldsmith. 

No  longer  a poor  Jack  Tar,  frolicking 
in  the  low  taverns  of  Wapping , he  might 
roll  through  London  in  his  coach,  and 
perchance  arrive,  like  Whittington,  at  the 
dignity  of  Lord  Mayor.  Irving. 

The  same  insular  limitation  pinches 
his  [the  Englishman’s]  foreign  politics. 
He  sticks  to  his  traditions  and  usages, 
and,  so  help  him  God!  he  will  force  his 
island  by-laws  down  the  throat  of  great 
countries,  like  India,  China,  Australia, 
and  not  only  so,  but  impose  Wapping  on 
the  Congress  of  V lenna,  and  trample  down 
all  nationalities  with  his  taxed  boot*. 

Emerson. 

Yon  might  be  as  well  impressed  with 
Wapping  as  with  your  first  step  on  Egyp- 
tian soil.  Thackeray. 

You  forget  that  the  town  [Gibraltar]  is 
at  all  lik*-*  Wapping , and  deliver  yourself 
up  entirely  to  romance.  Thackeray. 

The  new  spirit  at  once  showed  itself  in 
Dickens,  whose  broad,  bright,  kindly,  ag- 
gressive democracy,  making  lhe  hero  of 
his  story  a friendless  workhouse  boy  in- 
stead of  ' a kniyht  at  arms,  and  its  scene  a 
city  lane  or  Wapping  instead  of  a stately 
castle  or  a historic  land,  was  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  changed  feeling  and  the 
new  day.  Harper's  Magazine. 

W ardour  Castle.  A ruined  feudal 
fortress  near  Salisbury,  in  Wilt- 
shire, England. 

If  rich  designs  of  sumptuous  art  may 
please. 

Or  nature’s  loftier  views  august  and  old, 
Stranger!  behold  this  spreading  scene. 

W.  L.  Bowles. 

Ware,  Great  Bed  of.  See  Great 
Bed  of  Ware. 

Warren.  See  Death  of  Warren. 

Warren,  Fort.  See  Fort  War- 
ren. 

Warrior,  The.  An  armor-p.lated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
Dec.  29,  1860. 

And  then  through  the  f imiliar  examples 
till  we  come  to  such  ships  as  the  ‘ Wel- 
lington ’ and  ‘ Marlborough  ’ of  yesterday, 


and  the  ‘ Warrior ’ or  ‘Minotaur*  of  to- 
day. Fergusson. 

Wartburg.  A famous  castle  near 
Eisenach,  Germany,  in  which 
Luther  was  imprisoned  as  a 
friendly  act  of  protection  against 
his  enemies. 

Safe  in  this  Wartburg  tower  I stand. 
Where  God  hath  leu  me  by  the  hand. 
And  look  down  with  a heart  at  ease, 
Over  the  pleasant  neighborhoods, 

Over  the  vast  Thuringian  woods. 

Longfellow. 

J ®5T*  “The  castle  on  the  Wartburg 
is  historically  the  most  important  edi- 
fice of  its  class  in  Germany,  and  its 
size  and  state  of  preservation  render  it 
remarkable  in  an  artistic  point  of  view. 
It  was  in  one  of  its  halls  that  the  cele- 
brated contest  was  held  between  the 
six  most  eminent  poets  of  Germany  in 
the  year  1206,  which,  though  it  nearly 
ended  fatally  to  one  of  them  at  least, 
shows  how  much  importance  was  at- 
tached to  the  profession  of  literature 
at  even  that  early  period.  Here  the 
sainted  Elizabeth  of  Hungary  lived 
with  her  cruel  brother-in-law,  here  she 
practised  those  virtues  and  endured 
those  misfortunes  that  render  her  name 
so  dear  and  so  familiar  to  all  the  races 
of  Germany;  and  it  was  in  this  castle 
that  Luther  found  shelter,  and  where 
he  resided  under  the  name  of  Ritter 
George.  ...  It  resembles  the  older 
palaces  at  Venice  more  than  any  other 
buildings  of  the  class  It  has  been  re- 
cently restored,  apparently  with  con- 
siderable judgment;  and  it  well  de- 
serves the  pains  bestowed  upon  it  as 
one  of  the  best  illustrations  of  its  style 
still  existing  in  Europe.”  Fergusson. 

Methinks  I see  him  sitting,  the  heroic 
student,  in  bis  chamber  in  the  Warteburg , 
with  bis  midnight  lamp  before  him,  seen 
by  the  late  traveller  in  the  distant  plain 
of  Bischofsroda,  as  a star  on  the  moun- 
tain ! Coleridge. 

Warwick  Castle.  The  magnificent 
mansion  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick, 
and  one  of  the  finest  of  the  resi- 
dences of  the  English  nobility. 
Its  architecture  is  greatly  ad- 
mired. Its  two  towers  are  called 
the  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 
Its  situation,  on  a rock  washed 
by  the  Avon,  is  very  picturesque, 
overlooking  the  river  and  sur- 
rounded by  beautiful  grounds. 
The  ancient  castle  of  which  we 
first  hear  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  The  present  castle 
was  begun  in  the  time  of  Edward 


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ITT.  Additions  and  improve- 
ments have  since  been  made  at 
intervals.  The  most  ancient  part 
of  the  building,  Cresar’s  tower,  is 
147  feet  high.  Guy’s  tower,  erect- 
ed in  1394,  is  128  feet  high.  A 
fire  occurred  at  Warwick  Castle 
in  1871,  which  did  much  damage. 

“ The  principal  features  are  the 
battlements,  towers,  and  turrets  of  the 
old  feudal  castle,  encompassed  by 
grounds  on  which  has  been  expended 
all  that  princely  art  of  landscape-gar- 
dening for  which  England  is  famous, — 
leafy  thickets,  magnificent  trees,  open- 
ings and  vistas  of  verdure,  and  wide 
sweeps  of  grass,  short,  thick,  and  vivid- 
ly green  as  the  velvet  moss  we  some- 
times see  growing  on  rocks  in  New 
England.  The  pains  that  are  taken 
in  sowing,  tending,  cutting,  clipping, 
rolling,  and  otherwise  nursing  and 
coaxing  the  grass,  being  seconded  by 
the  misty  breath  and  often-falling  tears 
of  the  climate,  produce  results  which 
must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated.” 

JIrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 
Then  Warwick  Castle  wide  its  gate  dis- 
played, 

And  peace  and  pleasure  this  their  dwell- 
ing made.  George  C ruble. 

I look  with  respect  at  houses  six,  seven, 
eight  hundred,  or,  like  Warwick  Castle , 
nine  hundred  years  old.  Emerson. 

Warwick  Vase.  A celebrated  and 
very  beautiful  antique  vase,  found 
at  Tivoli,  Italy,  and  capable  of 
holding  1G8  gallons.  It  is  pre- 
served in  the  greenhouse  con- 
nected with  Warwick  Castle,  in 
England. 

jgQp*  “ On  a pedestal,  surrounded  by 
all  manner  of  flowering  shrubs,  stands 
this  celebrated  antique.  . . . They  say 
that  it  holds  136  gallons ; constructed,  I 
suppose,  in  the  roistering  old  drinking 
times  of  the  Roman  emperors,  when 
men  seem  to  have  discovered  that  the 
grand  object  for  which  they  were  sent 
into  existence  was  to  perform  the  func- 
tions of  wine-skins.  It  is  beautifully 
sculptured  with  grape-leaves,  and  the 
skin  and  claws  of  the  panther  — these 
latter  certainly  not  an  inappropriate 
emblem  of  the  god  of  wine,  beautiful 
but  dangerous.”  Mrs.  II.  B.  Stowe. 

Washington.  A well-known  stat- 
ue of  the  first  President  of  the 
United  States,  executed  by  Jean 
Antoine  Ploudon  (1741-1828),  a 
French  sculptor.  It  is  now  at 
the  Capitol,  Richmond,  Va. 

Methinks  I see  his  venerable  form  now 
before  me,  as  presented  m the  glorious 


statue  by  Houdon,  now  in  the  capital  of 
Virginia.  He  is  dignified  and  grave;  but 
his  concern  and  anxiety  seem  to  soften 
the  lineaments  of  his  countenance. 

Daniel  Webster. 

Washington.  A portrait  by  Rem- 
brandt Peale  (1778-1860),  con- 
sidered the  best’  ever  taken  of 
Washington,  and  of  which  there 
are  many  copies. 

Washington.  A statue  by  Hora- 
tio Greenougli  (1805-1852).  At  the 
Capitol,  Washington. 

“ I regard  Greenough’s  Wash- 
ington as  one  of  the  greatest  works  of 
sculpture  of  modern  times.” 

Edward  Everett. 

W ashington.  A statue  by  Thom- 
as Crawford  (1814-1857),  cast  in 
bronze  at  Munich. 

Washington.  A fine  equestrian 
statue  on  Commonwealth  Ave- 
nue, Boston,  by  Thomas  Ball  (1). 
1819). 

Washington.  See  Apotheosis  of 
Washington  and  Resignation 
of  Washington. 

Washington  Avenue.  A wide 
and  fine  avenue  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
It  leads  directly  to  the  great 
bridge  over  the  Mississippi. 

Washington  crossing  the  Dela- 
ware. A picture  by  Thomas 
Sully  (1783-1872),  which  is  very 
familiar  in  America.  Now  in 
the  Boston  Museum. 

Washington  crossing  the  Dela- 
ware. A well-known  picture  by 
Emmanuel  Leutze  (1816-1868). 

Washington  Elm.  A well-known 
tree  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  sup- 
posed to  be  nearly  or  quite  300 
years  old.  Under  this  tree,  July 
3,  1775,  Washington  assumed 

command  of  the  American  forces. 

J W “ You  know  the  * Washington 
elm,’  or,  if  you  do  not,  you  had  better 
rekindle  your  patriotism  by  reading 
the  inscription,  which  tells  you  that 
under  its  shadow  the  great  leader  first 
drew  his  sword  at  the  head  of  an  Amer- 
ican army.”  Holmes. 

Beneath  our  consecrated  elm 
A century  ago  be  stood, 

Famed  vnguely  for  that  old  fight  in  the 
wood, 

Whose  red  surge  sought,  but  could  not 
overwhelm 

The  life  foredoomed  to  wield  our  rough- 
liewn  helm.  Lowell. 


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Washington,  Fort.  See  Fort 
Washington. 

Washington  Market.  A noted 
market  in  New  York,  and  the 
chief  one  in  the  city. 

Washington  Monument.  A noted 
monumental  structure  in  Wash- 
ington, begun  in  1848,  and  in- 
tended to  be  in  the  form  of  an 
obelisk  600  feet  in  height,  and  to 
contain  the  tomb  of  Washington. 
It  is  now  in  an  unfinished  state, 
being  at  present  174  feet  high.  In 
a building  adjoining  the  monu- 
ment is  a collection  of  memorial 
stones  sent  by  different  countries 
and  states  for  the  decoration  of 
the  interior.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  this  monument  will  ever 
be  carried  forward  to  completion, 
or  whether  the  material  used  in 
its  construction  will  be  adapted 
to  some  other  commemorative 
use. 

Washington  Monument.  An  im- 
posing memorial  structure  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.  It  consists  of  a mar- 
ble shaft  upwards  of  176  feet  in 
height,  rising  from  a base  20  feet 
highland  crowned  by  a colossal 
statue  of  Washington.  There  is 
a stairway  in  the  interior  of  the 
shaft  leading  to  the  summit,  from 
which  is  a fine  and  extensive  view 
of  the  city  and  its  surroundings. 
The  monument  was  erected  be- 
tween the  years  1815  and  1829. 

Washington  Street.  The  chief 
thoroughfare  of  Boston,  Mass. 

If  I like  Broadway  better  than  Wash- 
ington Street , what  then  ? I own  them 
Loth,  as  much  as  anybody  owns  either. 

Holmes. 

Washington’s  Headquarters. 
An  old  colonial  mansion  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  occupied  by  Wash- 
ington as  headquarters  during 
the  siege  of  Boston.  It  is  now 
the  residence  of  Ilenry  YA  Long- 
fellow, the  poet. 

Washington’s  Headquarters. 
An  old  stone  mansion  in  New- 
burgh, N.Y. , containing  a muse- 
um of  historical  relics.  It  was 
occupied  by  Washington  as  his 
headquarters  while  the  American 


army  was  on  the  Hudson.  The 
building  is  now  owned  by  the 
State  of  New  York. 

Washington’s  Tomb.  On  the  es- 
tate of  Mount  Vernon,  Va.  The 
remains  rest  within  a marble  sar- 
cophagus near  the  mansion-house. 
They  were  removed  in  1837  from 
the  old  tomb,  which  is  rapidly 
going  to  decay,  to  their  present 
situation. 

Wasp,  The.  An  American  sloop- 
of-war  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Jacob  Jones,  in  the  war  of 
1812.  She  captured  the  British 
sloop  Frolic , for  which  achieve- 
ment the  Legislature  of  Dela- 
ware, the  Corporation  of  New 
York  City,  and  Congress,  voted 
thanks  and  gold  medals.  The 
victory  caused  great  exultation 
throughout  the  country. 

The  foe  bravely  fouglit,  but  his  arms  were 
all  broken, 

And  he  fle  i from  his  death-wound, 
aghast  and  affrighted ; 

But  the  Wasp  darted  forward  her  death- 
going sting, 

And  full  on  his  bosom,  like  lightning, 
alighted. 

She  pierced  through  his  entrails,  she  mad- 
dened his  brain, 

And  he  writhed  and  he  groaned  as  if 
torn  with  the  colic; 

And  long  shall  rue  the  terrible  day 

He  met  the  American  Wasp  on  a Frolic. 

Old  Song. 

Water  Carrier  of  Seville.  A not- 
ed picture  by  Diego  Bodriguez  de 
Silva  y Velasquez  (1599-1660),  the 
Spanish  painter.  Now  in  Apsley 
House,  London. 

Water-Mill,  The.  A picture  by 
Bembrandt  van  Byn  (1606-1669), 
the  Dutch  painter.  In  the  collec- 
tion of  Lord  Lansdowne,  Eng- 
land. 

Waterloo,  Battle  cf.  See  Battle 
of  Waterloo. 

Waterloo  Bridge.  A magnificent 
stone  bridge  spanningtlie  Thames 
at  London,  first  opened  June  18, 
1817,  called  by  Dupin  a “ colossal 
monument,  worthy  of  Sesostris 
and  Vhe  Caesars,”  and  by  Canova 
the  “ noblest  bridge  in  the 
world.” 

“ Canova,  when  he  was  asked 
’during  his  visit  to  England  what  struck 


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567 


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him  most  forcibly,  is  said  to  have  re- 
plied that  the  trumpery  Chinese  Bridge, 
then  in  St.  James’s  Park,  should  be  the 
production  of  the  Government,  whilst 
that  of  Waterloo  was  the  work  of  a 
Private  Company.”  Quarterly  Review. 

Waterloo  Place.  A public  square 
in  London,  and  a centre  of  social 
and  political  life.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  Carlton  House. 

Watervliet  Arsenal.  A great 
United  States  establishment  for 
the  manufacture  of  war  supplies. 
It  is  situated  in  West  Troy,  N.Y, 

Watier’s  Club.  This  club  in  Lon- 
don, noted  as  a gambling-house, 
was  established  in  1807,  and  dis- 
solved in  1819.  The  favorite  game 
was  Macao. 

4®=*“  The  Club  did  not  endure  for 
twelve  years  altogether ; the  pace  was 
too  quick  to  last : it  died  a natural 
death  in  1819,  from  the  paralyzed  state 
of  its  members;  the  house  was  then 
taken  by  a set  of  blacklegs,  who  insti- 
tuted a common  bank  for  gambling.” 
Thomas  Raikes. 

Watkins  Glen.  A remarkable 
rocky  ravine  in  the  town  of  Wat- 
kins, Schuyler  County,  in  New 
York,  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
curiosities  in  the  United  States. 

4®=*  “ It  [Watkins  Glen]  suggests 
Vaucluse  in  the  pellucid  clearness  and 
sparkle  of  the  water.  It  faintly  sug- 
gests the  sombre  magnificent  Pass  of 
the  Finstermunz  in  the  Tyrol,  but  is 
infinitely  brighter  and  more  varied.  It 
suggests  Trenton  Falls,  but  is  wilder 
and  deeper.”  Grace  Greenwood. 

4QP  “ In  all  my  travels  I have  never 
met  with  scenery  more  beautiful  and 
romantic  than  that  embraced  in  this 
wonderful  Glen  ; and  the  most  remark- 
able thing  of  all  is,  that  so  much  mag- 
nificence and  grandeur  should  be  found 
in  a region  where  there  are  no  ranges 
of  mountains.”  Bayard  Taylor. 

Watling  Street.  A street  in  Lon- 
don considered  to  have  been  the 
principal  thoroughfare  of  Roman 
London,  and  one  of  the  great  Ro- 
man ways  in  Britain.  What  re- 
mains of  it  is  narrow  and  incon- 
venient for  passage.  It  extended 
across  South  Britain,  beginning 
at  Dover  and  running  through 
Canterbury  to  London  and  from 
London  across  the  island  to  Ches- 


ter. In  the  time  of  the  Britons 
it  was  a mere  forest-road;  but  the 
Romans  converted  it  into  a great 
military  highway,  and  it  is  still 
an  important  road  in  some  parts 
of  its  extent.  The  name  Wat- 
ling Street  was  also  very  gener- 
ally applied  in  England,  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  to  the  “ Milky 
Way”  (Via  Lactea).  Chaucer 
says: — 

“ Se  yondir,  lo,  the  galaxic, 

The  wiclie  men  clepe  the  milky  way, 
For  it  is  white ; and  some,  parfay, 
Y-callin  it  ban  Watlinge-street .” 

The  name  is  of  uncertain  ori- 
gin, and  is  variously  said  to  be 
derived  from  Vitellws,  from  Vitel- 
lianvs,  from  the  Wcetlincjs,  from 
the  Saxon  Atheling  (noble),  from 
wattles  (hurdles  or  fascines),  and 
from  a number  of  other  sources. 

4SP*  “ Who  the  Wsetlings  were,  and 
how  they  came  to  give  their  name  both 
to  an  earthly  and  a heavenly  street,  we 
do  not  know.”  Grimm. 

Who  would  of  Walling-street  the  dangers 
share, 

When  the  broad  pavement  of  Cheapside 
is  near  ? Gay. 

Wax  Works  of  Madame  Tus- 
saud.  See  Madame  Tussaud’s 
Exhibition. 

Wayland  Smith’s  Cave  [or 
Forge].  A cavern  of  great  anti- 
quity, on  the  western  boundaries 
of  Berkshire,  England,  near  the 
town  of  Wantage.  “ In  an  early 
deed  of  the  estate  to  which  it  be- 
longs, of  a date  previous  to  the 
Norman  Conquest,  it  is  called 
Weland’s  Smithy;  and  the  legend 
connected  with  it  is,  that  a travel- 
ler wishing  his  horse  shod  had 
only  to  take  him  to  the  cave,  and, 
leaving  a piece  of  money  on  the 
copestone;  retire  to  a distance. 
On  returning  he  would  find  the 
horse  shod,  and  that  the  money 
had  been  taken  away.”  Three 
flat  stones  supporting  a fourth  are 
still  pointed  out  as  his  smithy. 
In  the  Anglo-Saxon  mythology 
Weland  was  the  representative 
of  Vulcan.  Walter  Scott  has  in- 
troduced this  legend  of  Wayland 
Smith  into  one  of  his  most  inter- 
esting novels,  “Kenilworth,” 


AY  AY 


568 


AYEL 


making  him  a living  person  of 
the  time  of  Elizabeth. 

W ayland  W ood.  A tract  of  wood- 
land near  AYatton,  England, 
where,  according  to  tradition, 
the  murder  of  the  two  children 
by  order  of  their  uncle  occurred 
on  which  is  founded  the  famous 
ballad  of  the  “ Children  in  the 
AYood.” 

Wayside  Inn.  An  old  tavern 
still  standing  in  the  town  of  Sud- 
bury, Mass.,  a “ busy  place  ” in 
the  old  colonial  days  of  New 
England,  and  made  famous  by 
the  poems  of  Longfellow  entitled 
“ The  Wayside  Inn.” 

As  ancient  is  this  hostelry 
As  any  in  the  land  may  he. 

Built  in  the  old  Colonial  day, 

When  men  lived  in  a grander  way, 
With  ampler  hospitality. 

Weber  Canon.  A stupendous  ra- 
vine, forming  a natural  gateway 
through  the  AYalisatch  range  of 
mountains  in  Utah  Territory.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
sights  in  the  West.  The  trains 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
pass  through  this  gorge. 

Webster.  See  Death  of  Web- 
ster. 

Webster,  Daniel.  A statue  of  the 
great  American  statesman  by 
Hiram  Powers  (b.  1805). 

46^  “It  is  the  second  cast  of  the 
statue,  the  first  having  been  shipped 
some  months  ago  on  board  of  a vessel 
which  was  lost;  and,  as  Powers  ob- 
served, the  statue  now  lies  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  somewhere 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  telegraphic  cable. 
. . . Happy  is  Webster  to  have  been  so 
truly  and  adequately  scupltured;  hap- 
py the  sculptor  in  such  a subject,  which 
no  idealization  of  a demigod  could  have 
supplied  him  with.  Perhaps  the  statue 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sea  will  be  cast  up 
in  some  future  age,  when  the  present 
race  of  man  is  forgotten,  and,  if  so,  that 
far  posterity  will  look  up  to  us  as  a 
grander  race  than  we  find  ourselves 
to  be.”  Hawthorne . 

Webster’s  Reply  to  Hayne.  A 
well-known  picture  by  G.  P.  A. 
Healy  (b.  1808).  In  Faneuil  Hall, 
Boston.  This  picture  contains 
130  por traits. 

Wedding.  See  Peasant  AYedding. 


Wednesday  Club.  An  old  Lon- 
don club. 

“ In  Friday-street,  Cheapsidc, 
was  held  the  Wednesday  Club,  at 
which,  in  1695,  certain  conferences  took 
place  under  the  direction  of  AYilliam 
Paterson,  which  ultimately  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  Bank  of  England. 
Such  is  the  general  belief;  but  Mr. 
Saxe  Bannister,  in  his  Life  of  Paterson, 
p.  93,  observes  : ‘ It  has  been  a matter 
of  much  doubt  whether  the  Bank  of 
England  was  originally  proposed  from 
a Club  or  Society  in  the  City  of  Lon- 
don.’ ” Timbs. 

Weehawken,  The.  A war-vessel 
of  Admiral  Dupont’s  flotilla  in 
the  attack  upon  the  defences  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  the'  war  of 
the  Rebellion  (1801-1865). 

Weibertreue.  [AYoman’s  Fideli- 
ty.] The  popular  name  of  a 
ruined  castle  at  Weinsberg,  near 
Heilbronn,  Germany,  celebrated 
for  a romantic  legend  connected 
with  it,  which  relates  how,  when 
the  garrison  were  threatened 
with  death  on  the  taking  of  the 
castle,  the  women,  who  had  been 
allowed  to  depart  with  their 
valuables,  carried  off  their  hus- 
bands on  their  backs,  each  in  a 
sack.  The  German  poet  Burger 
has  made  this  incident  the  sub- 
ject of  a well-known  ballad, 
which  has  been  translated  by 
C.  T.  Brooks.  See  also  the  “ Spec- 
tator,” No.  449. 

Welbeck  Abbey.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Portland,  near  AYorksop, 
England. 

Wellesley  College.  A well-en- 
dowed institution  of  learning  for 
young  women,  in  AYellesley, 
Mass.  It  has  an  elegant  building 
finely  situated. 

Wellington.  A fine  equestrian 
statue  of  the  duke  by  Sir  Francis 
Chantrey  (1782-1841).  In  front 
of  the  Royal  Exchange,  Lon- 
don. 

Wellington’s  Funeral  Car.  This 
car,  constructed  from  the  guns 
taken  in  the  battles  in  which  he 
was  engaged,  is  preserved  as  a 
monumental  trophy  in  St.  Paul’s 
Church,  London. 


WEL 


5G9 


WES 


Wells,  The.  [Ital.  I Pozzi.]  A 
series  of  prison-cells,  one  be- 
neath the  other,  in  the  ancient 
state  prison  of  Venice,  Italy,  ad- 
joining the  Ducal  Palace,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  the 
“ Bridge  of  Sighs.” 

405*  “ I descended  from  the  cheerful 
day  into  two  ranges,  one  below  the 
other,  of  dismal,  awful,  horrible,  stone 
ceils.  They  were  quite  dark.  Each 
had  a loop-hole  in  its  massive  wall, 
where,  in  the  old  time,  a torch  was 
placed,  to  light  the  prisoners  within  for 
half  an  hour.  The  captives,  by  the 
glimmering  of  these  brief  rays,  had  cut 
and  scratched  inscriptions  in  the  black- 
ened vaults.  I saw  them.  For  their 
labor  with  the  rusty  nail’s  point  had 
outlived  their  agony  and  them  through 
many  generations.”  Dickens. 

4®^  “ What  fables  concerning  these 
cells  have  not  been  uttered  and  be- 
lieved ! ...  I do  not  say  that  they  are 
calculated  to  enamour  the  unimpounded 
spectator  with  prison  life,  but  they  are 
certainly  far  from  being  as  bad  as  I 
hoped.  They  are  not  joyously  light 
nor  particularly  airy ; but  their  occu- 
pants could  have  suffered  no  extreme 
physical  discomfort,  and  the  thick 
wooden  casing  of  the  interior  walls 
evidences  at  least  the  intention  of  the 
state  to  inflict  no  wanton  hardship  of 
cold  or  damp.”  W.  D.  Howells. 

The  Pozzi  and  the  Piombi  were  in  vain ; 
They  might  wring  blood  from  me,  but 
treachery  never.  Byron. 

Wells  of  Moses.  See  Fountains 
of  Moses. 

W entworth  House.  A noted  man- 
sion, and  one  of  the  largest  pri- 
vate residences  in  Europe,  for- 
merly the  abode  of  the  famous 
Earl  of  Strafford,  near Wakeff eld, 
England. 

Wentworth  Mansion.  An  old 
colonial  house  near  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  once  occupied  by  Gov. 
Wentworth,  and  containing  the 
old  provincial  council-chamber 
and  many  historical  relics. 

Werrington  House.  A seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  on  the 
river  Tamar,  near  Launceston, 
England. 

Wesleyan  University.  An  insti- 
tution of  learning  under  the  care 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  at  Mid- 
dletown, Conn, 


West,  Benjamin.  See  Benjamin 
West. 

West  India  Docks.  Extensive 
docks,  covering  295  acres,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Thames,  London, 
opened  in  1802.  William  Pitt 
laid  the  first  stone  in  1800.  See 
East  India  Docks. 

West  Point.  See  United  States 
Military  Academy. 

West  Rock.  A rocky  hill  near  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  much  resorted  to, 
and  affording  a fine  view. 

Western  Emigration.  An  histori- 
cal picture  by  Emanuel  Leutze 
(1816-1808).  In  the  Capitol  at 
Washington. 

Westminster  Abbey.  The  re- 
nowned Abbey-church  of  Lon- 
don. Its  earliest  foundation  is 
enveloped  in  obscurity.  Edward 
the  Confessor  built  an  abbey  on 
this  site,  which  was  dedicated  on 
the  festival  of  the  Holy  Inno- 
cents, Dec.  28,  1065.  In  1862  it 
was  discovered  that  the  lower 
half  of  the  south  cloister  wall  con- 
sists of  masonry  of  the  age  of 
Edward  the  Confessor.  The  Ab- 
bey, as  it  now  exists,  was  for  the 
most  part  rebuilt  by  Henry  III. 
(1245-1272),  out  of  regard  to  the 
memory  of  the  Confessor.  Its 
general  plan  is  cruciform.  Be- 
sides the  nave,  choir,  and  tran- 
septs, it  contains  12  chapels,  of 
which  10  are  nearly  filled  with 
monumental  tombs.  No  less  than 
17  English  kings,  from  the  Con- 
fessor to  George  II.,  and  10 
queens,  lie  within  the  Abbey, 
amid  statesmen,  poets,  divines, 
scholars,  and  artists.  Dean  Stan- 
ley says:  “The  Abbey  of  West- 
minster owes  its  traditions  and 
its  present  name,  revered  in  the 
bosoms  of  the  people  of  England, 
to  the  fact  that  the  early  English 
kings  were  interred  within  its 
walls,  and  that  through  its  asso- 
ciations the  Norman  rulers  learnt 
to  forget  their  foreign  paternity, 
and  to  unite  in  fellowship  and  af- 
fection with  their  Saxon  fellow- 
citizens.  There  is  no  other 
church  in  the  world,  except,  per- 


WES 


570 


WES 


haps,  the  Kremlin  at  Moscow, 
with  which  Royalty  is  so  inti- 
mately associated.” 

4®=  “ The  eye  gazes  with  wonder 
at  clustered  columns  of  gigantic  di- 
mensions, with  arches  springing  from 
them  to  such  an  amazing  height.  It 
seems  as  if  the  awful  nature  of  the 
place  presses  down  upon  the  soul,  and 
hushes  the  beholder  into  noiseless  rev- 
erence. We  feel  that  we  are  surrounded 
by  the  congregated  bones  of  the  great 
men  of  past  times,  who  have  filled  his- 
tory with  their  deeds,  and  earth  with 
their  renown.”  Irving. 

4®=*  “When  I am  in  a serious  hu- 
mor, I very  often  walk  by  myself  in 
Westminster  Abbey ; where  the  gloomi- 
ness of  the  place,  and  the  use  to  which 
it  is  applied,  with  the  solemnity  of  the 
building,  and  the  condition  of  the  peo- 
ple who  lie  in  it,  are  apt  to  fill  the  mind 
with  a kind  of  melancholy,  or  rather 
thoughtfulness,  that  is  not  disagreea- 
ble.” Addison. 

46gr*  “ The  moment  I entered  West- 
minster Abbey  I felt  a kind  of  awe  per- 
vade my  mind  which  I cannot  describe  : 
the  very  silence  seemed  sacred.” 

Burke. 

4^=*  “ The  superb  nave,  the  admira- 
ble Giothic  architecture,  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  are  alone  adapted  to  the  climate  : 
this  labyrinth  of  forms,  these  sweeping 
and  huge  mouldings,  this  profusion  of 
delicate  sculptures,  are  required  to  fill 
the  dim  air  and  people  the  void  of  such 
sombre  interiors.”  Taine , Trans. 

Here,  where  the  end  of  earthly  things 
Lays  heroes,  patriots,  bards,  and  kings, 

Here,  where  the  fretted  aisles  prolong 
The  distant  notes  of  holy  song, 


If  ever  from  an  English  heart, 

Oh,  here  let  prejudice  depart ! Scott. 

Be  mine,  in  hours  of  fear 
Or  grovelling  thought,  to  seek  a refuge 
here, 

And  through  the  aisles  of  Westminster  to 
roam, 

Where  bubbles  burst,  and  folly’s  dancing 
foam 

Melts,  if  it  crosses  the  threshold. 

Wordsworth. 

W estminster  Bridge.  An  elegant 
bridge  across  the  Thames  at  Lon- 
don, built  1856-62,  in  place  of  a 
stone  bridge  (the  second  upon  the 
spot)  built  in  1739-50.  Words- 
worth has  a sonnet  on  the  view 
from  Westminster  Bridge,  begin- 
ning : — 

“Earth  hath  not  any  thing  to  show  more 
fair.” 


As  I was  going  o’er  Westminster  Bridge , 

I met  with  a Westminster  scholar; 

He  pulled  oft'  his  cap,  an ’ drew  off  his  glove. 

And  wished  me  a very  good  morrow. 
What  is  his  name  ? Mother  Goose. 

Westminster  Hall.  An  ancient 
hall  originally  added  to  the  Pal- 
ace at  Westminster,  London,  by 
William  Rufus,  who  held  his  first 
court  here,  1099.  It  has  long  been 
used  for  the  sittings  of  the  Royal 
Courts  and  of  the  Parliaments, 
for  Coronation-feasts,  and  other 
similar  purposes;  and  the  name 
Westminster  Hall  is  not  unfre- 
quently  used  for  the  law  itself. 
It  is  called  the  Great  Hall  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  Lesser  Hall, 
the  House  of  Commons  after  the 
fire  of  1834.  It  is  one  of  the  no- 
blest and  most  venerable  archi- 
tectural relics  in  Europe,  and  the 
largest  room  unsupported  by  pil- 
lars in  the  world.  Westminster 
Hall  was  the  place  of  trial  of  the 
Earl  of  Strafford,  of  Charles  I., 
and  of  Warren  Hastings. 

4®"  “ One  of  these  halls,  Westmin- 
ster Hall,  which  serves  for  great  state 
trials,  is  immense  and  of  the  greatest 
beauty.  . . . The  effect  of  the  whole 
is  rich  and  grave.”  Taine , Trans. 

Those  who  have  attended  to  the  practice 
of  our  literary  tribunal  are  weli  aware 
that,  by  means  of  certain  legal  fictions 
similar  to  those  of  Westminster  Hall , we 
are  frequently  enabled  to  take  cognizance 
of  cases  lying  beyond  the  sphere  of  our 
original  jurisdiction.  Macaulay. 

Thus  he  [Cromwell]  subdued  a spirit 
that  had  been  often  troublesome  to  the 
most  sovereign  power,  and  made  Westmin- 
ster Hall  as  obedient  and  subservient  to 
his  commands  as  any  of  the  rest  of  his 
quarters.  Edward  Hyde. 

The  clothed,  embodied  Justice  that  sits 
in  Westminster  Hall , with  penalties,  parch- 
ments, tipstaves,  is  very  visible.  But  the 
wwembodied  J ustice,  whereof  that  other  is 
either  an  emblem,  or  else  is  a fearful  in- 
describability,  is  not  so  visible.  Carlyle. 

Especially  what  member  of  the  legal 
profession,  unless  his  heart  be  as  dry  as 
parchment  and  worn  as  the  steps  of  a 
court-house,  can  fail  to  do  honor  to  the 
genius  of  a place  [the  Roman  Forum] 
where  jurisprudence  was  reared  into  a 
perfect  system,  while  Druids  were  yet 
cutting  mistletoe  on  the  site  of  Westmin- 
ster Hall?  Hillard 

The  fight  in  the  street,  which  is  backed 
for  gold,  — 

The  piea  of  the  lawyers  in  Westminster 
Hall.  Mrs.  Browning. 

Westminster  Palace.  The  Eng- 
lish Houses  of  Parliament  in  Lon- 


WES 


571 


WHI 


don,  occupying  the  site  of  the 
Royal  Palace  of  the  monarchs  of 
England  from  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor to  Queen  Elizabeth.  The 
first  stone  of  the  New  Palace  was 
laid  April  27,  1840.  It  is  the  lar- 
gest public  edifice  in  England, 
probably  the  largest  Gothic  edi- 
fice in  the  world,  and  is  consid- 
ered in  respect  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  its  apartments  for  the 
transaction  of  business,  lighting, 
ventilation,  etc  , to  be  the  most 
perfect  building  in  Europe.  It 
covers  about  eight  acres,  and  has 
four  principal  fronts,  the  eastern 
or  river  front  being  940  feet  in 
length.  The  architect  was  Sir 
Charles  Barry.  The  Royal  or 
Victoria  Tower  at  the  south-west 
angle,  containing  the  royal  en- 
trance, rises  to  the  height  of  about 
340  feet,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
stupendous  works  of  the  kind  in 
the  world. 

Jg®=*  “ Though  tho  Palaco  of  West- 
minster may  not  have  realized  the  high- 
est qualities  of  the  architecture  which 
it  is  popularly  supposed  to  represent, 
it  has  at  least  proved  an  excellent 
school  for  the  encouragement  of  an- 
cient art.  It  has  educated  many  a 
sculptor,  stone-mason,  metal-worker, 
decorator,  and  cabinetmaker,  who 
would  otherwise  have  grown  up  ignor- 
ant of  every  phase  of  ornament  save 
that  which  had  reached  him  by  a per- 
verted tradition.  Barry,  to  whose  tal- 
ent are  due  the  merits  of  the  general 
design,  wisely  intrusted  to  Pugin  the 
design  of  those  details  which  were  to 
enrich  his  structure.”  Eastlake. 

J&gr  “ We  proceed  to  the  Houses  of 
Parliament;  as  a whole,  the  architec- 
ture constantly  repeats  a rather  poor 
idea,  and  does  not  show  great  inven- 
tion. ...  It  is  G-othic,  accommodated 
to  the  climate.  The  palace  magnifi- 
cently mirrors  itself  in  the  shining 
river.  In  default  of  genius,  the  archi- 
tects have  had  good  sense.” 

Taine,  Trans. 

Westminster  School,  or  St.  Pe- 
ter’s College.  A public  school, 
in  London,  for  “ Grammar,  Retli- 
oricke,  Poetrie,  and  for  the  Latin 
and  Greek  languages,”  founded 
by  Henry  VIII.,  and  re-estab- 
lished in  1560  by  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. Among  the  names  of  emi- 
nent men  who  were  scholars  here 
are  Ben  Jonson,  George  Chap- 


man, Jaspar  Mayne,  Giles  Fletch- 
er, William  Cartwright,  Cowley, 
Nathaniel  Lee,  Dryden,  Prior, 
Rowe,  Churchill,  Dyer,  Cowper, 
Southey,  Sir  Harry  Vane  the 
younger,  Hakluyt,  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren,  Locke,  South,  War- 
ren Hastings,  Atterbury,  Gibbon, 
the  elder  Colrnan,  Cumberland, 
Lord  John  Russell. 

Westphalica,  Porta.  See  Pout  a 
Westphalica. 

Weyer’s  Cave.  A natural  curiosity 
in  Augusta  County,  Va.,  regard- 
ed as  one  of  the  greatest  wonders 
of  its  class  in  the  United  States. 
The  cave  is  more  than  1,600  feet 
in  length,  and  contains  many  cal- 
careous formations  of  great  vari- 
ety and  beauty.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  1804. 

What  Cheer  Rock.  A rock  in  a 
cove  near  Providence,  R.I.  The 
tradition  is  that  Roger  Williams, 
the  founder  of  the  Rhode  Island 
colony,  on  his  banishment  from 
Massachusetts  landed  on  this 
rock,  where  he  was  hailed  by  the 
Indians  with  the  words,  “What 
cheer,  Netop  ? (friend.)  ” 

Wheatland.  The  estate  and  resi- 
dence for  many  years  of  James 
Buchanan,  the  15fcli  President  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  situated 
about  a mile  from  the  city  of 
Lancaster,  Penn. 

Wheel  of  Fortune.  A water-color 
painting  by  Hans  Holbein  the 
Younger  (1498-1543),  the  German 
painter.  It  is  now  at  Chatsworth, 
England. 

Whirlpool  Rapids.  At  Niagara 
Falls,  N.Y.  Here  the  waters  from 
the  Great  Lakes  rush  with  ter- 
rible fury  through  a narrow  gorge. 
The  velocity  and  volume  of  these 
rapids  is  so  great  that  the  stream 
is  thirty  or  forty  feet  higher  in 
the  centre  than  at  the  sides.  See 
Maid  of  the  Mist. 

Whispering  Gallery.  A gallery 
in  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral,  London, 
so  called  because  the  slightest 
whisper  is  transmitted  with  great 
rapidity  and  distinctness  from 
one  side  of  the  gallery  to  the 


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other.  Another  instance  of  a 
“Whispering  Gallery”  in  a 
church  is  found  in  the  Whitefield 
Church  of  Newburypoxt,  Mass. 

Nor  had  Fane}7  fed 

With  less  delight  upon  that  other  class 
Of  marvels,  broad-day  wonders  perma- 
nent: 

The  river  proudly  bridged ; the  dizzy  top 
And  Whispering  Gallery  of  St.  Paul's. 

Wordsworth. 

White  Conduit  House.  A public- 
house  on  the  extreme  verge  of 
London.  It  derived  its  name 
from  the  conduit  near  by,  which 
was  built  for  the  use  of  the  Char- 
ter-house. It  had,  both  in  and 
around  it,  ample  accommodations 
for  tea-drinking,  and  was  a very 
popular  place  of  resort  in  the 
early  part  of  this  century.  It  was 
celebrated  for  its  White  Conduit 
rolls. 

All  public  dinners  in  London,  from  t e 
Lord  Mayor's  annual  banquet  at  Guild- 
hall, to  the  Chimney-sweepers*  anniver- 
sary at  White  Conduit  House ; from  the 
Goldsmiths*  to  the  Butchers’,  from  the 
Sheriffs’  to  the  Licensed  Victuallers’  — are 
amusing  scenes.  Dickens 

White  Convent.  A monastery  of 
Coptic  Christians  in  Upper  Egypt, 
standing  upon  the  edge  of  the 
desert,  supposed  to  be  of  the  time 
of  the  Empress  Helena,  but  prob- 
ably of  a later  date. 

White  Hart.  1.  An  ancient  tavern 
situated  in  Southwark,  London, 
near  London  Bridge.  It  was  the 
headquarters  of  Jack  Cade  and 
his  rebel  forces  in  1150.  It  was 
partly  demolished  and  partly 
burnt.  Dickens  in  the  “ Pick- 
wick Papers”  has  described  the 
modern  building  of  this  name. 

Rath  my  sword  therefore  broke  through 
London  gates,  that  you  should  leave  me 
at  the  White  Hart , in  Sou.thwark  ? 

Shakespeare. 

“ A great,  rambling,  queer  old 
place,  with  galleries  and  passages  and 
staircases,  wide  enough  and  antiquated 
enough  to  furnish  materials  for  a hun- 
dred ghost-stories.”  Dickens. 

2.  An  old  London  tavern,  Bish- 
opsgate  Without.  It  was  stand- 
ing in  the  first  part  of  the  present 
century. 

White  Horse  of  Berkshire.  Be- 
tween Abingdon  and  Uffington, 
in  the  county  of  Berks,  England, 


is  a vale  called  the  “ Vale  of  the 
White  Horse.”  It  takes  its  name 
from  a colossal  figure  of  a gallop- 
ing horse  rudely  fashioned  on 
the  side  of  a steep  chalk  hill  (893 
feet  high)  by  removing  the  over- 
lying  turf.  The  figure  is  about 
374  feet  in  length,  and  can  be 
seen  10  or  12  miles  in  a fair  day, 
when  the  sun  is  shining  upon  it. 
At  what  period  or  by  whom  it 
was  cut,  is  not  known.  It  has 
been  variously  ascribed  to  the 
Saxons,  to  the  Danes,  and  to  the 
Druids.  Local  tradition  attrib- 
utes it  to  King  Alfred,  and  re- 
gards it  as  a monument  of  the 
victory  won  by  him  over  the 
Danes  in  the  great  battle  of  Ash- 
down, in  871.  He  is  said  to  have 
carveed  a horse,  rather  than  any 
other  object,  because  that  was 
the  device  borne  on  the  Saxon 
standard.  The  earliest  historical 
notice  of  the  White  Horse  is  con- 
tained in  a cartulary,  or  register 
of  the  Abbey  of  Abingdon,  writ- 
ten in  the  year  1171,  and  pre- 
served in  the  British  Museum. 
As,  in  the  course  of  time,  the 
trench  which  forms  the  figure  of 
the  horse  would  naturally  get 
filled  up  and  grown  over,  the 
people  living  in  the  neighborhood 
have  a custom  of  meeting  for  the 
purpose  of  “ scouring  ” or  clean- 
ing it;  and  they  make  this  the 
occasion  of  a “ pastime,”  or  festi- 
val, at  which  manly  games  and 
sports,  with  prizes,  are  exhibited. 
Thomas  Hughes  has  written  a 
work  called  “ The  Scouring  of 
the  White  Horse,”  which  gives, 
in  story  form,  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  a great  pastime  held  on 
the  18tli  of  September,  1857,  and 
embodies  all  the  scattered  legends 
and  traditions  of  the  vicinity,  and 
all  the  authentic  historical  notices 
relating  to  the  old  monument. 

White  House.  The  executive  or 
presidential  mansion  at  Wash- 
ington. It  is  a large  freestone 
building,  painted  white,  from 
which  latter  circumstance  it  de- 
rives its  name.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  modelled  after  the  palace  of 
the  Duke  of  Leinster.  The  ex- 
ecutive mansion  was  first  occu- 


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pied  by  President  Adams  in  1800, 
was  destroyed  by  the  British  in 
1814,  and  rebuilt  a few  years  later. 

The  President’s  house  — or  the  White 
House , as  it  is  now  called  all  the  world 
over  — is  a handsome  mansion  fitted  for 
the  chief  officer  of  a great  republic. 

Anthony  Trollope. 

Ef  you  git  me  inside  the  White  House, 
Your  head  with  ile  I'll  kin’  o’  hiint 
By  gittin’  you  inside  the  Light  house 
Down  to  the  eend  o’  Jaalam  Pint. 

Lowell , Biglow  Papers. 
At  a moment  when  the  White  House 
itself  is  in  danger  of  conflagration,  instead 
of  all  hands  uniting  to  extinguish  the 
flames,  we  are  contending  about  who 
shall  be  its  next  occupant.  When  a dread- 
ful crevasse  has  occurred,  which  threatens 
inundation  and  destruction  to  all  around 
it.  we  are  contesting  and  disputing  about 
the  profits  of  an  estate  which  is  threatened 
with  total  submersion.  H.  Clay. 

Before  the  White  House  portals 
The  careless  eyes  behold 
Three  iron  bombs  uplifted, 

Adusk  in  summer  gold 

J.  J.  Piatt. 

White  House.  See  Casa  Blanca. 

White  Tower.  See  Tower,  The. 

Whitechapel.  A wide  and  spacious 
street  in  London. 

In  spirituals  and  temporals,  in  field  and 
workshop,  from  Manchester  to  Dorset- 
shire, from  Lambeth  Palace  to  the  Lanes 
of  Wliitechapel , wherever  men  meet  and 
toil  and  traffic  together,  — Anarchy,  An- 
archy. Carlyle. 

Two  sticks  and  an  apple. 

Say  the  bells  at  Whitechapel. 

Mother  Goose. 

Whitefield  Church.  A name  by 
which  the  Old  South  (Presbyte- 
rian) church  in  Newburyport, 
Mass. , is  sometimes  known.  The 
remains  of  George  Whitefield 
(1714-1770),  the  founder  of  Cal- 
vinistic  Methodism,  rest  in  a 
vault  under  the  pulpit  of  this 
church.  In  this  church  is  a noted 
whispering- gallery,  said  to  be 
equalled  only  by  that  at  St. 
Paul’s,  London. 

Long  shall  the  traveller  strain  his  eye 
From  the  railroad-car,  as  it  plunges  by. 
And  the  vanishing  town  behind  him 
search 

For  the  slender  spire  of  the  Wrhitefield 
Church.  Whittier. 

“ Yonder  spire 

Over  gray  roofs,  a shaft  of  fire ; 

What  is  it,  pray?’*  — “The  Whitefield 
Church  ! 

Walled  about  by  its  basement  stones, 
There  rest  the  marvellous  prophet’s 
bones.”  Whittier. 


Whitefriars.  A district  in  London, 
which  long  possessed  the  privi- 
leges of  sanctuary,  and  hence 
became  the  asylum  of  debtors, 
cheats,  and  gamblers,  who  were 
here  protected  from  arrest.  From 
this  circumstance  it  derived  the 
cant  name  of  Alsatia , perhaps 
from  the  Landgraviate  of  Alsace, 
which  stood  in  much  the  same 
relation  to  France  as  Whitefriars 
did  to  the  Temple.  In  the  Tem- 
ple students  were  studying  to 
observe  the  law,  and  in  Alsatia , 
adjoining,  debtors  to  avoid  and 
violate  it.  Alsatia,  or  Whitefri- 
ars, has  been  immortalized  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  “ The  Fortunes 
of  Nigel;”  and  here  is  laid  the 
scene  of  Shadwell’s  comedy  of 

The  Squire  of  Alsatia.” 

“ Though  the  immunities  legal- 
ly belonging  to  the  place  extended  only 
to  cases  of  debt,  cheats,  false  witnesses, 
forgers,  and  highwaymen  found  refuge 
there.  For  amidst  a rabble  so  desper- 
ate no  peace-officer’s  life  was  in  safety. 
At  the  cry  of  ‘Rescue!’  bullies  with 
swords  and  cudgels,  and  termagant 
hags  with  spits  and  broomsticks, 
poured  forth  by  hundreds;  and  the  in- 
truder was  fortunate  if  he  escaped  back 
into  Fleet  Street,  hustled,  stripped, 
and  pumped  upon.”  Macaulay. 

4ST  “ It  is  not  unlikely  that  the 
Landgraviate  of  Alsace  [Ger.  Elsass , 
Lat.  Alsatia J — now  the  frontier  prov- 
ince of  France  [at  present  (1881)  a part 
of  the  German  empire],  long  a cause  of 
contention,  often  the  seat  of  war,  and 
familiarly  known  to  many  British  sol- 
diers — suggested  the  application  of 
the  name  Alsatia  to  the  precinct  of 
Whitefriars.”  Cunningham. 

We  shall  not  charge  upon  a whole 
party  the  profligacy  and  baseness  of  the 
horseboys,  gamblers,  and  bravos,  whom 
the  hope  of  license  and  plunder  attracted 
from  all  the  dens  of  W hitefriars  to  the 
standard  of  Charles,  and  who  disgraced 
their  associates  by  excesses  which  under 
the  stricter  discipline  of  the  Parliament- 
ary armies  were  never  tolerated. 

Macaulay. 

Whitehall.  A district  of  West- 
minster, London,  and  the  site  of 
the  Royal  Palace  of  Whitehall 
from  1530  to  1697.  It  was  for- 
merly called  York  Place  from 
having  been  the  town  residence 
of  the  Archbishops  of  York.  Car- 
dinal Wolsey  lived  here  for  a 


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long  time  upon  his  fall  from  office 
in  1529.  York  Place  was  taken 
from  him  by  Henry  VIII.,  and 
the  name  of  the  palace  changed 
to  Whitehall,  perhaps  from  some 
new  buildings  constructed  of 
white  stone.  The  present  ban- 
queting-house,  which  is  about  all 
that  is  left  of  the  palace,  was 
built  by  Inigo  Jones  between 
1619  and  1622,  and  is  considered 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  Lon- 
don. James  I.  had  previously 
rebuilt  the  old  banqueting-house, 
but  his  structure  was  burnt  in 
1619. 

4®=  “ Little  did  James  think  that  he 
was  raising  a pile  from  which  his  son 
[Charles  I.]  was  to  step  from  the 
throne  to  a scaffold.”  Pennant. 

4®=*“  Poetry,  painting,  music,  and 
architecture  were  all  called  in  to  make 
them  rational  amusements  : and  I have 
no  doubt  that  the  celebrated  festivals 
of  Louis  the  Fourteenth  were  copied 
from  the  shows  exhibited  at  White- 
hall, in  its  time  the  most  polite  court  in 
Europe.  Ben  Jonson  was  the  laureate, 
Inigo  Jones  the  inventor  of  the  decora- 
tions; Laniere  and  Ferabosco  com- 
posed the  symphonies;  the  king,  the 
queen,  and  the  young  nobility  danced 
in  the  interludes.”  Walpole. 

4®=-  “ Whitehall,  when  he  [Charles 
the  Second]  dwelt  there,  was  the  focus 
of  political  intrigue  and  of  fashionable 
gayety.  Half  the  jobbing  and  half  the 
flirting  of  the  metropolis  went  on  un- 
der his  roof.”  Macaulay. 

You  must  no  more  call  it  York-place, 
that  is  past : 

For  since  the  Cardinal  fell,  that  title’s 
lost: 

’Tis  now  the  king’s,  and  call'd  Whitehall. 

Shakespeare. 

The  king,  with  wonder  and  surprise, 

Will  swear  the  seas  grow  bold  ; 

Because  the  tides  still  higher  rise 

Than  e’er  they  did  of  old, 

But  let  them  know  it  is  our  tears 
Bring  floods  of  grief  to  Whitehall  stairs. 

Lord  Dorset. 

I see,  I see,  where  two  fair  cities  bend 
Their  ample  bow,  a new  Whitehall  ascend  ! 

Pope. 

The  furious  German  comes,  with  his  clar- 
ions and  his  drums. 

His  bravoes  of  Alsatia,  and  pages  of  White- 
hall. Macaulay. 

All  the  town  was  in  an  uproar  of  admi- 
ration of  his  poem,  the  “ Campaign,” 
which  Dick  Steele  was  spouting  at  every 
coffee-house  in  Whitehall  and  Covent 
Garden.  Thackeray . > 


White’s  Chocolate  House.  See 

White’s. 

White’s.  A famous  club  in  St. 
James’s  Street,  London,  first  es- 
tablished in  1698  as  “ WThite’s 
Chocolate  House.”  White’s  has 
from  the  first  been  noted  as  a 
gaming-house. 

4®=*  “ I have  heard  that  the  late 
Earl  of  Oxford,  in  the  time  of  his  min- 
istry, never  passed  by  White’s  Choco- 
late-house (the  common  rendezvous  of 
infamous  sharpers  and  noble  cullies) 
without  bestowing  a curse  upon  that 
famous  Academy,  as  the  bane  of  half 
the  English  nobility.”  Swift . 

4GiT  “ The  Club,  which  is  at  this 
time  limited  to  500  members,  was  for- 
merly composed  of  the  high  Tory  par- 
ty, but,  though  Conservative  principles 
may  probably  prevail,  it  has  now  ceased 
to  be  a political  club,  and  may  rather 
be  termed  ‘aristocratic.’  Several  of 
the  present  members  have  belonged  to 
the  Club  upwards  of  half  a century, 
and  the  ancestors  of  most  of  the  noble- 
men and  men  of  fashion  of  the  present 
day  who  belong  to  the  Club  were  for- 
merly members  of  it.  The  Club  has 
given  magnificent  entertainments  in 
our  time.  On  June  20, 1814,  they  gave 
a ball  at  Burlington  House  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Russia,  the  King  of  Prussia, 
and  the  allied  sovereigns  then  in  Eng- 
land : the  cost  was  £9,849, 2s.  6 d.  Three 
weeks  after  this,  the  Club  gave  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  a dinner,  which 
cost  £2,480,  10s.  9c?.”  Timbs. 

Gambling  he  [Harley]  held  in  aversion ; 
and  it  was  said  that  he  never  passed 
White's,  then  the  favorite  haunt  of  noble 
sharpers  and  dupes,  without  an  exclama- 
tion of  anger.  Macaulay. 

Aimwell.  Pray,  sir,  han’t  I seen  your 
face  at  Will’s  coffee-house  ? 

Gibbet.  Yes,  sir,  and  at  White's  too. 

Farquhar,  Beaux'  Stratagem. 
While  softer  chairs  the  tawdry  load  con- 
vey 

To  court,  to  White's , assemblies,  or  the 
Play, 

Rosy-complexioned  Health  thy  steps  at- 
tends. 

And  exercise  thy  lasting  youth  defends. 

Gay. 

His  grace  will  game:  to  White’s  a bull  be 
led, 

With  spurning  heels  and  with  a butting 
head ; 

To  White’s  be  carried,  as  to  ancient  games, 
Fair  coursers,  vases,  and  alluring  dames. 

Pope. 

Or  chair’d  at  White’s , amidst  the  doctors 
sit, 

Teach  oaths  to  gamesters,  and  to  nobles 
wit.  Pope- 


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Whittington  Club.  A London 
club  — now  in  existence  — estab- 
lished in  184b  at  the  Crown  and 
Anchor  Tavern.  Douglas  Jer- 
rold,  the  originator  of  the  club, 
was  its  first  president. 

Wie  die  Alten  sungen,  so  pfeifen 
auch  die  Jungen.  A noted  pic- 
ture, illustrating  this  proverb,  by 
Jan  Steen  (1636-1689).  Now  at 
the  Hague,  Holland. 

Wigmore  Castle.  An  ancient  and 
famous  fortress,  now  in  ruins, 
adjoining  the  town  of  the  same 
name  in  Herefordshire,  England. 

Wild-boar  Hunt.  A picture  by 
Jan  Fyt  (1625-1671),  the  Flemish 
painter,  and  one  of  his  principal 
works.  In  Ravensworth  Castle, 
England. 

Wild  Deer  of  Chillingham.  A 
picture  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer 
(1803-1873),  the  most  celebrated 
modern  painter  of  animals. 

Wilderness,  The.  A wild  and 
gloomy  tract  near  the  Rapidan 
River,  about  15  miles  from  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  the  scene  of  a 
great  battle  between  Gen.  Grant 
and  Gen.  Lee,  May  5 and  6,  1864. 

Wilhelm  Strasse.  [William 
Street  ] A noted  street  in  Berlin, 
Prussia. 

Wilhelma  Palace.  A celebrated 
show-palace  at  Cannstadt,  on  the 
Neckar,  in  Germany,  built  in 
1851. 

Wilhelms  Platz.  [William’s 
Square.]  A well-known  public 
square  in  Berlin,  Prussia. 

Wilhelmshohe.  A famous  palace 
and  summer  residence  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Cassel,  Ger- 
many. It  has  been  called  the 
German  Versailles.  The  Emper- 
or Napoleon  III.  lived  here  for  a 
time  as  a prisoner-of-war  after 
his  defeat  in  the  battle  of  Sedan, 
Sept.  1,  1870.  See  Giant’s  Cas- 
tle. 

It  is  incalculable  how  much  that  royal 
big-wig  cost  Germany.  Every  prince  imi- 
tated the  French  king,  and  had  his  Ver- 
sailles, his  Wilhelmshohe , his  court  and  its 
splendors,  his  fountains  and  water-works 
and  Tritons.  Thackeray. 


Willey  House.  A famous  dwell- 
ing-house at  the  base  of  Willey 
Mountain  in  the  Notch  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire. In  former  years  terrible 
slides  of  soil  and  rock  at  times 
came  thundering  down  the  sides 
of  the  mountain.  On  the  night 
of  Aug.  28,  1826,  during  a violent 
storm,  one  of  these  avalanches 
occurred;  and  the  whole  Willey 
family,  who  then  lived  in  the 
house,  were  killed.  The  story  is, 
that  Mr.  Willey,  fearing  a slide 
from  the  mountain,  had  built  far- 
ther down  the  valley  what  he 
considered  a safe  shelter  to  which 
they  could  flee  on  hearing  the  ap- 
proach of  an  avalanche.  The 
whole  family  and  two  hired  men, 
warned  by  the  crash  of  the  ex- 
pected slide,  rushed  out  of  doors 
towards  the  supposed  shelter,  but 
were  overtaken  and  overwhelmed 
by  the  torrent  of  rocks,  while 
the  house  which  they  had  just 
abandoned  remained  uninjured, 
as  would  its  inmates,  had  they 
staid  within  it.  See  Notch,  The. 

William  and  Mary  College.  A 

collegiate  establishment  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.  It  was  founded 
in  1692,  and  is  the  oldest  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  the  country, 
next  to  Harvard  College. 

William,  Fort.  See  Fort  Wil- 
liam and  Fort  William  Henry. 

Williams  College.  An  institution 
of  learning  at  Williamstown, 
Mass.  It  was  founded  in  1793. 
The  cluster  of  buildings  com- 
prised in  the  college  is  beauti- 
fully situated. 

Willis’s  Rooms.  See  Almack’s. 

Williston  Seminary.  A well-en- 
dowed educational  establishment 
in  Easthampton,  Mass. 

Will’s.  This  noted  coffee-house 
and  famous  resort  was  in  Russell 
Street,  London.  In  the  time  of 
Dry  den,  who  here  presided  over 
those  celebrated  as  the  wits  and 
poets  of  the  period,  it  was  called 
the  Wits’  Coffee-house,  and  was 
much  frequented.  After  Dry- 
den’s  death  the  wits  resorted  to 
Button’s.  See  Button’s. 


WIL 


576 


WIN 


4^  “It  was  Dryden  who  made 
Will’s  Coffee-house  the  great  resort  oi 
the  wits  of  his  time.” 

Pope , Spence’s  Anecdotes. 

“ That  celebrated  house,  situ- 
ated between  Co  vent  Garden  and  Bow 
Street,  was  sacred  to  polite  letters. 
There  the  talk  was  about  poetical  jus- 
tice and  the  unities  of  place  and  time. 

. . . Under  no  roof  was  a greater  vari- 
ety of  figures  to  be  seen,  — earls  in 
stars  and  garters,  clergymen  in  cas- 
socks and  bands,  pert  templars,  sheep- 
ish lads  from  the  universities,  transla- 
tors and  index-makers  in  ragged  coats 
of  frieze.  The  great  press  was  to  get 
near  the  chair  where  John  Dryden 
sate.”  Macaulay. 

And,  upon  my  going  into  Will’s,  I found 
their  discourse  was  gone  off,  from  the 
death  of  the  French  King,  to  that  of  Mon- 
sieur Boileau,  Racine,  Corneille,  an  1 sev- 
eral other  poets,  whom  they  regretted  on 
this  occasion  as  persons  who  would  have 
obliged  the  world  with  very  noble  elegies 
on  the  death  of  so  great  a prince,  and  so 
eminent  a patron  of  learning. 

Addison , Spectator. 

The  loose  atheistical  wits  at  Will's  might 
write  such  stuff  to  divert  the  pain  ted  Jeze- 
bels of  the  court:  but  did  it  become  a 
minister  of  the  gospel  to  copy  the  evil 
fashions  of  the  world  ? Macaulay. 

His  fame  travelled  to  London : he 
[Charles  Montague]  was  thought  a clever 
lad  by  the  wits  who  met  at  Will's;  and  the 
lively  parody  which  he  wrote,  in  concert 
with  his  friend  and  fellow-student  Prior, 
on  Dryden 's  Hind  and  Panther,  was  re- 
ceived with  great  applause.  Macaulay. 

Be  sure  at  Will’s  the  following  day 

Lie  snug,  and  hear  what  critics  say. 

Swift. 

J&jf*  There  was  another  Will’s  at  the 
corner  of  Serle  and  Portugal  Streets, 
London. 

Wilton  House.  A famous  man- 
sion, the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Pem- 
broke, and  in  which  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  wrote  his  “ Arcadia.”  It 
adjoins  the  town  of  Wilton,  in 
England. 

4G?T  “ At  Wilton  House,  the  * Arca- 
dia’ was  written,  amidst  conversations 
with  Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brooke,  a 
man  of  no  vulgar  mind,  as  his  own 
poems  declare  him.”  Emerson. 

From  Pembroke’s  princely  dome,  where 
mimic  art 

Decks  with  a magic  hand  the  dazzling 
bowers, 

Its  living  hues  where  the  warm  pencil 
pours. 

And  breathing  forms  from  the  rude  marble 
start. 

How  to  life’s  humbler  scene  can  I depart? 


My  breast  all  glowing  from  those  gorgeous 
towers, 

In  my  low  cell,  liow  cheat  the  sullen 
hours?  Thomas  Warton. 

Winchecter  Cathedral.  A noted 
church  in  Winchester,  England, 
of  great  size  and  magnificence. 
The  nave,  250  feet  in  length,  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  in 
England.  William  Rufus  was 
buried  in  this  church,  and  also 
Izaak  Walton.  It  contains  also 
a celebrated  painting  by  West  of 
the  “ Raising  of  Lazarus.” 

Winds,  Cave  of  the.  See  Cave  of 
the  Winds. 

Windsor  Castle.  A royal  resi- 
dence, and  the  principal  seat  of 
the  British  sovereigns,  in  the 
town  of  Windsor,  near  London. 
It  surpasses  in  antiquity  and  in 
beauty  of  situation  all  the  other 
palaces  of  Europe.  The  date  of 
the  old  castle  is  uncertain.  It 
undoubtedly  belongs  to  a period 
much  earlier  than  the  Conquest. 
The  history  of  the  present  castle, 
which  was  founded  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  begins  with  Ed- 
ward III.,  by  whom  it  was  al- 
most rebuilt.  The  castle  stands 
upon  a promontory  overlooking 
the  valley  of  the  Thames.  Ed- 
ward IV.  re-erected  St.  George’s 
Chapel  nearly  as  it  now  stands, 
one  of  the  finest  ecclesiastical 
buildings  in  the  country.  Henry 
VII.  also  erected  a fine  though 
small  chapel,  which  is  still  stand- 
ing. Queen  Elizabeth  caused  the 
terrace  to  be  made  which  is  one 
of  the  grand  characteristics  of  the 
place,  and  regarded  as  the  noblest 
walk  of  its  kind  in  Europe. 
Charles  II.  added  what  is  known 
as  the  Star-building,  which  con- 
tains the  rooms  shown  to  the 
public.  The  state  apartments 
contain  valuable  pictures,  ancient 
decorative  furniture,  Gobelin 
tapestries,  plate,  and  other  ar- 
ticles of  value. 

4®  “ It  is  a place  full  of  storied  and 
poetical  associations.  ...  I have  visited 
Vaucluse  with  as  much  enthusiasm  as 
a pilgrim  would  visit  the  shrine  at 
Loretto;  but  I have  never  felt  more 
poetical  devotion  than  when  contemplat- 
ing the  old  Tower  and  the  little  garden 
at  Windsor,  and  musing  over  the  ro- 


WIN 


577 


WIT 


mantic  loves  of  the  Lady  Jane  and  the 
Royal  Poet  of  Scotland.”  Irving . 

As  I have  fancied  I could  read  tlie 
French  character  in  the  national  palace 
of  the  Tuileries,  so  I have  pictured  to  my- 
self some  of  the  traits  of  John  Bull  in  Ids 
royal  abode  of  Windsor  Castle.  Irving. 

Although  the  palace  has  not  attained 
any  thing  like  its  full  growth,  yet  what 
exists  is  quite  big  enough  for  the  monarch 
of  such  a little  country ; and  Versailles  or 
Windsor  has  not  apartments  more  nobly 
proportioned.  Thackeray . 

Search  Windsor  Castle , elves,  within, 
without, 

Strew  good  luck,  ouplies,  on  every  sacred 
room, 

That  it  may  stand  till  the  perpetual  doom 
In  state  as  wholesome  as  in  state  ’tis  tit, 
Worthy  the  owner  and  the  owner  it. 

Shakespeare. 

Home  of  my  heart ! to  me  more  fair 
'1  han  gay  Versailles  or  Windsor’s  halls. 
The  painted,  shingly  town-house  where 
The  freeman’s  vote  for  Freedom  falls! 

Whittier. 

Windsor  Forest:  A tract  of  wood- 
land said  to  be  5(5  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, adjoining  the  town 
of  Windsor,  England,  and  having 
many  historical  and  legendary 
associations.  See  Herne’s  Oak. 

Thy  forest,  Windsor ! and  thy  green  re- 
treats. 

At  once  the  Monarch's  and  the  Muses’ 
seats. 

Invite  my  lays.  Pope. 

Long  shalt  thou  flourish,  Windsor ! body- 
ing forth 

Chivalric  times,  and  long  shall  live 
around 

Thy  Castle  the  old  oaks  of  British  birth, 
Whose  gnarled  roots,  tenacious  and  pro- 
found. 

As  with  a lion’s  talons  grasp  the  ground. 

Campbell. 

Outstretched  beneath  the  leafy  shade 
Of  Windsor  Forest’s  deepest  glade, 

A dying  woman  lay: 

Three  little  children  round  her  stood, 

And  there  went  up  from  the  greenwood 
A woful  wail  that  day. 

Caroline  Bowles  Southey. 

Windsor  Knights.  The  name 
given  to  a body  of  superannuated 
military  officers  who  are  provided 
with  accommodations  in  Windsor 
Castle,  and  who  receive  a daily  al- 
lowance. The  establishment  was 
founded  by  Edward  the  Third. 

Wingfield  Manor-house.  A fine 
mansion  in  Derbyshire,  England. 
It  was  built  by  Ralph,  Lord 
Cromwell,  Treasurer  of  England 
in  the  time  of  Henry  YI.  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots*  was  imprisoned 


here,  under  the  care  of  the  Earl 
of  Shrewsbury. 

Winifred’s  Well.  See  St.  Wini- 
fred’s Well. 

Winter  Palace.  A gigantic  pile  of 
buildings  in  St.  Petersburg,  Rus- 
sia, used  by  the  emperor  as  his 
residence  when  at  home  in  his 
capital.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  splendid  royal  edifices 
in  the  world,  the  interior  espe- 
cially being  very  gorgeous.  The 
present  building  was  erected 
upon  the  site  of  another  bearing 
the  same  name,  which  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1837.  It  is  said 
that  6,000  persons  occupy  this 
palace  during  the  period  of  the 
emperor’s  residence  in  it.  It  con- 
tains a regalia-room  and  a pic- 
ture-gallery. Of  the  old  Winter 
Palace,  Kohl  says:  “ The  suites 
of  apartments  were  perfect  laby- 
rinths, and  even  the  chief  of  the 
imperial  household,  who  had 
filled  that  post  for  12  years,  was 
not  perfectly  acquainted  with  all 
the  nooks  and  corners  of  the 
building.”  The  new  palace, 
though  not  so  intricate,  is  of 
equal  size. 

JgQjp-  “ To  me  the  most  delightful  part 
of  the  Winter  Palace  was  the  garden. 
It  forms  one  of  the  suite  of  thirty  halls, 
some  of  them  three  hundred  feet  long, 
on  the  second  story.  In  this  garden  . . . 
rise  clumps  of  Italian  cypress  and  laurel 
from  beds  of  emerald  turf  and  bloom, 
ing  hyacinths.  Lamps  of  fretted  glass 
hang  among  the  foliage,  and  diffuse  a 
mellow  golden  moonlight  over  the  en- 
chanted ground.”  Bayard  Taylor- 

Winthrop,  Fort.  See  Fort  Win- 
throp. 

Wisdom  Victorious  over  the 
Vices.  An  allegorical  picture 
by  Andrea  Mantegna  (1430-1506), 
the  Italian  painter.  Now  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Witcli  Hill.  A hill  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  bearing  this  name  because 
of  the  executions  of  the  so-called 
witches  which  took  place  upon  it 
during  the  witchcraft  delusion 
in  1692.  [More  commonly  called 
Gallows  Hill.] 

4®=*“  Whether  Witch  Hill  be  the 
first  or  last  place  visited,  it  is  there 


WIT 


578 


WOL 


Salem  witchcraft  culminates.  There  is 
seen,  approaching  by  the  railway,  a 
bleak  and  rocky  eminence  bestrewn 
with  a little  soil.  On  the  summit  is  a 
tolerably  level  area  of  several  acres. 
Not  a tree  was  growing  on  it  when  I was 
there.  The  bleak  winds  sweep  over  it 
without  hinderance.  . . . John  Adams 
mentions  a visit  to  this  hill  in  1766, 
then  called  Witchcraft  Hili.  In  1793, 
Dr.  Morse  notes  that  the  graves  might 
still  be  traced.”  Drake. 

Over  this  seems  to  lie  a certain  tender- 
ness for  humanity  in  general,  bred  out  of 
life-long  trial,  I should  say,  but  sharply 
streaked  with  fiery  lines  of  wrath,  at  vari- 
ous individual  acts  of  wrong,  especially  if 
they  come  in  an  ecclesiastical  shape,  and 
recall  to  him  the  days  when  his  mother’s 
great-grandmother  was  strangled  on 
Witch  Hill , with  a text  from  the  Old  Tes- 
ment  for  her  halter.  Holmes. 

Witch  House.  An  ancient  house 
in  Salem,  Mass.,  one  of  the  old- 
est, if  not  the  very  oldest  build- 
ing, now  standing  in  this  part  of 
the  country.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  built  in  1631.  Here  were 
tried  persons  suspected  of  witch- 
craft during  the  terrible  delusion 
which  spread  over  New  England. 
A modern  addition  has  been 
made  to  the  building. 

45P  “ In  appearance  the  original 
house  might  have  been  transplanted 
out  of  old  London.  Its  peaked  gables, 
with  pine-apples  carved  in  wood  sur- 
mounting, its  latticed  windows  and  co- 
lossal chimney,  put  it  unmistakably  in 
the  age  of  ruffs,  Spanish  cloaks,  and 
long  rapiers.  It  has  long  been  divest- 
ed of  its  antique  English  character, 
now  appearing  no  more  than  a remi- 
niscence of  its  former  self.”  Drake. 

Witch  of  Endor.  A picture  by 
Washington  Allston  (1779-1813). 

Wittinagemot  Club.  The  name 
Wittinagemot  was  applied  to  a 
corner  box  of  the  coffee-room 
of  the  Chapter  Coffee-house  in 
Paternoster  Row,  London,  noted, 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  as  a fa- 
vorite resort  of  publishers,  book- 
sellers, men  of  letters,  and  others. 
The  Chapter  Coffee-house,  also 
famed  for  its  newspapers,  pam- 
phlets, and  for  its  punch,  was 
altered  into  a tavern  in  1854. 

Wittlesbach  Ancestors.  Twelve 
statues,  so  called,  in  the  Hall  of 
the  Throne,  in  the  New  Palace  of 
Munich,  Bavaria. 


Wivern,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy.  It  was 
launched  Aug.  27,  1863. 

Woburn  Abbey.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  near  the  town 
of  Woburn,  Bedford,  England. 
The  modern  mansion,  which  is 
of  the  last  century,  includes  a 
part  of  the  ancient  abbey  from 
which  it  derives  its  name. 

4Qr*  “He  [an  American]  would 
sooner  have  built  Jones’s  tenth  block, 
with  a prospect  of  completing  a twen- 
tieth, than  settle  himself  down  at  rest 
for  life  as  the  owner  of  a Chatsworth 
or  a Woburn”  Trollope. 

Wokey  Hole.  A remarkable  and 
romantic  cavern,  near  Glaston- 
bury, England. 

Wolf  Hunt.  A picture  by  Peter 
Paul  Rubens  (1577-1640),  and  con- 
sidered one  of  his  most  magnifi- 
cent works.  It  was  once  in  the 
collection  of  Lord  Ashburton, 
England. 

Wolf  of  the  Capitol.  A famous 
bronze  figure  of  unknown  anti- 
quity in  the  Capitol  at  Rome. 
Some  regard  this  as  the  bronze 
wolf  described  by  Dionysius  as 
standing  at  the  temple  of  Romu- 
lus under  the  Palatine;  while 
others  consider  that  it  is  one  re- 
ferred to  by  Cicero  in  one  of  his 
harangues  against  Catiline,  which 
was  struck  by  lightning  in  the 
time  of  that  orator,  and  which  is 
also  commemorated  by  Virgil  in 
his  well-known  lines.  The  wolf 
is  undoubtedly  ancient,  but  the 
twins  are  modern. 

And  thou,  the  thunder-stricken  nurse  of 
Home ! 

She-wolf!  whose  brazen-imaged  dugs  im- 
part 

The  milk  of  conquest  yet  within  the  dome 
Where,  as  a monument  of  antique  art, 
Thou  standest:  Mother  of  the  mighty 
heart, 

Which  the  great  founder  suck’d  from  thy 
wild  teat, 

Scorch’d  by  the  Homan  Jove’s  ethereal 
dart, 

And  thy  limbs  black  with  lightning  — dost 
thou  yet 

Guard  thine  immortal  cubs,  nor  thy  fond 
charge  forget  ? Byron. 

Wolfe.  See  Death  of  Wolfe. 

Wolfert’s  Roost.  See  Sunnyside. 


WOM 


579 


WOR 


Woman  sick  with  the  Dropsy. 
A picture  by  Gerard  Dow  (1613- 
1674?),  the  Dutch  c/en?’e-painter, 
and  considered  to  be  his  master- 
piece. It  is  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  There  is  another 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Woman  taken  in  Adultery.  A 

celebrated  picture  by  Rembrandt 
van  Ryn  (1607-1669),  the  Dutch 
painter.  It  is  now  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London. 

“ In  this  work  a touching  truth- 
fulness and  depth  of  feeling,  with  every 
other  grand  quality  peculiar  to  Rem- 
brandt, are  seen  in  their  highest  per- 
fection.” Handbook  of  Painting. 

Women  of  Algiers.  A noted  pic- 
ture by  Ferdinand  Victor  Eugene 
Delacroix  (1799-1863),  the  cele- 
brated French  historical  painter. 
This  picture,  which  appeared  in 
1834,  procured  for  the  artist  a high 
reputation  as  a colorist. 

Wonders  of  the  World.  See  Seven 
Wonders  of  the  World. 

Woodland.  A cemetery  in  Phila- 
delphia, Penn.,  with  many  fine 
and  costly  monuments. 

Woodlawn.  A cemetery  a few 
miles  from  New  York,  containing 
fine  monuments. 

Woodward  Avenue.  One  of  the 
principal  streets  in  Detroit,  Mich. 

Woodward’s  Gardens.  A pleas- 
ure-resort in  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Woolwich  Arsenal.  The  largest 
depot  of  military  stores  in  the 
world,  at  Woolwich,  near  Lon- 
don. It  covers  an  area  of  more 
than  100  acres,  and  contains  over 
20,000  pieces  of  ordnance,  besides 
a great  variety  of  warlike  mate- 
rial. 

Wood  Street.  A street  in  London, 
which  has  now  disappeared. 

At  the  corner  of  Wood  Street  when  day- 
light appears, 

Hangs  a thrush  that  sings  loud,  — it  has 
sung  for  three  years ; 

Poor  Susan  has  passed  by  the  spot,  and 
has  heard 

In  the  silence  of  morning  the  song  of  the 
bird.  Wordsworth. 

Woolsack,  The.  A large  sack  of 


wool  covered  with  red  cloth,  the 
seat  of  the  Lord  Chancellor  of 
England  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

Consider  ...  if  it  is  not  yet,  in  these 
last  days,  by  very  much  the  same  means 
. . . that  the  like  result  is  brought  about: 
and  from  the  Woolsack  down  to  the  Tread- 
mill, from  Almack’s  to  Chalk  Farm  and 
the  West-end  of  Newgate,  the  incon- 
gruous whirlpool  of  life  is  forced  and 
induced  to  whirl  with  some  attempt  at 
regularity  ? Carlyle . 

That  he  who  sat  in  Chancery,  and 
rayed  out  speculation  from  the  Woolsack , 
was  now  a man  that  squinted,  now  a man 
that  did  not  squint  ? Carlyle. 

Wooster,  Fort.  See  Fort  Woos- 
ter. 

Worcester  College.  A college  in 
Oxford,  England,  founded  in 
1714,  one  of  the  19  colleges  which 
are  included  in  the  university. 

At  Worcester  College  an  ample  sheet  of 
water,  on  which  swans  float,  moistens 
with  its  slow  undulations  the  greensward 
constellated  with  flowers.  Taine , Trans. 

Worcester  House.  A noble  man- 
sion which  formerly  stood  in  the 
Strand,  London,  the  residence  of 
the  Bishops  of  Carlisle. 

Worksop  Manor.  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  near  the  town 
of  Worksop,  England. 

World,  The.  An  old  London 
club. 

“ There  was  a club  held  at  the 
King’s  Head,  in  Pall  Hall,  that  arro- 
gantly called  itself  ‘ The  World.’  ” 

Spence's  Anecdotes. 
jgGg^On  one  occasion,  after  dinner, 
when  each  member  proposed  an  epi- 
gram to  be  written  upon  the  glasses, 
Dr.  Young,  who  was  present  as  a 
guest,  refused  to  make  one  because  he 
had  no  diamond  with  which  to  write 
it,  whereupon  Lord  Stanhope  handed 
him  his,  and  he  immediately  wrote  the 
following : — 

Accept  a miracle,  instead  of  wit: 

See  two  dull  lines  with  Stanhope’s  pencil 
writ. 

Worms  Cathedral.  A noble  cathe- 
dral in  Worms,  Germany,  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  finest  Ro- 
manesque churches  in  the  world. 
It  has  ten  towers. 

Worsley  Hall.  The  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Ellesmere,  near  Man- 
chester, England. 


WOT 


580 


WYN 


Wotton  House.  A mansion  in 
Surrey,  England,  once  the  resi- 
dence of  John  Evelyn.  It  was 
built  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 
John  Evelyn  describes  the  house 
as  “ large  and  ancient,  suitable 
to  those  hospitable  times,  and  so 
sweetly  environed  with  delicious 
streams  and  venerable  woods. 
It  has  rising  grounds,  meadows, 
woods,  and  water  in  abundance.” 

Wounded  Gladiator.  A famous 
relic  of  ancient  sculpture.  Now 
in  the  Museum  at  Naples.  See 
Borghese  Gladiator  and  Dying 
Gladiator. 

Wrestlers,  The.  [Ital.  I Lotta- 
tori.\  An  ancient  statue,  now  in 
the  Tribune  of  the  Uliizi  Palace, 
Elorence,  Italy. 

4®^  “ In  the  famous  group  of  the 
Wrestlers,  the  flexibility  of  the  in- 
twined  limbs,  the  force  of  the  muscles, 
and  the  life  and  action  of  the  figures 
are  wonderful;  , , . their  fixed,  im- 


movable countenances  have  no  marks 
even  of  that  corporeal  exertion,  much 
less  of  that  eager  animation  and  pas- 
sion, which  men  struggling  with  each 
other  in  the  heat  of  contest  would  nat- 
urally feel.”  Eaton. 

Wyandotte  Cave.  A noted  cav- 
ern in  Crawford  County,  Indiana, 
thought  to  be  not  much  inferior  in 
interest  to  the  famous  Mammoth 
Cave  in  Kentucky.  It  has  been 
explored  over  20  miles. 

Wych  Street.  A London  street, 
famous  for  the  exploits  of  Jack 
Sheppard. 

Wyndham  Club.  A club  in  Lon- 
don, so  called  from  William 
Wyndham,  a former  occupant  of 
the  house,  founded  by  Lord  Nu- 
gent, “ to  secure  a convenient 
and  agreeable  place  of  meeting 
for  a society  of  gentlemen,  all 
connected  with  each  other  by  a 
common  bond  of  literary  or  per- 
sonal acquaintance.” 


XAN 


581 


XER 


X. 


Xanthian  Marbles.  See  Lycian 
Gallery. 

Xerxes,  Hall  of.  A magnificent 
ruin  in  ancient  Persepolis,  re- 
garded the  finest  building  of 
which  any  remains  exist  in  that 
part  of  the  world. 

JEKiP  “ Presuming  this  structure  to 
have  been  sculptured  and  painted  as 
richly  as  others  of  its  age  and  class, 
which  it  no  doubt  was,  it  must  have 
been  not  only  one  of  the  largest,  but 
one  of  the  most  splendid,  buildings  of 
antiquity.  In  plan  it  was  a rectangle 
of  about  300  feet  by  350,  and  conse- 
quently covered  105,000  square  feet;  it 
was  thus  larger  than  the  hypostyle 
hall  at  Karnac,  or  any  of  the  largest 


temples  of  Greece  or  Rome.  It  is 
larger,  too,  than  any  mediaeval  cathe- 
dral except  that  of  Milan  ; and  although 
it  has  neither  the  stone  roof  of  a cathe- 
dral, nor  the  massiveness  of  an  Egyp- 
tian building,  still  its  size  and  propor- 
tions, combined  with  the  lightness  of 
its  architecture,  and  the  beauty  of  its 
decorations,  must  have  made  it  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  buildings  ever  erect- 
ed. Both  in  design  and  proportion,  it 
far  surpassed  those  of  Assyria,  and 
though  possessing  much  of  detail  or  of 
ornament  that  was  almost  identical,  its 
arrangements  and  proportions  were  so 
superior  in  every  respect  that  no  simi- 
lar building  in  Nineveh  can  be  com- 
pared with  this  — the  great  architec- 
tural creation  of  the  Persian  Empire.” 
Fergus  son. 


YAL 


582 


YOU 


Y. 


Yale  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
chartered  in  1701,  and  holding 
rank  among  the  first  colleges  in 
the  country.  It  includes  the  va- 
rious departments  of  law,  divin- 
ity, medicine,  and  art,  which  con- 
stitute a university. 

Yardley  Oak.  A venerable  oak  in 
the  parish  of  Yardley,  England. 
This  sole  survivor  of  a race 
Of  giant  oaks,  where  once  the  wood 
Rang  with  the  battle  or  the  chase. 

In  stern  and  lonely  grandeur  stood. 
From  age  to  age  it  slowly  spread 
Its  gradual  boughs  to  sun  and  wind ; 
From  age  to  age  its  noble  head 
As  slowdy  withered  and  declined. 

James  Montgomery. 

Yellow  Tower.  The  ruin  of  an 
ancient  abbey-church  in  Trim, 
Meath  County,  Ireland. 

Yellowstone.  See  Grand  Canon 
of  the  Yellowstone. 

Yes,  or  No?  A picture  by  John 
Everett  Millais  (b.  1829). 

Yester  House.  The  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Tweeddale,  near 
Longniddry  in  Scotland. 

York  Column.  A pillar  of  Scotch 
granite  in  Carlton  House  Gar- 
dens, London,  124  feet  high,  sur- 
mounted by  a statue  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  second  son  of  George 
III. 

York  House.  A former  palace  of 
London,  so  called  from  the  Arch- 
bishops of  York.  Here  Lord  Ba- 
con was  born  in  1560.  York  House 
was  finally  sold  and  removed. 
Its  “ Watergate  ” on  the  Thames 
still  remains. 

“ There  was  a costly  magnifi- 
cence in  the  fetes  at  York  House,  the 
residence  of  Buckingham,  of  which 
few  but  curious  researchers  are  aware  : 
they  eclipsed  the  splendors  of  the 
French  Court.”  * Isaac  Disraeli. 

York  Minster.  A noble  church  at 


York,  the  finest  structure  of  its 
kind  in  England.  It  was  mostly 
built  in  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries.  Its  extreme 
length  is  486  feet,  length  of  tran- 
sept 223  feet.  It  has  a magnifi- 
cent west  front,  flanked  by  two 
towers,  196  feet  in  height. 

“ Owing  to  the  great  width  at- 
tempted for  the  nave,  York  has  not  the 
usual  perfection  of  length  affected  by 
other  English  cathedrals,  and  loses  in 
effect  accordingly.  Its  great  peculiarity 
is  the  simplicity  and  squareness  of  its 
plan.”  Fergus  son. 

In  the  history  of  art,  it  is  a long  way 
from  a cromlech  to  York  minster ; yet  all 
the  intermediate  steps  may  still  be  traced 
in  this  all-preserving  island.  Emerson. 

If  there  were  a building  on  it  [the 
moon]  as  big  as  York  minster,  as  big  as 
the  Boston  Coliseum,  the  great  telescopes 
like  Lord  Rosse’s  would  make  it  out. 

Holmes. 

Open  your  gates,  ye  everlasting  piles ! 
Types  of  the  spiritual  church  which  God 
hath  reared, 

Thou,  stately  York  l and  ye,  whose  splen- 
dors cheer 

Isis  and  Cam,  to  patient  science  dear ! 

Wordsworth. 

York  Place.  The  name  by  which 
the  palace  of  Whitehall,  in  Lon- 
don, was  formerly  known,  from 
the  circumstance  that  the  Arch- 
bishops of  York  resided  there 
when  in  town.  The  last  Arch- 
bishop of  York  who  lived  there 
was  Cardinal  Wolsey;  and  on 
his  fall,  in  1529,  the  name  was 
changed  to  White  Hall. 

You  must  no  more  call  it  York-Place , that 
is  past ; 

For  since  the  Cardinal  fell,  that  title’s 
lost: 

Tis  now  the  king’s,  and  called  White- 
hall. Shakespeare. 

Yosemite  Valley.  1.  A picture 
by  Albert  Bierstadt  (b.  1829). 
Now  in  possession  of  Mr.  James 
Lenox. 

2.  A picture  by  Thomas  Hill 
(b.  1829). 

Young  Bull.  See  Bull,  The 
Young. 


YOU 


583 


YUS 


Young  Courtesan.  A picture  by 
Xavier  Sigalon  (1788-18o7),  weil 
known  by  engravings.  In  the 
Louvre,  Paris. 

Yuste.  A monastic  edifice  near 
Plasencia  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  Spain,  celebrated  as 
the  place  of  retirement  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.  on  his' abdi- 
cation of  the  throne  in  1556.  It 
was  the  property  of  the  Jerony- 
mite  monks,  andderives  its  name 
from  the  little  stream,  the  Yuste, 
which  flows  beneath  it.  It  was 


founded  in  1404.  The  convent  and 
the  surrounding  estate  now  be- 
longs to  the  Duke  of  Montpen- 
sier.  It  is  now  in  ruins. 

So  Charles  the  emperor,  whose  mighty 
reign 

The  globe  itself  scarce  held  within  its 
bound. 

At  Yuste , a fair  abbey  of  our  Spain, 

A lowly  home  and  quiet  haven  found. 

Luis  Capata , Trans. 

In  Saint  Just  the  silent  bowers 
Hear  a drowsy  funeral  lay  : 

Bells  are  humming  from  the  towers 
For  the  monk  who  died  to-day. 

Graf  von  Auersperg,  Trans . 


ZAC 


584 


zwi 


z. 


Zaccaria,  St.  See  St.  Zaccaria. 

Zamek.  A royal  castle  at  Cracow, 
the  ancient  capital  of  Poland, 
built  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
but  mainly  rebuilt  in  1610. 

Zealous,  The.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  the  British  navy,  launched 
March  7,  1861. 

Zechariah’s  Tomb.  A rock-cut 
tomb  near  Jerusalem,  adorned 
with  Ionic  pillars  and  square 
piers,  and  surmounted  with  a 
pyramidal  roof. 

MSt  “ Perhaps  this  building  should 
properly  be  called  a cenotaph,  as  it  is 
perfectly  solid,  and  no  cave  or  sepul- 
chral vault  has  been  found  beneath  it; 
though,  judging  from  analogies,  one 
might  yet  be  found,  if  properly  looked 
for.”  Fergusson . 

Zemzem.  A holy  spring  in  Mecca, 
Arabia.  It  is  said  to  have  gushed 
out  on  this  spot  to  the  succor  of 
Ishmael  and  his  mother  when 
perishing  of  thirst.  It  is  carefully 
enclosed  and  joined  with  the  tow- 
er of  the  Kaabah  by  a railing. 

4@=“The  Well  Zemzem  has  its 
name  from  the  bubbling  sound  of  the 
waters,  zem-zem  : they  think  it  is  the 
well  which  Hagar  found  with  her  little 
Ishmael  in  the  wilderness:  the  aero- 
lite and  it  have  been  sacred  now,  and 
had  a Caabah  over  them,  for  thousands 
of  years.”  Carlyle . 

Zeno  Chapel.  A chapel  in  St. 
Mark’s  Church,  Venice,  Italy, 
built  by  Cardinal  Zeno  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. 

Zenobia.  A statue  by  Harriet 
Hosmer  (b.  1831). 

JHQp  “ This  morning  I went  to  Miss 
Hosmer’s  studio  to  see  her  statue  of 
Zenobia.  . . . [It]  stood  in  the  centre 
of  the  room,  as  yet  unfinished  in  the 
clay,  but  a very  noble  and  remarkable 
statue  indeed,  full  of  dignity  and  beau 
ty.”  Hawthorne. 

Zenobius,  St.  See  St.  Zenobius. 

Zingarella,  La.  [The  Gypsy.]  A 


beautiful  picture  of  the  Madonna 
and  Child  by  Antonio  Allegri, 
surnamed  Correggio  (1494-1534), 
representing  the  Virgin  with  an 
Oriental  turban  (hence  the  name). 
This  picture  is  now  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Naples.  There  is  anoth- 
er upon  the  same  subject  bearing 
this  name  at  Parma,  Italy.  See 
Repose  in  Egypt. 

The  painter’s  wife,  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  1520,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
his  model  for  La  Zingarella.  This  pic- 
ture is  also  called  Madonna  del  Coni- 
glio  from  the  rabbit  ( coniglio ) which 
appears  in  the  foreground. 

Zion.  See  Mount  Zion. 

Zocodover.  The  principal  square 
and  fashionable  promenade  of 
Toledo,  Spain. 

Zodiac  of  Denderah.  A celebrat- 
ed astronomical  drawing  upon 
the  ceiling  of  the  portico  of  the 
Temple  of  Denderah  in  Egypt. 
It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be 
of  the  age  of  the  early  Pharaohs, 
but  is  now  referred  to  the  time  of 
the  Ptolemies. 

Zoological  Gardens.  An  enclos- 
ure contiguous  to  Regent’s  Park, 
London,  belonging  to  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society,  and  containing  a 
large  and  rare  collection  of  ani- 
mals. The  Gardens  were  first 
opened  to  the  public  in  1828,  and 
the  menagerie  is  now  the  finest 
public  bivarium  in  Europe. 

In  the  Zoological  Gardens,  I saw  a 
baboon  who  always  got  into  a furious 
rage  when  his  keeper  took  out  a letter  or 
book.  C.  Darwin. 

Zuccone,  Lo.  [The  Bald  Head.] 
A bronze  statue  of  David  by  Don- 
atello (1383-1466).  In  the  Uffizi, 
Florence,  Italy. 

Zwinger,  The.  A public  building 
in  Dresden,  Saxony.  It  contains 
a valuable  collection  of  works  of 
art  and  scientific  treasures.  The 
word  is  a general  name  for  a 
prison  or  any  confined  place. 


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